LTD Review 2013 - Agcaoili

7/18/2019 LTD Review 2013 - Agcaoili

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LTD REVIEW: UPDATES,ISSUES AND REMEDIES

(WITH MCQs)Justice Osw!"# D$ A%c#i!i

P&i!i''ie Ju"ici! Ac"e*

Su'+ee C#u+t



REALIAN DOCTRINE



A!! !"s #- w&te.e+ c!ssi-icti# " #t&e+ tu+!+es#u+ces #t #t&e+wise ''e+i% t# /e c!e+!* wit&i

'+i.te #we+s&i' +e '+esue" t# /e!#% t# t&e Stte$

T# #.e+c#e t&e '+esu'ti# #- Stte #we+s&i', t&e

''!ict ust est/!is& t&+#u%& ic#t+#.e+ti/!ee.i"ece t&t t&e !" s#u%&t t# /e +e%iste+e" is

!ie/!e #+ "is'#s/!e /se" # '#siti.e ct #- t&e

%#.e+et$ (Re'u/!ic .$ 0ti%ue, R N#$ 123433,

M+c& 15, 36137 See !s#: A%c#i!i, P+#'e+t*

Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee " Re!te" Lws, 3611 e"$)



T&e "#ct+ie is +e-!ecte" A+t$ 8II, Sec$ 3 #- t&eC#stituti#:

Sec$ 3$ A!! !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i, wte+s,

ie+!s, c#!, 'et+#!eu, " #t&e+ ie+! #i!s,

!! -#+ces #- '#teti! ee+%*, -is&e+ies, -#+ests #+

ti/e+, wi!"!i-e, -!#+ " -u, " #t&e+ tu+!

+es#u+ces +e #we" /* t&e Stte$ Wit& t&e

e9ce'ti# #- %+icu!tu+! !"s, !! #t&e+ tu+!+es#u+ces s&!! #t /e !iete"$



0ut i Cariño v. Insular Government, 51 P&i!$ ;4< (1;6;),

cite" i Cruz v. DENR Sec$, 45= SCRA 13>, t&e US

Su'+ee C#u+t %+te" I%#+#t?s ''!icti# -#+

+e%ist+ti# #- 'iece #- !" i 0e%uet /se" # t&e

!tte+?s '#ssessi# #- t&e !" from time immemorial ,

+ti#citi% t&us:

@w&e, as far back as testimony or memory goes, t&e

!" &s /ee &e!" /* i"i.i"u!s u"e+ c!i #-

'+i.te #we+s&i', it wi!! /e '+esue" t# &.e /ee

&e!" i t&e se w* -+# /e-#+e t&e S'is& c#uest," never to ave been !ublic lan".#



NATURE OB REISTRATION

PROCEEDINS



Re%ist+ti# is #t #"e #- cui+i% #we+s&i' /ut

is e+e!* !roce"ure t# est/!is& evi"ence #- tit!e #.e+

+e!t*, s*ste #- +e%ist+ti# #- tit!es t# !"s$ T&e

T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is e+e!* e.i"ece #-

#we+s&i' #+ tit!e i '+#'e+t*$ (Csii+# De.e!#'et

C#+'#+ti# .$ Mte#, R N#$ 1=<5><, Ju!* 3=, 3611)Ju"ici! '+#cee"i%s -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- !"s s&!!

/e in rem " /se" # %ee+!!* cce'te" '+ici'!es

u"e+!*i% t&e T#++es s*ste$

Ju+is"icti# in rem is cui+e" /* t&e c#st+ucti.eseiu+e #- t&e !" t&+#u%& 'u/!icti#, se+.ice #-

#tice " '#sti%$



T&e 'u+'#se #- +e%ist+ti# is t# $uiet title t# !"7 t# 'ut st#' -#+e.e+ t# * uesti# #- t&e !e%!it* #- t&e

tit!e, e9ce't c!is w&ic& we+e #te" i t&e ce+ti-icte

t t&e tie #- +e%ist+ti#, #+ w&ic& * +ise

su/seuet t&e+et#7 t# "ec+ee !" tit!es t&t s&!! /e-i!, i++e.#c/!e, " i"is'ut/!e7 " t# +e!ie.e t&e

!" #- t&e /u+"e #- #w s we!! s u#w

c!is$ (Le%+" .$ S!ee/*, 41 P&i!$ <;67 C&i% .$

CA, R N#$ <;=41, J$ 11, 1;;6)



0ut t&e T#++es s*ste "#es #t -u+is& s&ie!" -#+

-+u", #+ 'e+it #e t# e+ic& &ise!- t t&e e9'ese

#- #t&e+s$ (R#"+i%ue .$ Li, 5<; SCRA 5137 M!'t

.$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, R N#$ 13<<><, Jue >, 366<)

W&i!e +e%ist+ti# #'e+tes s #tice #- t&e ist+uet

t# #t&e+s, it "#es #t "" t# its .!i"it* #+ c#.e*s i.!i" ist+uet it# .!i" #e s /etwee t&e

'+ties$ (Pscu .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, 561 P&i!$ 4<6)

Neit&e+ "#es +e%ist+ti# #ut t# "ec!+ti# t&t t&e

ist+uet +ec#%ies .!i" " su/sisti% ite+est it&e !"$ (A%+icu!tu+! C+e"it .$ us*, 16= P&i!$ =;1)



JURISDICTION



Re%i#! t+i! c#u+ts &.e e9c!usi.e Fu+is"icti#

#.e+ !" +e%ist+ti# cses " !! 'etiti#s -te+#+i%i! +e%ist+ti#$ (Sec$ 3, PD N#$ 1<3;)H#we.e+, -i+st !e.e! c#u+ts * /e ssi%e" /*

t&e SC t# &e+ " "ete+ie c"st+! #+ !"

+e%ist+ti# cses: () W&e+e t&e+e is # #''#siti#, #+ (/) O.e+ c#teste" !#ts, t&e .!ue #- w&ic& "#es

#t e9cee" P166,666$ (Re'u/!ic .$ 0ti%ue, su!ra)A''e! is te t# t&e C#u+t #- A''e!s$



T&e .!ue #- t&e '+#'e+t* is sce+tie" i t&+eew*s:

%irst , /* t&e --i".it #- t&e c!it7

Secon" , /* %+eeet #- t&e +es'ecti.e c!its,

i- t&e+e +e #+e t& #e7 #+,

&ir" , -+# t&e c#++es'#"i% t9 "ec!+ti# #-

t&e +e! '+#'e+t*$ (Sec$ 45, 0P 13;)



Sec$ 3, PD 1<3; &s e!iite" t&e "isticti#

/etwee t&e c#u+tGs %ee+! Fu+is"icti# "!iite" Fu+is"icti#$T&us, +e%i#! t+i! c#u+t &s t&e ut&#+it* t# &e+

#t #!* ''!icti#s -#+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti# /ut

!s# # !! 'etiti#s -i!e" -te+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti#

#- tit!e$ T&e e"et is t# avoi" multi!licity

of suits " si'!i-* +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s$

T&e c#u+t c #w &e+ " "eci"e #t #!* #c#t+#.e+si! cses /ut e.e c#teti#us issues

w&ic& /e-#+e we+e /e*#" its c#'etece$



Iiti!!*, t&e !" +e%ist+ti# c#u+t as 'uris"iction

#.e+ t&e !" ''!ie" -#+ at te time of te filing of tea!!lication.

At t&e t+i!, t&e c#u+t, i t&e e9e+cise #- its

Fu+is"icti#, "ete+ies w&et&e+ t&e !" ''!ie" -#+

is +e%iste+/!e, " t&e tit!e t&e+et#, c#-i+e"$I- t&e !" tu+s #ut t# /e inalienable !ublic lan" ,

t&e it &s no 'uris"iction t# #+"e+ its +e%ist+ti# "

t&e c#u+t ust 'e+-#+ce "isiss t&e ''!icti#$

(uFuic# .$ Re'u/!ic, <4= SCRA <147 Cit* #-

Du%uete .$ P&i!$ P#+ts Aut&#+it*, R N#$ 12>;=4,

Au%$ 35, 3611)$



A +e%ist+ti# c#u+t w&ic& &s .!i"!* cui+e"

Fu+is"icti# #.e+ !" su/Fect #- +e%ist+ti# c#t /e"i.este" #- si" Fu+is"icti# /* su/seuet

"iist+ti.e ct c#sisti% i t&e issuce /* t&e

Di+ect#+ #- L"s #- &#este" 'tet c#.e+i% t&e

se '+ce! #- !"$Res#: '+#cee"i%s -#+ !" +e%ist+ti# +e in rem,

w&e+es '+#cee"i%s -#+ cuisiti# #- &#este"

'tets +e #t7 t&us, &#este" 'tet is #t

c#c!usi.e s -+ s c#u+ts cti% # '+#cee"i%s i

rem +e c#ce+e"$ (De !#s A%e!es .$ St#s, 13

SCRA 233)



LAND REISTRATION

AUTHORIT (LRA)



Bucti#s #- t&e LRA A"iist+t#+:

Issues "ec+ees #- +e%ist+ti#

Res#!.es cses e!e.te" en consulta

E9e+cises su'e+.isi# " c#t+#! #.e+ !! c!e+s #-

c#u+t i +e!ti# t# !" +e%ist+ti#

I'!eets #+"e+s #+ "ecisi#s #- +e%ist+ti#

c#u+ts

Ve+i-ies " ''+#.es su/"i.isi# "c#s#!i"ti# su+.e* '!s



Bucti#s #- t&e LRA:E9te"s ssistce t# t&e DAR i t&e

i'!eetti# #- t&e !" +e-#+ '+#%+7

E9te"s ssistce t# +e%ist+ti# c#u+ts i #+"i+*" c"st+! +e%ist+ti# cses7 "

Acts s cet+! +e'#sit#+* #- +ec#+"s +e!ti.e t#

#+i%i! +e%ist+ti#, ic!u"i% su/"i.isi# "

c#s#!i"ti# '!s #- tit!e" !"s$



LRA: issuce #- "ec+ee iiste+i!

It is ministerial #!* i t&e sese t&t t&e* ct

u"e+ t&e #+"e+s #- t&e c#u+t " t&e "ec+ee ust /e

i c#-#+it* wit& t&e "ecisi# #- t&e c#u+t$

(#e .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, 12> SCRA <64)0ut t&e "ut* ceses t# /e iiste+i! w&e+e t&e

issuce #- "ec+ee w#u!" +esu!t i "#u/!e tit!i% #-

!"s$ (A%e!es .$ Sec$ #- Justice, R N#$ 153<5;,

M+c& ;, 3616)



DISTINCTION 0ETWEEN

@TITLE AND @CERTIBICATEOB TITLE



&itle * /e "e-ie" s t&t w&ic& c#stitutes Fust

cuse #- e9c!usi.e '#ssessi#, #+ w&ic& is t&e-#u"ti# #- #we+s&i' #- '+#'e+t*$

Certificate of title, # t&e #t&e+ &", is e+e

e.i"ece #- #we+s&i'7 it is #t t&e tit!e t# t&e !"

itse!-$ (Csti!!# .$ Escuti, R N#$ 1=16<2, M+c&14, 366;, <>1 SCRA 3<>)

A!! c!is t# '+ce! #- !" +e $uiete" u'#

issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icte$ (Dec!e% .$ P&i!$E'isc#'! C&u+c&, R N#$ 1=136;, Jue 3=, 3613)



T&e !w "#es #t +eui+e 'e+s# "e!i% wit& t&e

#we+ #- +e%iste+e" !" t# %# /e*#" t&e ce+ti-icte

#- tit!e s &e * +e!* # t&e #tices #- t&e

ecu/+ces # t&e '+#'e+t* #tte" # t&e tit!e$

Re%ist+ti# --#+"s !e%! '+#tecti# suc& t&t t&ec!i #- i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue is +ec#%ie"

s .!i" "es'ite "e-ect i t&e tit!e #- t&e .e"#+$

(PCSO .$ New D%u' Met+# s C#+'$, R N#$

1=41=1, Ju!* 11, 3613)



Owe+s&i' is "i--e+et -+# ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ T&e

ce+ti-icte se+.es s '+##- #- #we+s&i'$

0ut e+e issuce #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e "#es #t

-#+ec!#se t&e '#ssi/i!it* t&t t&e '+#'e+t* * /e

u"e+ c##we+s&i' wit& 'e+s#s #t e" i t&ece+ti-icte, #+ t&t t&e +e%ist+t * #!* /e t+ustee,

#+ t&t #t&e+ '+ties * &.e cui+e" ite+est #.e+

t&e '+#'e+t* su/seuet t# t&e issuce #- t&e

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (Lc/* .$ S#*, R N#$12<53=, M+c& 31, 3611)



OBBICE OB THE

REISTER OB DEEDS



T&e+e s&!! /e t !est #e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -#+ ec& '+#.ice " cit*$

Re%ist+ti# #- ist+uets --ecti% +e%iste+e" !" ust /e "#e i t&e '+#'e+ +e%ist+* t#

--ect t&e !" " /i" t&i+" 'e+s#s$ (A+ 0+#t&e+s .$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA 5;2)$ V

A '+#'e+t* +e%iste+e" u"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste is, -#+ !! !e%! 'u+'#ses, uecu/e+e" #++eis t# /e t&e '+#'e+t* #- t&e 'e+s# i w&#se e it is +e%iste+e", #twit&st"i%

t&e e9ecuti# #- * c#.e*ce, #+t%%e, !ese, !ie, #+"e+ #+ Fu"%etunless te

corres!on"ing "ee" is registere".

$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA 5;2

st+ti# #- ist+uets --ectiRe%ist+ti# #- ist+uets --ecti% registere" lan" ust /e "#e

i t&e '+#'e+ +e%ist+* i #+"e+ t# --ect " /i" t&e !" (A+ 0+#t&e+s .$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA5;2) " is #tice t# t&e w&#!e w#+!"$ (u+tee" H#es, Ic$ .$ V!"e, <== SCRA 551)

Re%ist+ti# #- ist+uets --ecti% registere" lan" ust /e "#e i t&e '+#'e+ +e%ist+* i #+"e+ t#

--ect " /i" t&e !" (A+ 0+#t&e+s .$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA 5;2) " is #tice t# t&e w&#!e

w#+!"$ (u+tee" H#es, Ic$ .$ V!"e, <== SCRA 551) Re%ist+ti# #- ist+uets --ecti% registere" lan" ust /e "#e i t&e '+#'e+ +e%ist+* i

#+"e+ t# --ect " /i" t&e !" (A+ 0+#t&e+s .$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA 5;2) " is #tice t# t&e

w&#!e w#+!"$ (u+tee" H#es, Ic$ .$ V!"e, <== SCRA 551)

#+"e+ t# --ect " /i" t&e !" (A+ 0+#t&e+s .$ A*i%, 5<> SCRA 5;2) " is #tice t# t&e

w&#!e w#+!"$ (u+tee" H#es, Ic$ .$ V!"e, <== SCRA 551)



C#st+ucti.e #tice

SEC$ <3$ Constructive notice u!on registration$ E.e+* c#.e*ce, #+t%%e, !ese, !ie,

ttc&et, #+"e+, Fu"%et, ist+uet #+ et+*

--ecti% +e%iste+e" !" s&!!, if registere" , -i!e" #+

ete+e" i t&e O--ice #- t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -#+t&e '+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" t# w&ic& it

+e!tes !ies, /e constructive notice t# !! 'e+s#s

-+# t&e tie #- suc& +e%iste+i%, -i!i%, #+

ete+i%$



Re%ist+ti# i t&e 'u/!ic +e%ist+* is #tice t# t&e

w&#!e w#+!"$ (u+tee" H#es .$ V!"e (<==SCRA 551) T&us, /etwee tw# /u*e+s #- t&e se

!", '+i#+it* is %i.e t#:

T&e -i+st +e%ist+t i %##" -it&7

t&e, t&e -i+st '#ssess#+ i %##" -it&7 "

-i!!*, t&e /u*e+ w&# i %##" -it& '+esets t&e

#!"est tit!e$ (A+t$ 1<55, CC)

T&is +u!e, &#we.e+, "#es #t ''!* i- t&e '+#'e+t* is#t +e%iste+e" u"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste$ (A/+i%# .$ De

Ve+, 543 SCRA <55)



P+#'e+t* +e%iste+e" u"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste +eis,

-#+ !! !e%! 'u+'#ses, t&e '+#'e+t* #- t&e 'e+s# iw&#se e it is +e%iste+e", #twit&st"i% t&e

e9ecuti# #- * "ee" #- c#.e*ce, unless t&e

c#++es'#"i% "ee" is +e%iste+e"$

I- s!e is #t +e%iste+e", it is /i"i% #!* /etweet&e se!!e+ " t&e /u*e+, /ut it "#es #t --ect i#cet

t&i+" 'e+s#s$ (0u!#% .$ #!es, R N#$ 1<241>,

Se't$ <, 3611)

T&e or"er #- et+ies i t&e P+i+* Et+* 0## #- t&e

RD "ete+ies t&e '+i#+it* i +e%ist+ti#$ (0u!#% .$

#!es, R N#$ 1<241>, Se't$ <, 3611)



U"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste #- +e%ist+ti#, !!

ecu/+ces # t&e !" s&!! /e s&#w, #+ t !est

itite" u'# t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e " 'e+s#

"e!i% wit& t&e #we+ #- t&e +e%iste+e" !" is #t

/#u" t# %# /e&i" t&e ce+ti-icte " iui+e it#

t+scti#s, t&e e9istece #- w&ic& is #t t&e+eitite"$

T&e ct #- +e%ist+ti# s&!! /e t&e #'e+ti.e ct t#

c#.e* #+ --ect t&e !" is#-+ s t&i+" 'e+s#s +e

c#ce+e", " i !! cses, t&e +e%ist+ti# s&!! /e"e i t&e #--ice #- t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -#+ t&e

'+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" !ies$ (Sec$ <1, PD 1<3;7

0u!#% .$ #!e, su!ra$)



DUT OB REISTER OB

DEEDS TO REISTERMINISTERIAL



Dut* #- RD t# +e%iste+ iiste+i!

W&et&e+ t&e "#cuet is .!i" #+ #t is #t -#+ t&eRD t# "eci"e /ut -#+ t&e court t# "ete+ie$

(u+/9 Si%& .$ Re*es, ;3 P&i!$ 1>37 A!i+#! .$

Re%iste+ #- Dee"s #- A%us, 33 SCRA 11<3)

Re%ist+ti# ust -i+st /e !!#we" " t&e .!i"it*

#+ e--ect t&e+e#- !iti%te" -te+w+"s

I- t&e RD is i "#u/t s t# t&e cti# te, #+

w&e+e t&e ite+este" '+t* "#es #t %+ee wit& t&ecti# te /* &i, t&e RD s&!! ce+ti-* t&e

uesti# t# t&e LRA .i consulta -#+ +es#!uti#$

(Sec$ 11=, PD 1<3;)



INSTANCES WHERE RD MA HOLD

REISTRATIONW&e+e t&e+e +e several co!ies #- t&e tit!e (s i c#

#we+s&i') /ut #!* #e is '+esete"$

E.e+* c#'* #- t&e "u'!icte #+i%i! ust c#tii"entical entries #- t&e t+scti#s, '+ticu!+!*

.#!ut+* #es, #t&e+wise t&e w&#!e T#++es s*ste

w#u!" cese t# /e +e!i/!e$

T&e ite%+it* #- t&e T#++es s*ste * /e ".e+se!*--ecte" i- ecu/+ce, #+ #ut+i%&t c#.e*ce,

is #tte" # #!* #e c#'* " #t # t&e #t&e+s$



W&e+e t&e '+#'e+t* is '+esue" c#Fu%! /ut t&e

"#cuet /e+s t&e si%tu+e #- #!* #e s'#use$

U"e+ A+t$ 122 #- t&e CC, t&e !ieti# #-

c#Fu%! '+#'e+t* /* t&e &us/" wit&#ut t&e

wi-eGs c#set is voi"able. T&e wi-e * s -#+

u!et #- t&e c#t+ct wit&i 16 *e+s$0ut w&e+e t&e tit!e is s#!e!* i t&e e #- t&e

&us/", " t&e+e is no so(ing t&t t&e !" ws

cui+e" "uring te marriage, t&e '+esu'ti# #-

c#Fu%!it* "#es #t #/ti$ (Ass#c$ Isu+ce .$0#, 32 SCRA 32>)



De! Pe .$ A.i!, R N#$ 1>=5;6, Be/$ >, 3613

U"e+ A+t$ 126 #- t&e CC, !! '+#'e+t* #- t&e ++i%e is

!resume" t# /e!#% t# t&e c#Fu%! '+te+s&i', u!ess it /e '+#.e" t&t it 'e+tis e9c!usi.e!* t# t&e &us/" #+ t#

t&e wi-e$ W&i!e it is #t ecess+* t# '+#.e t&t t&e

'+#'e+t* ws cui+e" wit& -u"s #- t&e '+te+s&i',

'+##- #- cuisiti# "uring te marriage is esseti!c#"iti# -#+ t&e #'e+ti# #- t&e '+esu'ti# i -.#+ #-

t&e c#Fu%! '+te+s&i'$

W&e+e t&e+e is no s&#wi% s t# w&e t&e '+#'e+t* ws

cui+e", t&e -ct t&t t&e tit!e is i t&e e #- @At#iDe! Pe, ++ie" t# Ate%## De! Pe is

"ete+iti.e #- its tu+e s !ara!ernal, i.e.,

/e!#%i% e9c!usi.e!* t# t&e wi-e$



U"e+ t&e Bi!* C#"e (Au%$ 4, 1;>>), t&e s!e #-

c#Fu%! '+#'e+t* +eui+es t&e c#set #- bot t&e&us/" " t&e wi-e$ T&e /sece #- t&e c#set

#- #e +e"e+s t&e s!e null an" voi" , w&i!e t&e

.ititi# (e.g., iste, .i#!ece, itii"ti#,

u"ue i-!uece #+ -+u", A+t$ 14;6, CC) t&e+e#-

es it e+e!* voi"able.

O!* i t&e !tte+ cse c +ti-icti# cu+e t&e

"e-ect$ D#ct+i!!* " c!e+!*, .#i" c#t+ctc#t /e +ti-ie"$ (ui% .$ CA, R N#$ 13<1=3,

Jue 32, 1;;>)



W&e+e t&e+e is 'e"i% cse i.#!.i% t&ec&+cte+ #- t&e !" #+ .!i"it* #- t&e

c#.e*ce

•I suc& cse, +e%ist+ti# * we!! wit t&e#utc#e #- t&e cse7 etie t&e +i%&ts #- t&e

ite+este" '+ties c#u!" /e '+#tecte" /* t&e -i!i%

#- #tice #- lis !en"ens. (0!/i .$ Re%iste+ #-

Dee"s, 3> SCRA 13)



W&e+e +eui+e" ce+ti-ictes #+ "#cuets +e #t

su/itte", suc& s K DAR c!e+ce, c#'* #- !test t9 "ec!+ti#,

ce+ti-icte #- '*et #- "#cuet+* st' t9

" c'it! %is t9, 0IR ce+ti-icte ut&#+ii%

+e%ist+ti# (CAR), t9 c!e+ce ce+ti-icte #- +e!

estte t9es, ce+ti-icte #- '*et #- t+s-e+ t9,

sec+et+*Gs ce+ti-icte " +tic!es #- ic#+'#+ti#

(i cse #- c#+'#+ti#), HLUR0 +e%ist+ti# ''e+s " !icese t# se!! (i cse #- su/"i.isi#

'+#Fect), TIN, etc$



PRIMAR CLASSIBICATION

OB LANDS

OB THE PU0LIC DOMAIN



T&e 1;>= C#stituti# c!ssi-ies !"s #- t&e

'u/!ic "#i it#:

A%+icu!tu+! !"s,

B#+est #+ ti/e+!"s,

Mie+! !"s, "

Nti#! '+s$

•A!ie/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i s&!! /e

!iite" t# agricultural !"s$



C!ssi-icti# #- !"s u"e+ t&e 1;4<, 1;=4 "

1;>=C#stituti#s

T&e )*+ Constitution c!ssi-ie" !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic"#i it# %+icu!tu+!, -#+est #+ ti/e+$

T&e )*-+ Constitution '+#.i"e" t&e -#!!#wi% "i.isi#s:

%+icu!tu+!, i"ust+i! #+ c#e+ci!, +esi"eti!,

+esett!eet, ie+!, ti/e+ #+ -#+est " %+i% !"s," suc& #t&e+ c!sses s * /e '+#.i"e" /* !w, %i.i%

t&e %#.e+et %+et !eew* -#+ c!ssi-icti#$

T&e )*- Constitution +e.e+te" t# t&e 1;4< C#stituti#

c!ssi-icti# wit& #e ""iti#: ti#! '+s$ O- t&ese,#!* %+icu!tu+! !"s * /e !iete"$ $ $ $(Re'u/!ic .$

ABP Reti+eet " Se'+ti# 0ee-its S*ste, R N#$

1>6524, J$ 12, 3614)



Pu+sut t# Secs$ 2 " = #- t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (CA

151, s e"e"), t&e P+esi"et, u'#+ec#e"ti# #- t&e '+#'e+ "e'+tet &e", &s

t&e ut&#+it* t# c!ssi-* !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i

it# !ie/!e #+ "is'#s/!e, ti/e+ " ie+! !"s$

T&e c!ssi-icti# #- 'u/!ic !"s is e9c!usi.e

'+e+#%ti.e #- t&e e/ecutive "e!artment. I t&e

/sece #- c!ssi-icti#, t&e !" +eis s

uc!ssi-ie" !" uti! it is +e!ese" -#+ "is'#siti#$(Re'u/!ic .$ B/i#, <=< SCRA <11)



T&e P+esi"et t&+#u%& '+#c!ti# #+ e9ecuti.e

#+"e+ c c!ssi-* #+ +ec!ssi-* !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic

"#i$ (Sec$ #- DENR .$ ', <2> SCRA 125) T&eDENR Sec+et+* is t&e #!* #t&e+ #--ici! ut&#+ie" t#

''+#.e !" c!ssi-icti#$

DENR Sec. .$ 0a!, R N#$ 12==6=, Oct$ >, 366>

T&is cse i!!ust+tes t&e c!ssi-icti# /* P+esi"eti! -it

#- 0#+c* Is!" i M!*, A!$ O 1ay 22, 2334 ,

"u+i% t&e 'e"ec* #- t&e cse, P+esi"et A++#*# issue"

P+#c!ti# N#$ 1625 c!ssi-*i% 0#+c* Is!" it#

566 &ect+es #- +ese+.e" -#+est !" ('+#tecti#

'u+'#ses) " 42.*4 ectares #- %+icu!tu+! !",

"ec!+i% it s alienable an" o!ening it for !rivate

o(nersi!.



SECONDAR

CLASSIBICATION OBARICULTURAL LANDS



B#+ 'u+'#se #- a"ministration an" "is!osition, A

" D !"s * /e -u+t&e+ c!ssi-ie" cc#+"i% t#t&e use or !ur!ose t# w&ic& t&e* * /e "e.#te":

A%+icu!tu+!7

Resi"eti!, c#e+ci!, i"ust+i!, #+ -#+ sii!+

'u+'#ses

E"ucti#!, c&+it/!e, #+ #t&e+ sii!+

'u+'#ses7 "

Rese+.ti#s -#+ t#wsites " -#+ 'u/!ic "

usi'u/!ic uses$ (Sec$ ;, CA N#$ 151)$



@Pu/!ic !" "isti%uis&e" -+# @%#.e+et

!"

5ublic lan" is eui.!et t# !ublic "omain "

ic!u"es #!* suc& !" s * /e t&e su/Fect #-

"is'#siti#$

Government lan" " !ublic lan" +e #ts*#*#us K t&e -i+st ic!u"es #t #!* t&e sec#"

/ut !s# #t&e+ !"s !+e"* +ese+.e" #+ "e.#te" t#

'u/!ic use #+ su/Fect t# '+i.te +i%&t$

I su, t&e %#.e+et #ws +e! estte w&ic& is '+t #- @'u/!ic !"s " #t&e+ +e! estte w&ic& is

#t '+t t&e+e#-$ (M#t# .$ Isu!+ #.e+et,

13 P&i!$ <=3)



NONREISTRA0LE

PROPERTIES



L"s -#+ 'u/!ic use #+ 'u/!ic se+.ice

T&#se ite"e" -#+ !ublic use, suc& s +#"s,

c!s, +i.e+s, t#++ets, '#+ts " /+i"%es, etc$7

T&#se w&ic&, wit&#ut /ei% -#+ 'u/!ic use, +e

ite"e" -#+ s#e !ublic service #+ -#+ t&e"evelo!ment of te national (ealt$ (A+t$ 536, CC)

• T&ese '+#'e+ties +e #utsi"e t&e c#e+ce #- e

" t&e+e-#+e #t su/Fect t# '+i.te ''+#'+iti#$

(M+tie .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, <2 SCRA 25=)



• P+#'e+t* #- 'u/!ic "#ii#, w&e # !#%e+

ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic use #+ -#+ 'u/!ic se+.ice, -#+ '+t #- t&e !atrimonial 6or !rivate7 !ro!erty #- t&e

Stte$

•P+#'e+t* "e.#te" -#+ !ublic service c#t /e s#!"uti! t&e+e is -#+! "ec!+ti# /* t&e %#.e+et

wit&"+wi% it -+# /ei% suc&$ (Lu+e! .$ +ci,

1= SCRA =;=

• Pt+i#i! '+#'e+t* * /e cui+e" /* '+i.te

'e+s#s t&+#u%& !rescri!tion$ (M!/ .$

Re'u/!ic, <>= SCRA 1=37 Sec$ 15(3), PD 1<3;)



P+#'e+t* #- 'u/!ic "#ii#, w&ic& %ee+!!*

ic!u"es '+#'e+t* /e!#%i% t# t&e Stte, is /e*#" t&e

c#e+ce #- $ (A+t$ 536, CC)

T&e I!#i!# fising !ort w&ic& ws c#st+ucte" /* t&e

Stte -#+ 'u/!ic use "#+ 'u/!ic se+.ice -!!s wit&i

t&e te+ '#+t u"e+ A+t$ 536 #- t&e CC$ As suc&, itcannot be sub'ect to e/ecution or foreclosure sale$ I

!ie e+, t&e reclaime" lan" # w&ic& t&e IBPC is

/ui!t c#t /e t&e #/Fect #- '+i.te #+ 'u/!ic s!e

wit&#ut C#%+essi#! ut&#+iti#$ (Cit* #- Psi% .$Re'u/!ic, R N#$ 1><634, Au%$ 35, 3611)



Wte+s:

Ri.e+s " t&ei+ tu+! /e"s, !es, !!

cte%#+ies #- su+-ce wte+s, t#s'&e+ic #+

su/te++e %+#u" wte+s, " sewte+ !!

/e!#% t# t&e Stte$Wte+s -#u", #+ +i wte+ -!!i%, # '+i.te

!"s !s# /e!#% t# t&e Stte$ (PD 162=, Wte+

C#"e)



PD 162= (Wte+ C#"e, 1;=2) +e'e!e" A+ts$ <63 t#

<1> #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e # Wte+s$

T&e -#!!#wi% /e!#% t# t&e Stte:

Ri.e+s " t&ei+ tu+! /e"s7 c#tiu#us #+ ite+ittet

wte+s #- s'+i%s " /+##s7 tu+! !es " !%##s,

!! cte%#+ies #- su+-ce wte+s7 t#s'&e+ic wte+7

su/te++e #+ %+#u" wte+s7 " se wte+$

T&e -#!!#wi% wte+s -#u" # !rivate lan"s /e!#% t#

t&e State:

C#tiu#us #+ ite+ittet wte+s +isi% # suc& !"s7

!es " !%##s tu+!!* #ccu++i% # suc& !"s7 +i

wte+ -!!i% # suc& !"s7 su/te++e #+ %+#u"

wte+s7 " wte+ i sw's " +s&es$



B#+ests:

B#+est is !+%e t+ct #- !" c#.e+e" wit& tu+!%+#wt& #- t+ees " u"e+/+us&$

T&e c!ssi-icti# is "esc+i'ti.e #- its legal tu+e

#+ sttus " "#es #t &.e t# /e "esc+i'ti.e #-

w&t t&e !" ctu!!* !##s !ie$ (DENR Sec$ .$

', R N#$ 12==6=, Oct$ >, 366>)

U!ess " uti! t&e !" c!ssi-ie" s -#+est is

+e!ese" s A " D, t&e +u!es # c#-i+ti# #-tit!e "# #t ''!*$ (Aute%ui .$ Di+ect#+ #-

B#+est+*, 132 SCRA 2;)



Ti/e+ !iceses, 'e+its " !icese %+eeets

+e t&e '+ici'! ist+uets /* w&ic& t&e Stte+e%u!tes t&e uti!iti# #- -#+est +es#u+ces$

(A!.+e .$ PICOP Res#u+ces, Ic$, 262 SCRA 555)

T&e* e+e!* e.i"ece '+i.i!e%e %+te" /* t&e

Stte t# u!i-ie" etities " "# #t .est i t&e!tte+ 'e+et #+ i++e.#c/!e +i%&t$

T&e* +e #t "eee" c#t+cts wit&i t&e 'u+.iew

#- t&e "ue '+#cess c!use$ (O'#s .$ Bct#+, R

N#$ 1616>4, Ju!* 46, 1;;4)



Wte+s&e"s8

Wte+s&e" is +e "+ie" /* +i.e+ "ec!#se" /* /#u"+* w&ic& se'+tes it -+#

"Fcet wte+s&e"s$ It is #t susce'ti/!e #-

#ccu'c*, "is'#siti#, #+ !ieti#$ (C#!!"# .$

CA, R N#$ 16==25, Oct$ 5, 3663)T&e '+#tecti# #- wte+s&e" esu+es "eute

su''!* #- wte+ -#+ -utu+e %ee+ti#s " t&e

c#t+#! #- -!s&-!##"s t&t #t #!* "%e

'+#'e+t* /ut !s# cuse !#ss #- !i.es$ (T .$

Di+ect#+ #- B#+est+*, 13< SCRA 463)



M%+#.e sw's:

M%+#.e sw's #+ manglares +e -#+est! "#t !ie/!e %+icu!tu+! !"$

0BAR &s # Fu+is"icti# t# "is'#se #- sw'!"s

#+ %+#.e !"s w&i!e suc& !"s +e sti!!

c!ssi-ie" s -#+est !"s$

M%+#.e sw's -#+ '+t #- t&e !ublic forests

" t&e+e-#+e not sub'ect to "is!osition uti! t&e*

+e -i+st c!ssi-ie" s !ie/!e %+icu!tu+! !"$(Di+ect#+ #- B#+est+* .$ Vi!!+e!, 1=6 SCRA <;>)



Mie+! !"s:

Mie+! !" es * +e w&e+e ie+!+es#u+ces +e -#u"$

Mie+! !"s " +es#u+ces +e #we" /* t&e Stte

" t&ei+ e9'!#+ti#, "e.e!#'et " uti!iti#

is su/Fect t# t&e -u!! c#t+#! " su'e+.isi# #- t&eStte$ (Re'u/!ic .$ CA " De! R#s, 126 SCRA

33>7 L 0u%!0G! .$ R#s, 55< SCRA 1)

P#ssessi# #- ie+! !", # tte+ &#w !#%,"#es #t c#-e+ '#ssess#+* +i%&ts$ (At# 0i%

We"%e .$ CA, 1;4 SCRA =1)



Nti#! '+s:

L" +ese+.e" -#+ ti#! '+ c#t /e+e%iste+e"$

W&e+e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e c#.e+s '#+ti# #- !"

wit&i t&e +e +ese+.e" -#+ '+ 'u+'#ses, t&e tit!e

s&#u!" /e u!e" wit& +es'ect t# t&t '#+ti#$

(P!## .$ CA, 322 SCRA 4;3)

B#+ istce, * '#+ti# #- t&e Tiwi H#t S'+i%

Nti#! P+ c#t /e "is'#se" #- u"e+ t&ePu/!ic L" Act #+ P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee$



Mi!it+* #+ .! +ese+.ti#:L" isi"e i!it+* (#+ .!) +ese+.ti#, !ie t&e

B#+t 0#i-ci# Mi!it+* Rese+.ti#, c#t /e t&e

#/Fect #- +e%ist+ti# u!ess it &" /ee wit&"+w

-+# t&e +ese+.ti#, +ec!ssi-ie" " "ec!+e" s

"is'#s/!e 'u/!ic !"$ Its sttus s '+t #- i!it+*

+ese+.ti# +eis, e.e i- ici"et!!* it is "e.#te"

-#+ 'u+'#se #t&e+ t& s i!it+* c' #+ -#+

"e-ese$ (Re'u/!ic .$ S#ut&si"e, <63 SCRA <>=)M#+e#.e+, t&e 1;>= C#stituti# -#+/i"s '+i.te

c#+'#+ti#s -+# cui+i% * i" #- !ie/!e !"

