LTD LECTURE NOTES & REVIEWER
Judge Serrano - Midterm 2010
San Beda College of Law
by: Cancino, Krisyl & Veloso, Pinky
LAND TITLES AND DEEDS
MIDTERM REVIEWERLECTURE NOTES #1June 19, 2010
HOUSE RULES
-no excused absences
-duty: to learn, to study, to pray, to pass!
-no going out from class
-no talking
-mentally honest (no cheating/ no coaching)
First 3 Chapters- Lecture
Starting Section 14 of P.D. #1529( recitation
Next meeting: quiz
Coverage: what has been taken up
INTRODUCTION The subject is about the control over land
For a person to have exclusive enjoyment of property.
However, a person cannot absolutely control a certain piece of
land
Persons go to other places
Thus, there is only temporary control because it is impossible
to physically possess or control large tracts of land.
If a person will not go away or will not go to some other
places, no one will take his property (land).
QUESTION: HOW CAN WE HE CONTROL HIS LAND?
This question is answered by the development of land laws;
private land owners can assert rights because of REGISTRATION (land
titles or documents)
HISTORY/ DEVELOPMENT
Act # 496
Land Registration Act lasted for 75/77 years until repealed by
P.D. No. 1529 which is the law now in force and in effect.
Because we live in a society with divergent interests, there
arise disputes
QUESTIONS:
Who is the owner of the land?
Who has better right?
How can third persons be affected?
What kinds of evidences are required to enforce ownership?
These questions are answered in this class.
Critical developments through the advancement of civilization
developed consciousness of land ownership ( arise the necessity of
protecting the rights of owner
TORRENS SYSTEM OF LAND REGISTRATION
Richard Robert Torrens
Current system of land registrationPrivate land ownership did
not come from nowhere. There could be a source: who>/ from whom
did you acquire your land?
SOURCE: private land ownership must emanate from the STATE.
The State is the source of land to the REGALIAN DOCTRINE. (All
lands of the public domain belong to the State, which is the source
of any asserted right to ownership of land. All lands not otherwise
appearing to be clearly within private ownership are presumed to
belong to the State. All lands not otherwise clearly appearing to
be privately-owned are presumed to belong to the State)Secretary of
DENR v. Mayor Jose Yap (2008)
G.R. No. 167707 Oct. 8, 2008
Explained Regalian doctrine.
This is about Boracay Island.
Group of persons build houses/ buildings (of agricultural
lands)
The Government said that the Boracay Island is a forest and
timberland and remained to be forest and timberland, so not
agricultural land.
SC: the lands are inalienable public land; until the government
reclassified Boracay Island, it is still forest and timberland;
thus, it cant be acquired by private persons.
Basis: Regalian doctrine (all of public domains belong to the
State; State reserves such right over such lands.
The 1935, 1973 & 1987 Constitution applies this
doctrine.
All lands not acquired from the government belong to the
State.
The state can consider what is alienable or not.
DEVELOPMENT OF LAND LAWS
Laws of Indies
Ley Hepo.(Mortgage Law of 1893)
(until)
P.D. No. 1529
Domination of Spain:
Private land ownership through GRANTS
All lands belong to Spain
Exception:
1) Possession of person of land from time immemorial
(predecessors-in-interest); presumption that land is private
land.
2) Church/ educational properties (the King decided that he was
not the owner of these lands).
When Spain entered the Treaty of Paris, Spain did not cede the
lands of the churches; they continued to be property of the RC
Church.
Ohcho v. Director of Lands (75 Phils. 89) . . . All lands that
were not acquired from the Government, either by purchase or by
grant, belong to the public domain. An exception to the rule would
be any land that should have been in the possession of an occupant
and of his predecessors in interest since time immemorial, for such
possession would justify the presumption that the land had never
been part of the public domain even before the Spanish conquest.
(Cario vs. Insular Government, 212 U.S., 449; 53 Law. ed.,
594.)20The applicant does not come under the exception, for the
earliest possession of the lot by his first predecessor in interest
began in 1880.
DEFINITIONS
Land- is the solid part of the surface of the Earth.
Land Title- is an evidence of right of owner or extent of his
interest by which he can maintain, control and, as a rule, assert
right to exclusive possession and enjoyment of property.
E.g. Transfer Certificate of Title/ Certificate of Title)
Deed- is a written instrument executed in accordance with the
form prescribed by law where a person grants or conveys land.
Examples:
transfer of title; or
encumbrance of land; or
mortgage; or
lien
Possession is different from Ownership.
PossessionOwnership
Ex. Lease:
Lessor= Owner
Leasee= Possessor
Possession is the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right
(Article 523 Civil Code)
In order for a DEED TO BE EFFECTIVE
REQUISITES:
There must be a grantor
There must be a grantee
There must be words of grant (i.e. transfers, assigns,
leases)
Description of property
Signature of grantor (important: intention to convey or
transfer)
Attested by at least 2 witnesses
Acknowledged by a notary public
Sec. 112, PD 1529:
Important to render it a public document
Registrable Document
Cheng v. Genato
Registration- is the entry made in the Registrar which records
solemnly and permanently the right of ownership and all the real
rights.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY
Article 414:
1. Personal or movable
2. Real or immovable
Lands:
Private:
i. consists of all property by private person either individual
or collectively (Art. 425: Property of private ownership, besides
the patrimonial property of the State, provinces, cities, and
municipalities, consists of all property belonging to private
persons, either individually or collectively)
ii. segregation from public lands
iii. Article 141: Govt. grants public agricultural lands through
various kinds of patents
Already becomes private land
(Judicial confirmation of title [Sec. 48 (b), C.A. 141)
Public- not segregated from mass of lands.i. The Constitution
classifies 4 classes:
1. Forest and timberlands2. Mineral3. Agricultural4.
Reservation1935 and 1973 Constitution (only 3 classification)
Agricultural lands- inalienable/not disposable
Homestead, sale, donation
Once acquired, can be acquired through registration under the
Torrens Law.
MODES
Ordinary Registration
Judicial Confirmation of Title
Cadastral
Administrative form of registration
Example of public lands not subject to private ownership; not
registrable under Torrens:
Devoted for public use: roads, street
Devoted for public service
Forest and timberlands
Mineral resources
Lakes
Watershed, etc.
Navigable sea
INALIENABLE= NON-REGISTRABLE
We are concerned with transaction involving lands;
Ownership: how transferred? How lost? Who has better right?
3 DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
OF TRANSFERRING LAND TITLE
1. Production and delivery of conveyance and order of grantor to
grantee (complete in itself)2. Registration or Recording of Deed of
Conveyance (is a public record kept by a public official)3. System
of Judicial Registration which provides title of ownership itself
(not only registration)CLASSIFICATION OF LAND IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Registered Land- covered by the Torrens Title
2. Unregistered Land- not covered by the Torrens Title
-The need for classification is to determine the mode of
transferring title.
Unregistered Land:
Sec.4 Administrative Code (before PD 1529)
Sec. 113, P.D. 1529( recording of instrument of unregistered
land.
SYSTEMS OF REGISTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
(Mortgage Law Abolished)
1. For Registered Lands: PD 1529 (Codified Act; Cadastral Act)2.
For Unregistered Lands:
Sec. 113
PURPOSES OF LAND REGISTRATION
1. To quite title to land
Sec. 31, par. 2: The decree of registration shall bind the land
and quiet title thereto, subject only to such exceptions or liens
as may be provided by law. It shall be conclusive upon and against
all persons, including the National Government and all branches
thereof, whether mentioned by name in the application or notice,
the same being included in the general description "To all whom it
may concern".
Legarda & Prieto v.
30 Phil. 390
SC:
-primary purpose of land registration is to settle title to
land.
-title is already unimpeachable
-not subject to another registration
-to put a stop forever to any question to the legality of the
title except claims which are duly noticed at the time of the
registration (that claims should be duly recorded in the title)
Corollary to this is the next:
2. To relieve the land of unknown liens, claims, or burdens,
whether just or unjust
Sec. 44:Statutory liens affecting title.Every registered owner
receiving a certificate of title in pursuance of a decree of
registration, and every subsequent purchaser of registered land
taking a certificate of title for value and in good faith, shall
hold the same free from all encumbrances
-Since it is already quite, the land is relived of unknown
liens
-third persons who did not appear are already barred [except]
those provided by law (Sec. 44)
3. To prevent fraudulent claims
Sec. 53: Presentation of owner's duplicate upon entry of new
certificate.No voluntary instrument shall be registered by the
Register of Deeds, unless the owner's duplicate certificate is
presented with such instrument, except in cases expressly provided
for in this Decree or upon order of the court, for cause shown.
