Nokia Networks white paper LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation Optimization LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation Optimization Nokia Networks
Nokia Networks white paper
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation Optimization
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation Optimization
Nokia Networks
Page 2 networks.nokia.com
Contents
Introduction 3
Carrier Aggregation in live networks 4
0XOWL�EDQG�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW 5
&RYHUDJH�EHQHƬWV 9
FDD and TDD aggregation 10
Carrier aggregation in Heterogeneous Networks 10
$JJUHJDWLRQ�ZLWK�VXSSOHPHQWDO�GRZQOLQN 11
Aggregation with unlicensed frequencies 12
'HYLFH�SRZHU�FRQVXPSWLRQ�RSWLPL]DWLRQ 12
Evolution of Carrier Aggregation 14
6XPPDU\ 15
Further reading 15
Innovation is happening right now at Nokia
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Page 3 networks.nokia.com
2012 2013
150 Mbps
20 MHz 2x2 MIMO
150 Mbps
10+10 MHz 2x2 MIMO
2014
2015
300 Mbps
20+20 MHz 2x2 MIMO
450 Mbps
3CA 2x2 MIMO
1 Gbps+
100 MHz and/or 4x4
600 Mbps
4CA 2x2 MIMO
…
Cat 4
Cat 6
Cat 9
Cat 4
Cat 11/12
2016
Introduction&DUULHU�$JJUHJDWLRQ��&$��LV�WKH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�WHFKQRORJ\�FRPSRQHQW�LQ�/7(�$GYDQFHG��&$�ZDV�GHƬQHG�LQ��*33�5HOHDVH����DQG�FRPPHUFLDO�QHWZRUN�ODXQFKHV�IROORZHG�LQ�.RUHD�LQ�������&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�KDV�SURFHHGHG�UDSLGO\�LQ�QHWZRUN�GHSOR\PHQWV�EHFDXVH�RI�SURPLVLQJ�SHUIRUPDQFH�EHQHƬWV�DQG�EHFDXVH�LW�DOORZV�RSHUDWRUV�WR�WXUQ�WKHLU�LQYHVWPHQW�LQ�DGGLWLRQDO�/7(�FDUULHUV�LQWR�PDUNHWDEOH��KLJKHU�GDWD�UDWHV��&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LQFUHDVHV�SHDN�GDWD�UDWHV�DQG�SUDFWLFDO�GDWD�UDWHV��LPSURYHV�WKH�GRZQOLQN�FRYHUDJH�DQG�VLPSOLƬHV�PXOWL�EDQG�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW��7KH�HYROXWLRQ�RI�GDWD�UDWHV�WKURXJK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����&RPPHUFLDO�/7(�QHWZRUNV�VWDUWHG�ZLWK�&DWHJRU\���DQG���GHYLFHV�VXSSRUWLQJ�����WR�����0ESV�ZLWK�FRQWLQXRXV����0+]�VSHFWUXP��7KH�ƬUVW�YHUVLRQ�RI�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ��GXULQJ�������HQDEOHG�����0ESV�ZLWK���������0+]�DOORFDWLRQ��7KH�QH[W�SKDVH�ZLWK�&DWHJRU\���GHYLFHV�KDV�EHHQ�FRPPHUFLDOO\�DYDLODEOH�VLQFH�������VXSSRUWLQJ�����0ESV�ZLWK���������0+]��&DWHJRU\���ZLOO�EULQJ�����0ESV�ZLWK����0+]�GXULQJ�������DQG�WKH�HYROXWLRQ�FRQWLQXHV��ZLWK�H[SHFWHG�UDWHV�RI���*ESV�LQ�WKH�QHDU�IXWXUH��&