#- t&e 'u/!ic "#i, e9ce't t&+#u%& !ese -#+ !iite"

'e+i#"$ ( Ibi" )



B#+es&#+e !"s:

B#+es&#+e !"s +e i!ie/!e u!ess "ec!+e" t#

/e A " D '#+ti#s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$A -#+es&#+e !" is t&t @st+i' #- !" t&t !ies

/etwee t&e &i%& " !#w wte+ +s " t&t is

!te+te!* wet " "+* cc#+"i% t# t&e -!#w #- t&eti"e,@ #+ t&t '+t #- t&e !" "Fcet t# t&e se

w&ic& is !te+te!* c#.e+e" " !e-t "+* /* t&e

#+"i+* -!#w #- t&e ti"es$@ (Re'u/!ic .$ RREC, 3;;

SCRA 1;;)0ut !" i."e" /* t&e se is -#+es&#+e !" "

-#+s '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$ (Re'u/!ic .$ CA

" M#+t#, 3>1 SCRA 24;)



Puno, J., concurring opinion in Republic v. RREC:

@T&e CCP is #uici'! 'u/!ic c#+'#+ti#Gest/!is&e" -#+ t&e '+i+* 'u+'#se #- '+#'%ti% +ts

" cu!tu+e i t&e P&i!i''ies$ It ws c+ete" t# we

t&e c#sci#usess #- t&e Bi!i'i# 'e#'!e t# t&ei+ +tistic

" cu!tu+! &e+it%e, " ec#u+%e t&e t# ssist i its '+ese+.ti#, '+##ti#, e&ceet " "e.e!#'et$

T&e CCP C#'!e9 ws est/!is&e" s w#+t&* .eue -#+

Bi!i'i# +tists t# e9'+ess t&ei+ +t " -#+ t&e 'e#'!e t#

''+ecite +t " t&e Bi!i'i# cu!tu+e$ 0ut #+e t& its

'es# " cet.# si%i-icce, t&e Decisi# " Ae"e"

Decisi#, u!ess +e.e+se", wi!! "e! +ts " cu!tu+e

"e/i!itti% /!#w$



Rec!ie" !"s:

Su/e+%e" +es -#+ '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i7

#!* w&e +ec!ie" -+# t&e se c t&ese

su/e+%e" +es /e c!ssi-ie" s %+icu!tu+!

!"s$

Oce +ec!ie" t&e %#.e+et * t&e#--ici!!* c!ssi-* t&ese !"s s A " D, "

"ec!+e t&ese !"s # !#%e+ ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic

se+.ice$ O!* t&e c t&ese !"s /e c#si"e+e"

s A " D !"s " wit&i t&e c#e+ce #-

e$ (C&.e .$ PEA, 4>5 SCRA 1<3)



A/set tw# #--ici! cts K

() c!ssi-icti# t&t su/e+%e" +es +e A "D, "

(/) "ec!+ti# t&t t&e* +e #t ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic

se+.ice !"s +ec!ie" -+# t&e se +e

inalienable.

T&e Pu/!ic Esttes Aut&#+it* (PEA), +ee" s

P&i!i''ie Rec!ti# Aut&#+it* (PRA), is t&e

%ec* ut&#+ie" t# u"e+te +ec!ti# '+#Fects$



Les:

Les +e eit&e+ %+icu!tu+! #+ "is'#s/!e !"s#- t&e 'u/!ic "#i7 &ece, -+ee 'tets "

ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e c#.e+i% '#+ti#s #- t&e !e +e

u!!it*$

0ut +es /e*#" its tu+! /e", #+ t&e %+#u"

c#.e+e" /* t&e wte+s t t&ei+ &i%&est #+"i+*

"e't& "u+i% t&e "+* ses#, * /e +e%iste+e"$

(Re'u/!ic .$ CA " De Ri#, 141 SCRA <43)T&e LLDA &s e9c!usi.e ut&#+it* t# issue 'e+its

-#+ t&e use #- t&e wte+s #- t&e L%u "e 0*$



Ri.e+s " c+ees:

Ri.e+s " c+ees +e '+ts #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i -#+ 'u/!ic use " #t c'/!e #- ''+#'+iti# #+

cuisiti# /* '+esc+i'ti#$

T&e #we+s&i' #- st+e * #t /e cui+e"

u"e+ 'u/!ic !" 'tet " t&e issuce #- t&e

c#++es'#"i% ce+ti-icte #- tit!e "#es #t c&%e its

'u/!ic c&+cte+$ (Mte# .$ M#+e#, 3> SCRA =;2)

A "+ie" u' c+ee is '+#'e+t* #- 'u/!ic "#ii#$(Be+"# .$ Acu, R N#$ 121646, Se't$ 15,

3611)



P+#tecte" +es:

RA N#$ =<>2 '+#.i"es -#+ t&e est/!is&et "

%eet #- ti#! ite%+te" '+#tecte"

+es s*ste +e-e++e" t# s t&e @Nti#! Ite%+te"

P+#tecte" A+es S*ste (NIPAS) Act #- 1;;3$

P+#tecte" +es +e ecess+* t# iti esseti!ec#!#%ic! '+#cesses " !i-esu''#+t s*stes, t#

'+ese+.e %eetic "i.e+sit*, t# esu+e susti/!e use

#- +es#u+ces -#u" t&e+ei$

A '+#tecte" +e, !ie t&e 0t Ntu+! P+, isi!ie/!e$



Rese+.ti#s -#+ 'u/!ic " sei'u/!ic 'u+'#ses

T&e P+esi"et * "esi%te /* '+#c!ti# *t+ct #- !" #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i -#+ t&e use #- t&e

Re'u/!ic #+ its /+c&es, e.g., 'u/!ic #+ sei'u/!ic

uses !ie &i%&w*s, &*"+#e!ect+ic sites, +i!+#"s,

i++i%ti# s*stes, etc$ w&ic& s&!! /e i!ie/!e$

T&e +ese+.e" !" s&!! t&e+e-te+ +ei uti!

#t&e+wise '+#.i"e" /* !w #+ '+#c!ti#$

(Re'u/!ic, +e'$ /* Mi"# Me"ic! Cete+ .$ CA,=4 SCRA 152)



DISPOSITION OB

PROPERT 0 THESTATE



T&e Stte '#ssesses #t #!* t&e +i%&t t# "ete+ie(at !"s * #+ * #t /e t&e su/Fect #-

"is'#siti#, t&e size t&e+e#- " !roce"ure -#+ t&e

cuisiti# #- tit!e t# !"$

B#+ t&e 'u+'#se, t&e Stte &s "#'te" t&e '#!ic* #-u!ti'!e !" use t# t&e e" t&t t&e c#ut+*Gs tu+!

+es#u+ces * /e +ti#!!* e9'!#+e", "e.e!#'e",

uti!ie" " c#se+.e", " t# iti +ti#! "

#+"e+!* /!ce /etwee s#ci#ec##ic %+#wt& ##e &" " e.i+#et! '+#tecti# # t&e #t&e+$



@Ti% it# cc#ut t&e +eui+eets #-c#se+.ti#, ec#!#%*, " "e.e!#'et, " su/Fect

t# t&e +eui+eets #- %++i +e-#+, t&e C#%+ess

s&!! "ete+ie, /* !w, t&e sie #- !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic

"#i w&ic& * /e cui+e", "e.e!#'e", &e!", #+

!ese" " t&e c#"iti#s t&e+e-#+$ (Sec$ 4, A+t$ 8II,

C#stituti#)



@P+i.te c#+'#+ti#s #+ ss#citi#s * #t &#!"suc& !ie/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i e9ce't /*

!ese, -#+ 'e+i#" #t e9cee"i% twet*-i.e *e+s,

+eew/!e -#+ #t #+e t& twet*-i.e *e+s, "

#t t# e9cee" #e t&#us" &ect+es i +e$ Cities#- t&e P&i!i''ies * !ese #t #+e t& -i.e

&u"+e" &ect+es, #+ cui+e #t #+e t& twe!.e

&ect+es t&e+e#- /* 'u+c&se, &#este", #+ %+t$

(Sec$ 4, i".)



@T&e C#%+ess s&!!, s s## s '#ssi/!e, "ete+ie /* !w t&e s'eci-ic !iits #- -#+est !"s " ti#!

'+s, +i% c!e+!* t&ei+ /#u"+ies # t&e %+#u"$

T&e+e-te+, suc& -#+est !"s " ti#! '+s s&!!

/e c#se+.e" " * #t /e ic+ese" #+"iiis&e", e9ce't /* !w$ T&e C#%+ess s&!!

'+#.i"e, -#+ suc& 'e+i#" s it * "ete+ie,

esu+es t# '+#&i/it !#%%i% i e"%e+e" -#+ests

" wte+s&e" +es$ (Sec$ 5, i".)



@T&e Stte, su/Fect t# t&e '+#.isi#s #- t&isC#stituti# " ti#! "e.e!#'et '#!icies "

'+#%+s, s&!! '+#tect t&e +i%&ts #- i"i%e#us

cu!tu+! c#uities t# t&ei+ cest+! !"s t# esu+e

t&ei+ ec##ic, s#ci!, " cu!tu+! we!!/ei%$T&e C#%+ess * '+#.i"e -#+ t&e ''!ic/i!it* #-

cust#+* !ws %#.e+i% '+#'e+t* +i%&ts #+ +e!ti#s

i "ete+ii% t&e #we+s&i' " e9tet #- cest+!

"#i$ (Sec$ <, i" $)



LAND REISTRATION:

HISTORICAL BLASH0AC



(Bi+st) Pu/!ic L" Act (Act N#$ ;32)

Psse" 'u+sut t# t&e P&i!i''ie 0i!! #- 1;63$

P+esc+i/e" +u!es -#+ &#este"i%, se!!i% "

!esi% '#+ti#s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$

P+#.i"e" -#+ t&e issuce #- 'tets t# ti.esett!e+s, -#+ t&e est/!is&et #- t#wsites, " -#+

c#-i+ti# #- S'is& c#cessi#s " %+ts$

O'e+te" # t&e ssu'ti# t&t t&e %#.e+etGstit!e t# 'u/!ic !" s'+u% -+# t&e T+et* #- P+is

/etwee S'i " t&e Uite" Sttes$



(Sec#") Pu/!ic L" Act (Act N#$ 3>=5)

Psse" i 1;1; u"e+ t&e J#es Lw$

It ws #+e c#'+e&esi.e i sc#'e /ut !iite"

t&e e9'!#itti# #- %+icu!tu+! !"s t# Bi!i'i#s

" Ae+ics " cities #- #t&e+ c#ut+iesw&ic& %.e Bi!i'i#s t&e se '+i.i!e%es$

A-te+ t&e 'ss%e #- t&e 1;4< C#stituti#, Act

N#$ 3>=5 ws e"e" i 1;42 /* CA N#$ 151,

t&e '+eset Pu/!ic L" Act w&ic& is esseti!!*

t&e se s Act N#$ 3>=5$



(P+eset) Pu/!ic L" Act (CA N#$ 151)

A''+#.e" # N#.e/e+ =, 1;42, it ''!ies t# !!

!"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i t&t &.e /ee #--ici!!*

"e!iite" " c!ssi-ie"$

P+#.i"es -#+ t&e "i--e+et #"es #- %#.e+et

%+t, e.g., &#este", s!e, -+ee 'tet("iist+ti.e !e%!iti#), " +ese+.ti#s -#+

'u/!ic " sei'u/!ic 'u+'#se$

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e issue" 'u+sut t# 'u/!ic !"

'tet &s t&e se .!i"it* " e--icc* s ce+ti-icte #- tit!e issue" t&+#u%& #+"i+*

+e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s$



L" Re%ist+ti# Act (Act N#$ 5;2)

A''+#.e" # N#.e/e+ 2, 1;63, /ut /ece

e--ecti.e # Ju+* 1, 1;64, it est/!is&e" t&e

T#++es s*ste$

T&e @C#u+t #- L" Re%ist+ti# &" e9c!usi.e

Fu+is"icti# #.e+ !! ''!icti#s -#+ +e%ist+ti#$Re%ist+ti# u"e+ t&e s*ste "i" #t c+ete tit!e7

it si'!* c#-i+e" tit!e !+e"* .este"$

P+#cee"i%s u"e+ t&e Act we+e in rem,Bi! "ec+ees we+e +e%+"e" s i"e-esi/!e "

c#u!" #t /e +e#'ee" e9ce't u'# 'etiti# -#+

+e.iew wit&i #e *e+ -te+ et+* #- "ec+ee$



C"st+! Act (Act N#$ 33<;)

Ecte" # Be/+u+* 11, 1;14, it is c#'u!s#+*

+e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i% iitite" /* t&e %#.e+et

t# @sett!e " "Fu"icte tit!e t# !"s$

T&e Di+ect#+ #- L"s %i.es #tice t# !! 'e+s#s

#- t&e "te #- su+.e* -#+ t&e t# i-#+ t&esu+.e*#+s #- t&e /#u"+ies #- t&ei+ c!is$

O!* u+e%iste+e" !"s * /e t&e su/Fect #-

su+.e*$

A!! c#-!icti% ite+ests s&!! /e "Fu"icte" /* t&e

c#u+t " i t&e /sece #- success-u! c!its, t&e

'+#'e+t* is "ec!+e" 'u/!ic !"$



P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee (PD N#$ 1<3;)

A''+#.e" Jue 11, 1;=>, t&e Dec+ee su'e+se"es

" c#"i-ies !! !ws +e!ti.e t# !" +e%ist+ti#$

It su/stti!!* ic#+'#+tes t&e su/stti.e "

'+#ce"u+! +eui+eets #- Act N#$ 5;2 /utic!u"es Fu"ici! c#-i+ti# #- i'e+-ect tit!es

u"e+ its Secti# 15(1)$

It '+#.i"es +ee"ies -#+ -+u"u!et +e%ist+ti#,

ic!u"i% Assu+ce Bu" t# swe+ -#+

"%es$



REISTRATION UNDER

SECTION 15, PD 1<3;



U"e+ Sec$ 15(1)

@T&#se w&# /* t&ese!.es #+ t&ei+ '+e"ecess#+s

iite+est &.e /ee i #'e, c#tiu#us, e9c!usi.e

" #t#+i#us '#ssessi# " #ccu'ti# #-

!ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#iu"e+ bona fi"e c!i #- #we+s&i' sice Jue 13,

1;5<, #+ e+!ie+$



Reuisites

• T&e ''!ict ust /e Bi!i'i# citie$

• T&e !" ust !+e"* /e c!ssi-ie" s alienable an""is!osable (A " D) !" at te time #- t&e -i!i% #-

t&e ''!icti# (Me+c"# .$ V!!e* M#uti Mies,

R N#$ 15161;, N#.$ 34, 36117 Vict#+i .$ Re'u/!ic,

R N#$ 1=;2=4, Jue >, 36117 Re'u/!ic .$ Ve%, R N#$ 1===;6, J$ 1=, 36117 M!/ .$ CA, R

N#$ 1=;;>=, A'+i! 3;, 366;)$

• P#ssessi# an" #ccu'ti# ust /e #'e, c#tiu#us,

e9c!usi.e " #t#+i#us u"e+ bona fi"e c!i #-#we+s&i' (OCENCO)$

• Sice Jue 13, 1;5< #+ e+!ie+$



P#ssessi# is

9!en w&e it is 'tet, .isi/!e, ''+et, #t#+i#us" #t c!"estie7

Continuous w&e uite++u'te", u/+#e " #t

ite+ittet #+ #ccsi#!7

E/clusive w&e t&e ".e+se '#ssess#+ c s&#we9c!usi.e "#ii# #.e+ t&e !" "

''+#'+iti# #- it t# &is #w use " /ee-it7 "

Notorious w&e it is s# c#s'icu#us t&t it is%ee+!!* #w " t!e" #- /* t&e 'u/!ic #+ t&e

'e#'!e i t&e ei%&/#+&##"$ (0ie.ei"# .$ /+ie!,

R N#$ 1=<=24, A'+i! 11, 3613)



Rti#!e #- t&e +u!e t&t t&e !" ee" /e c!ssi-ie"s A " D !+e"* at te time t&e ''!icti# is -i!e":

@I- t&e Stte, t t&e tie t&e ''!icti# is "e,

&s #t *et "eee" it '+#'e+ t# +e!ese t&e '+#'e+t*

-#+ !ieti# #+ "is'#siti#, t&e '+esu'ti# is t&tt&e %#.e+et is sti!! +ese+.i% t&e +i%&t t# uti!ie

t&e '+#'e+t*7 &ece, t&e ee" t# '+ese+.e its

#we+s&i' i t&e Stte i++es'ecti.e #- t&e !e%t& #-

".e+se '#ssessi# e.e i %##" -it&$



U"e+ Sec$ 15(3)

@T&#se w&# &.e cui+e" #we+s&i' #- '+i.te!"s /* '+esc+i'ti# u"e+ t&e '+#.isi#s #-

e9isti% !ws

•Ru!e # '+esc+i'ti#:

O+"i+* '+esc+i'ti# K 16 *e+s i %##" -it&

E9t+#+"i+* '+esc+i'ti# K 46 *e+s

•0ut !" ust /e !atrimonial '+#'e+t* -#+

'+esc+i'ti# t# ''!*$ (M!/ .$ Re'u/!ic, su!ra)



• L"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i s&!! -#+ '+t #- t&e

!atrimonial '+#'e+t* #- t&e Stte w&e t&e+e is "ec!+ti# t&t:

• T&ese !"s +e !ie/!e #+ "is'#s/!e, "

•A+e # !#%e+ ite"e" -#+ 'u/!ic use #+ 'u/!icse+.ice

•O!* w&e suc& !"s &.e /ec#e 't+i#i!

c t&e '+esc+i'ti.e 'e+i#" -#+ t&e cuisiti# #-

t&e '+#'e+t* /e%i t# +u$ (M!/ .$ CA,

su!ra)



C#ce't #- '#ssessi# -#+ 'u+'#ses #- '+esc+i'ti#

P#ssessi# ust /e t&t #- #we+, " it ust /e

'u/!ic, 'ece-u! " uite++u'te"$ Acts #-

'#ssess#+* c&+cte+ /* .i+tue #- !icese #+ e+e

t#!e+ce +e #t su--iciet$

T&e '+eset '#ssess#+ * c#'!ete t&e 'e+i#" -#+ '+esc+i'ti# /* tacking &is '#ssessi# t# t&t #- &is

%+t#+ #+ '+e"ecess#+iite+est$

It is !resume" t&t t&e '+eset '#ssess#+ w&# ws

!s# t&e '#ssess#+ t '+e.i#us tie &s c#tiue"

t# /e i '#ssessi# "u+i% t&e ite+.ei% tie$



U"e+ Sec$ 15(4)

• @T&#se w&# &.e cui+e" #we+s&i' #- '+i.te

!"s #+ /"#e" +i.e+ /e"s /* +i%&t #-

ccessi# #+ cc+eti# u"e+ t&e e9isti% !ws$



•Owe+s&i' #- /"#e" +i.e+ /e"s /* +i%&t #-

ccessi#:

U"e+ A+tic!e 521 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e, +i.e+ /e"s

w&ic& +e /"#e" t&+#u%& t&e tu+! c&%e

i t&e c#u+se #- t&e wte+s i!so facto /e!#% t#

t&e #we+s w&#se !"s +e #ccu'ie" /* t&e ewc#u+se i '+#'#+ti# t# t&e +e !#st$ H#we.e+,

t&e #we+s #- t&e "F#ii% !"s s&!! &.e t&e

+i%&t t# cui+e t&e se /* '*i% t&e .!ue

t&e+e#-$ T&e +es# is t&t t&e* +e i t&e /est

'#siti# t# uti!ie t&e #!" +i.e+ /e" w&ic& is

"Fcet t# t&ei+ '+#'e+t*$



Owe+s&i' #- /"#e" +i.e+ /e"

Q$ A

" B

ec& #w !" # #''#site si"es #- +i.e+$ T&e +i.e+ cange" its course, !assing

toug te lan" of C$ W&# #ws t&e /"#e"

+i.e+ /e"

A$ C , t# c#'este &i -#+ &is !#ss$

Q$ 0ut su''#se t&t tw# #we+s, C " D , !#st

'#+ti#s #- t&ei+ !"s, w&# #ws t&e +i.e+ /e" A$ C " D, i '+#'#+ti# t# t&e +e !#st$



T&e #we+s #- t&e --ecte" !"s * #t c#'e! t&e

%#.e+et t# +est#+e t&e +i.e+ t# its -#+e+ /e", #+

c t&e* +est+i t&e %#.e+et -+# ti% ste's t#+e.e+t t&e +i.e+ #+ st+e t# its -#+e+ c#u+ts$

0ut t&e #we+s * t&ese!.es u"e+te t&e

+e.e+si# #- t&e +i.e+ t# its #+i%i! c#u+se, /ut u'#

'e+it issue" /* t&e %#.e+et$ (A+t$ <>, PD 162=,

Wte+ C#"e)

T&e #we+s&i' #- t&e /"#e" +i.e+ /e" is

t+s-e++e" i!so facto t# t&e #we+s w&#se !"s +e#ccu'ie" /* t&e ew c#u+se #- t&e +i.e+ @t# c#'este

-#+ t&e !#ss #- t&e !" #ccu'ie" /* t&e ew /e"$



•Reuisites -#+ t&e ''!icti# #- A+t$ 521:

T&e c&%e ust /e su""en i #+"e+ t&t t&e #!" +i.e+

* /e i"eti-ie"7

T&e c&%e #- t&e c#u+se ust /e #+e #+ !ess

!ermanent , " #t te'#++* #.e+-!##"i% #-

#t&e+Gs !"$

T&e c&%e #- t&e +i.e+ ust /e natural #e, i.e$,

cuse" /* tu+! -#+ces (" #t /* +ti-ici! es)

T&e+e ust /e "e-iite aban"onment /* t&e

%#.e+et7 T&e +i.e+ ust c#tiue t# e/ist , i.e., it ust #t

c#'!ete!* "is''e+$



•Owe+s&i' /* +i%&t #- accretion !#% +i.e+ /s

U"e+ A+t$ 5<=, CC, t# t&e #we+s #- !" "F#ii%

t&e /s #- +i.e+s /e!#% t&e cc+eti# w&ic& t&e*

%+"u!!* +ecei.e -+# t&e e--ects #- t&e cu++et #-

t&e wte+s$ Justi-icti#:

T# #--set t&e #we+Gs !#ss -#+ '#ssi/!e e+#si# #-&is !" "ue t# t&e cu++et #- t&e +i.e+7

T# c#'este &i -#+ &is /u+"es +isi% -+#

t&e su/Fecti# #- &is !" t# ecu/+ces #+ !e%!

eseets7 "

Owe+ is i t&e /est '#siti# t# cu!ti.te it$

(C#+te9 .$ Cit* #- Mi!, 16 P&i!$ <2=)

7



T&e ic+eet "#es #t ut#tic!!* /ec#e

+e%iste+e" !" Fust /ecuse t&e !#t w&ic& +ecei.essuc& cc+eti# is c#.e+e" /* T#++es tit!e$ It ust

/e '!ce" u"e+ t&e #'e+ti# #- t&e T#++es

s*ste$ (Cu+e% .$ IAC, 1== SCRA 414)

T&e #we+ ust register t&e cc+eti# u"e+ t&e

T#++es s*ste, #t&e+wise t&e !!u.i! '+#'e+t*

* /e su/Fect t# cuisiti# t&+#u%& '+esc+i'ti#

/* t&i+" 'e+s#s$ (+"e .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, <SCRA <35)

•Reuisites -#+ t&e ''!icti# A+t 5<=:



•Reuisites -#+ t&e ''!icti# A+t$ 5<=:

• T&t t&e "e'#sit /e %+"u! " i'e+ce'ti/!e7

• T&t it /e "e t&+#u%& t&e e--ects #- t&e cu++et #-t&e wte+7 "

• T&t t&e !" w&e+e cc+eti# tes '!ce is

"Fcet t# t&e /s #- +i.e+s$• I t&e /sece #- e.i"ece t&t t&e c&%e i t&e

c#u+se #- t&e +i.e+ ws su""e #+ t&t it #ccu++e"

t&+#u%& .u!si#, t&e '+esu'ti# is t&t t&e

c&%e ws %+"u! " cuse" /* cc+eti# "

e+#si#$



A +i'+i #we+ "#es #t cui+e t&e ""iti#s t# &is

!" cuse" /* s'eci! w#+s "esi%e" t# /+i% /#utcc+eti#$

P+i.te 'e+s#s c#t +ec!i !" -+# wte+

/#"ies /e!#%i% t# t&e 'u/!ic "#i wit&#ut

'e+issi# -+# %#.e+et ut&#+ities$

A" e.e i- suc& +ec!ti# is ut&#+ie", t&e

+ec!ie" !" "#es #t ut#tic!!* /e!#% t# t&e

'+t* +ec!ii% it s t&e !" * sti!! /e t&e su/Fectt# t&e te+s #- t&e ut&#+it* %+te"$

A!! i ! - ti ! t& i t -



A!!u.i! -#+ti# !#% t&e seasore is '+t #-

t&e !ublic "omain ", t&e+e-#+e, #t #'e t#

cuisiti# /* ".e+se '#ssessi#$@A+t$ 5, L"s ""e" t# t&e s&#+e /* cc+eti# "

!!u.i! "e'#sits cuse" /* t&e cti# #- t&e se,

-#+ '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$ W&e t&e* +e #!#%e+ ws&e" /* t&e wte+s #- t&e se, " +e #t

ecess+* -#+ 'u+'#ses #- 'u/!ic uti!it*, #+ -#+ t&e

est/!is&et #- s'eci! i"ust+ies, #+ -#+ t&e c#st

%u+" se+.ice, t&e #.e+et * "ec!+e t&e t# /e t&e '+#'e+t* #- t&e #we+s #- t&e estte "Fcet

t&e+et# " s ic+eet t&e+e#-$ (S'is& Lw

#- Wte+s)



Uti! -#+! "ec!+ti# /* t&e %#.e+et,

t&+#u%& t&e e9ecuti.e #+ !e%is!tu+e, t&t t&e !!u.i!

-#+ti# is # !#%e+ ee"e" -#+ c#st %u+"

se+.ice, -#+ 'u/!ic use #+ -#+ s'eci! i"ust+ies, t&e

se c#tiues t# /e '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i #t.i!/!e -#+ '+i.te ''+#'+iti# #- #we+s&i'$

T&e !" is #t su/Fect t# #+"i+* '+esc+i'ti# s it

is #utsi"e t&e s'&e+e #- c#e+ce$



U"e+ Sec$ 15(5)

• @T&#se w&# &.e cui+e" #we+s&i' #- !" i *#t&e+ e+ '+#.i"e" -#+ /* !w$

• I Re!ublic, re!. by te 1in"anao 1e"ical Center .$ Court of :!!eals 6 R N#$ L56;13, Se't$ 46, 1;=2),t&e SC &e!" t&t P+#c!ti# N#$ 4<6 !e%!!*e--ecte" !" %+t -#+ e"ic! 'u+'#ses t# t&eMi"# Me"ic! Cete+ .!i"!* su--iciet -#+iiti! +e%ist+ti# u"e+ t&e L" Re%ist+ti# Act$



I International ;ar"(oo" an" <eneer Co. v.

=niversity of te 5ili!!ines, P+#c$ N#$ =;1 wit&"+ew-+# sett!eet " +ese+.e" '+ce! #- !" -#+ t&e

e9'e+iet stti# #- t&e UP, -#!!#we" /* RA 4;;6

w&ic& @ce"e" " t+s-e++e" (t&e se +e) i -u!!

#we+s&i' t# t&e UP, @su/Fect t# e9isti%c#cessi#s, i- *$

Pu+sut t# t&e +ese+.ti#, t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t t&e

%#.e+et "i.este" itse!- #- its +i%&ts " tit!e

t&e+et# " "e UP t&e /s#!ute #we+ t&e+e#-,

su/Fect #!* t# e9isti% c#cessi#s$



REISTRATION UNDER

SECTION 5>(/),

PU0LIC LAND ACT (CA 151)

W& !



•W&# * ''!*

• @T&#se w&# /* t&ese!.es #+ t&+#u%& t&ei+

'+e"ecess#+s i ite+est &.e /ee i #'e,c#tiu#us, e9c!usi.e, " #t#+i#us '#ssessi#

" #ccu'ti# #- !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #-

t&e 'u/!ic "#i, u"e+ bona fi"e c!i #-

cuisiti# #- #we+s&i', sice Jue 13, 1;5<,

e9ce't w&e '+e.ete" /* w+ #+ force ma'eure.