The production of the owner's duplicate certificate, whenever
any voluntary instrument is presented for registration, shall be
conclusive authority from the registered owner to the Register of
Deeds to enter a new certificate or to make a memorandum of
registration in accordance with such instrument, and the new
certificate or memorandum shall be binding upon the registered
owner and upon all persons claiming under him, in favor of every
purchaser for value and in good faith.
In all cases of registration procured by fraud, the owner may
pursue all his legal and equitable remedies against the parties to
such fraud without prejudice, however, to the rights of any
innocent holder for value of a certificate of title. After the
entry of the decree of registration on the original petition or
application, any subsequent registration procured by the
presentation of a forged duplicate certificate of title, or a
forged deed or other instrument, shall be null and void.
-should be read in relation to 6th-Registration is a species of
notice because theres a permanen public record in the Office of
Register of Deeds.
-Section 31/32: Once land is already registered under the
Torrens System; All transactions in order to bind third persons
must be REGISTERED.
-WHY? REGISTRATION- is the operative act that binds or affects
registered land insofar as third person are concerned.
Transaction of land cannot be concealed because it is
registered( prevent fraudulent claims.
Ex. Act 1544 first registrant in good faith( registration
binds.
4. To establish priority in rights
Sec. 56: Primary Entry Book; fees; certified copies.Each
Register of Deeds shall keep a primary entry book in which, upon
payment of the entry fee, he shall enter, in the order of their
reception, all instruments including copies of writs and processes
filed with him relating to registered land. He shall, as a
preliminary process in registration, note in such book the date,
hour and minute of reception of all instruments, in the order in
which they were received. They shall be regarded as registered from
the time so noted, and the memorandum of each instrument, when made
on the certificate of title to which it refers, shall bear the same
date: Provided, that the national government as well as the
provincial and city governments shall be exempt from the payment of
such fees in advance in order to be entitled to entry and
registration.
Every deed or other instrument, whether voluntary or
involuntary, so filed with the Register of Deeds shall be numbered
and indexed and endorsed with a reference to the proper certificate
of title. All records and papers relative to registered land in the
office of the Register of Deeds shall be open to the public in the
same manner as court records, subject to such reasonable
regulations as the Register of Deeds, under the direction of the
Commissioner of Land Registration, may prescribe.
All deeds and voluntary instruments shall be presented with
their respective copies and shall be attested and sealed by the
Register of Deeds, endorsed with the file number, and copies may be
delivered to the person presenting them.
Certified copies of all instruments filed and registered may
also be obtained from the Register of Deeds upon payment of the
prescribed fees.
5. To create indefeasible (indivisible?) and imprescriptible
title binding on the whole world
Sec. 42: Registration Books.The original copy of the original
certificate of title shall be filed in the Registry of Deeds. The
same shall be bound in consecutive order together with similar
certificates of title and shall constitute the registration book
for titled properties.Sec. 47: Registered land not subject to
prescriptions.No title to registered land in derogation of the
title of the registered owner shall be acquired by prescription or
adverse possession.
-Sec. 42: after 1 year of entry of (issuance) of registry, title
becomes conclusive and incontrovertible( title can no longer be
defeated by any other person.-Sec. 47: imprescriptible (title)(
land registered cant be acquired by prescription.6. To provide a
means of publication or notice to third persons
-species of notice= permanent public records
Once transaction is REGISTERED, that serves as a CONSTRUCTIVE
NOTICE to the whole world.
LAW ON CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE
-permanent public records provide source and information for the
status of land
-there is a presumption that any buyer has already examined the
records
-presumed to know facts
-good faith is not a valid defense
SEC. 32 Review of decree of registration; Innocent purchaser for
value.The decree of registration shall not be reopened or revised
by reason of absence, minority, or other disability of any person
adversely affected thereby, nor by any proceeding in any court for
reversing judgments, subject, however, to the right of any person,
including the government and the branches thereof, deprived of land
or of any estate or interest therein by such adjudication or
confirmation of title obtained by actual fraud, to file in the
proper Court of First Instance a petition for reopening and review
of the decree of registration not later than one year from and
after the date of the entry of such decree of registration, but in
no case shall such petition be entertained by the court where an
innocent purchaser for value has acquired the land or an interest
therein, whose rights may be prejudiced. Whenever the phrase
"innocent purchaser for value" or an equivalent phrase occurs in
this Decree, it shall be deemed to include an innocent lessee,
mortgagee, or other encumbrancer for value.
Upon the expiration of said period of one year, the decree of
registration and the certificate of title issued shall become
incontrovertible. Any person aggrieved by such decree of
registration in any case may pursue his remedy by action for
damages against the applicant or any other persons responsible for
the fraud.
Corollary to this is the MIRROR DOCTRINE (all you have to do is
to rely on the title; It was envisaged that a person who was
considering purchasing an interest in land could find all the
information necessary to make a decision by inspection of the
register. That is, the register would be a `mirror' of the actual
state of the proprietor's title, and disclose any benefits or
encumbrances associated with the title
Mirror principle - the register (Certificate of Title) reflects
(mirrors) accurately and completely the current facts about a
person's title. This means that, if a person sells an estate, the
new title has to be identical to the old one in terms of
description of lands, except for the owner's name.Supposing, a
registered land subject of sale; the sale is not registered, who
are bound?
Only the parties (estoppels by deed)
Heirs, assigns, successors-in-interest (based on Relativity)Are
third persons bound?
It depends
If with actual knowledge of the conracts(he is bound
K v. Veluz (41 Phil. 604) & Consolidated Rural Bank v. CA
(448 SCRA 34)
Third persons are bound because actual knowledge of the
transaction is equivalent to registration.
Are there secret girlfriends?
How? To let her know( to notify( actual
knowledge=registration
7. To provide stability to land titles
REGISTRATION DOES NOT VEST TITLE TO REGISTRANT
Ex. OFW went abroad; he left documents to friend; then the
friend registered.
Registration does not vest title, OFW can ask for
reconveyance
REGISTRATION MERELY CONFIRMS TITLE
If you apply for registration, you proved you are the owner
-registration is not a mode of acquiring ownership
-it does not cure defect in the contract
-it does not validate an illegal contract
REGISTRATION SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED IN THE CORRECT SYSTEM OF
REGISTRATION
Ex. Land already registered; Tax Declaration is unregistered
land; land sold to A; A registered it to registration of
unregistered land by attachment creditor; 2nd buyer bought the land
from registered owner.
2nd buyer has better right because it was wrong system of
registration: invalid/legally ineffective registration
ORIGINAL REGISTRATION- if first time to be registered in public
record, it is original registration (Original Certificate Of
Title)
2 Copies:
-Original sa Registry
-To registrant
TRANSFER- is the subsequent registration (Transfer
Certificate)
OBJECT OF REGISTRATION: real rights and real property and
interests in the land (e.g. mortgage, attachment, etc.)
LECTURE NOTES #2June 26, 2010
Article 172, Civil Code:
5 MODES OF ACQUIRING LAND TITLES:
1. Occupation
2. Intellectual creation( the only one not applicable to real
property
3. Donation/succession
4. In consequence of contract by tradition/delivery
5. Prescription
RECOGNIZED MODES
1. Government grant
2. Adverse possession
3. Prescription
4. Reclamation
5. Voluntary transfer
6. Involuntary alienation
7. Succession
1. GOVERNMENT GRANT
Whenever public land is conveyed to some private individual
Regalian doctrine: public grant is granted by the State
There must be a law justifying express or implied grant.
Example:
C.A. 141 Public Land Act
Lands of public domain maybe granted to private individual based
on different land patents and qualified beneficiaries.
Homestead patent to titles may be issued
Sales patent
Free patent
Does not include judicial registration proceedings; such patents
can be presented to the Register of Deeds
Administrative proceedings
Section 103.Certificates of title pursuant to patents.Whenever
public land is by the Government alienated, granted or conveyed to
any person, the same shall be brought forthwith under the operation
of this Decree. It shall be the duty of the official issuing the
instrument of alienation, grant, patent or conveyance in behalf of
the Government to cause such instrument to be filed with the
Register of Deeds of the province or city where the land lies, and
to be there registered like other deeds and conveyance, whereupon a
certificate of title shall be entered as in other cases of
registered land, and an owner's duplicate issued to the grantee.
The deed, grant, patent or instrument of conveyance from the
Government to the grantee shall not take effect as a conveyance or
bind the land but shall operate only as a contract between the
Government and the grantee and as evidence of authority to the
Register of Deeds to make registration. It is the act of
registration that shall be the operative act to affect and convey
the land, and in all cases under this Decree, registration shall be
made in the office of the Register of Deeds of the province or city
where the land lies. The fees for registration shall be paid by the
grantee. After due registration and issuance of the certificate of
title, such land shall be deemed to be registered land to all
intents and purposes under this Decree.
PD # 27 (During Martial Law)
Tenants are deemed as owner of land the till.