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�DOVR�SURYLGHV�FRPSHWLWLYH�GDWD�UDWHV�RQ�IUDJPHQWHG�VSHFWUXP��)RU�H[DPSOH��D�WKUHH�FRPSRQHQW�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�RI����������0+]�DOORZV�RSHUDWRUV�WR�UHDFK�����0ESV��7KLV�SDSHU�GLVFXVVHV�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�SHUIRUPDQFH�RI�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ��RSWLPL]DWLRQ�VWHSV�DQG�IXUWKHU�HYROXWLRQ�
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Page 4 networks.nokia.com
Average throughput
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mbps
Pcell Scell CA
Carrier Aggregation in live networks&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�SHUIRUPV�ZHOO�LQ�OLYH�QHWZRUNV��7KH�H[SODQDWLRQ�LV�VLPSOH��PRUH�VSHFWUXP�LV�DOORFDWHG�SHU�FRQQHFWLRQ��ZKLFK�UHVXOWV�GLUHFWO\�LQ�KLJKHU�SHDN�DQG�SUDFWLFDO�GDWD�UDWHV��)LJXUH���LOOXVWUDWHV�GULYH�WHVW�UHVXOWV�IURP�D�OLYH�QHWZRUN�ZLWK�D�&DW���GHYLFH�DQG���������0+]�DJJUHJDWLRQ��7KH�GDWD�UDWH�ZLWK�D�VLQJOH����0+]�FDUULHU��3ULPDU\�3FHOO�RU�6HFRQGDU\�6FHOO��LV�DSSUR[LPDWHO\����0ESV��ZKLOH�WKH�DYHUDJH�GDWD�UDWH�ZLWK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LQFUHDVHV�WR����0ESV�
$�&DW���GHYLFH�IXUWKHU�LQFUHDVHV�WKH�GDWD�UDWH��7KH�SHDN�UDWH�PHDVXUHPHQWV�DUH�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����7KH�DOORFDWLRQ�RI���������0+]�JLYHV�����0ESV��ZKLOH���������0+]�JLYHV�XS�WR�����0ESV��LOOXVWUDWLQJ�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�DOORFDWLQJ�DV�PXFK�VSHFWUXP�DV�SRVVLEOH�WR�JHW�WKH�IXOO�EHQHƬW�RI�WKH�GHYLFH�FDSDELOLWLHV��
)LJ������3HDN�UDWH�PHDVXUHPHQWV�ZLWK�&DWHJRU\���GHYLFH
)LJ������'ULYH�WHVW�GDWD�UDWH�ZLWK���������0+]�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ
Cat 6 UE peak data rates
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Mbps
20 MHz 20+10
MHz
20+20
MHz
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7KH�GULYH�WHVW�GDWD�UDWH�ZLWK�D�&DW���GHYLFH�LQ�JRRG�VLJQDO�FRQGLWLRQV�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����7KH�UHVXOWV�LQGLFDWH�WKDW�LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�DFKLHYH�GDWD�UDWHV�RI�����s�����0ESV�LQ�WKH�ƬHOG�LI�WKH�VLJQDO�DQG�LQWHUIHUHQFH�FRQGLWLRQV�DUH�IDYRUDEOH��
)LJ������'ULYH�WHVW�GDWD�UDWH�ZLWK�&DW���GHYLFH�LQ�JRRG�VLJQDO�FRQGLWLRQV