T&ese s&!! /e c#c!usi.e!* '+esue" t# &.e

'e+-#+e" !! t&e c#"iti#s esseti! t# #.e+et %+t " s&!! /e etit!e" t#

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e u"e+ t&e '+#.isi#s #- t&is

c&'te+$ (Sec$ 5>/, CA 151)



N# te+i! "i--e+eces /etwee Sec$ 15(1) #- PD

N#$ 1<3; " Sec$ 5>(/) #- CA N#$ 151W&i!e t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (PLA) +e-e+s t#

@%+icu!tu+! !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i " t&e

P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee (PRD) +e-e+s t#

@!ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic

"#i, t&e su/Fect !"s +e #- t&e se t*'e

sice u"e+ t&e C#stituti#, !ie/!e !"s #- t&e

'u/!ic "#i s&!! /e !iite" t# agricultural !"s$



Sec$ 5>(/), CA 151, s e"e" /* PD 16=4,+eui+es '#ssessi# sice >une )2, )*?, #+ '+i#+

t&e+et#$

0ut t&e !" ust !+e"* /e c!ssi-ie" s A "D !" at te time t&e ''!icti# -#+

+e%ist+ti# is -i!e"$ (M!/ .s$ CA, R

N#$ 1=;;>=, A'+i! 3;, 366;)

De.e!#'ets i t&e !w s t# +euisite '#ssessi#



T&e -i+st PLA, #+ Act ;32, +eui+e" '#ssessi# "

#ccu'ti# -#+ 'e+i#" #- te (16) *e+s '+i#+ t# t&e

e--ecti.it* #- Act N#$ 3;2 # Ju!* 32, 1;65 #+ # >uly24, )*?$

T&is ws "#'te" i t&e PLA uti! it ws e"e" /*

R: )*?2 # Jue 33, 1;<=, w&ic& '+#.i"e" -#+

'e+i#" #- tirty 6+37 years$It ws #!* wit& t&e ectet #- PD 16=4 # J$ 3<,

1;== t&t it ws +eui+e" t&t '#ssessi# "

#ccu'ti# s&#u!" c#ece # >une )2, )*?. (Re'$

.$ Est Si!.e+!e, R N#$ 1>2;21, Be/$ 36, 36137Re'$ .$ Es'i#s, R N#$ 1=1<15, Ju!* 1>, 3613)



PD 16=4 c#t i'i+ .este" +i%&ts

Veste" +i%&ts cui+e" u"e+ Sec$ 5>(/) '+i#+ t# its

e"et /* PD 16=4 ust /e +es'ecte"$

T&us, ''!ict w&#, !rior t# t&e e--ecti.it* #- PD

1;=4 # J$ 3<, 1;==, &s /ee i #'e, c#tiu#us,

e9c!usi.e " #t#+i#us '#ssessi# " #ccu'ti# #- %+icu!tu+! !" #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i, u"e+

bona fi"e c!i #- #we+s&i', -#+ t !est +3 years, #+

t !est since >an. 2?, )*?- , * ''!* -#+ Fu"ici!

c#-i+ti# #- i'e+-ect #+ ic#'!ete tit!e u"e+Sec$ 5>(/) #- t&e PLA$ (Re'$ .$ Es'i#s, R N#$

1=1<15, Ju!* 1>, 3613)

W&e t&e c#"iti#s s'eci-ie" i Sec 5>(/) #- t&e



W&e t&e c#"iti#s s'eci-ie" i Sec$ 5>(/) #- t&e

PLA +e c#'!ie" wit&, t&e '#ssess#+ is "eee" t#

&.e cui+e", /* #'e+ti# #- !w, +i%&t t# %+t, wit&#ut t&e ecessit* #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

/ei% issue"$ (He+ic# .$ D+, ;< SCRA 54=7

Re'u/!ic .$ D#!"#!, su!ra)

C#'!ice wit& !! +eui+eets -#+ %#.e+et

%+t i!so 'ure c#.e+ts !" t# '+i.te '+#'e+t*$ T&e

!" ceses t# /e #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i " is

/e*#" t&e ut&#+it* #- t&e DENR t# "is'#se #- itu"e+ * #- t&e #"es #- "is'#siti# u"e+ t&e

Pu/!ic L" Act$ (Susi .$ R#, 5> P&i!$ 535)

W&e t&e c#"iti#s s'eci-ie" i Sec 5>(/) #- t&e




PLA +e c#'!ie" wit&, t&e '#ssess#+ is "eee" t#

&.e cui+e", /* #'e+ti# #- !w, +i%&t t# %+t, wit&#ut t&e ecessit* #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

/ei% issue"$ (He+ic# .$ D+, ;< SCRA 54=7

Re'u/!ic .$ D#!"#!, su!ra)

C#'!ice wit& !! +eui+eets -#+ %#.e+et

%+t i!so 'ure c#.e+ts !" t# '+i.te '+#'e+t*$ T&e

!" ceses t# /e #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i " is

/e*#" t&e ut&#+it* #- t&e DENR t# "is'#se #- itu"e+ * #- t&e #"es #- "is'#siti# u"e+ t&e

Pu/!ic L" Act$ (Susi .$ R#, 5> P&i!$ 535)

C i i i - J 0 i i C R bli



C#cu++i% #'ii# #- J$ 0+i# i Cang v. Re!ublic,

R N#$ 1=1=32, Be/$ 34, 3611:

Secti# 5> (/) #- t&e Pu/!ic L" Act is t&e !w

t&t +ec#%ies t&e substantive rigt #- '#ssess#+

" #ccu't #- !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !" #-t&e 'u/!ic "#i, w&i!e Secti# 15 (1) #- t&e

P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee +ec#%ies t&is +i%&t

/* ut&#+ii% its +e%ist+ti#, t&us /+i%i% t&e

!" wit&i t&e c#.e+%e #- t&e T#++es S*ste$



T&e #"e #- cuisiti# +ec#%ie" /* Secti# 5> (/)

#- t&e Pu/!ic L" Act " "e +e%ist+/!e u"e+

Secti# 15 (1) #- t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee is

t&+#u%& confirmation of an im!erfect or incom!lete

title. 0#t& '+#.isi#s !!#w confirmation of an im!erfect

or incom!lete title #!* i- t&e c!it &s /ee i

#'e, c#tiu#us, e9c!usi.e " #t#+i#us '#ssessi#

" #ccu'ti# #- !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #-t&e 'u/!ic "#i sice >une )2, )*? or earlier.



REISTRATION UNDER THE

INDIENOUS PEOPLES

RIHTS ACT (RA >4=1)



•C#stituti#! '+#.isi#s

• @T&e Stte +ec#%ies " '+##tes t&e +i%&ts#- i"i%e#us cu!tu+! c#uities wit&i t&e

-+ew#+ #- ti#! uit* " "e.e!#'et$

(Sec$ 3 A+t$ II)•T&e C#%+ess * '+#.i"e -#+ t&e ''!ic/i!it*

#- cust#+* !w %#.e+i% '+#'e+t* +i%&ts #+

+e!ti#s i "ete+ii% t&e #we+s&i' "

e9tet #- cest+! "#i$ (Sec$ <, '+$ 3, A+t$8II)



I"i%e#us c#ce't #- #we+s&i'

T&e IPRA (RA N#$ >4=1) +ec#%ies t&ee9istece #- t&e i"i%e#us cu!tu+! c#uities#+ i"i%e#us 'e#'!es (ICCsIPs) s "istictsect#+ i P&i!i''ie S#ciet*$

It %+ts t&ese 'e#'!e t&e o(nersi! an"

!ossession of teir ancestral "omains an"ancestral lan"s, " "e-ies t&e e9tet #- t&ese!"s " "#is$

T&e #we+s&i' %i.e is t&e i"i%e#us c#ce't#- #we+s&i' u"e+ cust#+* !w w&ic& t+cesits #+i%i t# native title.

Acest+! !"s"#is +e #t "eee" '+t #- t&e




!"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i /ut +e !rivate !"s

/e!#%i% t# ICCsIPs w&# &.e ctu!!* #ccu'ie", '#ssesse" " uti!ie" t&ei+ te++it#+ies u"e+ c!i #-

#we+s&i' sice tie ie#+i!$

Native title +e-e+s t# '+ec#uest +i%&ts w&ic&, s -+

/c s e#+* +ec&es, &.e /ee &e!" u"e+ c!i

#- '+i.te #we+s&i' /* ICCsIPs, &.e e.e+ /ee

'u/!ic !"s " +e t&us i"is'ut/!* '+esue" t#

&.e /ee &e!" t&t w* sice /e-#+e t&e S'is&C#uest$ (C+u .$ Sec$ #- DENR, 45= SCA 13>)



T&e Nti#! C#issi# # I"i%e#us Pe#'!es

(NCIP) &s t&e ut&#+it* t# issue ce+ti-ictes #-

cest+! "#i tit!e (CADT) #+ ce+ti-ictes #-

cest+! !" tit!e (CALT)$

T&e +ec#+"i% #- CADT " CALT i t&e O--ice #-

t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s "#es #t +esu!t i t&eissuce #- T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$

T&e 'u+'#se #- +e%ist+ti# is si'!* t# ''+ise t&e

'u/!ic #- t&e -ct #- +ec#%iti# /* t&e NCIP #-

s'eci-ic c!is t# '#+ti#s #- t&e cest+! "#is

#+ cest+! !"s$



M#"es #- cuisiti#

T&e +i%&ts #- ICCsIPs t# t&ei+ cest+!"#is " cest+! !"s * /e cui+e" i

tw# #"es:

0* native title #.e+ /#t& cest+! !"s "

"#is7 #+

0* &orrens title u"e+ t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (CA

N#$ 151) #- t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee

(PD N#$ 1<3;) wit& +es'ect t# ancestral lan"s#!*$

Reuisites -#+ +e%ist+ti#



Reuisites -#+ +e%ist+ti#

• T&e ''!ict is e/e+ #- i"i%e#us

cu!tu+! %+#u'7

• He ust &.e /ee i '#ssessi# #-

i"i.i"u!!*#we" cest+! !" -#+ #t !ess

t& t&i+t* (46) *e+s7

• 0* #'e+ti# #- !w, t&e !" is !+e"*

c!ssi-ie" s A " D, e.e i- it &s s!#'e #-

1> #+ #.e+, &ece, t&e+e is # ee" t# su/it se'+te ce+ti-icti# t&t t&e !" is A " D$

(Sec$ 13, RA >4=1)



T&e +i%&ts #- #we+s&i' #.e+ cest+! !"s *

/e t+s-e++e" su/Fect t# t&e -#!!#wi% !iitti#s:• O!* t# e/e+s #- t&e se ICCsIPs7

• I cc#+" wit& cust#+* !ws " t+"iti#s7 "

•Su/Fect t# t&e +i%&t #- +e"e'ti# -#+ 'e+i#" #--i-tee (1<) *e+s i- t&e !" ws t+s-e++e" t# #e/e+$

Acest+! "#is /e!#% t# !! %ee+ti#s "

t&e+e-#+e c#t /e s#!", "is'#se" #+ "est+#*e"$



DISPOSITION OB

BRIAR LANDS(ACT 1136)

DISPOSITION OB BRIAR LANDS



DISPOSITION OB BRIAR LANDS(E9'!e: 0i!" Estte, Pie"" Estte, T! Estte, etc$)

B+i+ !"s +e #t 'u/!ic !"s /ut !rivate or

!atrimonial '+#'e+t* #- t&e %#.e+et$

B+i+ !"s we+e 'u+c&se" /* t&e %#.e+et -#+s!e t# ctu! #ccu'ts u"e+ Act 136 (B+i+

L"s Act)

T&e L"s M%eet 0u+eu (LM0) s&!! -i+st

issue sales certificate t# t&e #ccu't w&# s&!!

'* t&e 'u+c&se '+ice i ist!!ets$



T&e 'u+c&se+ /ec#es t&e #we+ u'# t&e

issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- s!e, su/Fect t#cce!!ti# i cse t&e '+ice %+ee" u'# is #t

'i" i -u!!

U'# -u!! '*et, t&e %#.e+et s&!! t&eissue -i! "ee" of conveyance t# t&e 'u+c&se+

N# !ese #+ s!e s&!! /e .!i" uti! ''+#.e" /*

t&e DENR Sec+et+* (M#t# .$ 0+ue, R N#$

12344<, Au%$ 35, 3616)

S ! - - i ! " i "i-- t - ! - /!i



S!e #- -+i+ !"s is "i--e+et -+# s!e #- 'u/!ic

!"s:

I s!e #- 'u/!ic !"s, t&e !" is #'ee" -#+

/i""i%7 t&e success-u! /i""e+ is %i.e +i%&t #-

et+* " t# cu!ti.te " i'+#.e t&e !"$

U'# cu!ti.ti# #- 1< #- t&e !", t&e

''!ict is %i.e s!es 'tet$

I t&e cse #- -+i+ !"s, t&e 'u+c&se+

/ec#es t&e #we+ u'# issuce #- t&ece+ti-icte #- s!e i &is -.#+$



WHO MA APPL:

CITIENSHIP REQUIREMENT

O t& / i - t& i it @t i & !"



O t&e /sis #- t&ei+ c'cit* @t# cui+e #+ &#!"s

!"s #- t&e !ublic "omain, t&e -#!!#wi% *

cui+e !rivate !"s:

Bi!i'i# cities

Bi!i'i# c#+'#+ti#s " ss#citi#s, 26 #-

w&#se c'it! +e #we" /* Bi!i'i#sA!ies /* &e+e"it+* successi# (Sec$ =, A+t$ 8II)

A tu+!/#+ citie #- t&e P&i!i''ies w&#

&s !#st &is P&i!i''ie cities&i', su/Fect t#!iitti#s '+#.i"e" /* !w$ (Sec$ >, I".7



• Cities #- t&e P&i!i''ies:

•T&#se w&# +e cities #- t&e P&i!i''ies t t&etie #- t&e "#'ti# #- t&e 1;>= C#stituti#

• T&#se w&#se -t&e+s #+ #t&e+s +e cities #-

t&e P&i!i''ies

• T&#se /#+ /e-#+e Ju+* 1=, 1;=3, #- Bi!i'i#

#t&e+s, w&# e!ect P&i!i''ie cities&i' u'#

+ec&i% t&e %e #- F#+it*7 "

•T&#se w&# +e tu+!ie" i cc#+"ce wit&!w$ (A+t$ IV, C#stituti#):

C#stituti#! '+#.isi#s



C# st tut # ' #. s # s

S.e i cses #- &e+e"it+* successi#, # '+i.te

!"s s&!! /e t+s-e++e" #+ c#.e*e" e9ce't t#i"i.i"u!s, c#+'#+ti#s, #+t ss#citi#s u!i-ie"

t# cui+e #+ &#!" !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$ (Sec$

=, A+t$ 8II)

N#twit&st"i% t&e '+#.isi#s #- Secti# = #- t&is

A+tic!e, tu+!/#+ citie #- t&e P&i!i''ies w&#

&s !#st &is P&i!i''ie cities&i' * /e t+s-e+ee

#- '+i.te !"s, su/Fect t# !iitti#s '+#.i"e" /*!w$ (Sec$ >, Ibi" )

A+e !iitti#s u"e+ RA =653 s e"e" /*



RA >1=;

U+/ !" K <,666 su+e ete+s

Ru+! !" K 4 &ect+es$

•U"e+ RA ;33< (Cities&i' Reteti# " Re

cuisiti# Act #- 3664), tu+!/#+ citie

w&# &s !#st &is P&i!i''ie cities&i' /* +es#

#- &is tu+!iti# s citie #- -#+ei%

c#ut+* is "eee" t# &.e @re@ac$uire" P&i!i''ie

cities&i' u'# ti% &is #t& #- !!e%ice t#t&e Re'u/!ic " @s&!! eF#* -u!! ci.i! "

'#!itic! +i%&ts u"e+ e9isti% !ws$

T&e c'cit* t# #w !" is "ete+ie" t t&e



T&e c'cit* t# #w !" is "ete+ie" t t&etie #- its ac$uisition " #t +e%ist+ti#$

E9'!e: Pe"+#, Bi!i'i#, /#u%&t !" -+# J#sew&# t t&e tie #- t&e s!e &" !+e"* c#'!ie"

wit& t&e +eui+eets -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&e

!"$ Pe"+# !te+ /ece tu+!ie" C"i

citie$ Pe"+#Gs su/seuet cuisiti# #- C"i

cities&i' wi!! #t i'i+ &is +i%&t t# t&e !"

w&ic& &e c#u!" &.e .!i"!* +e%iste+e" w&e &e

ws *et Bi!i'i# citie$ He is !s# u!i-ie" u"e+t&e te+s #- Sec$ >, A+t$ 8II, C#stituti#$

(Re'u/!ic .$ CA " L'i, 34< SCRA <2=)

M t& RD !i"! - t i t " " - " ti -



M* t&e RD .!i"!* +e-use t# +e%iste+ "ee" #- "#ti# #-

+esi"eti! !" e9ecute" /* Bi!i'i# i -.#+ #-

u+e%iste+e" #+%iti#, t&e @=ng Sui Si &em!le,#'e+ti% t&+#u%& t&+ee t+ustees !! #- C&iese ti#!it*

es$ T&e SC, i Register of Dee"s v. =ng Sui Si tem!le, R

N#$ L2==2, M* 31, 1;;<, &e!" t&t i .iew #- t&e

/s#!ute te+s #- Sec$ <, Tit!e 8III #- t&e 1;4< C#stituti#(#w Sec$ >, A+t$ 8II, 1;>= C#stituti#) t&t, @s.e i

cses #- &e+e"it+* successi#, # '+i.te %+icu!tu+! !"

s&!! /e t+s-e++e" e9ce't t# i"i.i"u!s, c#+'#+ti#s #+

ss#citi#s u!i-ie" t# cui+e #+ &#!" !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic"#i, t&e C#stituti# es # e9ce'ti# t# +e!i%i#us

%+#u's$

Q$ C Bi!i'i# .e"#+ +ec#.e+ !" s#!" t#



!ie

A$ es$ W&e %+eeet is #t i!!e%! !er se /utis e+e!* '+#&i/ite" " t&e '+#&i/iti# is "esi%e"

-#+ t&e '+#tecti# #- t&e '!iti--, &e * +ec#.e+

t&e !", t&e !ublic !olicy being to !reserve an"

maintain te lan" in te an"s of %ili!ino citizens$(P&i!$ 0i% C#+'$ .$ Lui S&e, 31 SCRA <37

0#++#e# .$ Desc!!+, <>6 SCA 1=<7 Uite"

C&u+c& .$ Se/sti, 1<; SCRA 552)

N#te: I Rellosa v. Ga( Cee ;un, ;4 P&i!$ >3=,

t&e Bi!i'i# .e"#+ ws i !ari "elicto wit& t&e

!ie .e"ee, &ece, +ec#.e+* ws #t !!#we"$

W&e "#ct+ie #- !ari "elicto "#es #t ''!*



@T&e '+ici'!e u"e+!*i% !ari "elicto s #w

&e+e " i t&e Uite" Sttes is #t /s#!ute i its''!icti#$ It +ec#%ies ce+ti e9ce'ti#s #e #-

t&e /ei% w&e its e-#+ceet #+ ''!icti#

+us c#ute+ t# .#we" -u"et! '#!ic* #+ t#

'u/!ic ite+est$ As stte" /* us i t&e Re!!#s cse,T&is "#ct+ie is su/Fect t# #e i'#+tt

!iitti#, e!*, w&ee.e+ 'u/!ic '#!ic* is

c#si"e+e" ".ce" /* !!#wi% eit&e+ '+t* t# sue

-#+ +e!ie- %ist t&e t+scti#$G (0i*u% .$

U%"", R N#$ 1>1234, Dec$ <, 3613)

Ot&e+ i!!ust+ti.e cses # cuisiti# /* !ies



W&e+e t&e !" ws #w i t&e &"s #- tu+!ie"

Bi!i'i#, t&e+e is # #+e 'u/!ic '#!ic* t# /e se+.e" /*!!#wi% +ec#.e+*$ (0+s#/i .$ Cuec# , 1;; P&i!$ 32),

W&e+e !" is s#!" t# C&iese w&# !te+ s#!" it t#

Bi!i'i#, t&e s!e c # !#%e+ /e i'u%e"$ (He++e+

.$ u, 1 SCRA 562)$C&uc, Ae+ic, " C#+*, Bi!i'i#, cui+e"

!" w&ic& ws +e%iste+e" i t&e !tte+Gs e$ C#+*

s#!" t&e !" t# M+i# wit&#ut C&ucGs c#set$ V!i"

es$ C&uc e.e+ cui+e" * +i%&t t# t&e !", &e /ei% !ie$ (C&ees .$ IAC, 1;4 SCRA ;4)

Aeumer v. :mores, R N#$ 1;<2=6, Dec$ 4, 3613



@T&e C#u+t &" !+e"* "eie" c!i -#+ +ei/u+seet

#- t&e .!ue #- 'u+c&se" '+ce!s #- P&i!i''ie !"

istitute" /* -#+ei%e+ He!ut Mu!!e+, %ist &is -#+e+

Bi!i'i s'#use, E!e 0ue.etu+ Mu!!e+$ It &e!" t&t

He!ut Mu!!e+ c#t see +ei/u+seet # t&e %+#u" #-

euit* w&e+e it is c!e+ t&t &e wi!!i%!* " #wi%!*

/#u%&t t&e '+#'e+t* "es'ite t&e '+#&i/iti# %ist -#+ei%#we+s&i' #- P&i!i''ie !" es&+ie" u"e+ Secti# =,

A+tic!e 8II #- t&e 1;>= P&i!i''ie C#stituti#$ 9 9 9 Euit*

s +u!e wi!! -#!!#w t&e !w " wi!! #t 'e+it t&t t# /e

"#e i"i+ect!* w&ic&, /ecuse #- 'u/!ic '#!ic*, c#t /e"#e "i+ect!*$ A c#t+ct t&t .i#!tes t&e C#stituti# "

t&e !w is u!! " .#i", .ests # +i%&ts, c+etes #

#/!i%ti#s " '+#"uces # !e%! e--ect t !!$

P+i.te c#+'#+ti#s #t u!i-ie"



@P+i.te c#+'#+ti#s #+ ss#citi#s * #t

&#!" (suc&) !ie/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#ie9ce't /* !ese, -#+ 'e+i#" #t e9cee"i% 3<*e+s, +eew/!e -#+ #t #+e t& 3< *e+s," #t t# e9cee" 1,666 &ect+es i +e$ (Sec$

4, A+t$ 8II, C#stituti#)Res#: t# ec#u+%e ec##ic -i!*sie"

-+s /* t+s-e++i% #we+s&i' #- #!* !iite"+e #- !ie/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i t# u!i-ie" i"i.i"u!$ A.i!/!e !"s +e"ec+esi% "ue t# ic+esi% '#'u!ti#$

C#+'#+ti# s#!e



A c#+'#+ti# s#!e is .este" wit& t&e +i%&t t# &#!"

+e! estte " 'e+s#! '+#'e+t*$ (R# Ct&#!icA'#st#!ic .$ LRC, 163 P&i!$ <;2)

It is c+ete" #t #!* t# "iiste+ t&e

te'#+!ities #- t&e c&u+c& #+ +e!i%i#us s#ciet*

w&e+e t&e "iist+t#+ (/is&#' #+ +c&/is&#')

/e!#%s /ut !s# t# &#!" " t+sit t&e se t#

&is success#+ i #--ice$

U'# t&e "et& #- t&e "iist+t#+, c&u+c& '+#'e+ties 'ss, /* #'e+ti# #- !w, #t t# &is

&ei+s /ut t# &is success#+ i #--ice$

I Re!ublic .$ Iglesia ni Cristo, <;1 SCRA 54>,



I Re!ublic .$ Iglesia ni Cristo, <;1 SCRA 54>,

t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t '+i.te c#+'#+ti# *

.!i"!* -i!e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# #.e+ '+ce! #- !" it &" cui+e" -+# 'e+s#

w&# &" !+e"* c#'!ie" wit& t&e sttut#+*

'e+i#" #- '#ssessi#$ T&e '#ssessi# #- INC &s /ee est/!is&e" #t #!* -+# 1;<3 " 1;<;

w&e it 'u+c&se" t&e +es'ecti.e &!.es #- t&e

su/Fect !#t, /ut is !s# tce" t# t&e '#ssessi#

#- its '+e"ecess#+siite+est w&# &" /ee i '#ssessi# t&e+e#- /e-#+e Jue 13, 1;5<$

Veste" +i%&t



A .este" +i%&t is s#e +i%&t #+ ite+est i

'+#'e+t* t&t &s /ee fi/e" an" establise" , "is # !#%e+ #'e t# "#u/t #+ c#t+#.e+s*$

(Luce+# .$ Cit* #- Psi%, <6> SCRA 347 A*#% .$

Cusi, 365 P&i!$ 132)

A #'e, c#tiu#us, ".e+se " 'u/!ic

'#ssessi# #- '+#'e+t* -+# tie ie#+i! /*

'+i.te i"i.i"u! c#-e+s e--ecti.e tit!e # si"

'#ssess#+, w&e+e/* t&e !" ceses t# /e 'u/!ic" /ec#es '+i.te '+#'e+t*$ (Susi .$ R#, 5>

P&i!$ 535)

Veste" +i%&ts, i!!ust+te"



I :yog .$ Cusi, 152 SCRA 1<, t&e C#u+t +u!e" t&t

t&e '+#&i/iti# u"e+ Sec$ 11, A+t$ 8IV #- t&e 1;=4C#stituti# "isu!i-*i% -#+ t&e -i+st tie

'+i.te c#+'#+ti# -+# 'u+c&si% 'u/!ic !"s

&s # +et+#cti.e ''!icti# /ecuse +es'#"et

c#+'#+ti# &" !+e"* cui+e" .este" +i%&t t#t&e !" t t&e tie t&e 1;=4 C#stituti# t##

e--ect, i,e$, /* c#'!*i% wit& t&e c#st+ucti# "

cu!ti.ti# +eui+eets #- t&e !w " '*i% t&e

-u!! 'u+c&se '+ice #- t&e !" suc& t&t it #w /ece t&e iiste+i! "ut* #- %#.e+et t# issue

t&e s!es 'tet t# t&e c#+'#+ti#$



BORM AND CONTENTS OB

APPLICATION



T&e ''!icti# s&!! /e i w+iti%, si%e" /* t&e

''!ict #+ &is ut&#+ie" +e'+esetti.e, "

u"e+ #t&$ I- t&e+e is #+e t& #e ''!ict, t&e

''!icti# s&!! /e si%e" " sw#+ t# /* ec&$

T&e ''!icti# s&!! c#ti "esc+i'ti# #- t&e!", " stte t&e ci.i! sttus #- t&e ''!ict, "

t&e es #- !! #ccu'ts " "F#ii% #we+s,

i- #w$ (Sec$ 1<, PD N#$ 1<3;)

T& !i ti & !! / -i! " it& t& RTC - t&



T&e ''!icti# s&!! /e -i!e" wit& t&e RTC #- t&e

'+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" !ies, wit& c#'*-u+is&e" t&e Di+ect#+ #- L"s$ (Sec$ 12, ibi".)

T&e ''!ict * -i!e si%!e ''!icti# -#+

tw# #+ #+e '+ce!s #- !" i t&e se '+#.ice

Ae"ets w&ic& c#sist i substantial

cange i t&e /#u"+ies #+ increase (#t

"ec+ese) i +e s&!! /e su/Fect t# !ublication

" #tice s i #+i%i! ''!icti#$ (Sec$ 1;,ibi" $7 0ei .$ Tus#, <= SCRA <41)



DEALINS WITH

LAND PENDIN

REISTRATION

P "i i - t& " t& ! " /



Pe"i% issuce #- t&e "ec+ee, t&e !" * /e

t&e su/Fect #- "e!i%s (s!e, !ese, #+t%%e) iw&#!e #+ i '+t, " t&e ite+este" '+t* s&!!

su/it t# t&e c#u+t -#+ consi"eration t&e 'e+tiet

"#cuets " su/"i.isi# '! i cse #!*

'#+ti#s #- t&e !" +e --ecte"$ T&e ''!icti#ee" not /e e"e"$ (Me"# .$ CA, >5 SCRA

2=)

T&e c#u+t s&!! #+"e+ t&e !" +e%iste+e" su/Fect t#t&e c#.e*ce #+ ecu/+ce, #+ #+"e+ t&t t&e

"ec+ee /e issue" t# t&e t+s-e+ee$ (Sec$ 33, ibi".)



I cse #- t+s-e+ #- '#+ti# #- t&e !", t&e

c#++es'#"i% s&#u!" !s# /e '+esete"$ U'# #tice,t&e c#u+t s&!!:

() #+"e+ t&e !" +e%iste+e" su/Fect t# t&e

c#.e*ce #+ ecu/+ce c+ete" /* t&e

ist+uet, #+

(/) #+"e+ t&t t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# /e issue" i

t&e e #- t&e 'e+s# t# w&# t&e '+#'e+t* &s

/ee c#.e*e"$



PU0LICATION, MAILIN

AND NOTICE

@T&e C#u+t s&!! wit&i < "*s -+# -i!i% #- t&e



@T&e C#u+t s&!! wit&i < "*s -+# -i!i% #- t&e

''!icti#, issue #+"e+ setti% t&e "te " &#u+#- t&e iiti! &e+i% w&ic& s&!! #t /e e+!ie+ t&

5< "*s #+ !te+ t& ;6 "*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e

#+"e+$ T&e 'u/!ic s&!! /e %i.e #tice #- t&e iiti!

&e+i% #- t&e ''!icti# -#+ !" +e%ist+ti# /*es #- () 'u/!icti#7 (3) i!i%7 " (c)

'#sti%$ (Sec$ 34, PD <3;)

Pu+'#se: () t# c#-e+ Fu+is"icti# u'# t&e c#u+t," (/) t# ''+ise t&e w&#!e w#+!" #- t&e cse s#

t&t t&e* * #''#se t&e ''!icti#, i- i"e"$

@U'# +ecei't #- t&e #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t setti% t&e

tie -#+ iiti! &e+i% t&e LRA s&!! cuse



tie -#+ iiti! &e+i%, t&e LRA s&!! cuse

#tice #- iiti! &e+i% t# /e 'u/!is&e" #ce i t&eO--ici! ette " #ce i ews''e+ #-

%ee+! ci+cu!ti# i t&e P&i!i''ies: 5rovi"e",

o(ever , T&t t&e 'u/!icti# i t&e O--ici!

ette s&!! /e su--iciet t# c#-e+ Fu+is"icti#u'# t&e c#u+t$ Si" #tice s&!! /e ""+esse" t#

!! 'e+s#s ''e+i% t# &.e ite+est i t&e

!" i.#!.e" ic!u"i% t&e "F#ii% #we+s s#-+ s #w, " t# !! w&# it * c#ce+$G

(Sec$ 34, ibi" $)

Pu/!icti#

C#st+ucti.e seiu+e #- t&e !" is e--ecte" t&+#u%&



C#st+ucti.e seiu+e #- t&e !" is e--ecte" t&+#u%&

!ublication #- t&e #tice #- iiti! &e+i% i t&eO " i ews''e+ #- %ee+! ci+cu!ti#, "

!s# t&e !osting " mailing t&e+e#- t# --ecte"

'+ties$ (Sec$ 34, PD N#$ 1<3;)

W&i!e t&e !w s*s t&t 'u/!icti# i t&e O s&!! /e su--iciet t# c#-e+ Fu+is"icti# u'# t&e c#u+t,

'u/!icti# i ne(s!a!er is sti!! re$uire" t#

cc#+" wit& t&e "ue !rocess +eui+eet$ (R#9s .$

C#u+t #- A''e!s, 3=6 SCRA 46;)

0ut !c #- 'e+s#! #tice "#es #t .itite t&e

'+#cee"i%s$ (R#9s .$ E+iue, 313 SCRA 23<)

• R#!e #- t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!



T&e S#!icit#+ ee+! +e'+esets t&e %#.e+et

i !! !" +e%ist+ti# " +e!te" '+#cee"i%s$As +u!e #!* c#u+t #tices " '+#cesses

ctu!!* se+.e" u'# t&e S is /i"i% # &is

#--ice$De'utie" #--ice+s +e u"e+ t&e "i+ecti# "

c#t+#! #- t&e S &ise!-$ (NPC .$ NLRC, R

N#$ ;6;44, M* 3;, 1;;=)$

T&e %#.e+et * ''e! ".e+se "ecisi#"es'ite #t -i!i% * #''#siti#$ (Re'u/!ic .$ CA

" A+ui!!#, 1>3 SCRA 3;6)

P+#ce"u+e w&e+e c#.e*ce i.#!.es #!*



* *

'#+ti# #- !":

N# TCT s&!! /e issue" /* t&e RD uti! '! #-

t&e !" s&#wi% t&e '#+ti#s it# w&ic& it &s

/ee su/"i.i"e", t#%et&e+ wit& t&e tec&ic!

"esc+i'ti#, s&!! &.e /ee .e+i-ie" "''+#.e" /* t&e LRA #+ LM0$

Mew&i!e, t&e "ee" * #!* /e #tte" /*

t&e RD /* w* #- e#+"u # t&e %+t#+Gs

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (Sec$ <> i +e!ti# t# Sec$ <6,

PD N#$ 1<3;)$



OPPOSITION

A* 'e+s# c!ii% ite+est #+ +i%&t #-



"#ii# * ''e+ " #''#se t&e ''!icti#

-#+ +e%ist+ti#$W&e+e # #''#siti# is "e, !! t&e !!e%ti#s

i t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# s&!! /e &e!" s

c#-esse", " t&e c!it s&!! /e "eee" t#&.e -#+e.e+ !#st &is +i%&t t# t&e !"$

0ut t&e /sece #- #''#siti# "#es not Fusti-* t&e

c#u+t it# w+"i% t&e !" t# t&e ''!ict7 &e

ust sti!! su/it (ell@nig incontrovertible !rooft&t &e is etit!e" t# +e%ist+ti#$ (Di+ect#+ #-

L"s .$ A%usti, 53 P&i!$ 33=)

O+"e+ #- "e-u!t



@I- # 'e+s# ''e+s " swe+s wit&i t&e tie

!!#we", t&e c#u+t s&!!, u'# #ti# #- t&e

''!ict, #+"e+ "e-u!t t# /e +ec#+"e" " +eui+e

t&e ''!ict t# '+eset e.i"ece$ 0* t&e

"esc+i'ti# i t&e #tice T# A!! W&# It M*

C#ce+,G !! t&e w#+!" +e "e '+ties "e-e"t

" s&!! /e c#c!u"e" /* t&e "e-u!t #+"e+$ W&e+e

''e+ce &s /ee ete+e" " swe+

-i!e", "e-u!t #+"e+ s&!! /e ete+e" %ist 'e+s#s w&# "i" #t ''e+ " swe+$ (Sec$ 32,

PD 1<3;)



@I- # 'e+s# ''e+s " swe+s wit&i t&e 'e+i#" !!#we", #+"e+ #- (%ee+!) "e-u!t s&!!