Emancipated from bondage of land
Emancipation patent:
serves as authority of the Register of Deeds to register the
land
may be distinguished by the Title No. (if EP preceding the
number( registered for the first time; but subsequent transactions
no longer carry EP)
RA 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law)
Certificate of land transfer( basis of registration of
lands.
2. ACQUISITIVE PRESCRIPTION
When a person is in possession of land in an open, continuous,
exclusive and notorious possession over a period of time prescribed
by law.
Acquisitive prescription/ Adverse Possession
Adverse possession= claiming ownership to land
Acquisition depends:
If the possessor is in good faith( acquires land after 10
years
If the possessor is in bad faith ( acquires land after 30
years
But registered land cant be acquired through prescription.
3. ACCRETION
Article 440, Civil Code: The ownership of property gives the
right by accession to everything which is produced thereby, or
which is incorporated or attached thereto, either naturally or
artificially.
Act of principal producing of thing is attached to the
principal
Gives right to accessory
Accretion- anything produced, incorporated, attached to the
land.
Alluvium
Avulsion
Formation of island
Change of river
Alluvium: Art. 457, CC: To the owners of lands adjoining the
banks of rivers belong the accretion which they gradually receive
from the effects of the current of the waters.
Soil is attached to other persons land because of the current of
water.
Result: area of land increases; owner of the land bordering the
river which deposit is attached owns the additional area.
The owner of the principal is the owner of the accessory
Supposing land is already registered, is the additional area
also registered? No, technical description of the property does not
include the additional area. Therefore, the additional area is
unregistered.
The remedy is to apply for registration under P.D. No. 1529
Does not apply to FORESHORE LAND
Foreshore land- land that is bordering or part of the land
during low tide, submerged during high tide.
If you put materials in said area, there is reclamation
4. RECLAMATION
Reclamation- method of filling, dredging, or other means.
That portion of foreshore land is no longer covered by water(
gives rise to land( only the government can claim ownership of
reclaimed areas.
Article 5, R.A. 1866:
R.A. 1899
Allows filling, dredging, docking
Who owns? They become the property of the city or municipality
who made the reclamation.
While it remains with the government, the government can
exercise positive act and declare it as alienable and
disposable.
Chavez v. Public Estates Authority
PD 1084 gave PEA authority to reclaim land; to develop, improve,
acquire or sell land. PEA started to dispose property. This was
questioned.
Issues:
1. That submerged area of Manila Bay remains inalienable natural
resources of public domain( it cant be transferred to other party(
beyond the commerce of men
2. When can it be subject to transfer? The filling of the
submerged areas through the reclamation project, in order to be
alienable, the government should issue a proclamation that the land
is now alienable.
Foreshore lands inalienable lands of public domain
cant be reclassified
cant be subject of private ownership
Regalian doctrine: sea and foreshore areas are part of public
domains;
Existence of Regalian doctrine from Spanish Law of Waters.
Conversion of Military Reservation
(At the time of Ramos) No longer needed for public service and
converted to patrimonial property or lands which may be
alienable.
Example: Fort Bonifacio; Clark Airbase; Subic Naval Base
Classified as alienable and disposable.
Private Corporations not legally qualified to own land of public
domains
1973, 1987 Constitution
Commonly, only lease for 25 years renewable for another 25
years; 1000 hectares
1935 Constitution: private corporations can own public domains(
they remain owners of land; they have vested rights of property; if
we apply the current Constitution retroactively, it will be a
deprivation of property without due process of law.
5. VOLUNTARY TRANSFER
Common mode
Can be made by the owner or his agent
Consent and voluntary intention of the owner is necessary.
Examples:
conveyance in a deed of sale,
deed of donation,
deed of assignment
Must be in from sufficient in law
If it involves land, it should be registered.
6. INVOLUNTARY ALIENATION
Does not require consent/participation of the owner.
Examples:
Seizure
Levy on attachment
Levy on execution
7. SUCCESSION
Acquisition of property rights and obligations of decedent upon
the latters death.
Heirs, legatees, devisees( successors
Voluntary heir-
Devise- if real property is given as a gift in the will
Devisee- given the gift
Legatee-
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MODES OF ACQUIRING LAND TITLES
Any one of the modes is basis of ownership( basis of
registration
Provides what we need to establish for voluntary land
registration
But registration is only to confirm ownership
Without these, you cant have your title confirmed; court wont
grant. Sec. 14 (1529)BASIC LAWS
P.D. No. 1529- judicial and in rem
1. Voluntary Registration (Ordinary) - it is the owner of the
land who applies for registration
2. Compulsory proceeding (Sec. 35, 36, 37, 38)
Cadastral:
judicial but compulsory
the State will file
cadastral survey
you should file your answer/claim otherwise, youll lose your
land
3. Judicial Confirmation of Title
CA 141, as amended:
judicial and voluntary
Section 48 (d), CA 141
4. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
Section 103.Certificates of title pursuant to patents.Whenever
public land is by the Government alienated, granted or conveyed to
any person, the same shall be brought forthwith under the operation
of this Decree. It shall be the duty of the official issuing the
instrument of alienation, grant, patent or conveyance in behalf of
the Government to cause such instrument to be filed with the
Register of Deeds of the province or city where the land lies, and
to be there registered like other deeds and conveyance, whereupon a
certificate of title shall be entered as in other cases of
registered land, and an owner's duplicate issued to the grantee.
The deed, grant, patent or instrument of conveyance from the
Government to the grantee shall not take effect as a conveyance or
bind the land but shall operate only as a contract between the
Government and the grantee and as evidence of authority to the
Register of Deeds to make registration. It is the act of
registration that shall be the operative act to affect and convey
the land, and in all cases under this Decree, registration shall be
made in the office of the Register of Deeds of the province or city
where the land lies. The fees for registration shall be paid by the
grantee. After due registration and issuance of the certificate of
title, such land shall be deemed to be registered land to all
intents and purposes under this Decree.
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) Involves ancestral domain
Indigenous people covered by IPRA may apply for registration of
land. Judicial and voluntaryCHAPTER 2 TORRENS SYSTEM
Devised by Sir Robert Richard Torrens English Merchant Shipping
Act( involved registration of ships; he made/applied it to land
registration
Real Property Act of 1857/1858 (?)
Advantages of Torrens System
Refer to book/s; read and learn
Comparative benefitsRefer to book; read and learn
Which government agency implements?
LAND REGISTRATION AUTHORITY (EO 292)
Headed by: Administrator assisted by 2 deputy administrator
Under DOJ
Its arms (under it) are: various Register of Deeds in provinces
and cities
Headed by: Register of Deeds assisted by Deputy Register of
Deeds
Must be members of the Philippine Bar
Important functions of the LRA
Section 6.General Functions.(1) The Commissioner of Land
Registration shall have the following functions:
(a) Issue decrees of registration pursuant to final judgments of
the courts in land registration proceedings and cause the issuance
by the Registers of Deeds of the corresponding certificates of
title;
(b) Exercise supervision and control over all Registers of Deeds
and other personnel of the Commission;
(c) Resolve cases elevated en consulta by, or on appeal from
decision of, Registers of Deeds;
(d) Exercise executive supervision over all clerks of court and
personnel of the Courts of First Instance throughout the
Philippines with respect to the discharge of their duties and
functions in relation to the registration of lands;
(e) Implement all orders, decisions, and decrees promulgated
relative to the registration of lands and issue, subject to the
approval of the Secretary of Justice, all needful rules and
regulations therefor;
(f) Verify and approve subdivision, consolidation, and
consolidation-subdivision survey plans of properties titled under
Act No. 496 except those covered by P.D. No. 957.
(2) The Land Registration Commission shall have the following
functions:
(a) Extend speedy and effective assistance to the Department of
Agrarian Reform, the Land Bank, and other agencies in the
implementation of the land reform program of the government;
(b) Extend assistance to courts in ordinary and cadastral land
registration proceedings;
(c) Be the central repository of records relative to original
registration of lands titled under the Torrens system, including
subdivision and consolidation plans of titled lands.
Report involving lands subject to land registration
proceedings
Importance of functions:
To verify if the decree of the Commissioner/ Administrator
(decree of registration) is genuine or not, go to LRA
For records that are almost destroyed, you can get it from
LRA
Administrator, functions:
Power/ duty to issue decree of registration
Issuance in Registry of Deeds of Certificates of Titles
May resolve cases elevated to him in consulta:
Is the document registrable or not?
Appealable to the Court of Appeals
Duty to implement order, issue decrees of registration of lands,
provide rules and regulations
Register of Deeds- repository of records in provinces or
cities
Section 7.Office of the Register of Deeds.There shall be at
least one Register of Deeds for each province and one for each
city. Every Registry with a yearly average collection of more than
sixty thousand pesos during the last three years shall have one
Deputy Register of Deeds, and every Registry with a yearly average
collection of more than three hundred thousand pesos during the
last three years, shall have one Deputy Register of Deeds and one
second Deputy Register of Deeds.