0XOWL�EDQG�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW7KH�PDMRULW\�RI�RSHUDWRUV�VWDUWHG�/7(�QHWZRUNV�RQ�D�VLQJOH�IUHTXHQF\�EDQG�DW�D�JLYHQ�DUHD��IRU�H[DPSOH�������0+]�RU�����0+]��0RVW�RSHUDWRUV�KDYH�PHDQZKLOH�DGGHG�D�VHFRQG�DQG�HYHQ�D�WKLUG�/7(�IUHTXHQF\�EHFDXVH�RI�FDSDFLW\�UHTXLUHPHQWV�DQG�EHFDXVH�RI�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�GDWD�UDWHV��7KH�HYROXWLRQ�FRQWLQXHV��OHDGLQJ�WR�HYHU�PRUH�IUHTXHQFLHV�EHLQJ�XVHG�IRU�/7(��LQ�WXUQ�PDNLQJ�WKH�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW�EHWZHHQ�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�PRUH�FKDOOHQJLQJ��7KH�JHQHUDO�WDUJHW�LV�WR�EDODQFH�WKH�ORDGLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�DQG�WR�PDNH�EHVW�XVH�RI�WKH�ORZ�EDQG�WR�SURYLGH�EHWWHU�FRYHUDJH���&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�ZLOO�EH�WKH�PDLQ�VROXWLRQ�IRU�VLPSOLI\LQJ�PXOWL�EDQG�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW��:LWKRXW�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ��WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW�PXVW�UHO\�RQ�KDQGRYHUV��ZKLFK�DUH�UHODWLYHO\�VORZ��WDNLQJ�VHYHUDO�VHFRQGV�ZKHQ�WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQWV�DQG�SURFHGXUH��7UDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW�DOVR�UHTXLUHV�SURSHU�FRQƬJXUDWLRQ�RI�LGOH�PRGH�SDUDPHWHUV��7KH�SURFHVV�EHFRPHV�VLPSOHU�ZKHQ�FDUULHU�aggregation is activated, as load balancing happens as part of the
SDFNHW�VFKHGXOHU��ZLWKLQ�D�IHZ�PLOOLVHFRQGV�)LJXUH���LOOXVWUDWHV�WKH�W\SLFDO�IUHTXHQF\�EDQGV�WKDW�DUH�DQG�ZLOO�EH�DYDLODEOH�IRU�(XURSHDQ�PRELOH�RSHUDWRUV�LQ�WKH�QHDU�IXWXUH��7KH�IUHTXHQFLHV�EHWZHHQ�����DQG������0+]�DUH�SUHIHUDEO\�DJJUHJDWHG�WRJHWKHU�WR�JDLQ�WKH�EHQHƬW�RI�IDVW�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW��(YHQ�WKH�IUHTXHQFLHV�DW�����*+]�FDQ�EH�DJJUHJDWHG�WRJHWKHU�LI�WKH�VLWH�JULG�LV�GHQVH�HQRXJK�WR�SURYLGH�IRU�VXƯFLHQW�FRYHUDJH�RQ�����*+]��
20 + 20 MHz in the �eld
300 Mbps
Page 6 networks.nokia.com
1800
2100
3500
700
2600
900
5400
800
2300
1400
3.5 GHz in small cells or macro cells
with aggregation
700 – 2600 MHz aggregated into
single pool
5 GHz unlicensed band in small cells
)LJXUH���LOOXVWUDWHV�WKH�EHQHƬW�RI�IDVW�ORDG�EDODQFLQJ�ZLWK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ��7KH�GRWWHG�OLQH�VKRZV�WKH�XVHU�GDWD�UDWH�DV�D�IXQFWLRQ�RI�V\VWHP�ORDGLQJ�ZLWK����0+]�EDQGZLGWK��7KH�FXUYH�DVVXPHV�WKDW�ORDG�EDODQFLQJ�LV�GRQH�DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�SDFNHW�FDOOV��7KH�continuous line shows the user data rates when carrier aggregation