/e ete+e" " t&e ''!ict +eui+e" t# '+eset

e.i"ece$ W&e ''e+ce &s /ee ete+e"

" swe+ -i!e", #+"e+ #- (s'eci!) "e-u!ts&!! /e ete+e" %ist 'e+s#s w&# "i" #t ''e+

" swe+$ (Sec$ 32, PD N#$ 1<3;)

A''e! /* '+t* i "e-u!tA '+t* "ec!+e" i "e-u!t * ''e! -+# t&e



A '+t* "ec!+e" i "e-u!t * ''e! -+# t&e

Fu"%et # t&e %+#u" t&t t&e ''!ict -i!e" t# '+#.e t&e te+i! !!e%ti#s i &is ''!icti# -#+

+e%ist+ti#, #+ t&t t&e "ecisi# is c#t++* t# !w, e.e

wit&#ut -i+st -i!i% #ti# t# set si"e t&e #+"e+ #-

"e-u!t$ (M+tie .$ Re'u/!ic, <62 SCRA 261)W&e+e t&e Di+ect#+ #- L"s "i" #t #''#se t&e

''!icti# " ws, /* #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t, "ec!+e" i

"e-u!t, t&e #+"e+ s&#u!" #t '+eFu"ice t&e %#.e+et

sice t&e Re'u/!ic is usu!!* #t est#''e" /* t&e

iste #+ e++#+ #- its #--ici!s #+ %ets$ (Re'u/!ic .$

Aui#, 36< P&i!$ 151)

M#ti# t# "isiss /se" # res 'u"icata '+#'e+ i

i i "i



+e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s

Sec$ 45, PD 1<3;, '+#.i"es t&t t&e Ru!es #- C#u+ts&!! /e ''!ic/!e t# +e%ist+ti# " c"st+! cses

/* !#%* #+ i su''!et#+* c&+cte+$I <alisno .. 5lan (154 SCRA <63), t&e C#u+t,

''!*i% t&e '+ici'!e #- res 'u"icata, sustie" t&e''!ictGs motion to "ismiss t&e #''#siti# t# &is

''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# it ''e+i% t&t t&e !"

s#u%&t t# /e +e%iste+e" &" /ee !reviously litigate"

/etwee t&e ''!ict " t&e #''#sit#+ i ci.i! cse-#+ +ec#.e+* #- '#ssessi#, +esu!ti% i -.#+/!e

Fu"%et t# t&e ''!ict$

A''!ic/i!it* #- res 'u"icata



U"e+ t&e +u!e #- res 'u"icata, -i! Fu"%et #+

"ec+ee # t&e e+its /* c#u+t #- c#'etet Fu+is"icti# is c#c!usi.e #- t&e +i%&ts #- t&e '+ties #+

t&ei+ '+i.ies, i !! !te+ suits " # !! '#its "

tte+s "ete+ie" i t&e '+e.i#us suit$

T&e '+ici'!e /+s su/seuet suit i.#!.i% t&e same !arties, sub'ect matter, an" cause of action. T&e

+ti#!e -#+ t&e +u!e is t&t 'u/!ic '#!ic* +eui+es t&t

c#t+#.e+sies ust /e sett!e" wit& -i!it* t %i.e

'#it i tie$@ (T#'ci# .$ 0c# Bi!i'i#, R N#$1<=255, N#.$ 1=, 3616)

E!eets #- res 'u"icata:

( ) - F " t t / -i !



() -#+e+ Fu"%et ust /e -i!7

(/) t&e c#u+t w&ic& +e"e+e" it &" Fu+is"icti# #.e+ t&esu/Fect tte+7

(c) t&e Fu"%et ust /e # t&e e+its7

(") t&e+e ust /e /etwee t&e -i+st " t&e sect#"

cti#s, i"etit* #- '+ties, su/Fect tte+ " cusse+s

#- cti#$

• T&e "#ct+ie "#es #t +eui+e /s#!ute /ut e+e!*

su/stti! i"etit* #- t&e '+ties$

• T&e "e-ese #- res 'u"icata * /e wi.e" i- #t set u'

i #ti# t# "isiss$



HEARIN

He+i%



T&e c#u+t s&!! "eci"e t&e cse wit&i ;6 "*s -+#

its su/issi#$T&e c#u+t * +e-e+ t&e cse #+ '+t t&e+e#- t#

+e-e+ee w&# s&!! su/it &is +e'#+t t# t&e c#u+t

wit&i 1< "*s -te+ its te+iti#$

A''!icti#s -#+ +e%ist+ti# s&!! /e &e+" /* t&e

+e%i#! t+i! c#u+t #+, i '+#'e+ cses, /* t&e -i+st

!e.e! c#u+t, i t&e '+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" is

situte"$ (Sec$ 3=, PD 1<3;)

T&e /u+"e is # t&e ''!ict t# '+#.e &is '#siti.e



'' ' '

.e+ets " #t -#+ t&e %#.e+et #+ t&e '+i.te

#''#sit#+s t# est/!is& e%ti.e '+#'#siti#$

T&e ''!ict ust su/it c#.ici% '+##- #- &is

" &is '+e"ecess#+iite+estGs ctu!, 'ece-u! "

".e+se '#ssessi# " #ccu'ti# i t&e c#ce't #-#we+ -#+ t&e !e%t& #- tie " i t&e e+

'+esc+i/e" /* !w$

He ust s&#w, /* @we!!i%& ic#t+# .e+ti/!e

'+##-, " e.e i t&e /sece #- #''#siti#, t&t &eis t&e /s#!ute #we+ #- t&e !"$



EVIDENCE OB

OWNERSHIP

P+##- t&t !" is A " D



P+##- t&t !" is A " D

Ce+ti-icti# #- t&e 0BD t&t !" &s /ee+e!ese" s A " D

LC M' s&#wi% t&t t&e !" is wit&i t&e A" D '#+ti# #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i

E9ecuti.e '+#c!ti# wit&"+wi% s'eci-ic '#+ti# -+# +ese+.ti# " "ec!+i% se#'e -#+ "is'#siti#$

Le%is!ti.e #+ e9ecuti.e '+#c!ti# +ese+.i% '#+ti# #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i -#+ 'u/!ic #+ usi 'u/!ic use$

**

T&e ''!icti# -#+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti# ust /e



'' % %

cc#'ie" /*:

(1) CENRO #+ PENRO Ce+ti-icti# t&t !" is A

" D7 "

(3) C#'* #- t&e #+i%i! c!ssi-icti# ''+#.e" /*

t&e DENR Sec+et+* " ce+ti-ie" s t+ue c#'* /*t&e !e%! cust#"i t&e+e#-$ (Re'u/!ic .$ 0ti%ue,

R N#$ 123433, M+c& 15, 36137 Me+c"# .$

V!!e* M#uti Mies, R N#$ 15161;, N#.$ 34,

36117 Re'u/!ic .$ De! P, R N#$ 1=1241, N#.$

<, 36167 Re'u/!ic .$ T$A$N, <<< SCRA 5==)

P#!ic* c!+i-icti# /* DENR Me#+"u N#$

<25 "te" N#. 1< 3613



<25, "te" N#.$ 1<, 3613

T&e issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icti# " t&e ce+ti-ie"c#'* #- t&e ''+#.e" LC M' t# '+#.e t&t t&e +e

''!ie" -#+ is i"ee" c!ssi-ie" s A " D is

@(itin te com!etence an" 'uris"iction of te

CENR9.# A se'+te "iist+ti.e #+"e+ &s /ee issue"

@"elegating to te CENR9 t&e ut&#+it* t# issue

t&e ce+ti-icti# " t&e ce+ti-ie" t+ue c#'* #- t&e

''+#.e" !" c!ssi-icti# ' " t&e '+ticu!+issuce #+ #+"e+ w&ic& ws use" s /sis -#+ suc&

c!ssi-icti#$

DENR !e.e! #- ut&#+it* # !" c!ssi-icti#

Sec+et+*: L" c!ssi-icti# " +e!ese #- !"s



Sec+et+*: L" c!ssi-icti# " +e!ese #- !"s

#- t&e 'u/!ic "#i s !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e (A" D)

Sec+et+*: Su/c!ssi-icti# #- -#+est !"s

cc#+"i% t# use

PENRO: Issuce #- ce+ti-icte w&et&e+ ti/e+

!" #+ A " D K /#.e <6$6 &s$

CENRO: Issuce #- ce+ti-icte w&et&e+ ti/e+

!" #+ A " D K /e!#w <6$6 &s$ (See !s#:Re'u/!ic .$ J+!.e, R N#$ 1=<1==, Oct$ 35, 3613)

" i - & ! "



I"etit* #- t&e !"

L" ust /e surveye" t# est/!is& its i"etit*,

!#cti# " +e$

O!* t&e LM0 Di+ect#+ * ''+#.e su+.e*

'!s -#+ original +e%ist+ti# 'u+'#ses$ (PD 34;,Ju!* ;, 1;=4)

T&e+e is #w # ee" t# '+eset t&e t+ci% c!#t&

'! #- t&e !"$ A ce+ti-ie" /!ue '+it #+ w&ite

'+it c#'* #- t&e '! su--ices -#+ +e%ist+ti# 'u+'#ses$ (Di+ect#+ #- L"s .$ CA " I%!esi i

C+ist#, 1<> SCRA <>2)

W&t "e-ies 'iece #- tit!e" '+#'e+t* is #t t&e



' ' ' *

ue+ic! "t i"icte" s t&e +e #- t&e !", /ut

t&e /#u"+ies #+ etes " /#u"s #- t&e '+#'e+t*

s'eci-ie" i its tec&ic! "esc+i'ti# s ec!#si% it

" s&#wi% its !iits$ (Re'$ .$ CA " St#s, R

N#$ 112111, J$ 31, 1;2;, 461 SCRA 422)$W&t "e-ies 'iece #- !" is #t t&e +e,

c!cu!te" wit& #+e #+ !ess ce+tit* eti#e" i

t&e "esc+i'ti#, /ut t&e /#u"+ies t&e+ei !i" "#w,

s ec!#si% t&e !" " i"icti% its !iits$(0!t/# .$ CA, R N#$ 16><1<, Oct$ 12, 1;;<)

I #.e+!''i% #- tit!es "is'utes, it &s !w*s /ee

t&e '+ctice -#+ t&e c#u+t t# ''#it su+.e*#+ -+#



e ' c ce # e c#u # ''# su .e*# #

t&e %#.e+et !" %ecies t&e LRA #+ t&eDENR t# ct s c#issi#e+$

Su+.e* is t&e '+#cess /* w&ic& '+ce! #- !" is

esu+e" " its /#u"+ies " c#tets sce+tie"7

!s# ', '!t #+ stteet #- t&e +esu!t #- suc&su+.e*, wit& t&e c#u+ses " "istces " t&e

utit* #- t&e !"$

A cse #- #.e+!''i% #- /#u"+ies #+ ec+#c&et

"e'e"s # +e!i/!e, i- #t ccu+te, .e+i-icti#

su+.e*$ (P/us .$ utic#, R N#$ 1254<2, Ju!* 3=,

3611)

• P#ssessi# " #ccu'ti#



'P#ssessi# ust /e u"e+ c!i #- #we+s&i'$Acts #- '#ssess#+* c&+cte+ /* #e w&# &#!"s

t&e '+#'e+t* /* e+e t#!e+ce #- t&e #we+ is #ti t&e c#ce't #- #we+, " "# #t st+t t&e

'e+i#" #- '+esc+i'ti#$Actu! '#ssessi# c#sists #- cts #- "#ii# #-suc& tu+e s '+t* w#u!" tu+!!* e9e+cise#.e+ &is #w '+#'e+t*

Occu'ti# "e!iits t&e !!ec#'ssi% e--ect#- c#st+ucti.e '#ssessi#$

Ru!e #- '+e-e+ece i cse #- c#-!ict #- '#ssessi#T&e '+eset '#ssess#+ s&!! /e '+e-e++e"7



T&e '+eset '#ssess#+ s&!! /e '+e-e++e"7

I- t&e+e tw# '#ssess#+s, t&e #e !#%e+ i '#ssessi#7I- t&e "tes #- t&e '#ssessi# +e t&e se, t&e

#e w&# '+esets tit!e7 "

I- /#t& '#ssess#+s &.e tit!es, t&e c#u+t s&!!"ete+ie t&e +i%&t-u! '#ssess#+ " #we+ #- t&e

!"$ (A+t$ <4>, CC)

• Me+e '#ssessi# wi!! #t "e-et t&e tit!e #- &#!"e+ #-

+e%iste+e" !"$ (E"u+te .$ CA, 3<4 SCRA 4;1)

O.e+t cts #- '#ssessi# * c#sist i:It+#"uci% .!u/!e i'+#.eets # t&e !"



It+#"uci% .!u/!e i'+#.eets # t&e !"

!ie -+uit/e+i% t+ees7Beci% t&e +eC#st+ucti% +esi"eti! &#use t&e+e#7 "Dec!+i% t&e !" -#+ t9ti# 'u+'#ses$

I '+ctic! " scieti-ic w* #- '!ti%, #e&ect+e !" c /e '!te" t# 155 c#c#ut t+ees$

It tes #!* 16 *e+s -#+ %# t+ees , " < *e+s

-#+ c#c#uts t+ees, t# /e%i /e+i% -+uit$ Re'u/!ic .$

CA " C&.e, 12= SCRA 1<6)

Su'+ee C#u+t is #t t+ie+ #- -cts7 e9ce'ti#s:

(1) w&e t&e -i"i%s +e %+#u"e" eti+e!* #



(1) w&e t&e -i"i%s +e %+#u"e" eti+e!* #

s'ecu!ti#, su+ises #+ c#Fectu+es7 (3) w&e t&ei-e+ece "e is i-est!* iste, /su+" #+

i'#ssi/!e7 (4) w&e t&e+e is %+.e /use #-

"isc+eti#7 (5) w&e t&e Fu"%et is /se" #

is''+e&esi# #- -cts7 (<) w&e t&e -i"i%s #--cts +e c#-!icti%7 (2) w&e i i% its

-i"i%s t&e CA wet /e*#" t&e issues #- t&e cse,

#+ its -i"i%s +e c#t++* t# t&e "issi#s #-

/#t& t&e ''e!!t " t&e ''e!!ee7

(=) w&e t&e -i"i%s +e c#t++* t# t&e t+i! c#u+t7

(>) w&e t&e -i"i%s +e c#c!usi#s wit&#ut



(>) w&e t&e -i"i%s +e c#c!usi#s wit&#ut

citti# #- s'eci-ic e.i"ece # w&ic& t&e* +e /se"7 (;) w&e t&e -cts set -#+t& i t&e 'etiti# s

we!! s i t&e 'etiti#e+Gs i " +e'!* /+ie-s +e

#t "is'ute" /* t&e +es'#"et7 (16) w&e t&e

-i"i%s #- -ct +e '+eise" # t&e su''#se"/sece #- e.i"ece " c#t+"icte" /* t&e

e.i"ece # +ec#+"7 " (11) w&e t&e CA

i-est!* #.e+!##e" ce+ti +e!e.t -cts #t

"is'ute" /* t&e '+ties, w&ic& i- '+#'e+!*c#si"e+e", w#u!" Fusti-* "i--e+et c#c!usi#$

(T*s#Gs Su'e+ C#c+ete .$ CA, 521 SCRA 2;)

T9 "ec!+ti#s " t9 +ecei'tsT9 "ec!+ti#s " t9 +ecei'ts +e #t



T9 "ec!+ti#s " t9 +ecei'ts +e #t

c#c!usi.e e.i"ece #- #we+s&i' /ut t&e* +e %##" in"icia #- '#ssessi# i t&e c#ce't #-

#we+$ (L!es .$ Re'u/!ic, <=3 SCA 3<>) A t9

"ec!+ti# e+e!* '+#.e '*et #- t9es$

W&e c#u'!e" wit& ctu! '#ssessi#, '*et#- t9es is e.i"ece #- %+et wei%&t " c /e

t&e /sis #- c!i #- #we+s&i' t&+#u%&

'+esc+i'ti#$ (Re'u/!ic .$ A!c#/, 53= SCRA211)T9es ust /e 'i" u!!*$

S'is& tit!es # !#%e+ e--icci#us s '+##- #-

&i



#we+s&i'

Pu+sut t# PD N#$ >;3, "te" Be/$ 12, 1;=2,

S'is& tit!es * # !#%e+ /e use" s e.i"ece #-

!" #we+s&i'

T&e '+#!i-e+ti# #- "u/i#us S'is& tit!es &.e+ise" c#-!icti% c!is #- #we+s&i' " te"e"

t# "est/i!ie t&e T#++es s*ste #- +e%ist+ti#$

Cse stu"*: Itestte Estte #- D# M+i# S

Pe"+# * Este/ .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, 32< SCRA

=44$



JUDMENT

T&e c#u+t s&!! +e"e+ Fu"%et wit&i iet* (;6)

"*s -+# t&e "te t&e cse is su/itte" -#+ "ecisi#$



" *s # e " e e c se s su/ e" # "ec s # $

T&e c#u+t * +e-e+ t&e cse t# +e-e+ee, usu!!* t&ec!e+ #- c#u+t, s &e+i% #--ice+ t# +ecei.e e.i"ece,

t# e/!e t&e Fu"%e t# "e.#te &is tie t# #t&e+

i'#+tt /usiesses$

T&e &e+i% #--ice+ s&!! su/it &is +e'#+t wit&i 1<

"*s -te+ t&e te+iti# #- t&e &e+i%$

T&e c#u+t * +e"e+ Fu"%et # t&e /sis #- si"

+e'#+t #+, i- ecess+*, it * +ecc#it t&e cse t#t&e &e+i% #--ice+ -#+ t&e +ece'ti# #- ""iti#!

e.i"ece$ (Sec$ 3=$ PD 1<3;)

T&e Fu"%et c#-i+s t&e tit!e #- t&e ''!ict



#+ t&e #''#sit#+$ P+ti! Fu"%et is '+#'e+ w&e+e

su/"i.isi# '! is su/itte"$ (Sec$ 3>)

Ju"%et /ec#es -i! -te+ 1< "*s -+#

+ecei't #- #tice #- t&e Fu"%et$

C#u+t +etis Fu+is"icti# uti! -te+ t&e et+* #-

t&e final "ecree #- +e%ist+ti#$ (#e . CA,

12> SCRA <64)

P+ici'!e #- res 'u"icata is ''!ic/!e t#+e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s$ (A+i% .$ O+i%i!, 2

SCRA 1631)

i"s #- Fu"%et

A Fu"%et in rem is /i"i% u'# t&e w&#!e w#+!", suc& s



Fu"%et i !" +e%ist+ti# cse #+ '+#/te #- wi!!$

A Fu"%et in !ersonam is /i"i% u'# t&e '+ties "

t&ei+ success#+siite+est /ut #t u'# st+%e+s$

A Fu"%et "i+ecti% '+t* t# "e!i.e+ '#ssessi# #-

'+#'e+t* t# #t&e+ is in !ersonam7 it is /i"i% #!* %ist

t&e '+ties " t&ei+ success#+siite+est /* tit!esu/seuet t# t&e c#eceet #- t&e cti#$

A cti# -#+ "ec!+ti# #- u!!it* #- tit!e " +ec#.e+* #-

#we+s&i' #- +e! '+#'e+t*, #+ +ec#.e*ce, is real action

/ut it is cti# in !ersonam, -#+ it /i"s '+ticu!+i"i.i"u! #!* !t&#u%& it c#ce+s t&e +i%&t t# t%i/!e

t&i%$ (Mu# .$ /ut, R N#$ 1532=2, Jue 2, 3611)

M#ti# -#+ e9ecuti# #- Fu"%et #t +eui+e"

T&e Fu"%et "oes not ave to be e/ecute" by



motion #+ e-#+ce" /* cti# wit&i t&e 'u+.iew #-

Ru!e 4; #- t&e 1;;= Ru!es #- Ci.i! P+#ce"u+e$

(Re'u/!ic .$ Ni!!s, R N#$ 1<;<;<, J$ 34, 366=)

T&e wii% '+t* ee"s #!* t# -i!e 'etiti# wit&

t&e c#u+t -#+ t&e issuce #- #+"e+ "i+ecti% t&eLRA t# issue "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#, c#'* #-

w&ic& is t&e set t# t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -#+

isc+i'ti# i t&e +e%ist+ti# /##, " issuce #-

t&e #+i%i! ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (T#' M%eetP+#%+s C#+'$ .$ BF+"#, R N#$1<6523, Jue

1<, 3611)

E9ecuti# 'e"i% ''e! #t '+#'e+



' % '' ' '

A T#++es tit!e issue" # t&e /sis #- Fu"%ett&t is #t -i! is u!!it*$

T&e !w +eui+es t&t "ec+ee s&!! /e issue" #!*

u'# t&e -i!it* #- t&e "ecisi# #- t&e c#u+t, " it

is # t&e /sis #- si" "ec+ee t&t t&e RD issues t&ec#++es'#"i% ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (T#' M%eet

.$ BF+"#, su!ra)

N# 'e+i#" wit&i w&ic& "ec+ee * /e issue"



T&e -ct t&t # "ec+ee &s s *et /ee issue"c#t "i.est t&e ''!ict #- &is tit!e t# "

#we+s&i' #- t&e !" i uesti#$ &ere is noting

in te la( tat limits te !erio" (itin (ic te

court may issue a "ecree. T&e +es# is t&t t&e Fu"%et is e+e!* "eclaratory i c&+cte+ "

"#es #t ee" t# /e e-#+ce" %ist t&e ".e+se

'+t*$ (De! R#s+i# .$ Lic#c#, R N#$ 1==4;3,

N#.$ 32, 3613)

N#tice t# t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!

O!* #tices #- c#u+t #+"e+s #+ '+#cesses se+.e" #



O!* #tices #- c#u+t #+"e+s #+ '+#cesses se+.e" #

t&e S#!icit#+ ee+! /i" t&e %#.e+et$Pe+i#" #- ''e! s&!! /e c#ute" -+# "te #-

+ecei't #- t&e Fu"%et /* t&e S " #t /* t&e

'+#secut#+$

0e!te" -i!i% #- ''e! /* t&e Stte, #+ e.e its

-i!u+e t# -i!e #''#siti#, /ecuse #- t&e iste

#+ e++#+ #- its #--ici!s #+ %ets, "#es #t "e'+i.e it

#- its +i%&t t# ''e! -+# t&e ".e+se Fu"%et #-t&e +e%ist+ti# c#u+t$ (Re'u/!ic .$ Ti#ti#e, <2>

SCRA 1<3)



WRIT OB POSSESSION

A w+it #- '#ssessi# * /e issue" i:() !" +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i% w&ic& is in rem7



( ) % ' %

(/) e9t+Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- +e!t*7(c) Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- #+t%%e w&ic& is

$uasi in rem7 "(") e9ecuti# s!es$

A w+it #- '#ssessi# * /e issue" #t #!* %istt&e 'e+s# "e-ete" i t&e !" +e%ist+ti# cse /ut

!s# %ist *#e u!w-u!!* #ccu'*i% t&e !"

"u+i% t&e 'e"ec* #- t&e '+#cee"i%s u' t# t&e

issuce #- t&e -i! "ec+ee$ (Veci!# .$ V#, 1>3SCRA 5;1

A-te+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&e !" is "ec+ee", t&e wii%

'+t* &s t&e +i%&t t# tit!e " '#ssessi# #- t&e !"



w&ic& is i&e+et e!eet #- #we+s&i'$

A w+it #- '#ssessi# * /e issue" #t #!* %ist t&e

'e+s# #+ 'e+s#s "e-ete" /ut !s# %ist *#e

u!w-u!!* #ccu'*i% t&e !" "u+i% t&e +e%ist+ti#

'+#cee"i%s " u' t# t&e issuce #- t&e -i! "ec+ee$(Veci!# .$ V#, R N#$ L3<226, 1;;6)

T&e -ct t&t t&e+e is 'e"i% cti# ttci% t&e

.!i"it* #- t&e "ec+ee is #t /+ t# t&e issuce #- t&e

w+it #- '#ssessi# i -.#+ #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+s$ ( I"., citi% S#+#%# .$ M!it!, R N#$ L12;3, Be/$ 35,

1;5>)



I t&e i'!eetti# #- t&e w+it, t&e s&e+i--c#t +e#.e #+ "e#!is& t&e i'+#.eetse9ce't u'# s!ecial or"er #- t&e c#u+t$(Tui/* .$ S#+#, R 1<3612, A'+i! 13, 3616)

T&e w+it wi!! #t issue %ist 'e+s#s ti%

'#ssessi# after issuce #- t&e -i! "ec+ee$

T&e +ee"* is t# -i!e se'+te cti# -#+-#+ci/!e et+* #+ "etie+, #+ +ei.i"ict#+*

cti#$ (0e+s .$ Nue.,13= SCA 4;;)

I &umibay .$ Soro, su!ra, t&e C#u+t &e!":@A Fu"%et -#+ t&e "e!i.e+* #+ +estituti# #- '+#'e+t*

is esseti!!* #+"e+ t# '!ce t&e '+e.i!i% '+t* i



is esseti!!* #+"e+ t# '!ce t&e '+e.i!i% '+t* i

'#ssessi# #- t&e '+#'e+t*$ I- t&e "e-e"t +e-uses t#su++e"e+ '#ssessi# t# t&e '+e.i!i% '+t*, t&e s&e+i--

s&#u!" #ust &i$ N# e9'+ess #+"e+ t# t&is e--ect ee"s

t# /e stte" i t&e "ecisi#7 #+ is cte%#+ic!

stteet ee"e" i t&e "ecisi# t&t i suc& e.et t&es&e+i-- #+ #t&e+ '+#'e+ #--ice+ s&!! &.e t&e ut&#+it* t#

+e#.e t&e i'+#.eets # t&e '+#'e+t*$T&e +e#.! #- t&e i'+#.eets is "eee" +e" it#

t&e "ecisi#, su/Fect #!* t# t&e issuce #- s!ecialor"er /* t&e c#u+t -#+ t&e +e#.! #- t&e

i'+#.eets$

I +e!te" cse, De la Rosa v. <al"ez , R N#$

1<;161, Ju!* 3=, 3611, t&e C#u+t +u!e":



T&e+e +e '!e Fusti-icti#s -#+ t&e %+t /* t&e RTC#- w+it t&t '!ces t&e su/Fect '+#'e+t* i t&e

'#ssessi# #- t&e s'#uses V!"e " s'#uses M!.+

-#+ t&e "u+ti# #- t&e t+i! #- Ci.i! Cse N#$ 66261<$

S!es Ptet N#$ 4>=14, c#.e+i% t&e su/Fect '+#'e+t*,

&" !+e"* /ee issue" t# Ju V!"e w&ic& es

&i, t t&e .e+* !est, t&e euit/!e #we+ #- t&e si"

'+#'e+t*$ T&e+e is !+e"* +euest -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti#

#- S!es Ptet N#$ 4>=14 'e"i% /e-#+e t&e Re%ist+*

#- Dee"s #- M+ii Cit*$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

T&e s'#uses V!"e c#w!e"%e t&e t+s-e+ #- t&e

/F t t t t& M ! T&



su/Fect '+#'e+t* t# t&e s'#uses M!.+$ T&e s'#uses

De! R#s?s tit!e is /se" # TCT N#$ 5<1534A i

C+istet "e! R#s?s e, w&ic& is #t +e%iste+e" wit&

t&e Re%ist+* #- Dee"s #- M+ii Cit* #+ Ati'#!#

Cit*$ TCT N#$ 5<1534A is !s# t+ce" /c t# &itulo

"e 5ro!rie"a" No. ?)+4 , w&ic&, i t&e Itestte Estte

#- t&e !te D# M+i# S Pe"+# * Este/ .$ C#u+t

#- A''e!s, R N#$ 164=3=, Dec$ 1, 1;;2, ws !+e"*

"ec!+e" u!! " .#i", " -+# w&ic& # +i%&ts c#u!"

/e "e+i.e"$

W&e se'+te cti# is ecess+*W&e '+ties %ist w&# w+it #- '#ssessi# is

s#u%&t ete+e" it# '#ssessi# ''+et!* after t&e



% ' '' * f

issuce #- t&e -i! "ec+ee, " #e #- t&e &" /ee '+t* i t&e +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s, t&e w+it #-

'#ssessi# wi!! #t issue$A 'e+s# w&# t## '#ssessi# #- t&e !" after -i!

Fu"%et i +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s cannot /e

su+i!* #uste" t&+#u%& w+it #- '#ssessi# secu+e"

/* e+e #ti# " t&t +e%+"!ess #- * tit!e #+ !c

#- tit!e #- 'e+s#s t# &#!" '#ssessi# #- t&e !" i

uesti#, t&e* c#t /e #uste" wit&#ut %i.i% t&et&ei+ "* i c#u+t i '+#'e+ in"e!en"ent !rocee"ings.

(0e+s .$ Nue.#, 13= SCRA 4;;)

Bi!u+e t# .cte7 c#te'tU"e+ Secti# 4 ("), Ru!e 1;, Ru!es #- C#u+t, t&e w+it #-

e9ecuti# ust +eui+e t&e s&e+i-- #+ #t&e+ #--ice+ t#



w&# it ust /e "i+ecte" t# "e!i.e+ t&e '#ssessi# #-t&e '+#'e+t*, "esc+i/i% it, t# t&e '+t* etit!e" t&e+et#$

T&e s&e+i-- ust "is'#ssess #+ eFect t&e !#si% '+t*

-+# t&e '+eises " "e!i.e+ t&e '#ssessi# t&e+e#- t#

t&e wii% '+t*$I- su/seuet t# suc& "is'#ssessi# #+ eFectet t&e

!#si% '+t* ete+s #+ tte'ts t# ete+ it# #+ u'# t&e

+e! '+#'e+t*, -#+ t&e 'u+'#se #- e9e+cisi% cts #-

#we+s&i' #+ '#ssessi#, #+ i * e+ "istu+/s t&e

'#ssessi# #- t&e 'e+s# "Fu"%e" t# /e etit!e" t&e+et#,

#!* t&e * t&e !#se+ /e c&+%e" wit& " 'uis&e"

-#+ c#te't $ (Veci!# .$ V#, 1>3 SCRA 5;1)$



DECREE OB

REISTRATION

A "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# is #+"e+ issue" u"e+ t&e

si%tu+e #- t&e LRA A"iist+t#+ stti% t&t t&e



si%tu+e #- t&e LRA A"iist+t#+ stti% t&t t&e

!" is +e%iste+e" i t&e e #- t&e ''!ict (#+

#''#sit#+ #+ c!it, s t&e cse * /e)$ It s&!!

/e+ t&e "te, &#u+ " iute #- its et+*$ A ce+ti-ie"

c#'* #- t&e "ec+ee is set t# t&e RD -#+ t+sc+i'ti#

i t&e @Re%ist+ti# 0##$T&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! te e--ect u'# t&e "te

#- t&e et+* #- t&e "ec+ee$ (M#t# Re!t*, Ic$ .$

CLT Re!t* De.e!#'et C#+'#+ti#, R N#$134452, Dec$ 15, 366=)

T&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# s&!! /i" t&e !" " uiet

tit!e t&e+et#$ It s&!! /e c#c!usi.e %ist !! 'e+s#s,



ic!u"i% t&e %#.e+et " its /+c&es$ (Sec$ 41,

PD 1<3;)L" /ec#es +e%iste+e" !" #!* u'# t&e

transcri!tion #- t&e "ec+ee i t&e /## #- t&e Re%iste+

#- Dee"s, " #t # t&e "te #- t&e issuce #- t&e"ec+ee$ (M#t# .$ CLT Re!t*, su!ra)

A c#u+t &s # Fu+is"icti# t# "ec+ee %i !" !+e"*

"ec+ee" i '+i#+ cse$ (L/u+" .$ LRA, 3>= SCRA

444), #t&e+wise t&t c#stitutes collateral ttc #t&e e9isti% tit!e$ (SM P+ie H#!"i%s .$ M"*%, <=>

SCRA <<3)



CERTIBICATE OB TITLE

Issuce #- "ec+ee " ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

Wit&i 1< "*s -+# et+* #- t&e Fu"%et, t&e



c#u+t s&!! "i+ect t&e LRA A"iist+t#+ t# issuet&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# " '+e'+e t&e #+i%i!

" "u'!icte ce+ti-icte #- tit!e /se" t&e+e#$ T&e

#+i%i! ce+ti-icte #- tit!e, si%e" /* &i, s&!! /e

t+ue c#'* #- t&e "ec+ee, " s&!! /e set,t#%et&e+ wit& t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte, t# t&e Re%iste+

#- Dee"s #- t&e cit* #+ '+#.ice w&e+e t&e !"

!ies$ (Sec$ 4;, PD 1<3;)

T&e ce+ti-icte is i"e-esi/!e e.i"ece #-

#we+s&i' #- t&e 'e+s# w&#se e ''e+s

t&e+ei$ (P%i/ .$ D*+it, 525 SCRA 4=6)$

C#tets #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

E.e+* ce+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! set -#+t& t&e -u!! es #- t&e

i " " & i - & / !