The Secretary of Justice shall define the official station and
territorial jurisdiction of each Registry upon the recommendation
of the Commissioner of Land Registration, with the end in view of
making every registry easily accessible to the people of the
neighboring municipalities.
The province or city shall furnish a suitable space or building
for the office of the Register of Deeds until such time as the same
could be furnished out of national funds.
Section 8.Appointment of Registers of Deeds and their Deputies
and other subordinate personnel; salaries. Registers of Deeds shall
be appointed by the President of the Philippines upon
recommendation of the Secretary of Justice. Deputy Registers of
Deeds and all other subordinate personnel of the Registries of
Deeds shall be appointed by the Secretary of Justice upon the
recommendation of the Commissioner of Land Registration.
The salaries of Registers of Deeds and their Deputies shall be
at the following rates:
(1) First Class Registries The salaries of Registers of Deeds in
first class Registries shall be three thousand four hundred pesos
per annum less than that of the Deputy Commissioner.
(2) Second Class Registries The salaries of Registers of Deeds
in second class Registries shall be three thousand four hundred
pesos per annum less than those of Registers of Deeds in first
class Registries.
(3) Third Class Registries The salaries of Registers of Deeds in
third class Registries shall be three thousand four hundred pesos
per annum less than those of Registers of Deeds in second class
Registries.
(4) The salaries of Deputy Registers of Deeds and Second Deputy
Registers of Deeds shall be three thousand four hundred pesos per
annum less than those of their corresponding Registers of Deeds and
Deputy Registers of Deeds, respectively.
The Secretary of Justice, upon recommendation of the
Commissioner of Land Registration, shall cause the reclassification
of Registries based either on work load or the class of
province/city, whichever will result in a higher classification,
for purposes of salary adjustments in accordance with the rates
hereinabove provided.
Section 9.Qualifications of Registers of Deeds and Deputy
Registers of Deeds.No person shall be appointed Register of Deeds
unless he has been admitted to the practice of law in the
Philippines and shall have been actually engaged in such practice
for at least three years or has been employed for a like period in
any branch of government the functions of which include the
registration of property.
The Deputy Register of Deeds shall be a member of the Philippine
Bar. Provided, however, that no Register of Deeds or Deputy
Register of Deeds holding office as such upon the passage of this
Decree shall by reason hereof, be removed from office or be demoted
to a lower category or scale of salary except for cause and upon
compliance with due process as provided for by law.
Section 10.General functions of Registers of Deeds.The office of
the Register of Deeds constitutes a public repository of records of
instruments affecting registered or unregistered lands and chattel
mortgages in the province or city wherein such office is
situated.
It shall be the duty of the Register of Deeds to immediately
register an instrument presented for registration dealing with real
or personal property which complies with all the requisites for
registration. He shall see to it that said instrument bears the
proper documentary and science stamps and that the same are
properly canceled. If the instrument is not registerable, he shall
forthwith deny registration thereof and inform the presentor of
such denial in writing, stating the ground or reason therefor, and
advising him of his right to appeal by consulta in accordance with
Section 117 of this Decree.
Sec. 10- Function( duty to immediately register application
presented for registration of real property provided it complies
with all requisites.
(If not registrable, write it and the reason of denial
Power to determine registrability( comply with Section 112 (PD
1529) Requisites of Deed such as the acknowledgment by notary
public because only public documents may be registered in Register
of Deeds.
Nature and Character of Functions
Maranga v. Bustillo
Ministerial duty provided that the document is registrable,
payment is made, etc. RoD no discretion to deny RoD precluded from
exercising personal judgment or discretion The supposed invalidity
of contract is not a valid excuse for denying registration. In
determining what is valid: this involves discretion( judicial and
not ministerial Questions involving the validity be decided after
registration (Sec. 52)Supposing, document provides that Yao Ming,
Chinese (buyer) of land situated in Forbes Park, if your RoD, will
you register?
-NO, Sec.55/56: citizenship is required( determines
registrability first (private corporations also qualified to own
land in the Philippines)
SECTION 2, PD NO. 1529
Types of Land Registration
1. General
2. Judicial
3. Administrative
a. Voluntary
b. Compulsory
c. Judicial confirmation
Nature of Land Registration Proceedings
Judicial
Based on generally accepted principles of Torrens System
In rem (binding on all persons, on the whole world)
How? How do court acquire jurisdiction of defendant?
-summons (impractical)
-publication (Sec. 23)
-Section 26( consequences of publication: To All Whom it May
Concern( all persons are made party defendants to the case.
Which court has jurisdiction?
(BP 129 renamed CFI to) RTC
Does RTC have exclusive jurisdiction? No, (Sec. 34), amendment
RA 7691( SC given authority to assign cases to inferior courts
(Sec. 34)
A.O. 6-96-A (Nov. 15, 1995): MTC, etc. delegated
jurisdiction
What cases may be filed before inferior courts?
Section 34:
cases of land with no controversy
case of controversy of land value does not exceed 100,000
pesos
Where to appeal?
Court of Appeals( Land Registration & Cadastral Cases
Judicial Confirmation of Incomplete Title
Section 48 (d) of CA 141
Judicial & in rem
Registration proceeding is conclusive and final
1. What kinds of lands are covered?
Alienable and disposable land of public domain
2. Period of possession and occupation of land
Since June 12, 1945 or earlier
3. When should application be filed? Deadline: within or up to
December 21, 2020
4. Maximum area
Should not exceed 12 hectares
Next week:
Chapter 3, 4, 5
Quiz and recitation
JUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF INCOMPLETE OR IMPERFECT TITLE
NATURE OF PROCEEDINGS
Judicial
In rem- against the whole worldLAWS GOVERNING JUDICIAL
CONFIRMATION OF TITLE
Public Land Act (C.A. 141), as amended, governs lands of the
public domain, except timber and mineral lands, friar lands, and
privately-owned lands which reverted to the State.
Sec. 48 (b), Chapter VIII, of CA 141, as amended (Public Land
Act), provides:
Sec. 48. The following described citizens of the Philippines,
occupying lands of the public domain or claiming to own any such
lands or an interest therein, but whose titles have not been
perfected or completed, may apply to the Regional Trial Court of
the province or city where the land is located for confirmation of
their claims and the issuance of a certificate of title therefor,
under the Property Registration Decree, to wit:
xxxxxxxxxxxx
(b) Those who by themselves or through their predecessors in
interest have been in the open, continuous, exclusive, and
notorious possession and occupation of alienable and disposable
agricultural lands of the public domain, under a bona fide claim of
acquisition or ownership, since June 12, 1945, except when
prevented by war or force majeure. These shall be conclusively
presumed to have performed all the conditions essential to a
Government grant and shall be entitled to a certificate of title
under the provisions of this chapter.
(c) Members of the national cultural minorities who by
themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest have been in
open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation
of alienable and disposable agricultural lands of the public
domain, under a bona fide claim of ownership since June 12, 1945,
shall be entitled to the rights in subsection (b) hereof.
PERIOD OF FILING OF APPLICATION FOR JUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF
TITLE
The latest extension of the period is until December 31, 2020,
within which to file said applications.
LIMITATION OF AREA APPLIED FOR: shall apply only where the area
applied for does not exceed 12 hectares.
APPLICANTS
By law and jurisprudence, the following may therefore apply for
judicial confirmation of their imperfect or incomplete title:
1. Filipino citizens who by themselves or through their
predecessors-in-interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive
and notorious possession and occupation of alienable and disposable
lands of the public domain under a bona fide claim of acquisition
since June 12, 1945 or prior thereto, or even since time
immemorial.
2. Filipino citizen who by themselves or their
predecessors-in-interest have been prior to the effectivity of P.D.
1073 on January 25, 1977, in open, continuous, exclusive and
notorious possession and occupation of agricultural lands of the
public domain, under a bona fide claim of acquisition of ownership,
for at least 30 years, or at least since January 24, 1947.
3. Private corporations or associations which had acquired
lands, formerly part of the alienable and disposable lands of the
public domain, from Filipino citizens who had possessed the same in
the manner and for the length of time indicated in subparagraphs 1
and 2 above.
4. Natural-born citizens of the Philippines who have lost their
Philippine citizenship, who have acquired disposable and alienable
lands of the public domain from Filipino citizens who had possessed
the same in the same manner and for the length of time indicated in
subparagraphs 1 and 2.
WHAT APPLICANT MUST PROVE
1. The land is alienable and disposable land of the public
domain, and
2. His possession must be for the length of time and in the
manner and concept stated in Section 48(b) of the Public Land Act,
as amended.