RI���������0+]�LV�DFWLYDWHG�DQG�DOO�GHYLFHV�VXSSRUW�WKH�IHDWXUH��7KH�XVHU�GDWD�UDWH�LV�LQFUHDVHG�FRQVLGHUDEO\��LQ�WKH�RUGHU�RI������HYHQ�DW�KLJK�ORDGLQJ��$OWHUQDWLYHO\��WKH�VDPH�DYHUDJH�XVHU�GDWD�UDWH�FDQ�EH�DFKLHYHG�ZKLOH�KDYLQJ�KLJKHU�RƪHUHG�ORDG�DQG�PRUH�XVHUV��,Q�WKLV�H[DPSOH�HYHQ�����PRUH�ORDGLQJ�FDQ�EH�VXSSRUWHG�ZKLOH�SURYLGLQJ�WKH�VDPH�XVHU�GDWD�UDWHV�
)LJ������$JJUHJDWLRQ�RI�DOO�ORZ�EDQGV�LQ�PDFUR�FHOOV
)LJ������*DLQ�IURP�IDVW�ORDG�EDODQFLQJ�ZLWK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ
200
150
100
50
0
20 30 40 50 60 70
Carrier aggregation Load balancing, no CA
O�ered load (Mbps)
UE
th
rou
gh
pu
t (
Mb
ps)
+40% more users with
the same data rate
+80%
higher user
data rate
Page 7 networks.nokia.com
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mbps
Pcell SCell Sum
CA UE
Non-CA UE
/7(�QHWZRUNV�ZLOO�KDYH�D�PL[WXUH�RI�QHZ�&$�GHYLFHV�DQG�OHJDF\�QRQ�&$�devices and so fair resource sharing between these devices needs to
EH�FRQVLGHUHG��:H�ZRXOG�OLNH�WR�SURYLGH�HQRXJK�UHVRXUFHV�IRU�QRQ�&$�GHYLFHV�SDUWLFXODUO\�RQ�WKH�ORZ�EDQG��ZKLFK�KDV�EHWWHU�FRYHUDJH�DQG�W\SLFDOO\�D�VPDOOHU�EDQGZLGWK��1RNLD�6PDUW�6FKHGXOHU�DOORZV�WKH�RSHUDWRU�WR�DOORFDWH�PRUH�UHVRXUFHV�IRU�QRQ�&$�GHYLFHV�FHOO�E\�FHOO�EHFDXVH�&$�GHYLFHV�FDQ�DFFHVV�UHVRXUFHV�IURP�WZR�FHOOV��$Q�H[DPSOH�FDVH�LV�VKRZQ�LQ�)LJXUH����ZKHUH�D�QRQ�&$�GHYLFH�LV�DOORFDWHG�GRXEOH�UHVRXUFHV�FRPSDUHG�WR�D�&$�GHYLFH�RQ�WKH�3ULPDU\�FHOO��3FHOO���ZKLOH�WKH�&$�GHYLFH�JHWV�UHVRXUFHV�DOVR�RQ�WKH�6HFRQGDU\�FHOO��6FHOO���7KH�UHVXOW�LV�WKDW�WKH�HQG�XVHU�GDWD�UDWH�LV�GLVWULEXWHG�PRUH�IDLUO\�EHWZHHQ�WKH�GLƪHUHQW�GHYLFHV��5HVRXUFH�VKDULQJ�LQ�WKH�DGYDQFHG�VFKHGXOHU�FDQ�EH�FRQƬJXUHG�E\�WKH�RSHUDWRU�
)LJ������$GYDQFHG�UHVRXUFH�DOORFDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�&$�DQG�QRQ�&$�GHYLFHV
Page 8 networks.nokia.com
User movement
Primary carrier
Secondary carrier 1
4 3
2
CA activation based on data volume Channel quality-based recon�guration
SCell swap
Deactivation due to inactivity
1
2
3
4
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Page 9 networks.nokia.com
LTE 1800
LTE 800
Uplink
Uplink
Downlink
Downlink
-120 dBm -130 dBm
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FDD and TDD aggregation7KH�ƬUVW�SKDVH�RI�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�FRPELQHV�WZR�)''�IUHTXHQFLHV�RU�WZR�7''�IUHTXHQFLHV��7KH�QH[W�SKDVH�DOORZV�DJJUHJDWLRQ�RI�WKH�)''�DQG�7''�IUHTXHQFLHV�WRJHWKHU���*33�KDV�GHƬQHG�)''���7''�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LQ�5HOHDVH����ZKLFK�DOORZV�HLWKHU�)''�RU�7''�DV�WKH�3ULPDU\�FHOO��7KH�ƬUVW�SUDFWLFDO�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV�KDYH�)''�DV�3FHOO�DQG�7''�DV�6FHOO�DQG�DUH�H[SHFWHG�GXULQJ�������)''�DQG�7''�DJJUHJDWLRQ�FDQ�SURYLGH�DQ�DWWUDFWLYH�FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�ORZ�EDQG�)''�IRU�JRRG�FRYHUDJH�DQG�KLJK�EDQG�7''�ZLWK�PRUH�VSHFWUXP�IRU�KLJKHU�GDWD�UDWHV��
Carrier aggregation in Heterogeneous Networks&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�DOVR�PDNHV�VPDOO�FHOO�GHSOR\PHQW�PRUH�DWWUDFWLYH��)LUVW��FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LV�DOUHDG\�DYDLODEOH�LQ�VPDOO�FHOOV�VXSSRUWLQJ�PRUH�WKDQ�����0ESV��)XUWKHUPRUH��FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�REWDLQHG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�PDFUR�FHOO�DQG�WKH�ORZ�SRZHU�5)�KHDG�WKDW�LV�FRQQHFWHG�WR�WKH�PDFUR�FHOO�EDVHEDQG��6XFK�D�FRQƬJXUDWLRQ�LV�VXSSRUWHG�E\��*33�5HOHDVH����VSHFLƬFDWLRQV�ZKLFK�DVVXPH�WKDW�3ULPDU\�DQG�6HFRQGDU\�FHOOV�DUH�WUDQVPLWWHG�IURP�WKH�VDPH�EDVHEDQG�XQLW���*33�5HOHDVH����HQKDQFHV�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�ZKHUH�WKH�WZR�FHOOV�DUH�WUDQVPLWWHG�IURP�WZR�GLƪHUHQW�EDVH�VWDWLRQV��7KLV�IHDWXUH�LV�FDOOHG�LQWHU�VLWH�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�DQG�UHOLHV�RQ�GXDO�FRQQHFWLYLW\�ZKHUH�WKH�GHYLFH�KDV�WZR�VLPXOWDQHRXV�UDGLR�FRQQHFWLRQV�WR�WZR�EDVH�VWDWLRQV��7KH�PDLQ�XVH�LV�KHWHURJHQHRXV�QHWZRUNV�ZKHUH�WKH�GHYLFH�FDQ�PDLQWDLQ�SDUDOOHO�FRQQHFWLRQV�WR�WKH�ODUJH�PDFUR�FHOO�RQ�VRPH�RI�WKH�ORZ�EDQGV�DQG�WR�WKH�VPDOO�FHOO�DW�KLJKHU�EDQG��7KH�PDFUR�FHOO�FDQ�SURYLGH�UHOLDEOH�PRELOLW\�ZKLOH�WKH�VPDOO�FHOO�FDQ�SURYLGH�KLJKHU�GDWD�UDWHV�DQG�PRUH�FDSDFLW\��7KH�FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�PDFUR�FHOO�DQG�VPDOO�FHOO�LV�D�;��LQWHUIDFH��ZKLFK�FDQ�DOVR�XVH�ZLUHOHVV�EDFNKDXO��
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3500
Low band
+
Low band 3500
Release 12 inter-site carrier
aggregation between macro
and small cell
Macro cell
Small
cell
Macro cell
Release 10 carrier aggregation
in macro cell
X2
Low band 3500
Release 10 inter-site carrier
aggregation between macro and
low power RF head
Low
power
RRH
Macro cell
Fiber
Page 11 networks.nokia.com
Aggregation with supplemental downlink&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�DOORZV�WKH�EHQHƬW�RI�GRZQOLQN�RQO\�IUHTXHQFLHV��FDOOHG�VXSSOHPHQWDO�GRZQOLQN���*33�KDV�GHƬQHG�WZR�VXSSOHPHQWDO�GRZQOLQN�EDQGV��%DQG����DQG�����7KHVH�EDQGV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�HQKDQFH�GRZQOLQN�GDWD�UDWHV�DQG�FDSDFLW\�ZLWK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�IXQFWLRQDOLW\��7KH�FRQFHSW�LV�LOOXVWUDWHG�LQ�)LJXUH�����7KH�WUDƯF�SURƬOH�LQ�PRELOH�EURDGEDQG�QHWZRUNV�LV�TXLWH�DV\PPHWULF��ZLWK�GRZQOLQN�WUDƯF�W\SLFDOO\�WHQ�WLPHV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�XSOLQN�WUDƯF��ZKLFK�PDNHV�WKH�GRZQOLQN�RQO\�IUHTXHQFLHV�DWWUDFWLYH�IRU�PDWFKLQJ�WKH�WUDƯF�SURƬOHV��
)LJ������&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�ZLWK�VXSSOHPHQWDO�GRZQOLQN
Downlink aggregation
Downlink + uplink Supplemental
downlink
Page 12 networks.nokia.com
Aggregation with unlicensed frequencies/7(�FDQ�DOVR�XVH�WKH�XQOLFHQVHG���*+]�EDQG�WR�ERRVW�QHWZRUN�FDSDFLW\�DQG�GDWD�UDWHV��7KLV�LV�XQGHU�VSHFLƬFDWLRQ�LQ��*33�5HOHDVH����DQG�LV�FDOOHG�/7(�IRU�8QOLFHQVHG��/7(�8��RU�/LFHQVHG�$VVLVWHG�$FFHVV��/$$���The solution uses carrier aggregation between the operator’s licensed
IUHTXHQFLHV�DQG�WKH�XQOLFHQVHG�EDQG��7KH�FRQFHSW�LV�DQ�H[WHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�VXSSOHPHQWDO�GRZQOLQN�VROXWLRQ��The licensed band can provide a reliable connection both in uplink and
LQ�GRZQOLQN�ZKLOH�WKH�XQOLFHQVHG�EDQG�LQFUHDVHV�XVHU�GDWD�UDWHV��7KH�GRZQOLQN�GDWD�VWUHDP�FDQ�EH�VSOLW�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�WZR�EDQGV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�&KDQQHO�4XDOLW\�,QGLFDWRU��&4,��UHSRUWV�IURP�WKH�GHYLFHV�DQG�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�ORDGLQJ�RQ�WKH�EDQGV��)RU�WKH�ƬUVW�WLPH��WKHUH�LV�D�VLQJOH�WHFKQRORJ\�DYDLODEOH�WKDW�FDQ�XVH�both licensed and unlicensed bands, and undertake fast load balancing
EHWZHHQ�WKH�EDQGV��7KH�VWXGLHV�VKRZ�WKDW�/7(�8�ZLWK�DOO�WKH�DGYDQFHG�/7(�UDGLR�IHDWXUHV�FDQ�GRXEOH�VSHFWUDO�HƯFLHQF\�DQG�GRXEOH�FHOO�UDQJH�FRPSDUHG�WR�:L�)L�WHFKQRORJ\�RQ�WKH�VDPH�EDQG��/7(�8�LV�GHVLJQHG�IRU�VPRRWK�FR�H[LVWHQFH�ZLWK�:L�)L�RQ�WKH�VDPH�VSHFWUXP��)RU�PRUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ��VHH�WKH�1RNLD�ZKLWH�SDSHU�RQ�/7(�8�
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Device power consumption optimization&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�DƪHFWV�VPDUWSKRQH�EDWWHU\�OLIH�EHFDXVH�WKH�GHYLFH�KDV�WR�PRQLWRU�WZR�IUHTXHQFLHV��DFWLYDWH�DGGLWLRQDO�5)�KDUGZDUH�DQG�LQFUHDVH�EDVHEDQG�DFWLYLW\��)RU�ODUJH�GDWD�WUDQVIHUV�VXFK�DV�D�ƬOH�GRZQORDG��WKH�SRZHU�FRQVXPSWLRQ�ZLWK�FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LQFUHDVHV�GXULQJ�WKH�WLPH�D�ƬOH�LV�GRZQORDGHG��+RZHYHU��WKH�KLJKHU�WKURXJKSXW�PDNHV�WKH�GRZQORDG�VKRUWHU��DOORZLQJ�WKH�GHYLFH�WR�JR�EDFN�WR�55&�,GOH�VWDWH�VRRQHU��LQFUHDVLQJ�WKH�HQHUJ\�HƯFLHQF\�DQG�VDYLQJ�RYHUDOO�EDWWHU\�OLIH��
Downlink aggregation
Licensed downlink
+ uplink
Unlicensed
5 GHz band
Page 13 networks.nokia.com
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Power consumption
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
mA
10 MHz no CA 20 MHz no CA 10+10 MHz CA
800
900
1000
Active transmission
Average over 185s
Large �le transfer
Power (mW)
Time (s)
With CA
Without CA
Page 14 networks.nokia.com
Evolution of Carrier Aggregation&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LV�HYROYLQJ�IXUWKHU���*33�5HOHDVH����VXSSRUWHG�D�PD[LPXP�RI�ƬYH�FRPSRQHQW�FDUULHUV�ZKLOH�WKH�VLJQDOLQJ�FDSDELOLW\�ZDV�H[WHQGHG�EH\RQG�ƬYH�FDUULHUV�LQ�5HOHDVH�����0DQ\�RSHUDWRUV�KDYH�HYHQ�PRUH�WKDQ�����0+]�RI�VSHFWUXP�DYDLODEOH�IRU�/7(�GHSOR\PHQW��$W�WKH�VDPH�WLPH��GHYLFH�EDVHEDQG�DQG�5)�SURFHVVLQJ�FDSDELOLW\�FRQWLQXHV�WR�LPSURYH��PDNLQJ�LW�IHDVLEOH�WR�VXSSRUW�HYHQ�KLJKHU�GDWD�UDWHV�LQ�WKH�GHYLFHV��1RNLD�GHPRQVWUDWHG�DQ�LPSUHVVLYH�GDWD�UDWH�RI���*ESV�E\�DJJUHJDWLQJ�WHQ�FDUULHUV��FRPELQHG�ZLWK�0XOWLSOH�,QSXW�0XOWLSOH�2XWSXW��0,02��WHFKQRORJ\��%RWK�)''�DQG�7''�IUHTXHQFLHV�ZHUH�DJJUHJDWHG��7KH�GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�ZDV�FRPSOHWHG�ZLWK�FRPPHUFLDO�)OH[L�0XOWLUDGLR����EDVH�VWDWLRQ�KDUGZDUH��6R�IDU��FDUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�KDV�IRFXVHG�RQ�WKH�GRZQOLQN�GLUHFWLRQ��7KH�XSOLQN�DJJUHJDWLRQ�ZLWK�WZR�FRPSRQHQW�FDUULHUV�LV�H[SHFWHG�WR�VWDUW�VRRQ�LQ�RUGHU�WR�SURYLGH�D�EHWWHU�PDWFK�ZLWK�WKH�UDSLGO\�LQFUHDVLQJ�GRZQOLQN�GDWD�UDWHV�
Page 15 networks.nokia.com
Summary&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�LV�WKH�PRVW�LPSRUWDQW�IHDWXUH�LQ�/7(�$GYDQFHG�EHFDXVH�LW�LPSURYHV�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�GDWD�UDWHV��HQKDQFHV�WKH�QHWZRUN�FDSDFLW\��VLPSOLƬHV�WKH�WUDƯF�PDQDJHPHQW�DQG�H[WHQGV�WKH�FRYHUDJH�DUHD��&DUULHU�DJJUHJDWLRQ�VWDUWHG�FRPPHUFLDOO\�LQ�������7KH�SHDN�GDWD�rate has increased to 300 Mbps during 2014 and will hit 450 Mbps
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Further readingLTE-Advanced white paper
/7(�5HOHDVH����ZKLWH�SDSHU 6PDUW�6FKHGXOHU�ZKLWH�SDSHU LTE-U white paper
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6PDOO�&HOO�&DUULHU�$JJUHJDWLRQ�SUHVV�UHOHDVH� FDD-TDD Carrier Aggregation press release
Three-band Carrier Aggregation press release d
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation video
networks.nokia.com
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