+e%iste+e" #we+s " t&ei+ sttus$ I- t&e '+#'e+t* /e!#%s t#

t&e c#Fu%! '+te+s&i', it s&!! /e issue" i t&e es #-

/#t& s'#uses$

A!! '+#'e+t* #- t&e ++i%e is '+esue" t# /e!#% t# t&e

c#Fu%! '+te+s&i', u!ess it /e '+#.e" t&t it 'e+tis

e9c!usi.e!* t# t&e &us/" #+ t# t&e wi-e$ (A+t$ 126, CC)

W&e t&e '+#'e+t* is +e%iste+e" i t&e e #- s'#use

#!* " t&e+e is # s&#wi% s t# w&e t&e '+#'e+t* ws

cui+e", t&is i"ictes t&t t&e '+#'e+t* /e!#%s e9c!usi.e!*

t# si" s'#use$ T&e '+esu'ti# i A+t$ 126 "#es #t ''!*i t&t cse es'eci!!* w&e+e t&e +i%&ts #- i#cet t&i+"

'+ties +e i.#!.e"$ (PN0 ., Vitu%, 1<4 SCRA 54<)

Et+* #- #+i%i! ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

U'# +ecei't /* t&e RD #- t&e #+i%i! " "u'!icte



c#'ies #- t&e tit!e, t&e se s&!! /e ete+e" i t&e "* /## " s&!! /e u/e+e", "te", si%e" " se!e"$

Si" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! te e--ect u'# t&e et+*

t&e+e#-$ T&e RD s&!! t&e se" #tice /* i! t# t&e

+e%iste+e" #we+ t&t &is #we+Gs c#'* is +e"* -#+"e!i.e+* t# &i u'# '*et #- !e%! -ees$

T&e original certificate of title sall be a true co!y of

te "ecree of registration. It s&!! stte t&e es #- t&e

+e%iste+e" #we+s " t&ei+ sttus$ I- t&e '+#'e+t* isc#Fu%! t&e tit!e s&!! /e issue" i t&e es #- /#t&

s'#uses$ (Sec$ 56, PD 1<3;)

• A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e * /e original ce+ti-icte#- tit!e w&ic& c#stitutes t+ue c#'* #- t&e "ec+ee



#- tit!e, w&ic& c#stitutes t+ue c#'* #- t&e "ec+ee

#- +e%ist+ti#, #+ transfer ce+ti-icte #- tit!e,issue" su/seuet t# #+i%i! +e%ist+ti#$

• T&e tit!e se+.es s e.i"ece #- in"efeasible an"incontrovertible tit!e #e *e+ -te+ t&e issuce #-t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# /* t&e LRA$ (De! P+"#.$ C/!!e+#, R N#$ 15>33<, M+c& 4, 3616)

• A 'e+s# "e!i% wit& +e%iste+e" !" ee" #t %#

/e*#", /ut #!* &s t# +e!* #, t&e tit!e #- &is '+e"ecess#+$ (u+tee" H#es .$ V!"e, <==SCRA 551)

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e issue" 'u+sut t# a"minis@



trative !rocee"ings is s i"e-esi/!e s * tit!eissue" t&+#u%& Fu"ici! '+#cee"i%s '+#.i"e" t&e !"

is "is!osable 'u/!ic !", " /ec#es

ic#t+#.e+ti/!e #e *e+ -te+ t&e issuce #- t&e

'tet$ (Re'u/!ic .$ C+!e, 16< P&i!$ 133=)A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e /se" # emanci!ation !atent

u"e+ PD N#$ 3= !s# eF#*s t&e se '+#tecti# s

ce+ti-icte issue" Fu"ici!!* #+ "iist+ti.e!*$

(L##* .$ Sec$ #- A%++i Re-#+, R N#$ 1=<65;,

N#.$ 3=, 366>)

Tit!e e+!ie+ i "te '+e.i!s

O t&e ssu'ti# t&t t&e+e ws +e%u!+it* i t&e

i t ti ! "i t t& t ! i -



+e%ist+ti# !e"i% t# t&e e.etu! issuce #-

su/Fect t+s-e+ ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e, t&e /ette+

''+#c& is t# t+ce t&e #+i%i! ce+ti-ictes -+#

w&ic& t&e ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e i "is'ute we+e "e+i.e"$

S&#u!" t&e+e /e #!* #e c## #+i%i! ce+ti-icte#- tit!e, $ $ $, t&e t+s-e+ ce+ti-icte issue" #

e+!ie+ "te !#% t&e !ie ust '+e.i!, /set *

#!* #+ i++e%u!+it* titi% t&e '+#cess #-

+e%ist+ti#$ (T#' M%eet P+#%+s C#+'$ .$BF+"#, R N#$1<6523, Jue 1<, 3611)



STATUTOR LIENS

ABBECTIN REISTERED

LAND

•E.e+* +e%iste+e" #we+ &#!"s tit!e -+ee -+#

ecu/+ces e9ce't: () !ies #+ +i%&ts #t +eui+e"



/* !w t# /e +e%iste+e" (/) u'i" +e! estte t9es (c) 'u/!ic &i%&w* (") !iitti# # t&e use #- '+#'e+t*

u"e+ %++i +e-#+ " 'u/!ic !" !ws (e)

!i/i!it* t# ttc&et #+ !e.* # e9ecuti# (-) ti%

u"e+ eiet "#i '+#cee"i%s$ (Sec$ 55, PD N#$1<3;)

• Pu+'#se: t# %i.e t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ /s#!ute!*

c!e tit!e, #t su/Fect t# &i""e "e-ects #+ ic&#te

c!is, s we!! s +est+icti#s e9ce't t&#se ''e+i% i

t&e ce+ti-icte #+ i'#se" /* t&e !w$

T&e "ec+ee "#es #t +e!ie.e t&e !" #+ t&e

+e%iste+e" #we+ -+# * +i%&ts ici"et t#:

T&e +e!ti# #- &us/" " wi-e !"!#+" " tet7



T&e +e!ti# #- &us/" " wi-e, !"!#+" " tet7

B+# !i/i!it* t# ttc&et #+ !e.* # e9ecuti#7

B+# !i/i!it* t# * !ie #- * "esc+i'ti# est/!is&e"

/* !w # t&e !" " /ui!"i%s t&e+e#7 #+

C&%e t&e !ws #- "escet, +i%&ts #- '+titi#, #+ +i%&tt# te t&e se /* eiet "#i7 #+

Re!ie.e suc& !" -+# !i/i!it* t# * ssi%ee i

is#!.ec* #+ /+u'tc*7 #+

C&%e #+ --ect #t&e+ +i%&ts #+ !i/i!ities c+ete" /*!w (Sec$ 52, PD 1<3;)



VOLUNTAR DEALINS

WITH REISTERED LAND

V#!ut+* "e!i%s wit& +e%iste+e" !"s

A* +e%iste+e" #we+ * c#.e*, #+t%%e,



!ese #+ #t&e+wise "e! wit& t&e !"$ (Sec$ <1$PD N#$ 1<3;)$

E.e+* c#.e*ce #+ "is'#siti# #- +e%iste+e"

!", i- +e%iste+e", is c#st+ucti.e #tice t# !!

'e+s#s -+# t&e tie #- +e%ist+ti#$ (Sec$ <3,

PD 1<3;7 u+tee" H#es .$ V!"e, <==

SCA 551)

0ut #w!e"%e #- u+e%iste+e" s!e iseui.!et t# +e%ist+ti#$ (Be+"e .$ CA,

1>; SCRA =>6)

C#t+cts +e #/!i%t#+* i w&te.e+ -#+

'+#.i"e" t&e esseti! +euisites #- consent, ob'ect

" cause #- t&e #/!i%ti# is est/!is&e"$



%

D#ti# #- +e! '+#'e+t* ust /e i 'u/!ic

ist+uet t# /e .!i"$ B#+ #+t%%e t# /e

.!i"!* c#stitute", t&e "#cuet ust /e

+ec#+"e"$

A%+eeets eti#e" i t&e Sttute #- B+u"s, t#

/e e-#+ce/!e, ust /e i w+iti% " su/sc+i/e"

/* t&e '+t* c&+%e"$

S!e #- +e! estte is .!i" +e%+"!ess #- -#+ /ut ise--ecti.e %ist t&i+" 'e+s#s #!* -+# "te #-

+e%ist+ti#$

0etwee tw# t+scti#s c#ce+i% t&e se !",

t&e +e%iste+e" t+scti# '+e.i!s #.e+ t&e e+!ie+

u+e%iste+e" +i%&t$



% %

T&us, w&e+e 'u+c&se+ -i!es ".e+se c!i t#+e%iste+e" !" #!* after t&e se ws !+e"*

#+t%%e" t# t&e /, u'# t&e c!i t&t &e /#u%&t

t&e !" @!#% /e-#+e t&e #+t%%e, t&e +i%&t #- t&e

/ t# t&e '+#'e+t* is su'e+i#+ t# t&t #- t&e 'u+c&se+$(Uc&u .$ CA, 121 SCA =16)

I- tw# ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e 'u+'#+t t# ic!u"e t&e se

!", t&e /ette+ ''+#c& is t# t+ce t&e #+i%i!

ce+ti-ictes -+# w&ic& t&e ce+ti-ictes #- tit!es we+e"e+i.e"$ (0%is .$ A"#!-#, R N#$ 1;6>=<, Jue 14,

3613)

Ru!e i cse #- s!e #- c#Fu%! '+#'e+t*U"e+ A+t$ 135 #- t&e Bi!* C#"e, t&e s!e #-



c#Fu%! '+#'e+t* +eui+es t&e c#set #- bot&us/" " wi-e$T&e /sece #- c#set #- #e +e"e+s t&e s!e null

an" voi" , ic!u"i% t&e !ortion 'e+tii% t# t&e

s'#use w&# c#t+cte" t&e s!e$ (ui% .$ C#u+t #-A''e!s, 4<4 P&i!$ <=>)U"e+ A+t$ 1=4 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e, t&e "is'#siti# #-

c#Fu%! '+#'e+t* wit&#ut t&e wi-eGs c#set is #t

.#i" /ut e+e!* voi"able, " t&e wi-e * wit&i16 *e+s s t&e c#u+t -#+ t&e u!et #- t&e

c#t+ct$

A+t$ 121 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e '+#.i"es t&t t&e c#Fu%!

'+te+s&i' s&!! /e !i/!e -#+ "e/ts " #/!i%ti#s

c#t+cte" /* t&e wi-e -#+ t&e /ee-it #- t&e c#Fu%!



'+te+s&i'$ (A!-+e"# .$ 0#++s, 565 SCRA 15<)I c#t+ct #- s!e, tit!e t# t&e '+#'e+t* 'sses t#

t&e .e"ee u'# "e!i.e+* #- t&e t&i% s#!"7 i

c#t+ct t# se!!, #we+s&i' is, /* %+eeet,

+ese+.e" i t&e .e"#+ " is #t t# 'ss t# t&e.e"ee uti! -u!! '*et #- t&e 'u+c&se '+ice$

S!e #- +e! '+#'e+t* i 'u/!ic ist+uet is

eui.!et t# t&e "e!i.e+* t&e+e#- i- t&e c#t++*

"#es #t ''e+$

Dacion en !ago is t&e "e!i.e+* " t+sissi# #-

#we+s&i' #- t&i% /* t&e "e/t#+ t# t&e c+e"it#+ s



cce'te" eui.!et #- t&e 'e+-#+ce #- t &e#/!i%ti#$

Re%ist+ti# i t&e 'u/!ic +e%ist+* is #tice t# t&e

w&#!e w#+!"$

#w!e"%e #- u+e%iste+e" s!e is eui.!et t#

+e%ist+ti#$ (Be+"e .$ CA, 1>; SCRA =>6)

0etwee tw# t+scti#s c#ce+i% t&e se !",

t&e +e%iste+e" t+scti# '+e.i!s #.e+ t&e e+!ie+u+e%iste+e" +i%&t$ (Bu"#t .$ Ctt!e*, <44 SCRA 4<6)



VOLUNTAR AND

INVOLUNTAR

REISTRATION

V#!ut+* " i.#!ut+* +e%ist+ti# "isti%uis&e"

<oluntary registration K t&e 'u+c&se+ /ec#es



<oluntary registration t&e 'u+c&se+ /ec#es

t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ u'# t&e -i!i% " et+* #-

t&e "ee" s!e i t&e "* /##, " t&e su++e"e+

#- t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte ce+ti-icte #- tit!e t# t&e

RD$ Involuntary registration K +e%ist+ti# is

c#'!ete u'# -i!i% " et+* #- t&e #+"e+ (e.g.,

#- ttc&et, !e.* u'# e9ecuti#, #tice #+ lis

!en"ens, etc$) i t&e "* /## #- t&e RD, wit&#ut

ee" #- '+eseti% t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte$

I voluntary registration, suc& s s!e, #+t%%e, !ese

" t&e !ie,

i- t&e #we+?s "u'!icte ce+ti-icte /e #t su++e"e+e"



i- t&e #we+ s "u'!icte ce+ti-icte /e #t su++e"e+e"

" '+esete", #+

i- # '*et #- +e%ist+ti# -ees /e "e wit&i

-i-tee (1<) "*s,

et+* i t&e "* /## #- t&e "ee" #- s!e "#es #t#'e+te t# c#.e* " --ect t&e !" s#!"$I involuntary registration, suc& s ttc&et, !e.*

u'# e9ecuti#, lis !en"ens " t&e !ie, et+* t&e+e#- i

t&e "* /## is su--iciet #tice t# !! 'e+s#s #- suc&".e+se c!i$ (0u!#% .$ #!es, R N#$ 1<241>,

Se't$ <, 3611)



REMEDIES



REVIEW OB DECREE

I Elan" 5ili!!ines .$ Garcia, R N#$ 1=43>;,

Be/ 1= 3616 t&e C#u+t citi% A%c#i!i



Be/$ 1=, 3616, t&e C#u+t, citi% A%c#i!i,

@ 5ro!erty Registration Decree an" Relate"

Ba(s, &e!":

C#u+ts * reo!en t&e '+#cee"i%s w&e+e

!etition for revie( is -i!e" wit&i one year -+#t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#, /se" #

actual #+ e/trinsic -+u", " t&e '+#'e+t* &s not

yet !asse" to a innocent !urcaser -#+ .!ue$

Reuisites:



() 'etiti#e+ ust &.e ite+est i !"7(/) 'etiti# is /se" # ctu! #+ e9t+isic

-+u"7

(c) 'etiti# is -i!e" wit&i #e *e+ -+# t&e

issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#7 "

(") '+#'e+t* &s #t *et 'sse" t# i#cet

'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$ (W!st+# .$ M', 415

P&i!$ <3=)

Sec$ 43, PD N#$ 1<3;$ Re.iew #- Dec+ee$

@T&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# s&!! #t /e +e#'ee" #+

+e.ise" /* +es# #- /sece, i#+it*, #+ #t&e+



* , *,

"is/i!it* #- * 'e+s# ".e+se!* --ecte" t&e+e/*, #+ /* * '+#cee"i% i * c#u+t -#+ +e.e+si% Fu"%ets,

su/Fect, &#we.e+, t# t&e +i%&t #- * 'e+s#, ic!u"i%

t&e %#.e+et " t&e /+c&es t&e+e#-, "e'+i.e" #-

!" #+ #- * estte #+ ite+est t&e+ei /* suc&"Fu"icti# #- c#-i+ti# #- tit!e #/tie" /* ctu!

-+u", t# -i!e i t&e '+#'e+ Re%i#! T+i! C#u+t

'etiti# -#+ +e#'ei% " +e.iew #- t&e "ec+ee #-

+e%ist+ti# #t !te+ t& #e *e+ -+# " -te+ t&e"te #- t&e et+* #- suc& "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#, /ut i #

cse s&!! suc&

'etiti# /e ete+tie" /* t&e c#u+t w&e+e i#cet

'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue &s cui+e" t&e !" #+ ite+est

t&e+ei, w&#se +i%&ts * /e '+eFu"ice"$ W&ee.e+ t&e



% * ' F

'&+se i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ueG #+ eui.!et '&+se #ccu+s i t&is Dec+ee, it s&!! /e "eee" t#

ic!u"e i#cet !essee, #+t%%ee, #+ #t&e+

ecu/+ce+ -#+ .!ue$ U'# t&e e9'i+ti# #- si"

'e+i#" #- #e *e+, t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# " t&ece+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! /ec#e ic#t+#.e+ti/!e$ A*

'e+s# %%+ie.e" /* suc& "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# i *

cse * 'u+sue &is +ee"* /* cti# -#+ "%es

%ist t&e ''!ict #+ * #t&e+ 'e+s#s +es'#si/!e-#+ t&e -+u"$

E/trinsic frau" is t&e -+u"u!et ct #- t&e



success-u! '+t* c#itte" outsi"e t&e t+i! #- cse %ist t&e "e-ete" '+t* w&ic& '+e.ete"t&e !tte+ -+# -i+!* '+eseti% &is cse$

Intrinsic frau" +e-e+s t# cts #- '+t* i

!iti%ti# "uring te trial , suc& s t&e use #--#+%e" ist+uets #+ 'e+Fu+e" testi#*, w&ic&"i" #t --ect t&e '+esetti# #- t&e cse, /ut"i" '+e.et -i+ " Fust "ete+iti# #- t&e

cse$ (P!c .$ Ae+ic B##"Mu-ctu+i%, 35 SCRA >1;)

• E9'!es #- e9t+isic -+u"De!i/e+te is+e'+esetti# t&t t&e !#t is #t



c#teste" w&e i -ct it is7A''!*i% -#+ !" w&ic& t&e ''!ict #ws &" #t

/ee !!#te" t# &i i t&e '+titi#7

Wi!!-u!!* is+e'+eseti% t&t t&e+e +e # #t&e+

c!is t# t&e !"7I"uci% c!it #t t# #''#se t&e ''!icti#$

• T&e #.e++i"i% c#si"e+ti# is t&t t&e -+u"u!et

sc&ee '+e.ete" '+t* -+# &.i% &is "* i c#u+t$

T&e -+u" is #e t&t --ects " %#es it# t&e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e c#u+t$

P!c .$ Ae+ic, su!ra8@W&e+e t&e usuccess-u! '+t* &" /ee '+e.ete" -+#

e9&i/iti% -u!!* &is cse, /* -+u" #+ "ece'ti# '+ctice"



# &i /* &is #''#et, s /* ee'i% &i w* -+#c#u+t, -!se '+#ise #- c#'+#ise7 #+ w&e+e t&e

"e-e"t e.e+ &" #w!e"%e #- t&e suit, /ei% e't i

i%#+ce /* t&e cts #- t&e '!iti--7 #+ w&e+e

tt#+e* -+u"u!et!* #+ wit&#ut ut&#+it* ssues t#

+e'+eset '+t* " c#i.es t &is "e-et7 #+ w&e+e

t&e tt#+e* +e%u!+!* e'!#*e" c#++u't!* se!!s #ut &is

c!iet?s ite+est t# t&e #t&e+ si"e t&ese, " sii!+

cses, 9 9 9 +e +es#s -#+ w&ic& ew suit * /e

sustie" t# set si"e " u! t&e -#+e+ Fu"%et #+

"ec+ee, " o!en te case for a ne( an" fair earing $



ACTION BOR

RECONVEANCE

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce is !e%! " euit/!e

+ee"* %+te" t# t&e +i%&t-u! !"#we+, w&#se



* % % ,

!" ws w+#%-u!!* #+ e++#e#us!* +e%iste+e" i

t&e e #- #t&e+, t# c#'e! t&e +e%iste+e" #we+

t# t+s-e+ #+ +ec#.e* t&e !" t# &i$

T&e cti# res!ects te "ecree #- +e%ist+ti# sic#t+#.e+ti/!e /ut sees t&e transfer #- '+#'e+t*,

w+#%-u!!* #+ e++#e#us!* +e%iste+e" i #t&e+

'e+s#Gs e, t# its rigtful o(ner or a !erson

(o as a better rigt $ (A!"e .$ 0e+!, R N#$12;442, M+c& 1>, 36167 /e .$ IAC, 1;5

SCRA =;47 #!es .$ IAC, 1<=SCRA <>=)

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce is cti# in !ersonam

" is -i!e" s #+"i+* cti# i t&e #+"i+* c#u+ts

#- Fustice " #t wit& t&e !" +e%ist+ti# c#u+t$ A



F %

#tice #- lis !en"ens * /e #tte" # t&e

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ie"ite!* u'# t&e istituti# #-

t&e cti# i c#u+t$ (Mu# .$ /ut, R N#$ 1532=2,

Jue 2, 3611)$A+tic!e 545 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e '+#.i"es t&t t#

success-u!!* iti cti# t# +ec#.e+ t&e

#we+s&i' #- +e! '+#'e+t*, t&e 'e+s# w&# c!is

/ette+ +i%&t t# it ust '+#.e tw# (3) t&i%s: first , t&ei"etit* #- t&e !" c!ie"7 " secon" , &is tit!e

t&e+et#$

Reuisites:T&e cti# is /+#u%&t /* t&e '+t* i ite+est



% * ' *

-te+ #e *e+ -+# issuce #- "ec+ee7+e%ist+ti# ws '+#cu+e" t&+#u%& ctu! -+u"7t&e '+#'e+t* &s #t *et 'sse" t# i#cet

'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$A '+t* * -i!e cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce #- t&e

'+#'e+t* #- w&ic& &e &s /ee i!!e%!!* "e'+i.e"

even before t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee$ (Mu$ #-

H%##* .$ Sec+et+*, =4 SCRA <6=)

I- '+#'e+t* is cui+e" t&+#u%& iste #+ -+u", t&e

'e+s# #/tii% it is, /* -#+ce #- !w, c#si"e+e"



t+ustee #- im!lie" trust -#+ t&e /ee-it #- t&e 'e+s#-+# w&# t&e '+#'e+t* c#es$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce /se" # i'!ie" t+ust

'+esc+i/es i )3 years s it is #/!i%ti# c+ete" /*

!w, t# /e c#ute" -+# t&e "te #- issuce #- t&eT#++es tit!e #.e+ t&e '+#'e+t*$

T&is +u!e, &#we.e+, ''!ies #!* w&e t&e '!iti-- #+

t&e 'e+s# e-#+ci% t&e t+ust is #t i '#ssessi# #-

t&e '+#'e+t*$ (PN0 .$ Ju#*, R N#$ 12;;61, Au%$

4, 3611)

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce u"e+ c#st+ucti.e

i'!ie" t+ust i cc#+"ce wit& A+tic!e 15<2 "#es #t



'

'+esc+i/e u!ess " uti! t&e !" is registere" #+ t&e

ist+uet --ecti% t&e se is isc+i/e" i

cc#+"ce wit& !w, isuc& s it is w&t /i"s t&e

!" " #'e+tes c#st+ucti.e #tice t# t&e w#+!"$T&us, w&e+e t&e !" is unregistere", it is -+# t&e

"te #- actual notice #- t&e -+u"u!et s!e t&t

'+esc+i'ti# /e% t# t#!!$ (C/cu% .$ Li%#,

R N#$ 1=<6=4, Au%$ 1<, 3611)

Pcete .$ As#ti%ue, R N#$ 1>><=<, Dec$ 16, 3613

Bcts: W&e Pcete '+#cu+e" OCT N#$ V122<5 i



1;21, t&e "is'ute" !#t ws !+e"* i '#ssessi# #-As#ti%ue, w&#se '+e"ecess#+iite+est, Su%", &"

/ee #ccu'*i% it sice 1;<>$ Is +ec#.e*ce '+#'e+

He!": es$ T&e +e%ist+ti# #- As#ti%ue?s !#t i -.#+ #-

Pcete, w&# eit&e+ '#ssesse" #+ #ccu'ie" t&e !#t, isw+#%-u!$ Isuc& s Pcete &" #t *et t+s-e++e"

t&e !#t t# i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue, cti# -#+

+ec#.e*ce is '+#'e+$ Rec#.e*ce is .i!/!e #t

#!* t# t&e !e%! #we+ #- '+#'e+t* /ut !s# t# t&e 'e+s# (it a better rigt t& t&e 'e+s# u"e+ w&#se

e si" '+#'e+t* ws e++#e#us!* +e%iste+e"$

I ci.i! cti#s i.#!.i% tit!e t# #+ ite+est i

'+#'e+t*, Fu+is"icti# +ests wit& t&e RTC w&e+e t&e

ssesse" .!ue #- t&e '+#'e+t* e9cee"s P36,666 (#+,



' ' * , ( ,

P<6,666 i Met+# Mi!)$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce is #+"i+* cti#

i.#!.i% @tit!e t# !", " s&#u!" /e -i!e" i t&e

#+"i+* c#u+ts w&e+e t&e !" #+ '#+ti# t&e+e#- issitute"$ (Sec$ 1, Ru!e 57 Lt#++e .$ Lt#++e, R N#$

1>4632, M+c& 36, 36167 Re'u/!ic .$ M%t#+,

R N#$ 1=64=<, Ju!* =, 3616)

T&e cti# is in !ersonam " is /i"i% #!* #

'e+s#s i'!e"e"$ (C&i% .$ CA, 1>1 SCRA ;)

Quieti% #- tit!e

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce &s s#eties /ee



*

t+ete" s cti# t# $uiet title. Reuisites:

P!iti-- &s !e%! #+ euit/!e tit!e #+ ite+est i

t&e '+#'e+t*

T&e "ee", c!i, ecu/+ce #+ '+#cee"i%c!ie" t# /e csti% c!#u" # &is tit!e ust /e

s&#w t# /e i.!i" #+ i#'e+ti.e "es'ite its

!rima facie ''e+ce #- .!i"it*$ (P&i!.i!!e

De.e!#'et " H#usi% C#+'#+ti# .$

0#i-ci#, R N#$ 12=4;1, Jue >, 3611)

Quieti% #- tit!e, i!!ust+ti#:

J#se w&# is %et, i +e'+esetti# #- Pe"+#,



se!!s t&e !tte+Gs &#use t# M+i#$ T&e "ee" #- s!e ise9ecute" i 'u/!ic ist+uet " t&e+e is #

i"icti# t&t t&e ut&#+it* #- t&e %et is #t i

w+iti%$ T&e "ee" #- s!e ''e+s t# /e .!i" "

e--ecti.e # its -ce$As t&e ut&#+it* #- J#se t# se!! is #t i w+iti%, t&e

s!e is .#i" (A+t$ 1>=5, CC)$ Pe"+# c -i!e suit

%ist t&e /u*e+ M+i# t# uiet &is tit!e$ (Pie",

P+#'e+t*)

P+esc+i'ti# #- cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce

Acti# /se" # -+u" K ? years



Acti# /se" # i'!ie" t+ust K )3 years

Acti# /se" # .#i" c#t+ct K im!rescri!tible

Acti# t# uiet tit!e w&e+e '!iti-- is i '#ssessi# K

im!rescri!tible (See: +e" .$ Ti#%c#, R N#$121426, Oct$ 1;, 36117 C/cu% .$ Li%#, R

N#$ 1=<6=4, Au%$ 1<, 3611)

0ut laces * /+ +ec#.e+*$ (Be+"# .$ Acu, R

N#$ 121646, Se't$ 15, 36117 Lucs .$ '#i, 166

P&i!$ 3==)

E!eets #- !c&esC#"uct #- "e-e"t %i.i% +ise t# situti# #-



w&ic& c#'!it is "e " -#+ w&ic& t&ec#'!it sees +ee"*7

De!* i sse+ti% c#'!itGs +i%&ts "es'ite

#''#+tuit* t# "# s#7Lc #- #w!e"%e #+ #tice # t&e '+t #-

"e-e"t t&t c#'!it w#u!" sse+t &is +i%&t7

"IFu+* #+ '+eFu"ice t# "e-e"t i- +e!ie- is cc#+"e"

c#'!it, #+ t&e suit is #t &e!" t# /e /++e"$

I!!ust+ti.e cses #- !c&es

Petiti#e+Gs cti# t# +ec#.e+ tit!e " '#ssessi#



#- t&e "is'ute" !#t ws "e #!* -te+ 13 *e+s-+# t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&e s!e t# "e-e"t$ (De !

C!"Cie++s .$ CA, 313 SCRA 4;6)

T&e c!ie" #we+ #- !#t -i!e" t# ''e+ "u+i%

t&e c"st+! '+#cee"i%s, " /+#u%&t cti# t#uesti# t&e Fu"%et #!* 16 *e+s !te+$

(#!es .$ Di+ect#+ #- L"s, <3 P&i!$ >;<)

P!iti-- "i" #t '+eset &is c!i %ist t&e estte#- t&e "ecese" wi-e /ut "i" s# #!* -#u+ *e+s !te+

%ist t&e wi"#we+$ ('tic# .$ u!#, <= P&i!$ >1>)



ACTION BOR

DAMAES

• A-te+ #e *e+ -+# t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee, t&es#!e +ee"* #- t&e %%+ie.e" '+t* is #t t# set



si"e t&e "ec+ee /ut, +es'ecti% it sic#t+#.e+ti/!e " # !#%e+ #'e t# +e.iew, t# /+i% #+"i+* cti# i t&e #+"i+* c#u+t -#++ec#.e*ce$ 0ut i- t&e '+#'e+t* &s 'sse" it#

t&e &"s #- i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue, t&e+ee"* is cti# -#+ "amages. (#!es .$IAC, 1<= SCRA <>=)

•Acti# -#+ "%es ust /e /+#u%&t wit&i ten6)3 years) -+# issuce #- t&e uesti#e"ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (A+t$1155, CC)



ACTION BOR

REVERSION

Re.e+si# is cti# -i!e" /* t&e %#.e+et,

t&+#u%& t&e 9ffice of te Solicitor General , t#



+est#+e 'u/!ic !" -+u"u!et!* w+"e" "

"is'#se" #- t# '+i.te i"i.i"u!s #+ c#+'#+ti#s

t# t&e ss #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$ (uFuic# .$

Re'u/!ic, R N#$ 12>221, Oct$ 32, 366=, citi%A%c#i!i, 5ro!erty Registration Decree#)

+#u"s: !! cses w&e+e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic

"#i +e &e!" i .i#!ti# #- t&e C#stituti#$

T&e R&C * '+#'e+!* te c#%ice #- reversion

suits w&ic& "# #t c!! -#+ u!et #- Fu"%et



#- t&e RTC cti% s !" +e%ist+ti# c#u+t$Acti#s -#+ cancellation of title an" reversion

/e!#% t# t&e c!ss #- cses t&t i.#!.e t&e title to,

or !ossession of, real !ro!erty, #+ * ite+estt&e+ei " w&e+e t&e ssesse" .!ue #- t&e

'+#'e+t* e9cee"s P36,666$66 0ts P/s 0!%$

13;, Sec$ 1; (3), -!! u"e+ t&e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e

RTC$ (Re'u/!ic .$ R# Ct&#!ic A+c&/is&#', R N#$ 1;3;=<, N#.$ 13, 36137 St#s .$ CA, 315

SCRA 123)

A!! cti#s -#+ t&e +e.e+si# t# t&e #.e+et #-

!"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i #+ i'+#.eets t&e+e#



s&!! /e istitute" /* t&e S#!icit#+ ee+! #+ t&e#--ice+ cti% i &is ste", i t&e '+#'e+ c#u+ts, i t&e

e #- t&e Re'u/!ic #- t&e P&i!i''ies$ (Sec$ 161,

PLA)

U!ess " uti! t&e !" is +e.e+te" t# t&e Stte /*

.i+tue #- Fu"%et #- c#u+t #- !w i "i+ect

'+#cee"i% -#+ +e.e+si#, t&e T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

t&e+et# +eis .!i" " /i"i% %ist t&e w&#!ew#+!"$ (T#!eti# .$ Lu+e!, R N#$ 1>142>, Be/$33,

3613)

• Stte #t /#u" /* '+esc+i'ti#U"e+ Sec$ ;1 #- t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (CA N#$

151), t&e LM0 Di+ect#+ &s continuing autority t#



c#"uct i.esti%ti# t# "ete+ie w&et&e+ #+ #t

'u/!ic !" &s /ee -+u"u!et!* w+"e" #+ tit!e"

t# t&e e" t&t t&e c#++es'#"i% ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

/e cce!!e" " t&e !" +e.e+te" t# t&e ss 'u/!ic "#i$ (Pie+# .$ Di+ect#+ #- L"s, <=

SCRA 4>2)

T&e i"e-esi/i!it* #- tit!e is not a bar t#

i.esti%ti# /* t&e Stte s t# &#w suc& tit!e &s /ee cui+e"$ (C.i!e .$ LitiH#%, <>1 SCRA

56>)

0ut w&e+e t&e tit!e #- i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue

ws s#u%&t t# /e cce!!e", it ws &e!" t&t @it is #!*

-i+ " +es#/!e t# ''!* t&e euit/!e '+ici'!e #-



est#''e! /* !c&es %ist t&e %#.e+et, " !s#

t&e '+ici'!e #- res 'u"icata. (uFuic# .$ Re'u/!ic, R

N#$ 12>221, Oct$ 32, 366=)

Neit&e+ * t&e tit!e&#!"e+ /e "e t# /e+ t&eu-.#+/!e e--ect #- t&e iste #+ e%!i%ece #- t&e

StteGs %ets (i ''+#.i% t&e su/"i.isi# '!) i

t&e /sece #- '+##- #- c#'!icit* i -+u" #+ #-

i-est "%e t# t&i+" 'e+s#s$ (Re'u/!ic .$ CA "St#s, 461 SCRA 422)



ACTION BOR

CANCELLATION OB TITLE

It is cti# iitite" /* '+i.te '+t* usu!!* i

cse w&e+e tw# tit!es +e issue" -#+ t&e se !#t$

W& i ! i " - & ! &



W&e+e tw# tit!es +e issue" -#+ t&e se !#t, t&ee+!ie+ i "te '+e.i!s$ (PF#*# .$ Mi'#, 4;

SCRA 2=2)

L" "#es #t +e.e+t t# t&e Stte /ut is "ec!+e" s!w-u!!* /e!#%i% t# t&e '+t* w&#se tit!e is

su'e+i#+ #.e+ t&e #t&e+$

0ut t&e Stte is .este" wit& 'e+s#!it* t# -i!e t&is

cti# t# '+#tect 'u/!ic ite+est " s-e%u+" t&eAssu+ce Bu"

I- !" c#.e+e" /* -+ee 'tet ws '+i.te !", t&e

Di+ect#+ #- L"s &s # Fu+is"icti# #.e+ it$ Suc&

-+ee 'tet " t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e issue" 'u+sut

& !!i T& i " i i i



t&e+et# +e u!!it*$ T&e %%+ie.e" '+t* * iitite cti# -#+ cancellation #- suc& tit!e$

T&e Di+ect#+ #- L"s &s # ut&#+it* t# %+t -+ee

'tet t# !"s t&t &.e cese" t# /e 'u/!ic i c&+cte+

" &.e 'sse" t# '+i.te #we+s&i'$ C#seuet!*, ce+ti-icte #- tit!e issue" 'u+sut t# -+ee #+ &#este"

'tet '+tes #- t&e tu+e #- ce+ti-icte issue" i

Fu"ici! '+#cee"i% #!* i- t&e !" c#.e+e" /* it is +e!!*

'+t #- t&e "is'#s/!e !" #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$(P/us .$ utic#, R N#$ 1254<2, Ju!* 3=, 3611,

citi% De Guzman v. :gbagala, <52 SCRA 3=>)



ANNULMENT OB

JUDMENT

T&is is e9t+#+"i+* +ee"* -i!e" wit& t&e

C t - A ! " R ! 5= - t& R ! -



C#u+t #- A''e!s u"e+ Ru!e 5= #- t&e Ru!es #-C#u+t, w&e+e t&e #+"i+* +ee"ies #- ew t+i!,

''e!, 'etiti# -#+ +e!ie- #+ #t&e+ ''+#'+ite

+ee"ies +e # !#%e+ .i!/!e t&+#u%& # -u!t

#- t&e 'etiti#e+$Ju"%ets #+ #+"e+s #- usiFu"ici! /#"ies, e.g.,

NLRC #+ DARA0, +e #t c#.e+e" /* 'etiti#s

-#+ u!et$

Re.e+si# suits we+e #+i%i!!* -i!e" wit& t&e

RTC t ! tit! t t " i i t ti !