The burden of proof lies with the applicant to prove his
positive averments.
Sec. of DENR, et al. v. Jose M. Yap
2 Requirements
1. open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and
occupation of
2. alienable and disposable lands of the public domain
Possession
Broader than occupation because it includes constructive
possession
When the law adds the word occupation, it seeks to delimit the
all-encompassing effect of constructive possession.
Taken together with the words open, continuous, exclusive and
notorious, the word occupation serves to highlight the fact that
for one to qualify under paragraph (b) of the aforesaid section
(48), his possession of the land must not be mere fiction.
Possession is:
Open- when it is patent, visible, apparent, notorious and not
clandestine;
Continuous- when uninterrupted, unbroken and not intermittent or
occasional;
Exclusive- when the adverse possessor can show exclusive
dominion over the land and an appropriation of it to his own use
and benefit; and
Notorious- when it is so conspicuous that it is generally known
and talked of by the public or the people in the neighborhood.
Use of land is adverse when it is open and notorious.
Effect of compliance with requirement
Director of Lands v. IAC:
When the conditions as specified in Sec.48 (b) of the Public
Land Act, as amended, are complied with, the possessor is deemed to
have acquired, by operation of law (automatic), a right to a grant,
government grant, without the necessity of a certificate of title
being issued.The land perforce ceases to be of the public domain,
and beyond the authority of the Director of Land Management to
dispose of. The application for confirmation is then a mere
formality, the lack of which does not affect the sufficiency of the
title as would be evidenced by the patent and the corresponding
Torrens title issued pursuant to such patent.
The above provision applies exclusively to public agricultural
land, which are alienable and disposable.
PRIVATE CORPORATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS AS APPLICANTS
Corporations may file for judicial confirmation of title
(jcot).
The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Chapter XII, Sec. 3: Private
corporations or associations may not hold such alienable lands of
the public domain except by lease, for a period not exceeding
twenty-five (25) years, renewable for not more than twenty-five
years, and not to exceed one thousand hectares in area.
If the land is still part of the alienable and disposable lands
of the public domain at the time a corporation or association files
and application for confirmation of imperfect incomplete title
thereto or at the time such applicant acquired the land from a
Filipino citizen, then the aforequoted constitutional bar lies.
On the other hand, where at the time such corporation acquired
land, its predecessors-in-interest by exclusive, continuous and
adverse possession of the same in the manner and for the period
prescribed by law as to entitle him to registration in his name,
then the prohibition does not apply for the land was no longer
public land but private property.
The main point to consider is: w/n the land at the time of the
filing is already private/public
If public: it cannot apply for jcot
If private: it may validly apply for jcot.
Director of Lands v. IAC and Acme Plywood and Veneer Co.,
Inc.
1. Still, a private corporation may institute confirmation
proceedings under Sec. 48 (b) of the Public Land Act if, at the
time of institution of the registration proceedings, the land was
already private land.
2. The correct rule is that alienable public land held by a
possessor, personally or through his predecessors-in-interest,
openly continuously and exclusively for the prescribed period is
converted to private property by the mere lapse or completion of
said period, ipso jure.3. Since Sec. 48 (b) itself considers
possession of public land which is of the character and duration
prescribed by statute as the equivalent of an express grant from
the State, then confirmation proceedings would in truth be little
more than a formality, at the most limited to ascertaining whether
the possession claimed is of the required character and length of
time; and registration thereunder would not confer title, but
simply recognize a title already veste (vested right).
4. The purely accidental circumstance that confirmation
proceedings were brought under the aegis of a subsequent law which
forbids corporations from owning lands of the public domain cannot
defeat a right already vested before that law came into effect, or
invalidate transactions then perfectly valid and proper. The
Constitution cannot impair vested rights.
5. The objection that ACME is not qualified to apply for
judicial confirmation is technical, rather than substantial.
PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENT
Form and contents of application
Sec. 50 of the Public Land Act provides that the application for
judicial confirmation of imperfect or incomplete title shall
conform as nearly as may be in its material allegations to the
requirements of an application under the Land Registration Act, now
the Property Registration Decree.
Accordingly, the applicant should state in his application the
material facts and information required under Section 15 of said
Decree.
Section 15.Form and contents.The application for land
registration shall be in writing, signed by the application or the
person duly authorized in his behalf, and sworn to before any
officer authorized to administer oaths for the province or city
where the application was actually signed. If there is more than
one applicant, the application shall be signed and sworn to by and
in behalf of each. The application shall contain a description of
the land and shall state the citizenship and civil status of the
applicant, whether single or married, and, if married, the name of
the wife or husband, and, if the marriage has been legally
dissolved, when and how the marriage relation terminated. It shall
also state the full names and addresses of all occupants of the
land and those of the adjoining owners, if known, and, if not
known, it shall state the extent of the search made to find
them.CONFIRMATION OF TITLE OVER LAND PREVIOUSLY DECLARED PUBLIC
LAND
A judicial declaration (either ordinary or cadatral) that a
parcel of land is public does not preclude even the same applicant
from subsequently seeking a judicial confirmation of his title to
the same land, provided he thereafter complies with the provisions
of Sec. 48 (b), as amended, and as long as said public land remains
alienable and disposable.
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN OLR AND JCT
(by Judge Serrano)
ORDINARY LAND REGISTRATION PROCEEDINGSJUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF
TITLE
Title to land exist subject to confirmationPresumption is that
the land applied for pertains to the State, and that the occupants
and possessors only claim an interest in the same by virtue of
their imperfect title or continuous, open, and notorious
possession
May be dismissed with or without prejudice (Applicant may
re-file case)Dismissal is always with prejudice (res judicata)
If without prejudice, applicant will not lose ownership to the
propertyIf applicant fails to prove the grant as basis of
confirmation, property is declared land of public domain and loses
property
ORDINARY REGISTRATION PROCEEDINGSSTEPS IN REGISTRATION
PROCEEDINGS (SFS-TPS-FHP-IEST)
(applicable to original registration and confirmation of
imperfect or incomplete title)
1. Survey of land by Land Management Bureau or a duly licensed
private surveyor;
(According to sir) Before filing would be preparation.2. Filing
of application for registration by the applicant;
3. Setting of the date for the initial hearing of the
application by the Court;
4. Transmittal of the publication and the date of initial
hearing with all the documents or other evidences attached thereto
by the Clerk of Court to the Land Registration Authority (LRA);
5. Publication of a notice of the filing of the application and
date and place of the hearing in the Official Gazette;
6. Service of notice upon contiguous owners, occupants and those
known to have interests in the property by the sheriff;
7. Filing of answer to the application by any person whether
named in the court or not;
8. Hearing of the case by the Court;
9. Promulgation of judgment by the Court;
10. Issuance of the decree by the Court declaring the decision
final and instructing the LRA to issue a decree of confirmation and
registration;
11. Entry of the decree of registration in the LRA;
12. Sending of copy of the decree of registration to the
corresponding Register of Deeds; and
13. Transcription of the decree of registration in the
registration book and issuance of the owners duplicate original
certificate to the applicant by the Register of Deeds, upon payment
of the prescribed fees.
A certificate of title issued without fully complying with the
above requisites are thus illegal and invalid and may be cancelled
by the courts.
SURVEY
(by Judge Serrano)
Prepares survey plan
Technical description (purpose: to identify and describe the
landJ)
Submitted to the Land Management Bureau for approval by the
Director
PREPARATION
APPLICANTS IN ORDINARY REGISTRATION PROCEEDINGS
Section 14.Who may apply. The following persons may file in the
proper Court of First Instance an application for registration of
title to land, whether personally or through their duly authorized
representatives:
(1) Those who by themselves or through their
predecessors-in-interest have been in open, continuous, exclusive
and notorious possession and occupation of alienable and disposable
lands of the public domain under a bona fide claim of ownership
since June 12, 1945, or earlier.
(2) Those who have acquired ownership of private lands by
prescription under the provision of existing laws.
(3) Those who have acquired ownership of private lands or
abandoned river beds by right of accession or accretion under the
existing laws.
(4) Those who have acquired ownership of land in any other
manner provided for by law.
Where the land is owned in common, all the co-owners shall file
the application jointly.
Where the land has been sold under pacto de retro, the vendor a
retro may file an application for the original registration of the
land, provided, however, that should the period for redemption
expire during the pendency of the registration proceedings and
ownership to the property consolidated in the vendee a retro, the
latter shall be substituted for the applicant and may continue the
proceedings.
A trustee on behalf of his principal may apply for original
registration of any land held in trust by him, unless prohibited by
the instrument creating the trust.
Who can apply?