RTC t# u! tit!es #+ 'tets "iist+ti.e!*issue" /* t&e LM0$

0ut wit& t&e e--ecti.it* #- 0P 0!%$ 13; w&ic& %.e

t&e Ite+e"ite A''e!!te C#u+t (IAC) Fu+is"icti##.e+ cti#s for annulment 'u"gments #- RTCs, t&e

Ru!es #- C#u+t '+#u!%te" # Ju!* 1, 1;;=

ic#+'#+te" Ru!e 5= # u!et #- Fu"%ets #+

-i! #+"e+s #- t&e RTCs$ (uFuic# .$ Re'u/!ic, <4=SCRA <14)

+#u"s -#+ u!et:

• () cti# is /se" # e/trinsic frau" , -i!e" wit&i four

6?7 years -+# "isc#.e+*7

• (/) l k f ' i "i ti t& - t&



• (/) lack of 'uris"iction #.e+ t&e 'e+s# #- t&e"e-e"t+es'#"et #+ #.e+ t&e su/Fect tte+ #- t&e

cti#$ (A!c+ .$ A+te, R N#$ 1==653, Dec$ 16, 36137

0u!w .$ Aue"e, R N#$ 1>3>1;, Jue 33, 3611)

o I- /se" # !c #- Fu+is"icti#, 'etiti#e+ ee" #t!!e%e t&t t&e #+"i+* +ee"ies #- ew t+i! #+

''e! +e # !#%e+ .i!/!e t&+#u%& # -u!t #-

&is$o

I- %+#u" is !c #- Fu+is"icti#, #t&e+ +ee"* iscertiorari u"e+ Ru!e 2< w&e+e t&e CA " SC

&.e c#cu++et Fu+is"icti#$

I Cabigas v. Bimbaco, R N#$ 1=<3;1, Ju!* 3=,

3611, it ws &e!" t&t:

i t& titi ll " t& t t& N ti !



sice t&e 'etiti#e+s never allege" t&t t&e Nti#!Ai+'#+ts C#+'#+ti# cte" wit& /" -it& w&e it

+e%iste+e" t&e !#ts i its e, t&e '+esu'ti# #-

%##" -it& '+e.i!s$ C#seuet!*, t&e Nti#!

Ai+'#+ts C#+'#+ti#, /ei% +e%ist+t i %##"-it&, is +ec#%ie" s t&e +i%&t-u! #we+ #- t&e !#ts

i uesti#, " t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&e '+#'e+ties i

its e cut off * " !! '+i#+ !ies, ite+ests "

ecu/+ces, ic!u"i% t&e !!e%e" '+i#+ s!e t#C#/+"e, t&t we+e #t +ec#+"e" # t&e tit!es$

T&e C#u+t -u+t&e+ &e!":I cse -#+ u!et #- tit!e, t&e c#'!it ust

allege t&t t&e 'u+c&se+ (as a(are of te "efect in

t titl t& t t& - ti i t &i i!!



te title s# t&t t&e cuse #- cti# %ist &i wi!! /e su--iciet$ Bi!u+e t# "# s# is -t! sice t&e c#u+t

c#t +e"e+ .!i" Fu"%et %ist t&e 'u+c&se+

w&# is '+esue" t# /e i %##" -it& i cui+i% t&e

si" '+#'e+t*$ Bi!u+e t# '+#.e, uc& !ess i'ute, /" -it& # si" 'u+c&se+ w&# &s cui+e" tit!e

i &is -.#+ w#u!" e it i'#ssi/!e -#+ t&e c#u+t

t# +e"e+ .!i" Fu"%et t&e+e# "ue t# t&e

i"e-esi/i!it* " c#c!usi.eess #- &is tit!e$(C/i%s .$ Li/c#, su!ra)

B+u" " is+e'+esetti#, s %+#u"s -#+ cce!!ti#

#- 'tet " u!et #- tit!e, s&#u!" e.e+ /e

'+esue", /ut ust /e '+#.e" /* c!e+ " c#.ici%

e.i"ece, e+e '+e'#"e+ce #- e.i"ece #t /ei%



"eute$ B+u" is uesti# #- -ct w&ic& ust /e

'+#.e"$

I Sam!aco v. Bantu" , R N#$ 124<<1, Ju!* 1>, 3611, t&e

si%t#+* #- t&e ce+ti-icti#, Dtu S+ A",AA"$ Assistt II, Ntu+! Res#u+ces Dist+ict N#$ 8II

4, M+wi Cit*, ws #t '+esete" i c#u+t t# testi-* #

t&e "ue issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icti#, " t# testi-* # t&e

"eti!s #- &is ce+ti-icti#, '+ticu!+!* t&e +es# w&* t&e

si" #--ice &" # +ec#+"s #- t&e "t c#tie" i OCT

N#$ P2<> #+ t# testi-* # t&e -ct #- -+u", i- *$

A!!e%ti#s #- ctu! -+u"t&e ucti# s!e #- t&e !" is u!! " .#i" for lack of

actual an" !ersonal notice t# &e+ei 'etiti#e+7@t&e RTC "i" #t c#'!* wit& t&e '+#ce"u+e '+esc+i/e"

i Secti# =1 PD N# 1<3; +eui+i% #tice /* t&e



i Secti# =1, PD N#$ 1<3; +eui+i% #tice /* t&eRe%iste+ #- Dee"s t# t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ s t# t&e

issuce #- ce+ti-icte #- s!e7@'etiti#e+ ws #t --#+"e" "ue '+#cess w&e s&e ws

not notifie" of te !rocee"ings istitute" /* +es'#"et-#+ t&e cce!!ti# #- &e+ tit!e$ Csti%"#+ .$ Nic#!s,

R N#$ 1>5634, M+c& 5, 3614)

• B+u" is e/trinsic w&e+e it '+e.ets '+t* -+# &.i%

t+i! #+ -+# '+eseti% &is eti+e cse t# t&e c#u+t, #+w&e+e it #'e+tes u'# tte+s 'e+tii% #t t# t&e

Fu"%et itse!- /ut t# t&e e+ i w&ic& it is '+#cu+e"$

• Lc #- Fu+is"icti#, i!!ust+ti.e cse

Camitan .$ %i"elity Investment (<<1 SCRA <56) K

w&e+e t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte &s not /ee !#st /ut is i

-ct e9isti% t&e +ec#stitute" tit!e is u!! " .#i"



-ct e9isti%, t&e +ec#stitute" tit!e is u!! " .#i"sice t&e c#u+t e.e+ cui+e" Fu+is"icti# #.e+ t&e

'etiti# -#+ +ec#stituti#$

• I- t&e 'etiti# is /se" # e/trinsic frau" , t&e +ee"* is

su/Fect t# c#"iti# '+ece"et, i.e., t&t t&e #+"i+*+ee"ies #- ew t+i!, ''e!, 'etiti# -#+t +e!ie- +e #

!#%e+ .i!/!e t&+#u%& # -u!t #- 'etiti#e+$

• @+.e /use #- "isc+eti# is #t '+#'e+ %+#u" -#+

'etiti# -#+ u!et #- Fu"%et$ (At#i# .$ RD,R N#$ 1><224, Jue 36, 3613)

T&e Fu"%et #- t&e CA s&!! set si"e t&e

uesti#e" Fu"%et w&ic& is .#i" -#+ !c #-



uesti#e" Fu"%et, w&ic& is .#i" -#+ !c #- Fu+is"icti#, wit&#ut '+eFu"ice t# t&e #+i%i!

cti# /ei% +e-i!e" i t&e '+#'e+ c#u+t$

H#we.e+, w&e+e t&e Fu"%et #+ -i! #+"e+ is

set si"e # t&e %+#u" #- e9t+isic -+u", t&e

CA *, # #ti#, #+"e+ t&e t+i! c#u+t t# t+*

t&e cse s i- tie!* #ti# -#+ ew t+i! &"

/ee %+te" t&e+ei$ (Sec$ =, Ru!e 5=)

RECOVER OB DAMAES



RECOVER OB DAMAES

BROM THE ASSURANCE

BUND

A 'e+s# w&# sustis !#ss #+ "%e, #+ is "e'+i.e"

#- * !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei /* t&e #'e+ti# #- t&e

T#++es s*ste -te+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti# wit&#ut



T#++es s*ste -te+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti#, wit&#ute%!i%ece # &is '+t, is etit!e" t# +ec#.e+ "%es

-+# t&e :ssurance %un". (Sec$ ;<, PD N#$ 1<3;)

0ut t&e '!iti-- w&# &#!"s ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ust

/e i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$

T&e cti# ust /e /+#u%&t wit&i 4 years -+# t&e

tie +i%&t #- cti# cc+ues

Reuisites -#+ +ec#.e+* s t# * 'e+s# w&#

sustains loss or "amage:

!i &i "



N# e%!i%ece # &is '+t, "

L#ss #+ "%e ws t&+#u%& t&e #issi# #+

iste #- t&e c#u+t 'e+s#e!, #+ t&e Re%iste+ #-

Dee"s #+ #t&e+ e'!#*ees #- t&e Re%ist+* i t&e 'e+-#+ce #- t&ei+ "uties$

Reuisites -#+ +ec#.e+* s t# * 'e+s# "e!rive" of

any lan" or interest i t&e !":

N# e%!i%ece # &is '+t7



He ws "e'+i.e" #- !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei /* t&e

+e%ist+ti# /* * #t&e+ 'e+s# s #we+ #- suc&

!"7 #+ /* iste, #issi# #+ is"esc+i'ti# i

* #we+Gs "u'!icte ce+ti-icte, #+ i *e#+"u i t&e +e%iste+, #+ /* *

cce!!ti#7 "

He is /++e" -+# /+i%i% cti# -#+ t&e

+ec#.e+* #- suc& !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei$

De-e"ts i cti# %ist t&e AB

T&e Register of Dee"s an" National &reasurer

w&e t&e cti# is -#+ +ec#.e+* -#+ !#ss #+ "%e- - " i i - ! " i & i & &



@w&e t&e cti# is -#+ +ec#.e+* -#+ !#ss #+ "%e#- -#+ "e'+i.ti# #- !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei t&+#u%&

-+u", e%!i%ece, #issi#, iste #+

is-esce #- t&e c#u+t 'e+s#e!, t&e RD #+

e'!#*ees #- t&e +e%ist+*7T&e Register of Dee"s, te National &reasurer an"

oter !ersons K -#+ !#ss #+ "%e #+ "e'+i.ti#

#- !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei t&+#u%& -+u",

e%!i%ece, iste #+ is-esce #- 'e+s#s

oter t& c#u+t 'e+s#e!, t&e RD #+ e'!#*ees #-

t&e +e%ist+*$

T&e '!iti-- ust /e t&e registere" o(ner , #+ s t#

&#!"e+s #- t+s-e+ ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e, t&t t&e* +e

innocent !urcasers i %##" -it& " -#+ .!ue



innocent !urcasers i %##" -it& " -#+ .!ue$Acti# "#es #t !ie w&e+e t&e "%e #+ "e'+i.ti#

#- * +i%&t #+ ite+est i t&e !" ws cuse" /*

/+ec& #- t+ust, e9'+ess #+ i'!ie"$

T&e 'e+s# w&# c!is "%es s&#u!" not &.e

/ee e%!i%et i cui+i% t&e '+#'e+t* #+ i

#/tii% +e%ist+ti# t&e+e#- i &is e (s w&e+e

&e is w+e #- #tice #- lis !en"ens --ecti% t&e '+#'e+t*)

I!!ust+ti.e cses

National &reasurer .$ 5erez (141 SCRA 325) K

w&e+e +es'#"et c#u!" #t /e w+"e" "%es



w&e+e +es'#"et c#u!" #t /e w+"e" "%essice t&e "#ti# t# &i ws #t e9ecute" wit&

t&e -#+!ities #- wi!! " t&e+e-#+e c#u!" #t

&.e t+s-e++e" t# &i #we+s&i' #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

&reasurer of te 5ili!!ines .$ C: (1<4 SCRA

4<;6) K w&e+e +es'#"ets cui+e" # !" #+

* ite+est i t&e !" s +esu!t #- t&e invali"

s!e t# t&e /* t&e im!ostor Lw L#'e w&#&" # tit!e #+ ite+est t# t+s-e+$

I!!ust+ti.e cses

Ba =rbana .$ Aernar"o (23 P&i!$ =;6) K w&e+e,

&.i% #w!e"%e #- t&e 'e"i% !iti%ti# "



&.i% #w!e"%e #- t&e 'e"i% !iti%ti# "#tice #- lis !en"ens --ecti% t&e !", it

e.e+t&e!ess '+#cee"e" t# te t&e +is #-

'u+c&si% '+#'e+t* i !iti%ti#$

%raginal .$ 5arañal (<12 SCA <46) K w&e+e

'+#'e+t* s#!" t# 'etiti#e+ ws '+ie !"

w&ic& &s /ee t&e su/Fect #- successi.e

t+s-e+s wit& @uusu! &ste w&ic& s&#u!"&.e t+i%%e+e" 'etiti#e+Gs cu+i#sit*$

CRIMINAL



CRIMINAL

PROSECUTION

T&e Stte * c+ii!!* '+#secute -#+ 'e+Fu+*t&e '+t* w&# #/tis +e%ist+ti# t&+#u%& -+u",suc& s /* stti% -!se sse+ti#s i t&e''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# sw#+ swe+ #+



''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#, sw#+ swe+, #+''!icti# -#+ 'u/!ic !" 'tet$Sec$ ;1 #- t&e PLA '+#.i"es t&t @t&e stteets

"e i t&e ''!icti# s&!! / c#si"e+e" sesseti! c#"iti#s " '+ts #- * c#cessi#,

tit!e, #+ 'e+it issue" # t&e /sis #- suc&

''!icti#, " * -!se stteet t&e+ei #+

#issi# #- -cts 9 9 9 s&!! i!so facto '+#"uce t&ecce!!ti# #- t&e c#cessi#, tit!e, #+ 'e+it

%+te"$



INNOCENT PURCHASER

BOR VALUE

I#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue

A innocent !urcaser -#+ .!ue is #e w&# /u*s

t&e '+#'e+t* #- #t&e+ wit&#ut #tice t&t s#e

#t&e+ 'e+s# &s +i%&t t# #+ ite+est i it an" w&#



#t&e+ 'e+s# &s +i%&t t# #+ ite+est i it, an" w&# '*s -u!! " -i+ '+ice t t&e tie #- t&e 'u+c&se

#+ /e-#+e +ecei.i% * #tice #- #t&e+ 'e+s#Gs

c!i$ (+e" .$ Ti#%c#, R N#$ 121426, Oct$ 1;,

36117 R#s!es .$ 0u+%#s, <== SCA 325)

N# 'etiti# -#+ +e.iew s&!! /e ete+tie" /* t&e

c#u+t w&e+e innocent !urcaser -#+ .!ue &s

cui+e" t&e !" #+ ite+est t&e+ei$ (Sec$ 43,PD 1<3;)

@I#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue ic!u"es i#cet

#+t%%ee

T&e '&+se @i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue i Sec$ 43 #-

t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee ic!u"es i#cet



t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee ic!u"es i#cet!essee, #+t%%ee, #+ #t&e+ ecu/+ce+ -#+ .!ue$

(Uc&u .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, R N#$ =>==<, M* 41,

1;>>, 121 SCA =16)

##" -it&, #+ t&e !c #- it, is uesti# #- iteti#$I sce+tii% iteti#, c#u+ts +e ecess+i!*

c#t+#!!e" /* t&e e.i"ece s t# t&e c#"uct "

#utw+" cts /* w&ic& !#e t&e iw+" #ti.e *,

wit& s-et*, /e "ete+ie"$ (L0P .$ P#/!ete, R N#$1;2<==, Be/$ 3<, 3614)

D#ct+ie #- @#+t%%ee i %##" -it&

I BA5 v. 5oblete, R N#$ 1;2<==, Be/$ 3<, 3614,

t&e C#u+t e9'!ie" t&e "#ct+ie #- @#+t%%ee i

%##" -it& s #e /se" # t&e +u!e t&t /u*e+s #+



%##" -it& s #e /se" # t&e +u!e t&t /u*e+s #+

#+t%%ees "e!i% wit& '+#'e+t* c#.e+e" /*

T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e +e not +eui+e" t# %#

/e*#" w&t ''e+s # t&e -ce #- t&e tit!e$

T&us, "es'ite t&e -ct t&t t&e #+t%%#+ is #t t&e

#we+ #- t&e #+t%%e" '+#'e+t*, &is tit!e /ei%

-+u"u!et, t&e #+t%%e c#t+ct " *

-#+ec!#su+e s!e +isi% t&e+e-+# +e %i.e e--ect /* +es# #- 'u/!ic '#!ic*$

0ut "#ct+ie #- @#+%%ee i %##" -it& #t

''!ic/!e t# /s

It &s /ee c#sistet!* &e!" t&t t&e +u!e "#es #t

''!* t# /s, w&ic& +e +eui+e" t# #/se+.e iger



''!* t# /s, w&ic& +e +eui+e" t# #/se+.e iger stan"ar" of "iligence$ A / w&#se /usiess is

i'+esse" wit& 'u/!ic ite+est is e9'ecte" t# e9e+cise

more care an" !ru"ence i its "e!i%s t& '+i.te

i"i.i"u!, e.e i cses i.#!.i% +e%iste+e" !"s$ A / c#t ssue t&t, si'!* /ecuse t&e tit!e

#--e+e" s secu+it* is # its -ce -+ee #- *

ecu/+ces #+ !ie, it is +e!ie.e" #- t&e +es'#si/i!it*

#- ti% -u+t&e+ ste's t# .e+i-* t&e tit!e " is'ect t&e '+#'e+ties t# /e #+t%%e"$ (L0P .$ P#/!ete, su!ra)

I BA5 v. 5oblete, su!ra, t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t L0P is #t

#+t%%ee i %##" -it& /ecuse it '+#cesse" Mie%#Gs

''!icti# u'# '+esetti# #- OCT N#$ P13632,

w&ic& ws sti!! i t&e e #- P#/!ete$ It !s# i%#+e" t&e



w&ic& ws sti!! i t&e e #- P#/!ete$ It !s# i%#+e" t&e-ct t&t ce+ti 't* &" '+e.i#us!* use" P#/!ete?s

tit!e s c#!!te+! i its !# cc#ut wit& L0P$

@W&e t&e 'e+s# ''!*i% -#+ t&e !# is oter t& t&e

+e%iste+e" #we+ #- t&e +e! '+#'e+t* /ei% #+t%%e",suc& -ct s&#u!" &.e !+e"* i"uce" t&e 0 t# e

iui+ies it# " c#-i+ t&e ut&#+it* t# #+t%%e $ $ $ $

A 'e+s# w&# "e!i/e+te!* i%#+es si%i-ict -ct t&t

c#u!" c+ete sus'ici# i #t&e+wise +es#/!e 'e+s# is#t i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$ (Citi% 0 #-

C#e+ce .$ S P/!#, R N#$ 12=>5>, 3= A'+i! 366=)

Acts s&#wi% t&e /Gs !c #- "i!i%ece

W&e+e t&e / "i" not invest i%te t&e '+#'e+t* t#

sce+ti its ctu! #ccu'ts$ (It is t&e st"+" '+ctice

#- /s, /e-#+e ''+#.i% !#, t# se"t ti t t& i - t& ! " t i ti t



#- /s, /e-#+e ''+#.i% !#, t# se"+e'+esetti.es t# t&e '+eises #- t&e !" t# i.esti%te

its +e! #we+s)

W&e+e t&e /Gs +e'+esetti.e c#cet+te" #!* #

t&e ''+is! #- t&e '+#'e+t* " faile" to in$uire as to(o (ere te ten occu!ants #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

W&e+e t&e / acte" (it aste i %+ti% t&e

#+t%%e !# " "i" not sce+ti t&e #we+s&i' #- t&e

!" /ei% #+t%%e", s we!! s t&e ut&#+it* #- t&esu''#se" %et e9ecuti% t&e #+t%%e$ (L0P .$ P#/!ete,

su!ra)

E.e+* 'e+s# "e!i% wit& +e%iste+e" !" &s +i%&t

t# +e!* # t&e c#++ectess #- t&e tit!e " is not oblige"

to go beyon" te certificate t# "ete+ie t&e c#"iti#

#- t&e '+#'e+t*$ (Uc&u .$ CA, 121 SCRA =16)



#- t&e '+#'e+t*$ (Uc&u .$ CA, 121 SCRA =16)0ut #e w&# /u*s -+# #e w&# is not te registere"

o(ner is e9'ecte" t# e9ie #t #!* t&e ce+ti-icte #-

tit!e /ut !! -ctu! ci+custces ecess+* t#

"ete+ie i- t&e+e +e * -!ws i t&e tit!e #- t&et+s-e+#+$ (C/i%s .$ Li/c#, R N#$ 1=<3;1, Ju!*

3=, 3611)

I series #- t+s-e+s, it is e#u%& t&t t&e /u*e+

e9ies t&e latest ce+ti-icte #- tit!e " ee" #t

sc+utiie ec& " e.e+* tit!e t&t '+ece"e" it$

(TF#e+ .$ CA, 164 SCRA 52=)

0ut u"e+ t&e +u!e #- caveat em!tor (/u*e+ /ew+e),

#e w&# /u*s wit&#ut c&eci% t&e .e"#+Gs tit!e

tes !! t&e +iss " !#sses c#seuet t# suc&



tes !! t&e +iss " !#sses c#seuet t# suc&-i!u+e$ (Dcsi .$ CA, >6 SCRA >;)

A #+t%%e is invali" e.e i t&e &"s #-

i#cet #+t%%ee w&e+e t&e tit!e c#.e+s non@

registrable !"$ (L0P .$ Re'u/!ic,<54 SCRA 5<4)

I Cusi v. Domingo, R N#$ 1;<>3<, Be/$ 3=, 3614, t&e

C#u+t &e!":

U"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste #- !" +e%ist+ti#, t&e+e%iste+e" #we+ #- +e!t* c#t /e "e'+i.e" #- &e+



U "e t e # e s s*ste # " e% st t # , t e+e%iste+e" #we+ #- +e!t* c#t /e "e'+i.e" #- &e+

'+#'e+t* t&+#u%& -+u", u!ess t+s-e+ee cui+es t&e

'+#'e+t* s i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$

0ut t+s-e+ee w&# cui+es t&e '+#'e+t* c#.e+e" /* reissue" #we+?s c#'* #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

wit&#ut ti% t&e #+"i+* '+ecuti#s #- &#est

'e+s#s i "#i% /usiess " e9ii% t&e +ec#+"s #-

t&e '+#'e+ Re%ist+* #- Dee"s, #+ w&# -i!s t# '* t&e-u!! +et .!ue #- t&e '+#'e+t* is not c#si"e+e"

i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$

Nemo "at $uo" non abet N# #e c %i.e w&t #e "#es #t &.e$

Oe c se!! #!* w&t #e #ws #+ is ut&#+ie"t !! " t& / i t&



Oe c se!! #!* w&t #e #ws #+ is ut&#+ie"t# se!!, " t&e /u*e+ c cui+e # #+e t&

w&t t&e se!!e+ c t+s-e+ !e%!!*$ 5rior est tem!orae, !rior est in 'ura

He w&# is -i+st i +i%&t is '+e-e++e" i +i%&t$T&us, w&e t&e t&i% s#!" is i#./!e, t&e #e

w&# cui+es it " -i+st +ec#+"s it i t&e Re%ist+*

#- P+#'e+t*, /#t& "e i %##" -it&, s&!! /e

"eee" t&e #we+$

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is #t c#c!usi.e w&e+e it is t&e

'+#"uct #- -u!t* #+ frau"ulent +e%ist+ti#$ (Wi"#ws

" O+'&s Ass#citi#, Ic$ .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s,

361 SCRA 12<)



361 SCRA 12<)W&e+e t&e ic!usi# #- !" i t&e ce+ti-icte #- '+i#+

"te is mistake, t&e iste * /e +ecti-ie" /*

&#!"i% t&e !tte+ #- tw# ce+ti-ictes t# /e c#c!usi.e$

(Le%+" .$ S!ee/*, 41 P&i!$ <;6)T&e +u!e t&t w&e+e tw# ce+ti-ictes 'u+'#+t t# ic!u"e

t&e se !", t&e e+!ie+ i "te '+e.i!s, is .!i" #!*

/set * #!* #+ i++e%u!+it* titi% t&e '+#cess

#- +e%ist+ti#$ (Mt&* .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s, 3;<

SCRA <<2)

U"e+ Sec$ 43, PD N#$ 1<3;, +u!e #- %##" -it& eu!!* ''!ies t#

#+t%%ees #+ #t&e+ ecu/+ce+s -#+ .!ue

T&us, w&e+e t&e T#++es tit!e ws issue" t&+#u%& regular

+e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s, su/seuet #+"e+ -#+ t&e cce!!ti#u!!i-icti# #- t&e tit!e is not %+#u" -#+ u!!i-*i% t&e #+t%%e



% ' % u!!i-icti# #- t&e tit!e is not %+#u" -#+ u!!i-*i% t&e #+t%%e

+i%&ts #- t&e /$ (St$ D#iic .$ IAC, 1<1 SCRA <==)

&e rigt or lien of an innocent mortgagee must be res!ecte" even

if te mortgagor obtaine" is title troug frau". (0!c# .$

Esuie+"#, 116 P&i!$ 5;5)

PN0 .$ CA " C&u i it, R N#$ L54;=3, Ju!* 35,

1;;6T&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ws i t&e e #- t&e

#+t%%#+ w&e t&e !" ws #+t%%e" t# t&e



% % % %PN0$ Suc& /ei% t&e cse, 'etiti#e+ PN0 &" t&e

+i%&t t# +e!* # w&t ''e+e" # t&e ce+ti-icte #-

tit!e, " i t&e /sece #- *t&i% t# e9cite

sus'ici#, it ws u"e+ # #/!i%ti# t# !## /e*#"

t&e ce+ti-icte " i.esti%te t&e tit!e #- t&e

#+t%%#+ ''e+i% # t&e -ce #- t&e ce+ti-icte$

(Citi% #!es .s$ Ite+e"ite A''e!!te C#u+t,1<= SCRA <>=7 P&i!$ C##'$ 0 .s$ C+%"%,

14; SCRA <=67 Peu!!+ .s$ PN0, 136 SCRA 1=1)

T&e +i%&t #+ !ie #- i#cet #+t%%ee -#+

.!ue u'# t&e !" #+t%%e" ust /e +es'ecte"

" '+#tecte" e.e i- t&e #+t%%#+ #/tie" &is



" '+#tecte", e.e i- t&e #+t%%#+ #/tie" &is

tit!e t&+#u%& -+u"$

T&e +ee"* #- t&e 'e+s#s '+eFu"ice" is t# /+i%

cti# -#+ "amages %ist t&#se w&# cuse" t&e-+u", " i- t&e !tte+ +e is#!.et, cti#

%ist t&e T+esu+e+ #- t&e P&i!i''ies * /e

-i!e" -#+ +ec#.e+* #- "%es %ist t&e Assu+ce

Bu"$@ (Citi% 0!c# .$ Esuie+"#, 116 P&i!$ 5;5)

0s +eui+e" t# e9e+cise %+ete+ c+e0ut u!ie '+i.te i"i.i"u!s, /s (" #t&e+

'e+s#s e%%e" i !e"i% #e*) +e e9'ecte" t#

e9e+cise %+ete+ c+e " '+u"ece i t&ei+ "e!i%s -#+



% ' %

t&ei+ /usiess is i/ue" wit& 'u/!ic ite+est$ (PN0 .$

Ju#*, R N#$ 12;;61, Au%$ 4, 36117 Met+#/ .$

SLT H#!"i%s, <44 SCRA <127 C+u .$ 0c#

Bice, 4=; SCRA 5;67 P&i!i''ie T+ust C#'* .$C#u+t #- A''e!s, R N#$ 1<641>, N#.$ 3616)

T&is '+ici'!e eu!!* ''!ies t# +e!t* c#+'#+ti#s

/ecuse #- t&e tu+e #- t&ei+ /usiess$ (Sus&ie

Bice .$ IAC, R N#$ =56=6, Oct$ 3>, 1;;1)

I/ue" wit& 'u/!ic ite+est, /s +e e9'ecte" t# /e

#+e cuti#us t& #+"i+* i"i.i"u!s$@

T&us, /e-#+e ''+#.i% !#, t&e st"+" '+ctice- / " & -i i ! i i i i



, '' % , '-#+ /s " #t&e+ -ici! istituti#s is t#

c#"uct #cu!+ is'ecti# #- t&e '+#'e+t* #--e+e"

t# /e #+t%%e" " .e+i-* t&e %euieess #- t&e

tit!e t# "ete+ie t&e +e! #we+ #+ #we+s t&e+e#-$Bi!u+e t# "# s# es t&e #+t%%ees i /"

-it&$ (A!# .$ P!te+Gs De.e!#'et 0, R

N#$ 1=123>, Jue 14, 3611)

Cusi v. Domingo, R N#$ 1;<>3<, Be/$ 3=, 3614

A i'#st#+ succee"e" i t+ici% c#u+t #- !w it#

%+ti% &is 'etiti# -#+ t&e issuce #- "u'!icte #we+?sc#'* #- t&e su''#se"!* !#st TCT T&e i'#st#+ t&e &" t&e



c#'* #- t&e su''#se"!* !#st TCT$ T&e i'#st#+ t&e &" t&e

TCT cce!!e" /* '+eseti% 'u+'#+te" "ee" #- s!e

/etwee &i " t&e +e%iste+e" #we+s, /#t& #- w&# &"

!+e"* /ee "e" -#+ s#e tie, " #t&e+ TCT ws t&e

issue" i t&e i'#st#+?s #w e$ T&is issuce i t&ei'#st#+?s #w e ws -#!!#we" /* t&e issuce #- *et

#t&e+ TCT i -.#+ #- t&i+" '+t*, su''#se"!* t&e /u*e+

#- t&e i'#st#+$ I tu+, t&e i'#st#+?s t+s-e+ee (!+e"*

t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ i &is #w e) #+t%%e" t&e

t&e '+#'e+t* t# S'#uses Mi%ue! " A"e! L+#, w&# t&e

cuse" t&e #tti# #- t&e #+t%%e # t&e TCT$ A!! t&e

w&i!e, t&e #+i%i! "u'!icte #we+?s c#'* #- t&e TCT



w e, t e # % "u' cte #w e s c#'* # t e C

+eie" i t&e &"s #- &ei+ #- t&e "ecese" +e%iste+e"

#we+s wit& &is c#&ei+s? #w!e"%e " c#set$

T&e L+#s, s t&e #+t%%ees, c!ie" %##" -it&, "

u+%e" t&e C#u+t t# -i" i t&ei+ -.#+$ 0ut t&e C#u+t &e!"

iste" t&t sice t&e t&e tit!e #- t&e '+#'e+t* #+t%%e" t#

t&e L+#s ws sec#" #we+?s "u'!icte TCT, w&ic& is,

i e--ect +ec#stitute" tit!e, " &ece, t&is ci+custce

s&#u!" &.e !e+te" t&e t# e t&e ecess+*i.esti%ti#, /ut t&e* "i" #t$

A "ee" #- s!e w&ic& ws /s#!ute!* simulate" is u!!

" .#i" " "#es #t c#.e* * +i%&t t&t c#u!"