1. Natural persons
2. Juridical persons
3. Corporations (under the Constitution must be 60% owned by
Filipinos)
Sec. 14 (1)
same as judicial confirmation of title under Public Land Act
Requisites under Sec. 14 (1)
1. That the property is an agricultural land of the public
domain;
2. That it has been classified by a positive act of government
as alienable and disposable;
3. That the applicant, by himself or through his
predecessors-in-interest, has been in open, continuous, exclusive
and notorious possession and occupation of the land in the concept
of owner; and
4. That such possession and occupation is under a bona fide
claim of ownership since June 12, 1945 or earlier.
Alienable and disposable land
Requires that the property sought to be registered as already
alienable and disposable at the time of the application for
registration and not at the time/before applicants possession
To prove that the land is alienable: applicant must establish
the existence of a positive act of the government such as
presidential proclamation or an executive order.
Sec. 14 (2)
Article 1137 of the Civil Code provides that ownership and other
real rights over immovables also prescribe through uninterrupted
adverse possession thereof for thirty years, without need of title
or of good faith.
Rules for 30-year period:
1. The present possessor may complete the period by tacking his
possession to that of his grantor or predecessor-in-interest;
2. The present possessor who was also the possessor at a
previous time, is presumed to have continued to be in possession
during the intervening time in the absence of proof to the
contrary;
3. The first day shall be excluded and the last day
included.
Acquisition of ownership of private lands by prescription under
existing law- It is not therefore, ownership of any kind of
immovable acquired by prescription that may be registered under
said Decree, but only the ownership of private lands.
Ex. Lands registered under the Spanish Mortgage Law which are
not yet covered by a certificate of title by the time of the
issuance of PD 1529 on June 11, 1978 and considered as unregistered
land: these lands may be acquired by a person by prescription by
adverse possession against the original grantee.
Sec. 14 (3)
Article 457, CC: To the owners of lands adjoining the banks of
rivers belong the accretion which they gradually receive from the
effects of the current of the waters.
For accretion and alluvion to be registrable, requisites must
concur:
1. That the deposit be gradual and imperceptible;
2. That it be made through the effects of the current of the
water;
3. That the land where the accretion takes place is adjacent to
the banks of rivers.
4. That it must be exclusive work of nature and not caused by
human intervention.
An accretion from river to registered land does not
automatically become registered land. As such it must be placed
under the operations of the Torrens title.
Article 461, CC: river beds which are abandoned through the
natural change in the course of the waters ipso facto belong the
owners whose lands are occupied by the new course in proportion to
the area lost. However, the owners of lands adjoining the old bed
shall have the right to acquire the same by paying the value
thereof, which value shall not exceed the value of the area
occupied by the new bed.
Sec. 14 (4)
Persons or entities acquiring ownership of land by other modes
may apply for registration of title thereto:
1. A land reserved, by presidential proclamation, for a certain
purpose is not subject to entry by any other person or entity and
no lawful settlement on them can be acquired. The proclamation
legally effected a land grant, validly sufficient for initial
registration by the grantee under the PD 1529. Such land grant is
constitutive of a fee simple title or absolute title in favor of
said grantee.
2. Persons or entities to whom a land has been ceded by the
Republic of the Philippines by law may thus also properly apply for
registration of title thereto.
Persons who cannot properly file an application for registration
of land
1. A public land sales applicant
2. A mortgagee, or his successor-in-interest to the mortgage (a
lien/encumbrance is not ownership)
3. An antichretic creditor cannot acquire by prescription the
land surrendered to him by the debtor. His possession not in
concept of owner but mere holder placed in possession of the land b
its owners; such possession cannot serve as a title for acquiring
dominion.
4. A person or entity whose claim of ownership to land had been
previously denied in a reivindicatory action, and the right of
ownership thereto of another upheld by the courts, cannot apply for
the same land in a registration proceedings.
FILING
FORM AND CONTENTS OF APPLICATION
Section 15.Form and contents.The application for land
registration shall be in writing, signed by the application or the
person duly authorized in his behalf, and sworn to before any
officer authorized to administer oaths for the province or city
where the application was actually signed. If there is more than
one applicant, the application shall be signed and sworn to by and
in behalf of each. The application shall contain a description of
the land and shall state the citizenship and civil status of the
applicant, whether single or married, and, if married, the name of
the wife or husband, and, if the marriage has been legally
dissolved, when and how the marriage relation terminated. It shall
also state the full names and addresses of all occupants of the
land and those of the adjoining owners, if known, and, if not
known, it shall state the extent of the search made to find
them.
Section 20.When land applied for borders on road.If the
application describes the land as bounded by a public or private
way or road, it shall state whether or not the applicant claims any
and what portion of the land within the limits of the way or road,
and whether the applicant desires to have the line of the way or
road determined.
Section 21.Requirement of additional facts and papers; ocular
inspection.The court may require facts to be stated in the
application in addition to those prescribed by this Decree not
inconsistent therewith and may require the filing of any additional
paper. It may also conduct an ocular inspection, if necessary.
The application shall contain the following:
1. Description of the land applied for, together with the
buildings and improvements thereon, if any. The plan duly approved
by the Director of Land Management Bureau, and technical
descriptions of the land applied for, must be attached to the
application. (All these are produced in the 1st step: survey)
2. The citizenship and civil status of the applicant, whether
single or married, and if married, the name of the wife or husband,
and, if the marriage has been legally dissolved, when and how the
marriage relation terminated.
3. The assessed value of the land and the buildings and other
improvements thereon, based on the last assessment for taxation
purposes.
4. Mortgage or encumbrance of any kind whatsoever affecting the
land applied for, or names of other persons who may have an
interest therein, legal or equitable. Otherwise, the applicant
shall state that to the best of his knowledge and belief, there is
no such encumbrance or interested persons.
5. The manner by which the applicant has acquired the land
(Refer to Sec. 14)
6. The full names and addresses of all occupants of the land and
those of the adjoining owners, if known, and if not known, the
applicant shall state the extent of the search made to find
them.
7. When land applied for borders on road: Sec. 20.
8. Sec. 21: the court may required facts to be stated in the
application in addition to those prescribed by the Decree not
inconsistent therewith and may required the filing of any
additional papers. It may also conduct an ocular inspection, if
necessary.
If the applicant is non-resident:
Section 16.Non-resident applicant.If the applicant is not a
resident of the Philippines, he shall file with his application an
instrument in due form appointing an agent or representative
residing in the Philippines, giving his full name and postal
address, and shall therein agree that the service of any legal
process in the proceedings under or growing out of the application
made upon his agent or representative shall be of the same legal
effect as if made upon the applicant within the Philippines. If the
agent or representative dies, or leaves the Philippines, the
applicant shall forthwith make another appointment for the
substitute, and, if he fails to do so the court may dismiss the
application.
WHERE TO FILE
Section 17.What and where to file.The application for land
registration shall be filed with the Court of First Instance (now
RTC) of the province or city where the land is situated. The
applicant shall file together with the application all original
muniments of titles or copies thereof and a survey plan of the land
approved by the Bureau of Lands (now Bureau of Land
Management).
The clerk of court shall not accept any application unless it is
shown that the applicant has furnished the Director of Lands (now
Director of Land Management) with a copy of the application and all
annexes.
AMENDMENTS TO APPLICATION AND NEEDED PUBLICATION
Section 18.Application covering two or more parcels.An
application may include two or more parcels of land belonging to
the applicant/s provided they are situated within the same province
or city. The court may at any time order an application to be
amended by striking out one or more of the parcels or by a
severance of the application.
Section 19.Amendments.Amendments to the application including
joinder, substitution, or discontinuance as to parties may be
allowed by the court at any stage of the proceedings upon just and
reasonable terms.
Amendments which shall consist in a substantial change in the
boundaries or an increase in area of the land applied for or which
involve the inclusion of an additional land shall be subject to the
same requirements of publication and notice as in an original
application.
Under the above provision, there is need to comply with the
required publication and notice if the amendment of the application
consists in:
1. A substantial change in the boundaries;
2. An increase in the area of the land applied for; or
3. The inclusion of an additional land.
Reason for republication: to give notice to all persons
concerned regarding the amended application. Without new
publication the registration court cannot acquire jurisdiction over
the area or parcel of land that is added to the area covered by the
original application, and the decision of the registration court
would be a nullity insofar as the decision concerns the newly
included land.