+i'e it# .!i" tit!e7 t&e+e /ei% # .!i" #+t%%e,

t&e+e c#u!" /e # .!i" -#+ec!#su+e " t&e /



t&e+e c#u!" /e # .!i" -#+ec!#su+e, " t&e /

c#t /e c#si"e+e" s #+t%%ee i %##" -it&$

0ut w&e+e tit!e ws issue" t&+#u%& regular

!rocee"ings " ws %i.e s secu+it* -#+ / !#,t&e su/seuet "ec!+ti# #- t&e tit!e s u!! " .#i"

is not %+#u" -#+ u!!i-*i% t&e #+t%%e +i%&ts #-

t&e /$ (St$ D#iic C#+'$ V$ IAC, 1<1 SCRA <==7

0!c# .$ Esuie+"#, 116 P&i!$ 5;5)

B#+%e" "ee" is u!!it*Generally, a forge" "ee" is a nullity an" conveys

no title, even if accom!anie" by te o(ners

"u!licate certificate of title. (J#ui .$ M"+i",



! f f ( ,

162 P&i!$ 1626)T&e registere" o(ner "oes not lose is title, "

neiter "oes te assignee or mortgagee ac$uire anyrigt t# t&e '+#'e+t*$ (0e+!es .$ S/, 216

SCRA ;6)T&e i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue '+#tecte" /* !w

is #e w&# 'u+c&ses tit!e" !" /* .i+tue #- "ee" e9ecute" /* t&e +e%iste+e" o(ner &ise!-, #t

/* -#+%e" "ee"$

L0P .$ P#/!ete, R N#$ 1;2<==, Be/$3<, 3614A forge" #+ -+u"u!et "ee" is nullit * " conveys no

title$ W&e+e t&e "ee" #- s!e sttes t&t t&e 'u+c&se '+ice

&s /ee 'i" /ut i -ct &s e.e+ /ee 'i", t&e "ee" #-s!e is .#i" ab initio -#+ !c #- c#si"e+ti# Sice t&e



s!e is .#i" ab initio -#+ !c #- c#si"e+ti#$ Sice t&e

"ee" is .#i", t&e c#++es'#"i% tit!e issue" t# t&e .e"ee

'u+sut t# t&e se "ee" is !iewise .#i"$

W&e t&e ist+uet '+esete" -#+ +e%ist+ti# is forge" ,e.e i- cc#'ie" /* t&e #we+?s "u'!icte ce+ti-icte

#- tit!e, te registere" o(ner "oes not tereby lose is

title, an" neiter "oes te mortgagee ac$uire any rigt

or title to te !ro!erty. It is esseti! t&t t&e #+t%%#+

/e t&e absolute o(ner #- t&e '+#'e+t* t# /e #+t%%e"7

#t&e+wise, t&e #+t%%e is .#i"$

Sec$ <4 #- PD N#$ 1<3; '+#.i"es t&t t&e su/seuet

+e%ist+ti# #- tit!e '+#cu+e" /* t&e '+esetti# #-

-#+%e" "ee" #+ #t&e+ ist+uet is u!! " .#i"$T&us t&e su/seuet issuce #- TCT N# 1;<>13



%T&us, t&e su/seuet issuce #- TCT N#$ 1;<>13

%.e t&e 'etiti#e+ # /ette+ +i%&t t& t&e tite"

+e%ist+ti# w&ic& ws t&e /sis -#+ t&e issuce #-

t&e se tit!e$ (Le#.e+s .$ V!"e, R N#$ 12;;><,Jue 1<, 3611)

0ut -#+%e" "ee" * /ec#e t&e +##t #- .!i" tit!eA -#+%e" "ee" * /ec#e t&e +##t #- .!i" tit!e

i bona fi"e 'u+c&se+ i- t&e ce+ti-icte &s

!+e"* /ee t+s-e++e" -+# t&e e #- t&e t+ue



!+e"* /ee t+s-e++e" -+# t&e e #- t&e t+ue

#we+ t# t&e e #- t&e -#+%e+ #+ t&e e

i"icte" /* t&e -#+%e+, " w&i!e it +eie" t&t

w*, t&e !" ws su/seuet!* s#!" t# i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$ (S#!i.e! .$ B+cisc#, 1=6

SCRA 31>)B#+ t&e t&e .e"ee &" t&e +i%&t t# +e!* u'# w&t

''e+e" i t&e ce+ti-icte$ (u+tee" H#es .$V!"e, <== SCRA 551)

Mu# .$ /ut, R N#$ 1532=2, Jue 2, 3611:

“A .#i" tit!e * /ec#e t&e +##t #- .!i" tit!e i-

t&e "e+i.ti.e tit!e ws #/tie" i %##" -it& "-#+ .!ue B#!!#wi% t&e '+ici'!e #- i"e-esi/i!it*



-#+ .!ue$ B#!!#wi% t&e '+ici'!e #- i"e-esi/i!it*

#- T#++es tit!e, e.e+* 'e+s# "e!i% wit&

+e%iste+e" !"s * s-e!* +e!* # t&e c#++ectess

#- t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e #- t&e .e"#+t+s-e+#+," &e is #t +eui+e" t# %# /e*#" t&e ce+ti-icte

" iui+e it# t&e ci+custces cu!iti% i

t&e .e"#+?s cuisiti# #- t&e '+#'e+t*$ T&e +i%&ts

#- i#cet t&i+" 'e+s#s w&# +e!ie" # t&e

c#++ectess #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e " cui+e"+i%&ts #.e+ t&e '+#'e+t* c#.e+e" t&e+e/* c#t /e



+i%&ts #.e+ t&e '+#'e+t* c#.e+e" t&e+e/* c#t /e

"is+e%+"e" " t&e c#u+ts c#t #+"e+ t&e

cce!!ti# #- suc& ce+ti-icte -#+ t&t w#u!"

i'i+ #+ e+#"e 'u/!ic c#-i"ece i t&e T#++ess*ste #- !" +e%ist+ti#$ (See !s#: Re'u/!ic .$

A%u#*, 5;3 P&i!$ 11> (366<), citi% cses)

ENERAL INCIDENTS OB

REISTERED LAND

• @E.e+* +e%iste+e" #we+ +ecei.i% ce+ti-icte #- tit!e



i 'u+suce #- "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#, " e.e+*

su/seuet 'u+c&se+ #- +e%iste+e" !" ti%

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e -#+ .!ue " i %##" -it&, s&!!&#!" t&e se free from all encumbrances e9ce't

t&#se #te" i si" ce+ti-icte$ (Sec$ 55, PD 1<3;)

• T&e '&+se @i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue ic!u"es

i#cet !essee, #+t%%ee, #+ #t&e+ ecu/+ce+ -#+.!ue$ (Uc&u .$ CA, 121 SCRA =16)

Sttut#+* !iesE.e+* +e%iste+e" o(ner " e.e+* su/seuet

'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue " i %##" -it& s&!! &#!" t&e

se -+ee -+# !! ecu/+ces (Csii+#D ! t C M t R N 1=<5>< J !



De.e!#'et C#+'$ .$ Mte#, R N#$ 1=<5><, Ju!*

3=, 3611) e/ce!t tose note" in te certificate "

* #- t&e -#!!#wi%:

!ies, c!is #+ +i%&ts u"e+ t&e C#stituti# "

!ws7 u'i" +e! estte t9es7 * 'u/!ic &i%&w* #+

'+i.te w* est/!is&e" /* !w7 * "is'#siti# #- t&e

'+#'e+t* #+ !iitti# # t&e use t&e+e#- /* .i+tue #-

PD 3= #+ * !w # %++i +e-#+$ (Sec$ 55, PD

1<3;)

Mei% #- !ie, ecu/+ce

@Lie is c&+%e # '+#'e+t* usu!!* -#+ t&e '*et

#- s#e "e/t #+ #/!i%ti#$ It si%i-ies !e%! c!i #+

c&+%e # '+#'e+t*, eit&e+ +e! #+ 'e+s#!, s



% ' ' *, ' ,

c#!!te+! #+ secu+it* -#+ t&e '*et #- s#e "e/t #+

#/!i%ti#$

@Ecu/+ce is /u+"e u'# !" "e'+eciti.e #-its .!ue, suc& s !ie, eseet, #+ se+.itu"e, w&ic&,

t&#u%& ".e+se t# t&e ite+est #- t&e !"#we+, "#es

#t c#-!ict wit& &is c#.e*ce #- t&e !" i -ee, e.g.,

#+t%%e, Fu"%et !ie, !ese, secu+it* ite+est,eseet #+ +i%&t #- w*, cc+ue" " u'i" t9es$

I!!ust+ti.e cses

A!ie/!e 'u/!ic !"s "#te", %+te" #+ &e!" /*

/+c& #+ su/"i.isi# #- t&e %#.e+et c#t /e

!iete" u!ess ut&#+ie" /* C#%+ess$ (C&.e .$



PEA, 4>5 SCRA 1<3)

Secti# 55 w&ic& su/Fects t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e t#

'u/!ic se+.itu"es w&ic& * /e su/sisti%, "#es #t

''!*, s*, i t&e cse #- +#" c#st+ucte" subse$uent

t# t&e cuisiti# #- t&e !"$ (Di+%+ .$ Au"it#+

ee+!, 12 SCRA =23)

Secs$ 11> " 133 #- t&e Pu/!ic L" Act '+#.i"e!iitti#s # t&e +i%&t #- t&e &#este" #+ -+ee

'tetee t# !iete t&e !" su/Fect #- t&e 'tet$

REISTERED LAND



REISTERED LAND NOT SU0JECT TO

PRESCRIPTION

@N# tit!e t# +e%iste+e" !" i "e+#%ti# #- t&e tit!e

#- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ s&!! /e cui+e" /*

'+esc+i'ti# #+ ".e+se '#ssessi#$ (Sec$ 5=, PD

1<3;)



Tit!e t# !", #ce +e%iste+e", is i'+esc+i'ti/!e$ It

* #t /e !#st /* ".e+se, #'e " #t#+i#us

'#ssessi#$ P+esc+i'ti# is u.i!i% #t #!*

%ist t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ /ut !s# %ist &is

&e+e"it+* success#+s$

T&e +i%&t t# +ec#.e+ '#ssessi# #- +e%iste+e"

'+#'e+t* is eu!!* i'+esc+i'ti/!e sice '#ssessi#is e+e c#seuece #- #we+s&i'$ (Re'u!ic .$

Me"#, R N#$ 1><6;1, Au%$ >, 3616)

0ut +e%iste+e" #we+ * /e /++e" -+# +ec#.e+i%

'#ssessi# /* .i+tue #- !c&es$

I 5anganiban .$ Gam!onia (166 P&i!$ 3==), 'etiti#e+s, -#+ 5< *e+s, "i" #t&i% t# sse+t t&ei+



'et t # e s, # < *e s, " " #t % t# sse t t e

+i%&t #- #we+s&i' " we+e /++e" -+# +ec#.e+i%

'#ssessi# #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

I :gne .$ Director of Ban"s (1>1 SCRA =6;6), t&e+e%iste+e" #we+Gs +i%&t t# +ec#.e+ '#ssessi# ws

!#st /* icti# -#+ !#st 46 *e+s$

I Golloy .. C: (1=4 SCRA 32), w&i!e t&e !#t ws

+e%iste+e" i t&e e #- +es'#"et, 'etiti#e+s

cui+e" tit!e t&e+et# /* '#ssessi# -#+ <6 *e+s$

REISTERED LAND



REISTERED LAND NOT SU0JECT TO

COLLATERAL ATTAC

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e c#t /e !te+e", #"i-ie" #+

cce!!e" e9ce't i "i+ect '+#cee"i% -i!e" wit&

t&e RTC (Sec$ 5>, PD 1<3;7 M#t# .$ 0+ue ,<>3 SCRA <>4)



<>3 SCRA <>4)Di+ect ttc: w&e t&e #/Fect #- t&e cti# is t#

u! #+ set si"e t&e Fu"%et, #+ eF#i its

e-#+ceet$C#!!te+! ttc: i cti# t# #/ti "i--e+et

+e!ie-, ttc # t&e Fu"%et is e.e+t&e!ess

"e s ici"et t&e+et#$A "i+ect ttc # tit!e is '+#'e+ i c#ute+c!i

(Le*s# .$ 0#tu*, 5<3 SCRA ;5)$

C#!!te+! ttc, i!!ust+ti.e cses

Director of Ban"s .$ Gan &an (>; P&i!$ 1>5) w&e+e

t&e "ecisi# #- t&e !#we+ c#u+t "e*i%

+ec#stituti# /ecuse 'etiti#e+ is !!e%e"!* !ie ws +e.e+se" t&e Su'+ee C#u+t &#!"i% t&t



!ie ws +e.e+se", t&e Su'+ee C#u+t &#!"i% t&t

t&e issue is c#!!te+! ttc # t&e tit!e " s&#u!"

/e +ise" #!* "i+ect cti#$

9ño .. Bim (215 SCRA <15) K w&e+e it ws &e!"

t&t t&e+e is # c#!!te+! ttc w&e +es'#"et

sse+te" t&t t&e tit!e i t&e e #- 'etiti#e+Gs

'+e"ecess#+ &" /ec#e i#'e+ti.e "ue t# t&e

!rior c#.e*ce #- t&e !" i -.#+ #-

+es'#"etGs #t&e+$

M#t# .$ 0+ue, R N#$ 12344<, Dec$1>, 366>

Secti# 5> #- P+esi"eti! Dec+ee N#$ 1<3;, !s#

#w s t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee, '+#.i"es

t&t ce+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! #t /e su/Fect t#c#!!te+! ttc " c#t /e !te+e" #"i-ie"



c#!!te+! ttc $ $ $ " c#t /e !te+e", #"i-ie",

#+ cce!!e" e9ce't i "i+ect '+#cee"i% i

cc#+"ce wit& !w$ C!e+!*, t&e cce!!ti# #- t&e

M#t# tit!e c#t +ise ici"et!!* -+# t&e"iist+ti.e '+#cee"i% -#+ +ec#stituti# #- t&e

0+ue tit!e even if te evi"ence from tat !rocee"ing

reveale" te 1anotok title as fake. N#+ c#u!" it &.e

ee+%e" ici"et!!* i t&e ''e!!te +e.iew #- t&eLRA?s "iist+ti.e '+#cee"i%$



ADVERSE CLAIM

A".e+se c!i@W&#e.e+ c!is * '+t #+ ite+est i +e%iste+e"

!" ".e+se t# t&e +e%iste+e" #we+, +isi%

su/seuet t# t&e #+i%i! +e%ist+ti#, *, i- ##t&e+ '+#.isi# is "e i t&is Dec+ee -#+



#t e ' #. s # s "e t s ec ee #

+e%iste+i% t&e se, e stteet i w+iti%

setti% -#+t& -u!!* &is !!e%e" +i%&t #+ ite+est, "

&#w #+ u"e+ w&# cui+e", +e-e+ece t# t&eu/e+ #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e #- t&e +e%iste+e"

#we+, t&e e #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+, "

"esc+it'i# #- t&e !" i w&ic& t&e +i%&t #+ ite+est

is c!ie"$ (Sec$ =6, PD 1<3;)

A 'e+s# w&# c!is ite+est i +e%iste+e" !"

".e+se t# t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ * e stteet

u"e+ #t& setti% -#+t& &is !!e%e" +i%&t #+ ite+est" &#w cui+e", t&e u/e+ #- t&e ce+ti-icte #-



" &#w cui+e", t&e u/e+ #- t&e ce+ti-icte #-

tit!e, e #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ " "esc+i'ti# #-

t&e !"$

T&e stteet s&!! /e +e%iste+e" s ".e+se c!i" s&!! /e e--ecti.e -#+ 46 "*s$

T&e #tti# * /e cce!!e" u'# t&e -i!i% #-

.e+i-ie" 'etiti# /* t&e '+t* i ite+est$ (Sec$ =6,PD 1<3;)

• A a"verse claim is "esi%e" t# '+#tect t&e +i%&t #+

ite+est #- 'e+s# #.e+ 'iece #- +e! '+#'e+t* "

se+.es s #tice t# t&i+" 'e+s#s t&t s#e#e isc!ii% ite+est i t&e !" #+ /ette+ +i%&t



c % e es e " # /e e %

t&e+et# t& t&e +e%iste+e" #we+$ (M+tie .$

+ci, R N#$ 122<42, Be/$ 5, 3616)

•A ".e+se c!i /se" # '+esc+i'ti# " ".e+se '#ssessi# c#t /e +e%iste+e" /ecuse, u"e+

Sec$ 5=, # tit!e t# +e%iste+e" !" s&!! /e cui+e"

/* '+esc+i'ti# #+ ".e+se '#ssessi#$ (Este!! .$

Re%iste+ #- Dee"s, 162 P&i!$ ;11)

A s!e #- !" * not /e #tte" s ".e+se

c!i /ecuse t&e !w '+esc+i/es t&e +ee"* #-

+e%ist+ti# #- t&e s!e " t&e issuce t# t&e .e"ee



#- t+s-e+ ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (RD .$ Nic"+#, 111

P&i!$ ;>;7 Sec$ <=, PD 1<3;)

T&e &e+e"it+* +i%&ts #+ 'e+s# +e%iste+e"-+u"u!et!* i &e+ siste+Gs e is +e%ist+/!e s

".e+se c!i$ (/+ie! .$ Re%iste+ #- Dee"s, ; SCRA

142)

A #tice #- !e.* " su/seuet s!e #- '+#'e+t* c#t

'+e.i! #.e+ e9isti% ".e+se c!i e+!ie+ isc+i/e" #

t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e c#.e+i% it$ (M+tie .$ +ci, 211

SCRA <4=)

T& R i - D " i! !! ! &



T&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s c#t ui!te+!!* cce! t&e

".e+se c!i$ T&e+e ust /e &e+i% -#+ t&e 'u+'#se$

T&is is i !ie wit& t&e '+#.isi# @t&t -te+ cce!!ti#,

# sec#" ".e+se c!i s&!! /e +e%iste+e" /* t&e se

c!it$ (SF#s .$ CA, 3<> SCRA =;)

T&t t&e -#+ec!#su+e #- #+t%%e ws e--ecte" -te+ t&e

#tti# #- t&e ".e+se c!i is #- # #et sice t&e

-#+ec!#su+e +et+#cts t# t&e "te #- +e%ist+ti# #- t&e

#+t%%e$ (Li'i .$ IAC, 122 SCRA >=)

A".e+se c!i is '+#'e+ w&e+e t&e+e is # #t&e+

'+#.isi# #- !w -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- c!itGs

!!e%e" +i%&t #+ ite+est i t&e '+#'e+t*$

• A #tice #- !e.* c#t '+e.i! #.e+ e/isting ".e+sec!i isc+i/e" i t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e



c!i isc+i/e" i t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$

• A c!i w&ic& +#se !rior t# t&e "te #- t&e #+i%i!

+e%ist+ti# c#t /e ete+e" s ".e+se c!i$

• W&e+e t&e c!i is /se" # 'e+-ecte" c#t+ct #- s!e

/* t&e #we+ #- t&e !", t&e '+#ce"u+e is t# +e%iste+ t&e

c#t+ct s# t&t ew t+s-e+ ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is

issue" t# t&e .e"eec!it$ (Sec$ <=, PD N#$ 1<3;)

A #+t%%e is .!i" s /etwee t&e '+ties e.e i-

u+e%iste+e", /ut +e%ist+ti# #- #+t%%e is

i"is'es/!e t# /i" t&i+" '+ties$

5rior registration #- ".e+se c!i #+ #tice #-



lis !en"ens c+etes !reference s %ist

#+t%%e +e%iste+e" !te+$ T&e su/seuet

+e%ist+ti# #- '+i#+ #+t%%e "#es #t "iiis&t&is '+e-e+ece, w&ic& retroacts t# t&e "te #- t&e

#tice #- ".e+se c!i #+ lis !en"ens. (C+u .$

0c# Bice C#+'#+ti#, R N#$ 15==>>,

M+c& 1;, 3663)

A ".e+se c!i is e--ecti.e -#+ t&i+t* "*s7 /ut it is

#t i!so facto cce!!e" -te+ si" 'e+i#" se'+te

'etiti# is ecess+*$ (SF#s .$ C#u+t #- A''e!s,R N#$ 1634==, Ju!* <, 1;;2)



T&e RD c#t ui!te+!!* cce! t&e ".e+se c!i$

T&e+e ust /e &e+i% -#+ t&e 'u+'#se$ (DiDu+te

.$ O%, 3;> SCRA 4>>)T&e ".e+se c!i * /e cce!!e" i- it is frivolous

or ve/atious, i w&ic& cse "%es * /e "Fu"%e"

%ist t&e ".e+se c!it$

SURRENDER OB CERTIBICATE



SURRENDER OB CERTIBICATE

IN INVOLUNTAR DEALINS

C#u+t * c#'e! su++e"e+ #- wit&&e!" ce+ti-icteI- ttc&et #+ #t&e+ !ie i t&e tu+e #-

i.#!ut+* "e!i% is +e%iste+e" " t&e "u'!ictece+ti-icte is #t '+esete", t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s



ce+ti-icte is #t '+esete", t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s

s&!!, wit&i 42 &#u+s, +euest t&e +e%iste+e" #we+

t# '+#"uce &is "u'!icte ce+ti-icte$ I- &e +e-uses t#

c#'!* wit&i +es#/!e tie, t&e RD s&!!+e'#+t t&e tte+ t# t&e c#u+t w&ic& s&!!, -te+

#tice, issue #+"e+ -#+ t&e #we+ t# '+#"uce &is

ce+ti-icte t t&e tie " '!ce stte" " *

e-#+ce t&e #+"e+ /* suit/!e '+#cess$ (Sec$ =1, PD

1<3;)

Li%# .$ CA, R N#$ 16==<1, Jue 1, 1;;<I cti# -#+ s'eci-ic 'e+-#+ce wit& "%es

/se" # c#t+ct #- s!e, #ti# * /e -i!e" /* t&e

'u+c&se+ -#+ t&e issuce #- #+"e+ t# c#'e! t&e

&#!"e+ #- t&e "u'!icte ce+ti-icte #- tit!e t# su++e"e+ t&ese t# t&e RD



se t# t&e RD$E.e w&i!e Sec$ 16= #- PD 1<3; s'es #- 'etiti#

w&ic& c /e -i!e" /* #e w&# wts t# c#'e! #t&e+

t# su++e"e+ t&e ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e t# t&e RD, t&is "#es#t '+ec!u"e '+t* t# 'e"i% cse t# ic!u"e s

inci"ent t&e+ei t&e +e!ie- stte" u"e+ Sec$ 16=,

es'eci!!* i- t&e su/Fect ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e t# /e

su++e"e+e" +e itite!* c#ecte" wit& t&e su/Fecttte+ #- t&e '+ici'! cti#$ T&is '+ici'!e is /se" #

e9'e"iec*$

V#!ut+* " i.#!ut+* +e%ist+ti#

I voluntary registration, suc& s s!e, #+t%%e,

!ese " t&e !ie, i- t&e #we+?s "u'!icte

ce+ti-icte /e #t su++e"e+e" " '+esete" #+ i- #'*et #- +e%ist+ti# -ees /e "e wit&i -i-tee



'*et #- +e%ist+ti# -ees /e "e wit&i -i-tee

(1<) "*s, et+* i t&e "* /## #- t&e "ee" #- s!e

"#es #t #'e+te t# c#.e* " --ect t&e !" s#!"$

I involuntary registration, suc& s ttc&et,

!e.* u'# e9ecuti#, lis !en"ens " t&e !ie, et+*

t&e+e#- i t&e "* /## is su--iciet #tice t# !!

'e+s#s #- suc& ".e+se c!i$ (0u!#% .$#!es, R N#$ 1<241>, Se't$ <, 3611)

M#+t%%e !ie -#!!#ws t&e '+#'e+t* #+t%%e"

A* !ie #tte" # t&e '+e.i#us ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e

w&ic& su/sists s&#u!" /e ic#+'#+te" i #+ c++ie" #.e+ t#

t&e ew t+s-e+ ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e$ T&is is t+ue e.e i t&e

cse #- +e! estte #+t%%e /ecuse 'u+sut t# A+t$

3132 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e it "i+ect!* " ie"ite!* su/Fects



3132 #- t&e Ci.i! C#"e it "i+ect!* " ie"ite!* su/Fects

t&e '+#'e+t* u'# w&ic& it is i'#se", w&#e.e+ t&e

'#ssess#+ * /e, t# t&e -u!-i!!et #- t&e #/!i%ti# -#+

w&#se secu+it* it ws c#stitute"$It is ise'+/!e -+# t&e '+#'e+t* #+t%%e" s it is

+i%&t in rem !ie # t&e '+#'e+t* w&#e.e+ its #we+

* /e$ T&us, !! su/seuet 'u+c&se+s ust +es'ect t&e

#+t%%e w&et&e+ t&e t+s-e+ t# t&e /e wit& #+ wit&#utt&e c#set #- t&e #+t%%ee, -#+ suc& #+t%%e uti!

"isc&+%e" -#!!#ws t&e '+#'e+t*$ (Li%# .$ CA, su!ra)

SURRENDER OF



SURRENDER OFWITELD CETIFICATE

Sec$ 16=, PD 1<3;

@Sec$ 16=$ Surren"er of (itel" "u!licate certificates.

@ W&e+e it is ecess+* t# issue ew ce+ti-icte

'u+sut t# * i.#!ut+* ist+uet w&ic& "i.estst&e tit!e #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ #+ w&e+e .#!ut+*



ist+uet c#t /e +e%iste+e" /ecuse #- t&e +e-us!

#- t&e &#!"e+ t# su++e"e+ t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte

ce+ti-icte, t&e '+t* i ite+est * -i!e 'etiti# t&ec#u+t t# c#'e! su++e"e+ #- t&e se t# t&e Re%iste+ #-

Dee"s$ T&e c#u+t, -te+ &e+i%, * #+"e+ t&e

+e%iste+e" #we+ #+ * 'e+s# wit&&#!"i% t&e

"u'!icte ce+ti-icte t# su++e"e+ t&e se, " "i+ect

t&e et+* #- ew ce+ti-icte #+ e#+"u u'#

suc& su++e"e+$ I- t&e 'e+s# wit&&#!"i% t&e ce+ti-icte

is #t e/!e t# t&e '+#cess #- t&e c#u+t, #+ i- -#+* +es# t&e #utst"i% #we+Gs "u'!icte ce+ti-icte



* % '

c#t /e "e!i.e+e", t&e c#u+t * #+"e+ t&e u!et

#- t&e se s we!! t&e issuce #- ew ce+ti-icte #-

tit!e i !ieu t&e+e#-$ Suc& ew ce+ti-icte " !!"u'!ictes t&e+e#- s&!! c#ti e#+"u #- t&e

u!et #- t&e #utst"i% "u'!icte$

I i'!eeti% t&e i.#!ut+* t+s-e+ #- tit!e #- +e!

'+#'e+t* !e.ie" " s#!" # e9ecuti#, is it e#u%& -#+

t&e e9ecuti% '+t* t# -i!e #ti# wit& t&e c#u+t w&ic&

+e"e+e" Fu"%et, #+ "#es &e ee" t# -i!e se'+tecti# wit& t&e Re%i#! T+i! C#u+t



%

T&e '+#'e+ c#u+se #- cti# is t# file a !etition in

court , +t&e+ t& e+e!* #.e, -#+ t&e issuce #-

ew tit!es$ T&is is t# --#+" "ue '+#cess t# t&e+e%iste+e" !"#we+$ (Re*es .$ T% S#t I%, R

N#$ 1><236, Dec$ 15, 36117 P"i!! .$ P&i!i''ie

P+#"uce+sG C##'e+ti.e M+eti% Ass#citi#, R

N#$ 1513<2, Se't$ 1>, 1;;<)

NOTICE OB



BIS 5ENDENS

Bis !en"ens, w&ic& !ite+!!* es 'e"i% suit, +e-e+s

t# t&e Fu+is"icti#, '#we+ #+ c#t+#! w&ic& c#u+t

cui+es #.e+ '+#'e+t* i.#!.e" i suit, 'e"i% t&e

c#tiuce #- t&e cti#, " uti! -i! Fu"%et$ Bis !en"ens is ite"e" (1) t# ee' t&e '+#'e+ties i

!iti ti it&i t& - t& t ti! t&



!iti%ti# wit&i t&e '#we+ #- t&e c#u+t uti! t&e

!iti%ti# is te+ite" " t# '+e.et t&e "e-et #- t&e

Fu"%et #+ "ec+ee /* su/seuet !ieti#7 " (3) t#

#uce t# t&e w&#!e w#+!" t&t '+ticu!+ '+#'e+t*

is i !iti%ti# " se+.es s w+i% t&t #e w&#

cui+es ite+est #.e+ si" '+#'e+t* "#es s# t &is

#w +is, #+ t&t &e %/!es # t&e +esu!t #- t&e

!iti%ti# #.e+ si" '+#'e+t*$ (M+ H#!"i%s, Lt"$ .$

0F+, R N#$ 1<45=>, Oct$ 16, 3613)

A #tice #- lis !en"ens is %#.e+e" /* Sec$ 15, Ru!e

14, 1;;= Ru!es #- Ci.i! P+#ce"u+e

@SEC$ 15$ Notice of lis !en"ens$ I cti#--ecti% t&e tit!e #+ t&e +i%&t #- '#ssessi# #- +e!



'+#'e+t*, t&e '!iti-- " t&e "e-e"t, w&e

--i+ti.e +e!ie- is c!ie" i &is swe+, * +ec#+"

i t&e #--ice #- t&e +e%ist+* #- "ee"s #- t&e '+#.ice iw&ic& t&e '+#'e+t* is situte" #tice #- t&e 'e"ec*

#- t&e cti#$ Si" #tice s&!! c#ti t&e es #- t&e

'+ties " t&e #/Fect #- t&e cti# #+ "e-ese, "

"esc+i'ti# #- t&e '+#'e+t* i t&t '+#.ice --ecte"

t&e+e/*$ O!* -+# t&e tie #- -i!i% suc& #tice -#+

+ec#+" s&!! 'u+c&se+, #+ ecu/+ce+ #- t&e

'+#'e+t* --ecte" t&e+e/*, /e "eee" t# &.ec#st+ucti.e #tice #- t&e 'e"ec* #- t&e cti#, "



#!* #- its 'e"ec* %ist t&e '+ties "esi%te" /*

t&ei+ +e! es$

T&e #tice #- lis !en"ens &e+ei/#.e eti#e" * /e cce!!e" #!* u'# #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t, -te+ '+#'e+

s&#wi% t&t t&e #tice is -#+ t&e 'u+'#se #- #!esti%

t&e ".e+se '+t*, #+ t&t it is #t ecess+* t# '+#tect

t&e +i%&ts #- t&e '+t* w&# cuse" it t# /e +ec#+"e"$

A #tice #- lis !en"ens is .i!e" #- i!* i real actions.T&ese cti#s +e:

() cti# t# +ec#.e+ '#ssessi# #- +e! estte7

(/) cti# -#+ '+titi#7 "

(c) * #t&e+ c#u+t '+#cee"i%s t&t "i+ect!* --ect t&e tit!e t#

t&e !" #+ t&e /ui!"i% t&e+e# #+ t&e use #+ t&e #ccu'ti#



t&e !" #+ t&e /ui!"i% t&e+e# #+ t&e use #+ t&e #ccu'ti#

t&e+e#-$

A""iti#!!*, t&e #tti# #- lis !en"ens !s# ''!ies t#

suits seei% t# est/!is& +i%&t t#, #+ euit/!e estte #+ite+est i, s'eci-ic +e! '+#'e+t*, #+ t# e-#+ce !ie,

c&+%e #+ ecu/+ce %ist it$

0ut it "#es #t ''!* t# cti#s i.#!.i% tit!e t# #+ * +i%&t

#+ ite+est i, 'e+s#! '+#'e+t*, suc& s t&e su/Fecte/e+s&i' s&+es i '+i.te #st#c c#+'#+ti#$ (M+

H#!"i%s .$ 0F+, su!ra)

Bis !en"ens is #t '+#'e+ i cti# -#+ su #- #e*@A #tice #- lis !en"ens #tte" # t&e cce!!e" TCT

N#$ 1=6314 " c++ie" #.e+ t# T?s TCT N#$ 16362

c#-e++e" u'# RAM # +i%&ts #.e+ t&e su/Fect '+#'e+t* s

we!! s 'etiti#e+, its success#+iite+est, sice CC N#$2=4>1, w&ic& RAM, '+e"ecess#+iite+est #- 'etiti#e+,

i i " i f ll f f



istitute" %ist e+#s ws for collection of sum of

money wit& "%es !urely !ersonal action.

Hece, t&e su/seuet !e.* # e9ecuti# # Oct#/e+ 15,3665 +isi% -+# t&e -i! #e* Fu"%et i -.#+ #-

'etiti#e+ c#t '+e.i! #.e+ t&e earlier #tte"

attacment "e /* L#+e# # Se'te/e+ 46, 3663 " its

su/seuet #tice #- !e.* # e9ecuti# " s!e #- t&e

'+#'e+t* t# +es'#"ets # Ju+* 46, 3665, w&# t&e t##

'#ssessi#$ (%##! .$ Vi!!c#+t, R N#$ J$ 1>, 3613)

Pu+'#se:

t# '+#tect t&e +i%&ts #- t&e '+t* cusi% +e%ist+ti#,

"t# ".ise t&i+" 'e+s#s t&t t&e* "e! wit& t&e



t# ".ise t&i+" 'e+s#s t&t t&e* "e! wit& t&e

'+#'e+t* su/Fect t# t&e +esu!t #- t&e cse

A #tice #- lis !en"ens eit&e+ --ects t&e e+its#- t&e cse #+ c+etes +i%&t #+ !ie$

Cce!!ti# is '+#'e+ w&e -i!e" t# molest

".e+se '+t* #+ is not necessary to !rotect te

rigts #- t&e 'e+s# cusi% +e%ist+ti#$

• Bis !en"ens is '+#'e+ i t&e -#!!#wi% cses:Acti# t# +ec#.e+ '#ssessi# #- '+#'e+t*7Acti# t# uiet tit!e t&e+et#7Acti# t# +e#.e c!#u"s t&e+e#7Acti# -#+ '+titi#7 "



Acti# -#+ '+titi#7 "A* #t&e+ '+#cee"i%s i c#u+t "i+ect!* --ecti%

t&e tit!e t# t&e !" #+ t&e use #+ #ccu'ti# t&e+e#-#+ t&e /ui!"i%s t&e+e#$

• T&e #tice ee" not /e #tte" # t&e #we+Gs

"u'!icte ce+ti-icte #- tit!e /ecuse t&e #tice is

i.#!ut+* t+scti#$ Et+* i t&e "* /## issu--iciet$ (u .$ CA, 3<1 SCRA <6;)

Pcete .$ As#ti%ue, R N#$ 1>><><, Dec$ 16, 3613 As +ee"*, cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce is -i!e" s

#+"i+* cti# i t&e #+"i+* c#u+ts #- Fustice

" #t wit& t&e !" +e%ist+ti# c#u+t$Rec#.e*ce is !w*s .i!/!e s !#% s t&e



'+#'e+t* &s #t 'sse" t# i#cet t&i+" 'e+s#

-#+ .!ue$

A #tice #- lis !en"ens * t&us /e #tte" #t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ie"ite!* u'# t&e

istituti# #- t&e cti# i c#u+t$ T&e #tice #- lis

!en"ens wi!! .#i" t+s-e+ t# i#cet t&i+"

'e+s# -#+ .!ue " '+ese+.e t&e c!i #- t&e +e!