No republication required:
Amendment due to change of name of applicant
Amendment due to decrease in the area of the land
DEALINGS WITH LAND PENDING ORIGINAL REGISTRATION
Section 22.Dealings with land pending original
registration.After the filing of the application and before the
issuance of the decree of registration, the land therein described
may still be the subject of dealings in whole or in part, in which
case the interested party shall present to the court the pertinent
instruments together with a subdivision plan approved by the
Director of Lands in case of transfer of portions thereof and the
court, after notice to the parties, shall order such land
registered subject to the conveyance or encumbrance created by said
instruments, or order that the decree of registration be issued in
the name of the person to whom the property has been conveyed by
said instruments.AFTER FILING OF APPLICATION
NOTICE AND INITIAL HEARING
Includes (take note steps for registration):
3. Setting date for initial hearing and publication
4. Transmittal of the publication and the date of initial
hearing with all the documents or other evidences attached thereto
by the clerk of court to the land registration authority (lra)
5. Publication of a notice of the filing of the application and
date and place of the hearing in the official gazette6. Service of
notice upon contiguous owners, occupants and those known to have
interests in the property by the sheriffSection 23.Notice of
initial hearing, publication, etc. The court shall, within five
days from filing of the application, issue an order setting the
date and hour of the initial hearing which shall not be earlier
than forty-five days nor later than ninety days from the date of
the order.
The public shall be given notice of the initial hearing of the
application for land registration by means of (1) publication; (2)
mailing; and (3) posting.
1. By publication.
Upon receipt of the order of the court setting the time for
initial hearing, the Commissioner of Land Registration shall cause
notice of initial hearing to be published once in the Official
Gazette and once in a newspaper of general circulation in the
Philippines: Provided, however, that the publication in the
Official Gazette shall be sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon
the court. Said notice shall be addressed to all persons appearing
to have an interest in the land involved including the adjoining
owners so far as known, and "to all whom it may concern". Said
notice shall also require all persons concerned to appear in court
at a certain date and time to show cause why the prayer of said
application shall not be granted.
2. By mailing.
(a) Mailing of notice to persons named in the application. The
Commissioner of Land Registration shall also, within seven days
after publication of said notice in the Official Gazette, as
hereinbefore provided, cause a copy of the notice of initial
hearing to be mailed to every person named in the notice whose
address is known.
(b) Mailing of notice to the Secretary of Public Highways, the
Provincial Governor and the Mayor. If the applicant requests to
have the line of a public way or road determined, the Commissioner
of Land Registration shall cause a copy of said notice of initial
hearing to be mailed to the Secretary of Public Highways, to the
Provincial Governor, and to the Mayor of the municipality or city,
as the case may be, in which the land lies.(c) Mailing of notice to
the Secretary of Agrarian Reform, the Solicitor General, the
Director of Lands, the Director of Public Works, the Director of
Forest Development, the Director of Mines and the Director of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. If the land borders on a river,
navigable stream or shore, or on an arm of the sea where a river or
harbor line has been established, or on a lake, or if it otherwise
appears from the application or the proceedings that a
tenant-farmer or the national government may have a claim adverse
to that of the applicant, notice of the initial hearing shall be
given in the same manner to the Secretary of Agrarian Reform, the
Solicitor General, the Director of Lands, the Director of Mines
and/or the Director of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, as may be
appropriate.
3. By posting.
The Commissioner of Land Registration shall also cause a duly
attested copy of the notice of initial hearing to be posted by the
sheriff of the province or city, as the case may be, or by his
deputy, in a conspicuous place on each parcel of land included in
the application and also in a conspicuous place on the bulletin
board of the municipal building of the municipality or city in
which the land or portion thereof is situated, fourteen days at
least before the date of initial hearing.
The court may also cause notice to be served to such other
persons and in such manner as it may deem proper.
(Caption and Title)
NOTICE OF INITIAL HEARING
To (here insert the names of all persons appearing to have an
interest and the adjoining owners so far as known, and to all whom
it may concern):
An application (or petition) having been filed in the
above-entitled case by (full name and address) praying for the
registration and confirmation (or for the settlement and
adjudication, in case of petition in cadastral proceedings) of
title to the following described lands:
(Insert description)
You are hereby served this notice to appear before this Court at
its session to be held at _________________ on the ______________
day of _______________, 19 ______, at _____________ o'clock in the
_________ then and there to present such claims as you may have to
said lands or any portion thereof, and to submit evidence in
support of such claim; and unless you appear at said Court at the
time and place aforesaid, your default will be recorded and the
title to the lands will be adjudicated and determined in accordance
with law and the evidence before the Court, and thereafter you will
forever be barred from contesting said application (or petition) or
any decree entered thereon.
Witness, the Hon. ________________________ Judge of the Court of
First Instance of _______ this _______ day of _________________, in
the year 19______.
Attest:
Commissioner of Land RegistrationThe court order setting the
date of initial hearing
Transmitted to the Administrator of the LRA
Administrator prepare/issue notice of initial hearing in the
form prescribed in Sec. 23
Notice given to public by publishing, mailing and posting
Court order beyond 90 days
Republic v. San Lorenzo (?)
-does not affect the validity of application
-the duty to set it lies with the court
-it is beyond the power of the applicant
-it is unfair to punish the applicant because he has no control
to set the date for initial hearing.
Contents of court order setting date of initial hearing: similar
to summons in ordinary civil actions.
PUBLICATION
Purpose and effects of publication:1. To confer jurisdiction
over the land applied for upon the court,
2. To charge the whole world with knowledge of the application
of the land involved, and invite them to take part in the case and
assert and prove their rights over the property subject
thereof.
Publication satisfies the constitutional requirement of due
process:
Procedural due process:
1. Notice (complied with)
2. Hearing
Publication why only in the Philippines? Courts only have
jurisdiction in the Philippines and the purpose of publication is
to confer jurisdiction.
Is publication in Official Gazette sufficient to confer
jurisdiction?No. Director of Lands v. CA (276 SCRA 276)
-publication in the O.G. is not sufficient to confer
jurisdiction
-O.G. is not as widely read
-O.G. often delayed, notice does not reach interested party on
time
-Legal reasons: provision uses the word shall (rules on
statutory construction: it is imperative act/ mandatory; and is
also conjunctive.)
If the court does not acquire jurisdiction: all proceedings by
the court are null and void.
Issue of O.G. released after initial hearing
Register of Deeds of Malabon v. RTC, Malabon, Metro Manila
-tardiness of publication: court did not acquire
jurisdiction
Republic v. CA (236 SCRA 442, 449)
-the publication is also defective where the O.G. containing
said notice, although for the month prior to the scheduled hearing,
was released for publication only after said hearing.
-publication must precede the date of initial hearingMAILING
(Mandatory)
By registered mail
POSTING
By sheriff or his deputy
PROOF OF PUBLICATION, MAILING, POSTINGProof of publication:
Certification of Administrator (because he is the one who caused
the publication)
Probative value/ conclusive proof;
Section 24.Proof of publication and notice.The certification of
the Commissioner of Land Registration and of the sheriff concerned
to the effect that the notice of initial hearing, as required by
law, has been complied with shall be filed in the case before the
date of initial hearing, and shall be conclusive proof of such
fact. Copy of the Official Gazette
Copy of the Newspaper
Affidavit of publication issued by the publisher or duly
authorized person of the newspaper.
Proof of mailing
When registry return card is returned to the court (bought from
the Post Office)
Proof of posting
Certificate of posting issued by sheriff
FILING OF ANSWER TO THE APPLICATION
WHO MAY OPPOSE TO THE APPLICATION?
Section 25.Opposition to application in ordinary proceedings.Any
person claiming an interest, whether named in the notice or not,
may appear and file an opposition on or before the date of initial
hearing, or within such further time as may be allowed by the
court. The opposition shall state:
all the objections to the application and shall set forth the
interest claimed by the party filing the same and apply for the
remedy desired, and shall be signed and sworn to by him or by some
other duly authorized person.If the opposition or the adverse claim
of any person covers only a portion of the lot and said portion is
not properly delimited on the plan attached to the application, or
in case of undivided co-ownership, conflicting claims of ownership
or possession, or overlapping of boundaries, the court may require
the parties to submit a subdivision plan duly approved by the
Director of Lands.
The oppositors: need not be named in the notice of initial
hearing.
He must claim an interest to the property applied for, based on
a right of dominion or some other real right independent of, and
not at all subordinate to, the rights of the Government.
The oppositor does not have to show title in himself; he should
however appear to have an interest in the property.
Interest may be in the character of:
Legal owner, or
Equitable interest, or
Beneficiary of a trust
The prayer (objection, interest, remedy) determines:
whether to deny or dismiss the application of claimant, and
for the court to order registration of land in the name of
oppositor
The following may be proper oppositors:
1. a homesteader who had not yet been issued his title but who
had fulfilled all the conditions required by law to entitle him to
a patent;
2. a purchaser of friar land before the issuance of the patent
to him;
3. Persons who claim to be in possession of a tract of public
land and have applied with the Bureau of Land Management for its
purchase
The following may not be proper oppositors:
1. A mere foreshore lessee of public land (he is not an
equitable owner, his right is subordinate to that of the
Government.
Solicitor general may file a motion to dismiss the
application
When the land is inalienable (e.g. timberland, forest land)
Ground: the court has no jurisdiction over the case because the
land is inalienable
DEFAULT
An interested party to a land subject of registration may file
his opposition to the application on or before the date of initial
hearing. Absent any oppositor, the court will then issue an order
of default.
Section 26.Order of default; effect.If no person appears and
answers within the time allowed, the court shall, upon motion of
the applicant, no reason to the contrary appearing, order a default
to be recorded and require the applicant to present evidence. By
the description in the notice "To all Whom It May Concern", all the
world are made parties defendant and shall be concluded by the
default order. (general default)
Where an appearance has been entered and an answer filed, a
default order shall be entered against persons who did not appear
and answer. (special default)
General default- is addressed to the whole world
Special default- is directed only against those who did not
enter their appearance and file answer.
Effects of default
A default order is entered against the whole world, so that all
persons are bound by said order. A person who has not challenged
the application for registration of land, even if the appeal he
afterwards interposed is based on the right of dominion over the
same land, cannot allege damage or error against the judgment
granting the registration inasmuch as he did not allege to have any
right to such land.
The applicant is allowed to present evidence ex parteIs the
declaration of default a guarantee that the application will be
granted?
No, it is still the burden of the applicant to prove that he is
entitled to registration, incontrovertible proof.
When default order is improper; remedy: Petition for
certiorari
Remedy from order of default
A defaulted interested person may however gain standing in court
by filing a motion to set aside the order of default in accordance
with Sec. 3, Rule 18 or Rules of Court.
Sec. 3. Relief from order of default: A party declared in
default may at any time after discovery thereof and before judgment
file a motion under oath to set aside the order of default upon
proper showing that his failure to answer was due to fraud,
accident, mistake or excusable negligence and that he has
meritorious defense. In such case the order of default may be set
aside on such terms and conditions as the judge may impose in the
interest of justice.
Grounds: (FAME-M)
1. Fraud
2. Accident
3. Mistake
4. Excusable negligence
5. Meritorious defense
If there has already been judgment by default and applicant has
already presented evidence: motion for new trial (ground:
fame-m)
Appeal from judgment from court:
If from RTC- to Court of Appeals
If from MTC- still to Court of Appeals (delegated
jurisdiction)
(Remedy discussed in its proper place)
EVIDENCE In land registration cases, the burden of proof is upon
the applicant to show that he is the real and absolute owner in fee
simple.
The applicant must overcome the presumption that the land sought
to be registered forms part of the public domain (by virtue of the
Regalian doctrine).
How? By presenting competent, clear and persuasive evidence of
private ownership or of acquisition from the government.
Applicant must stand on the strength of his own evidence and not
rely on the absence or weakness of the evidence of the
oppositors.
What applicant must prove:
1. That the land applied for has been declassified and is a
public agricultural land, is alienable and disposable.
There must be a positive act from the government that the land
had been declassified from the forest groups and converted into
alienable and disposable land for agricultural purposes.
Specific proofs that he may present:
a. Presidential proclamation
b. Executive order
c. Administrative order
d. BFD land classification map
e. Certification by the Director of Forestry and reports of
District Forester
Mere recommendation of the District Forester for release of the
land from its unclassified origin is not evidence of such release.
(Director of Lands v. CA)
f. Investigation reports of Bureau of Lands investigator
g. Legislative act, or by statute
Not sufficient proofs to establish declassificationa. Survey
plan even if approved by the Bureau of Lands
b. Conversion of land into fishpond and the titling of
properties around it
c. The mere fact that the area in which the land involved is
located has become highly developed residential or commercial land
and actually no longer forest land2. Identity of the land.
Proofs:a. Survey plan of the property approved by the Director of
Landsb. Tracing cloth plan and blue print copies of the plan The
submission of the original tracing cloth plan of the land applied
for, duly approved by the Director of Lands, was held to be a
statutory requirement of mandatory character which cannot be
waived. (Director of Lands v. Reyes)( reason: to establish the true
identity of the land to ensure that it does not overlap a parcel of
land or a portion thereof already covered by a previous land
registration, and to forestall the possibility that it will be
overlapped by a subsequent registration of any adjoining land. Blue
print copy suffices for the purpose where the original tracing
cloth plan was attached to the application for registration.c.
Technical description of the land applied for, duly signed by a
geodetic engineerd. Tax declarationse. Boundaries and area General
Rule: In the identification of land, well-defined boundaries will
prevail over area, and in case of conflict, former controls the
latter. Exception: If there is substantial and unexplained
discrepancies as to the area of the land stated in the muniments of
title or in documents evidencing acquisition of the land by the
applicant or his claim of ownership and the area as surveyed based
on natural boundaries3. Applicants possession and occupation of the
land for the length of time and in the manner required by law.
Effect of possession: Open, exclusive, and undisputed possession
of alienable public land for the period prescribed by law creates
the legal fiction whereby the land, upon completion of the
requisite period ipso jure and without the need of judicial or
other sanctions, ceases to be public land and becomes private
property. Possessor is deemed to have acquired by operation of law
a right to government grant without the necessity of certificate of
title being issued.
The present possessor may complete the period necessary for
prescription by tacking his possession to that of his grantor or
predecessor-in-interest Tacking of possession is allowed only when
there is privity of contract or relationship between the previous
and present possessors Insufficient proofs of possessiona. Mere
casual cultivation of portions of land by claimant( mere occupancy
thereof by grazing livestock upon it, without substantial
enclosures, or other permanent improvements, is not sufficient to
support a claim of title through acquisitive prescription.b. Tax
declaration of land sought to be registered, which is not in the
name of the applicant but in the name of the deceased parents of an
oppositorc. Holding of property by mere tolerance of the ownerd.
Mere failure of fiscal representing the State to cross-examine the
applicant on the claimed possession e. Possession of other persons
in the land applied for impugns the exclusive quality of the
applicants possession.f. Even if the petitioners can trace their
deed of sale back to Adam and Eve, fill in every square inch of the
land with agricultural tenants, have residential houses built every
few meters here and there, pay the realty taxes religiously every
year and have an approved Bureau of Lands Survey yearly, they will
not become the owners if they will not follow the procedure to
obtain public agricultural land mandated by the Public Land Act4.
Basis of private ownership (if applicant claims private ownership
not because of possession) Proofs:a. Documentary evidencei. Spanish
titles in pending cases Under PD 892, holders of Spanish titles or
grants can no longer invoke it as basis of ownership for the
purposes of applying for registration six months after February 16,
1976. They are now merely indicia of claim of ownership, i.e. that
the holder has a claim over the property. ii. Tax declarations and
realty tax payments not conclusive evidence of ownership but are at
least proof that the holder had a claim of title over the property
best indicia of possession become strong evidence of ownership
acquired by prescription when accompanied by proof of actual
possession of the property by other effective proofiii.
Presidential issuances and legislative actsb. Testimonial
evidence
c. Deeds of sale( The execution of a deed of a notarial deed of
sale is equivalent to the delivery of the realty sold and places
the vendee in legal possession thereof, conformably to Art.1498 of
the NCC. Not sufficient proofs:a. Compromise agreement between
parties where they agreed that they have rights and interest over
the land and assigned or allocated portions thereof to each of them
b. Decision in an estate proceeding of a predecessor-in-interest of
an applicant which involves a property over which the decedent has
no transmissible right and decisions in any other cases where the
issue of ownership was not definitely passed uponc. Survey plan of
the land
SUMMARY TABLE OF PIECES OF EVIDENCE APPLICANT SHOULD PROVE IN
LAND REGISTRATION CASES
What applicant must proveSufficient proofsInsufficient
proofs
1. That the land applied for has been declassified, and is a
public agricultural land, is alienable and disposablea.
Presidential proclamation
b. Executive order
c. Administrative order
d. BFD Land Classification Map
e. Certification by the Director of Forestry and reports of
District Forester
f. Investigation reports of Bureau of Lands
g. Legislative act, by statutea. Survey plan
b. Conversion of land into fishpond
c. mere fact that the area in which the land involved is located
has become highly developed residential or commercial land and
actually no longer forest land
2. Identity of the landa. Survey plan
b. Tracing cloth plan and blue print copies of the planc.
Technical description of the land applied for, duly signed by a
geodetic engineerd. Tax declarationse. Boundaries and area
3. Applicants possession and occupation of the land for the
length of time and in the manner required by law.
a. Mere casual cultivation of portions of land by claimantb. Tax
declaration of land sought to be registered, which is not in the
name of the applicant but in the name of the deceased parents of an
oppositorc. Holding of property by mere tolerance of the ownerd.
Mere failure of fiscal representing the State to cross-examine the
applicant on the claimed possession e. Possession of other persons
in the land applied for impugns the exclusive quality of the
applicants possession.f. When petitioners do not follow the
procedure to obtain public agricultural land mandated by the
Publ