#we+$

I cse #- su/seuet s!es #+ t+s-e+s, t&e RD ust

c++* #.e+ t&e #tice #- lis !en"ens # !! tit!es t# /e

issue"$

T+s-e+ees #- tit!e su/Fect t# lis !en"ens +e /#u"

/ t& F " t i t t& i " (S ! &



/* t&e Fu"%et %ist t&ei+ '+e"ecess#+s$ (Se!'& .$

A%ui!+, 16= P&i!$ 554)

0e-#+e -i! Fu"%et, t&e #tice * /e cce!!e"u'# #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t i- t&e #tice is -#+ t&e 'u+'#se

#- #!esti% t&e ".e+se '+t* #+ i- it is #t ecess+*

-#+ t&e '+#tecti# #- t&e '+t* w&# cuse" its

+e%ist+ti#7 #+ /* t&e RD u'# .e+i-ie" 'etiti# #- t&e '+t* w&# cuse" t&e #tti# t&e+e#-$ (Sec$ ==)

Cce!!ti# #- lis !en"ensT&e '#we+ t# cce! #tice #- lis !en"ens is

e9e+cise" #!* u"e+ e9ce'ti#! ci+custces,

suc& s: w&e+e suc& ci+custces +e i'ut/!e t#

t&e '+t* w&# cuse" t&e #tti#7 w&e+e t&e!iti%ti# ws u"u!* '+#!#%e" t# t&e '+eFu"ice #-



!iti%ti# ws u"u!* '+#!#%e" t# t&e '+eFu"ice #-

t&e #t&e+ '+t* /ecuse #- se.e+! c#tiuces

'+#cu+e" /* 'etiti#e+7 w&e+e t&e cse w&ic& is t&e

/sis -#+ t&e lis !en"ens #tti# ws "isisse" -#+

non !rose$uitur # t&e '+t #- t&e '!iti--7 #+

w&e+e Fu"%et ws +e"e+e" %ist t&e '+t*

w&# cuse" suc& #tti#$ (J$ Csi C#st+ucti#.$ Re%ist++ #- Dee"s, R N#$ 12>2<<, Ju!* 3,

3616)

AMENDMENT AND



ALTERATION OB

CERTIBICATES

N# e+su+e, !te+ti#, #+ e"et, s&!! /e "e

u'# t&e +e%ist+ti# /## -te+ t&e et+* #-

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e #+ #- e#+"u t&e+e# e9ce't /* #+"e+ #- t&e '+#'e+ Re%i#! T+i! C#u+t$ (Sec$ 16>,

PD 1<3;)



PD 1<3;)

N# e"et #+ !te+ti# s&!! /e "e e9ce't

u'# #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t. (Cu*u% .$ S* Qui, 35 P&i!$A<2=)

T&e 'etiti# s&!! /e -i!e" i t&e #+i%i! cse i

w&ic& t&e "ec+ee ws ete+e"$ (OCA .$ Mts, 35=SCRA ;)

I 5az v. Re!ublic, R N#$ 1<=42=, N#.$ 34, 3611,

t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t t&e e"et " !te+ti# #-

ce+ti-icte #- tit!e u"e+ Secti# 16> #- P$D$ N#$ 1<3;

is ''!ic/!e i se.e istces #+ situti#s, e!*:() w&e +e%iste+e" ite+ests #- * "esc+i'ti#,

& & " i i &



w&et&e+ .este", c#ti%et, e9'ectt, #+ ic&#te,

&.e te+ite" " cese"7 (/) w&e ew ite+ests

&.e +ise #+ /ee c+ete" w&ic& "# #t ''e+ u'#t&e ce+ti-icte7 (c) w&e * e++#+, #issi# #+

iste ws "e i ete+i% ce+ti-icte #+ *

e#+"u t&e+e# #+ # * "u'!icte ce+ti-icte7

(") w&e t&e e #- * 'e+s# # t&e ce+ti-icte &s /ee c&%e"7 (e) w&e t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ &s /ee

++ie", #+, +e%iste+e" s ++ie", t&e ++i%e &s

/ee te+ite" " # +i%&t #+ ite+est #- &ei+s #+

c+e"it#+s wi!! t&e+e/* /e --ecte"7 (-) w&e

c#+'#+ti#, w&ic& #we" +e%iste+e" !" " &s

/ee "iss#!.e", &s #t c#.e*e" t&e se wit&i



/ee "iss#!.e", &s #t c#.e*e" t&e se wit&i

t&+ee *e+s -te+ its "iss#!uti#7 " (%) w&e t&e+e is

+es#/!e %+#u" -#+ t&e e"et #+ !te+ti# #-

tit!e$

U"e+ Sec$ 16>, i +e!ti# t# Sec$ 3, PD N#$ 1<3;,

t&e c#u+t * #w &e+ /#t& c#teti#s " #

c#teti#us cses$

Secti# 16> '+#.i"es t&t, -te+ #tice t# !! t&e

ite+este" '+ties, t&e c#u+t * () #+"e+ t&e issuce

#- ew ce+ti-icte, (/) #+"e+ t&e et+* #+ cce!!ti#

#- e#+"u u'# ce+ti-icte, #+ (c) %+t *#t&e+ +e!ie- u'# suc& te+s " c#"iti#s, +eui+i%



/#" i- ecess+*, s it * "ee '+#'e+$

0ut t&e c#u+t, sitti% s !" +e%ist+ti# c#u+t, &s

# Fu+is"icti# #+ ut&#+it* t# +e#'e t&e #+i%i!"ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti#$ T&e c#u+t c#t i'i+ t&e

tit!e #+ #t&e+ ite+est #- 'u+c&se+ &#!"i%

ce+ti-icte -#+ .!ue " i %##" -it&, #+ &is &ei+s #+

ssi%s, wit&#ut &is #+ t&ei+ w+itte c#set$@ (Lu#

Su+et* .$ Mi+s#!, R N#$ L3;414, J$ 31, 1;==)

T&us, t&e c#u+t &s Fu+is"icti# #.e+ 'etiti# -#+

cce!!ti# #- ecu/+ces "es'ite +es'#"etGs

c#teti# t&t t&e issue is c#t+#.e+si!$ (PN0 .$

Ite+ti#! C#+'#+te 0, 1;; SCRA <6>)$

T&e c#u+t c c#'e! 'etiti#e+ t# su++e"e+ &is



T&e c#u+t c c#'e! 'etiti#e+ t# su++e"e+ &is

#we+Gs "u'!icte ce+ti-icte s# t&t ew tit!e * /e

issue" t# t&e IN "es'ite &is +%uet t&t t&e csei.#!.e" t&e @+e%ist+/i!it* @ #- t&e "#cuet$ (Li%#

.$ CA, 355 SCA 2;4)

REPLACEMENT OB LOSTOR DESTROED



OR DESTROED

CERRTIBICATE OB TITLE

•U'# 'etiti# #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ #+ 'e+s#

i ite+est, t&e c#u+t *, -te+ #tice "

&e+i%, "i+ect t&e issuce #- ew "u'!icte

ce+ti-icte w&ic& s&!! i !! +es'ects /e etit!e"



ce+ti-icte w&ic& s&!! i !! +es'ects /e etit!e"

t# !ie -it& " c+e"it s t&e #+i%i! "u'!icte$

(Sec$ 16;, PD N#$ 1<3;)•W&e+e t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte c#'* is #t i -ct

!#st #+ "est+#*e", 'etiti# -#+ t&e 'u+'#se is

uw++te" s t&e c#u+t &s # Fu+is"icti# #.e+

t&e 'etiti#

•P+#ce"u+eT&e +e%iste+e" #we+ #+ 'e+s# i ite+est s&!!

se" #tice, u"e+ #t&, #- t&e !#ss #+ "est+ucti#

#- t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte ce+ti-icte t# t&eRe%iste+ #- Dee"s7 "

T& "i i i - & l



T&e c#++es'#"i% 'etiti# -#+ t&e re!lacement #- t&e !#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte s&!! t&e /e

-i!e" i c#u+t " etit!e" i t&e original case iw&ic& t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# ws ete+e"$

•U!ie i 'etiti# -#+ +ec#stituti#, t&e+e is #+eui+eet -#+ t&e 'u/!icti# #- t&e 'etiti# -#+

+e'!ceet #- !#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte $

RECONSTITUTION OBLOST OR DESTROED



LOST OR DESTROED

CERTIBICATE OB TITLE

T&e reconstitution #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e "e#tes

+est#+ti# i t&e original form " c#"iti# #- !#st

#+ "est+#*e" ist+uet ttesti% t&e tit!e #- 'e+s# t#

'iece #- !"$T&e 'u+'#se #- t&e +ec#stituti# #- tit!e is t# &.e,

-t / i t& " i/ " / ! t&



-te+ #/se+.i% t&e '+#ce"u+es '+esc+i/e" /* !w, t&e

tit!e +e'+#"uce" i e9ct!* t&e se w* it &s /ee

w&e t&e !#ss #+ "est+ucti# #ccu++e"$RA 32 '+esu''#ses t&t t&e '+#'e+t* w&#se tit!e is

s#u%&t t# /e +ec#stitute" &s !+e"* /ee /+#u%&t

u"e+ t&e '+#.isi#s #- t&e T#++es S*ste$

(Re'u/!ic .$ Tustu/, R N#$ 1=4316, A'+i 35,

366;)

T&e !#st #+ "est+#*e" "#cuet +e-e++e" t# is t&e #e

t&t is i t&e cust#"* #- t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s$ W&e

+ec#stituti# is #+"e+e", t&is "#cuet is +e'!ce"wit& ew #e t&e +ec#stitute" tit!e t&t

/ i !! " & i i !



/sic!!* +e'+#"uces t&e #+i%i!$A-te+ t&e +ec#stituti#, t&e #we+ is issue"

"u'!icte c#'* #- t&e +ec#stitute" tit!e$ (Sec$ 1, RA N#$ 327 Re'u/!ic .$ Ve+%e! "e Di#s, R N#$ 1=65<;,

Be/$ ;, 3611)

Reuisites:

() t&t t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e &" /ee !#st #+

"est+#*e"7

(/) t&t t&e "#cuets '+esete" /* 'etiti#e+ +esu--iciet " '+#'e+ t# w++t +ec#stituti# #- t&e

! t " t " ti-i t - tit!



!#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e7

(c) t&t t&e 'etiti#e+ is t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ #- t&e

'+#'e+t* #+ &" ite+est t&e+ei7(") t&t t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ws i -#+ce t t&e tie it

ws !#st " "est+#*e"7 "

(e) t&t t&e "esc+i'ti#, +e " /#u"+ies #- t&e

'+#'e+t* +e su/stti!!* t&e se s t&#se c#tie"

i t&e !#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ ( I".)

Ju"ici! +ec#stituti# '+tes #- lan"

registration !rocee"ing " is su/Fect t# t&e

Fu+is"icti#! +eui+eets #- !ublication, mailing

an" !osting. T&is is "t#+*$ (Sec$ 14, RA N#$

327 Pi#te .$ Du!*, R N#$ <22;5, Ju!* 3, 1;;6)

T&e 'etiti# s&!! /e -i!e" it& t&e +e%i#! t+i!



T&e 'etiti# s&!! /e -i!e" wit& t&e +e%i#! t+i!

c#u+t #- t&e '+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" !ies$

Sec$ 16> #- PD 1<3; '+#.i"es t&t !! 'etiti#s #+#ti#s -te+ #+i%i! +e%ist+ti# s&!! /e -i!e" "

etit!e" i t&e #+i%i! cse i w&ic& t&e "ec+ee #-

+e%ist+ti# ws ete+e"$ (See !s# Sec$ 3, RA N#$

32$ O--ice #- t&e C#u+t A"iist+t#+ .$ Mts,A$M$ N#$ RTJ;3>42$ Au%ust 3, 1;;<)$

I 1anotok v. Aar$ue, ( su!ra), t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t i- it

''e+s t&t t&e su/Fect '+#'e+t* is !+e"* c#.e+e" /*

e9isti% T#++es tit!e i t&e e #- #t&e+ 'e+s#,

t&e LRA s&#u!" "isiss t&e 'etiti#$ T&e "isiss! issu/Fect t# Fu"ici! +e.iew, /ut t&e #!* iui+* i suc&

''e!!te '+#cee"i% is # w&et&e+ #+ #t t&e+e is



''e!!te '+#cee"i% is # w&et&e+ #+ #t t&e+e is

'+e.i#us!* e9isti% tit!e c#.e+i% t&e !"$

Neit&e+ t&e LRA #+ t&e CA t t&t '#it * iui+eit# t&e .!i"it* #- t&e tit!e #+ t&e c#'eti% c!is

#.e+ t&e '+#'e+t*$ T&e #!* +ee"* is cti# /e-#+e

t&e RTC -#+ t&e cce!!ti# #- t&e e9isti% tit!e,

w&et&e+ /* t&e c#'eti% c!it #+ /* t&e OS # /e&!- #- t&e Re'u/!ic$

T&e cce!!ti# #- t&e '+e.i#us (M#t#) tit!e

c#t +ise ici"et!!* -+# t&e "iist+ti.e

'+#cee"i% -#+ +ec#stituti# #- t&e 0+ue tit!e e.e

i- t&e e.i"ece -+# t&t '+#cee"i% +e.e!e" t&e

M#t# tit!e s -e$ N#+ c#u!" it &.e ee+%e"

ici"et!!* i t&e ''e!!te +e.iew #- t&e LRA?s



ici"et!!* i t&e ''e!!te +e.iew #- t&e LRA s

"iist+ti.e '+#cee"i%$ Sec$ 5> #- PD 1<3;

'+#.i"es t&t ce+ti-icte #- tit!e s&!! #t /esu/Fect t# c#!!te+! ttc $ $ $ " c#t /e !te+e",

#"i-ie", #+ cce!!e" e9ce't i "i+ect '+#cee"i% i

cc#+"ce wit& !w$

Neit&e+ t&e CA #+ t&e LRA &s t&e '#we+ t# cce!tit!es$ (M#t# .$ Aar$ue, su'+)

0ut t&e+e is # c#!!te+! ttc # t&e tit!e (OCT N#$

34;) w&e t&e +ec#stuti# cse (LRC Cse N#$ 0

1=>5) ws "isisse" /* c#u+t '+ecise!* /ecuse t&ei.!i"it* #- si" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ws !+e"*

" t i " it& -i !it / t& S C t



"ete+ie" wit& -i!it* /* t&e Su'+ee C#u+t$

T&e "ecisi# #- t&e C#u+t "ec!+i% OCT N#$ 34; s

-e, -#+%e", " s'u+i#us !+e"* bars t&e

+ec#stituti# #- si" tit!e u"e+ t&e "#ct+ie #- res

'u"icata, i t&e c#ce't #- c#c!usi.eess #-

Fu"%et$ (L*#s .$ Bi!Estte, R N#$ 1<65=6, Au%$2, 366>)

S#u+ces #- +ec#stituti#

Sec$ 3, RA N#$ 32 -#+ +ec#stituti# #-

original ce+ti-icte #- tit!eSec$ 4, RA N#$ 32 K -#+ +ec#stituti# #-



transfer ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$

@ :ny oter "ocument s s#u+ce #-+ec#stituti# +e-e+s t# "#cuets similar t# t&#se

'+e.i#us!* eue+te" i t&e !w u"e+ t&e

'+ici'!e #- e'us"em generis. (Re'u/!ic .$ IAC

" i+, 1<= SCRA 23

Mei% #- @* #t&e+ "#cuet

T&e te+ * #t&e+ "#cuet i '+%+'& (-)

+e-e+s t# +e!i/!e "#cuets #- t&e i" "esc+i/e" i

t&e '+ece"i% eue+ti#s " t&t t&e "#cuets+e-e++e" t# i Secti# 3 (-) * /e +es#+te" t# #!* i

& / - & "i " i & !i



t&e /sece #- t&e '+ece"i% "#cuets i t&e !ist$

T&e '+t* '+*i% -#+ t&e +ec#stituti# #- tit!e

ust s&#w t&t &e &", i -ct, s#u%&t t# secu+e suc&

"#cuets " -i!e" t# -i" t&e /e-#+e

'+esetti# #- #t&e+ "#cuets s e.i"ece i

su/stituti# is !!#we"$ (Re'u/!ic .$ L#+e#, R

N#$ 1=344>, Dec$ 16, 3613)

T&e #c#'!ice wit& t&e +eui+eets '+esc+i/e"i Secti#s 13 (c#tets #- 'etiti#) " 14

(+eui+eets #- #tice " &e+i%) #- R$A$ N#$ 32 is

-t!$

T&ese +eui+eets " '+#ce"u+e +e "t#+*$ T&e

'etiti# -#+ +ec#stituti# ust !!e%e ce+ti s'eci-ic



' % '

Fu+is"icti#! -cts7 t&e #tice #- &e+i% ust /e

'u/!is&e" i t&e O--ici! ette " '#ste" i '+ticu!+

'!ces " t&e se set #+ #ti-ie" t# s'eci-ie" 'e+s#s$

Secti#s 13 " 14 #- t&e Act '+#.i"e s'eci-ic!!* t&e

"t#+* +eui+eets " '+#ce"u+e t# /e -#!!#we"$

(Csti!!# .$ Re'u/!ic, R N#$ 1>3;>6, Ju 33, 3611$ See

!s#: Re'u/!ic .$ D#i%#, R N#$ 1;=41<, Oct$ 16,

3613)

E9'!es #- ic#'etet '+##-

A su+.e* '!, tec&ic! "esc+i'ti#, ce+ti-icti# issue" /*

t&e LRA, !#t "t c#'utti#, " t9 "ec!+ti#s (w&ic&

+e #t sii!+ t# t&#se eti#e" i su/'+%+'&s () t#

(e) #- Sec$ 3 #- RA 32, s 'e+tii% t# "#cuets issue" #+

+e # -i!e wit& t&e Re%ist+* #- Dee"s)$



A su+.e* '! " tec&ic! "esc+i'ti# (w&e+e t&e 'etiti#

is /se" # Sec$ 3 (-) #- RA 32) w&ic& +e e+e ""iti#!

"#cuet+* +eui+eets$A ce+ti-icti# t&t Dec+ee N#$ 1;6233 ws issue" -#+ L#t

<5, wit&#ut stti% t&e u/e+ " "te #- t&e tit!e, " t#

w&# issue"$

A t9 "ec!+ti# (w&ic& is #t +e!i/!e "#cuet)$(Re'u/!ic .$ R#s, R N#$ 12;5>1, Be/$ 33, 3616)

Li/e+! c#st+ucti# #- t&e Ru!es #- C#u+t "#es #t ''!*

t# !" +e%ist+ti# cses$ I"ee", t# -u+t&e+ u"e+sc#+e t&e

"t#+* c&+cte+ #- t&ese Fu+is"icti#! +eui+eets,

te Rules of Court "o not a!!ly to lan" registration cases$

(Sec$ 5, Ru!e 1 #- t&e 1;;= Ru!es #- Ci.i! P+#ce"u+e)

I !! cses w&e+e t&e ut&#+it* #- t&e c#u+ts t# '+#cee" is



* '

c#-e++e" /* sttute, " w&e t&e e+ #- #/tii%

Fu+is"icti# is '+esc+i/e" /* sttute, t&e #"e #- '+#cee"i% is "t#+*, " ust /e st+ict!* c#'!ie"

wit&, #+ t&e '+#cee"i% wi!! /e utte+!* .#i"$ W&e t&e t+i!

c#u+t !cs Fu+is"icti# t# te c#%ice #- cse, it

!cs ut&#+it* #.e+ t&e w&#!e cse " !! its s'ects$

(Csti!!# .$ Re'u/!ic, R N#$ 1>3;>6, Jue 33, 3611)

As &e!" i Re!ublic v. Borenzo, R N#$ 1=344>, Dec$

16, 3613:@t&e te+ * #t&e+ "#cuetG i '+%+'& (-)

+e-e+s t# +e!i/!e "#cuets #- t&e i" "esc+i/e" i

t&e '+ece"i% eue+ti#s " t&t t&e "#cuets



' %

+e-e++e" t# i Secti# 3 (-) * /e +es#+te" t# #!*

i t&e /sece #- t&e '+ece"i% "#cuets i t&e!ist$ T&e+e-#+e, t&e '+t* '+*i% -#+ t&e

+ec#stituti# #- tit!e ust s&#w t&t &e &", i

-ct, s#u%&t t# secu+e suc& "#cuets " -i!e" t#

-i" t&e /e-#+e '+esetti# #- #t&e+ "#cuetss e.i"ece i su/stituti# is !!#we"$

Re'u/!ic .$ L#+e#, R N#$ 1=344>, Dec$ 16, 3613

@T&is C#u+t &s +eite+te" tie " %i t&t t&e

/sece #- #''#siti# -+# %#.e+et %ecies is

#- # c#t+#!!i% si%i-icce /ecuse t&e Sttec#t /e est#''e" /* t&e #issi#, iste #+

e++#+ #- its #--ici!s #+ %ets Neit&e+ is t&e



e++#+ #- its #--ici!s #+ %ets$ Neit&e+ is t&e

Re'u/!ic /++e" -+# ssi!i% t&e "ecisi#

%+ti% t&e 'etiti# -#+ +ec#stituti# i-, # t&e /sis #- t&e !w " t&e e.i"ece # +ec#+", suc&

'etiti# &s # e+it$

As &e!" i Re!ublic v. Borenzo, R N#$ 1=344>, Dec$ 16,

3613, t&e -#!!#wi% ust /e s&#w:() t&t t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e &" /ee !#st #+

"est+#*e"7(/) t&t t&e "#cuets '+esete" /* 'etiti#e+ +e

su--iciet " '+#'e+ t# w++t +ec#stituti# #- t&e



!#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e7(c) t&t t&e 'etiti#e+ is t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ #- t&e

'+#'e+t* #+ &" ite+est t&e+ei7(") t&t t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e ws i -#+ce t t&e tie it

ws !#st #+ "est+#*e"7 "(e) t&t t&e "esc+i'ti#, +e " /#u"+ies #- t&e

'+#'e+t* +e su/stti!!* t&e se " t&#se c#tie"

i t&e !#st #+ "est+#*e" ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$

:"ministrtative reconstitution #- !#st #+"est+#*e" ce+ti-ictes is %#.e+e" /* RA 2=43$

It is .i!/!e i cse #- su/stti! !#ss #+

"est+ucti# #- !" tit!es "ue -i+e, -!##" #+ #t&e+ force ma'eure. M#t# .$ 0+ue, R N#$

12344< D 1> 366>)



12344<, Dec$ 1>,366>)

Reui+eets:

Nu/e+ #- ce+ti-ictes !#st #+ "%e" is t

!est 16 #- t&e t#t! u/e+ i '#ssessi#

#- t&e RD$

I # cse s&!! /e u/e+ #- ce+ti-ictes /e

!ess t& <66$

T&e "iist+ti.e +ec#stituti# #- T#++es tit!es is

ite"e" -#+ non@controversial cases, #+ es'eci!!*

w&e+e t&e su/Fect '+#'e+t* is #t c#.e+e" /*

e9isti% tit!e i -.#+ #- 'e+s# #t&e+ t& t&e''!ict$ Suc& i'!icti# is c#s#t wit& t&e

+u!e t&t t&e +ec#stituti# '+#cee"i%s +e #t t&e



+u!e t&t t&e +ec#stituti# '+#cee"i%s +e #t t&e

.eue -#+ c#-i+ti# #+ "Fu"icti# #- tit!e, /ut

e+e!* es /* w&ic& '+e.i#us!* "Fu"icte"tit!e w&#se #+i%i! &s /ee !#st #+ "est+#*e" * /e

+eissue" t# its #we+$

T&e LRA &s # Fu+is"icti# #.e+ 'etiti# -#+

+ec#stituti#, w&e+e t&e '+#'e+t* is !+e"* c#.e+e" /* T#++es tit!e$ (M#t# .$ 0+ue, su!ra)

CONSULTA



CONSULTA

W&e t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s is i "#u/t s t# w&t

cti# s&#u!" /e te # ist+uet '+esete"

-#+ +e%ist+ti#, #+ w&e+e * '+t* "#es #t %+eewit& t&e cti# te /* t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s, t&e

uesti# s&!! /e e!e.te" t# t&e LRA



uesti# s&!! /e e!e.te" t# t&e LRA

A"iist+t#+ .i e consulta -#+ "ete+iti#$

(Sec$ 11=, PD 1<3;)T&e consulta s&!! /e cce!!e" () u'# -i!

+es#!uti# #- t&e cse /* t&e LRA A"iist+t#+,

#+ (/) i- t&e consulta is wit&"+w /* t&e 'etiti#e+$

T&e +u!i% #- t&e LRA s&!! /e c#c!usi.e "

/i"i% # !! RDs, wit&#ut '+eFu"ice t# ''e! t#

t&e C#u+t #- A''e!s$

A '+t* w&# "#es #t %+ee wit& t&e cti# te

/* t&e LRA is t# ''e! t# t&e CA, .i Ru!e 54



* '' ,

" #t /* ce+ti#++i #+ '+#&i/iti# wit&i 1<

"*s -+# #tice #- t&e "ecisi# #+ +es#!uti#$(C!!% .$ RD #- QC, 341 SCRA >>)

T&e "iist+ti.e +ee"* ust /e +es#+te" t# /*

'etiti#e+ /e-#+e &e c &.e +ec#u+se t# t&e c#u+ts$

(A!i+#! .$ RD #- QC, 33 SCRA 11<3)

T& *#u " %##" "*



Justice Osw!"# D$ A%c#i!i

P&i!F, Su'+ee C#u+t

MORTAES AND LEASES

T&e #+t%%#+ ust /e t&e #we+ #- t&e '+#'e+t*

#+t%%e"$

A #+t%%e !ie is +i%&t in rem w&ic& -#!!#ws

'+#'e+t*$



' ' *

A #tice #- lis !en"ens c#t '+eFu"ice #+t%%e

'+e.i#us!* +e%iste+e"$A #+t%%e is i.!i" e.e i t&e &"s #-

i#cet #+t%%ee w&e+e t&e tit!e c#.e+s #

+e%ist+/!e !"$ (L0P .$ Re'u/!ic,<54 SCRA 5<4)

W&e+e t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is i t&e e #- t&e

#+t%%#+ w&e t&e !" is #+t%%e", t&e

#+t%%ee &s t&e +i%&t t# +e!* # w&t ''e+s #

t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ (#!es .$ IAC, R N#$

2;233, J$ 3;, 1;>>)



)

T&e +i%&t #+ !ie #- i#cet #+t%%ee -#+

.!ue u'# t&e !" #+t%%e" ust /e +es'ecte"" '+#tecte", e.e i- t&e #+t%%#+ #/tie" &is

tit!e t&e+et# t&+u -+u"$ (0!c# .$ Esuie+"#, R

N#$ L1<1>3,Dec$ 3;, 1;26)$

T&e %ee+! +u!e t&t #+t%%ee ee" #t !##

/e*#" t&e tit!e "#es #t ''!* t# /s " #t&e+

-ici! istituti#s s %+ete+ c+e " "ue "i!i%ece

is +eui+e" #- t&e$ I/ue" wit& 'u/!ic ite+est, t&e*+e e9'ecte" t# /e #+e cuti#us t& #+"i+*

i"i.i"u!s @ (A!# . P!te+Gs De.e!#'et 0



i"i.i"u!s$ (A!# .$ P!te+ s De.e!#'et 0,

R N#$ 1=123>, Jue 14, 3611)

T&e sce+tiet #- t&e sttus #+ c#"iti# #-

'+#'e+t* #--e+e" t# it s secu+it* -#+ !# ust /e

st"+" " i"is'es/!e '+t #- its #'e+ti#s$

(DuueR#s+i# .$ 0c# Bi!i'i# S.i%s "M#+t%%e 0, R N#$ 156<3>, Dec$ =, 3611)

A!t&#u%& A+t$ 36><, CC, +eui+es t&t t&e #+t%%#+ ust

/e t&e #we+ #- t&e #+t%%e" '+#'e+t*, t&e su/seuet

"ec!+ti# t&t t&e tit!e is u!! " .#i" is #t %+#u"

-#+ u!!i-*i% t&e #+t%%e +i%&t #- t&e #+t%%ee$ (Ru+!0 #- S+i* .$ c#, 1=< SCRA 23)

T&e +i%&t #+ !ie #- i#cet #+t%%ee ust /e



T&e +i%&t #+ !ie #- i#cet #+t%%ee ust /e

+es'ecte", even if te mortgagor obtaine" is title tereto

troug frau".T&e +ee"* #- t&e 'e+s# '+eFu"ice" is %ist t&#se w&#

cuse" t&e -+u", #+ i- is#!.et, cti# -#+ recovery of

"amages against te :%. (0!c# .$ Esuie+"#, 116 P&i!$

5;5)

E--ect #- -#+%e" "ee" #- #+t%%eA -#+%e" '#we+ #- tt#+e* is wit&#ut -#+ce "

e--ect, " t&e #+t%%e c#stitute" /* .i+tue

t&e+e#- is !s# u!! " .#i" " c#u!" #t '+eFu"ice t&e +i%&ts #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+$

(Ve!#s# . L U+/ <>P&i! 2>1)



(Ve!#s# .$ L U+/, <>P&i!$ 2>1)

A /s#!ute!* siu!te" c#t+ct #- s!e is .#i"

" t+s-e+s # #we+s&i' +i%&t7 &ece, t&e

'u+'#+te" /u*e+, #t /ei% t&e #we+, c#t

.!i"!* #+t%%e t&e '+#'e+t* " eit&e+ "#es t&e

/u*e+ t -#+ec!#su+e s!e cui+e * tit!e t&e+et#$(C+u .$ 0c#, 4=; SCRA 5;6)

I e9t+Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+es, t&e 'u+c&se+ /ec#es

t&e /s#!ute #we+ w&e # +e"e'ti# is "e$

T&us, -te+ c#s#!i"ti# #- #we+s&i' " issuce #-

ew t+s-e+ ce+ti-icte #- tit!e i t&e e #- t&e 'u+c&se+, &e is etit!e" t# '#ssessi# #- t&e '+#'e+t*

s tte+ #- +i%&t u"e+ Secti# = (Act 414<), " its



issuce /* t&e RTC is e+e ministerial -ucti#$

0ut 'u+sut t# Sec$ 44, Ru!e 4;, Ru!es #- C#u+t, t&e '#ssessi# #- t&e e9t+Fu"ici!!* -#+ec!#se" '+#'e+t*

s&!! /e wit&&e!" -+# t&e 'u+c&se+ i- tir"@!arty is

ctu!!* &#!"i% t&e se a"versely t# t&e

#+t%%#+"e/t#+$ (M"+i% .$ C&i 0i% C#+'$, N#$ 1;34==, Ju!* 3, 3613)

I -#+ec!#su+e s!e, t&e+e is # ctu! t+s-e+ #- t&e#+t%%e" +e! '+#'e+t* uti! -te+ t&e e9'i+ti# #-

t&e #e*e+ +e"e'ti# 'e+i#" s '+#.i"e" i Act N#$

414< " tit!e t&e+et# is c#s#!i"te" i t&e e #-

t&e #+t%%ee i cse #- #+e"e'ti#$ I t&e

ite+i, t&e #+t%%#+ is %i.e t&e #'ti# w&et&e+ #+



#t t# +e"ee t&e +e! '+#'e+t*$

T&e issuce #- t&e Ce+ti-icte #- S!e "#es #t /*itse!- t+s-e+ #we+s&i'$ (Su'+ee T+s!ie+, Ic$ .$

0PI Bi!* S.i%s 0, Ic$, R N#$ 12<21=, Be/$

34, 3611)

Re"e'ti#T&e #+t%%#+ &s #e *e+ wit&i w&ic& t# +e"ee

t&e '+#'e+t* -+# t&e +e%ist+ti# #- s!e, #t&e+wise

t&e +i%&t #- t&e 'u+c&se+ t# t&e '#ssessi# #- t&e

-#+ec!#se" '+#'e+t* /ec#es /s#!ute$T&e w+it #- '#ssessi# /ec#es tte+ #- +i%&t

" i i & i F "i i !



" its issuce t# 'u+c&se+ i e9t+Fu"ici!

-#+ec!#su+e is e+e!* iiste+i! -ucti#$Re"e'ti# is i'!ie" "issi# #- t&e

+e%u!+it* #- t&e s!e " w#u!" est#' t&e 'etiti#e+

-+# !te+ i'u%i% its .!i"it* # t&t %+#u"$

(0u!#% .$ #!es, R N#$ 1<241>, Se't$ <,3611

W+it #- '#ssessi#U"e+ Sec$ = #- Act N#$ 414<, w+it #- '#ssessi#

* /e issue" eit&e+ () wit&i t&e #e*e+ 'e+i#",

u'# t&e -i!i% #- /#", #+ (/) -te+ t&e !'se #- t&e

+e"e'ti# 'e+i#", wit&#ut ee" #- /#"$

T&e '+#cee"i% -#+ t&e issuce #- t&e w+it is e/ !arte



" is ministerial "ut* #- t&e c#u+t, u!ess t&i+" '+t*

is ctu!!* &#!"i% t&e '+#'e+t* ".e+se!* t# t&e Fu"%et "e/t#+, #+ w&e+e t&e /i" '+ice is uFusti-i/!*

&i%&e+ t& t&e +e! #ut #- t&e #/!i%ti#$

M"us is '+#'e+ +ee"* t# c#'e! t&e issuce #-

w+it #- '#ssessi#$ (E"+!i .$ PV0, R N#$ 12><34,M+c& ;, 3611)

O+"e+s -#+ t&e issuce #- w+it #- '#ssessi# +e

issue" s tte+ #- c#u+se u'# t&e -i!i% #- t&e

'+#'e+ #ti# " ''+#.! #- t&e c#++es'#"i%

/#" sice # "isc+eti# is !e-t t# t&e c#u+t t# "e* it$



Suc& issuce /ei% iiste+i!, its e9ecuti# /* t&e

s&e+i-- is !iewise iiste+i!$ (C&i 0i%C#+'#+ti# .$ A/e!, R N#$ 1>35<=, J$16, 3611)

T&e issuce #- t&e w+it * #t /e st*e" /*

'e"i% cti# -#+ u!et #- t&e #+t%%e #+ t&e

-#+ec!#su+e itse!-, wit&#ut '+eFu"ice, #- c#u+se, t# t&e

e.etu! #utc#e #- t&e 'e"i% u!et cse$(0 #- t&e P&i!i''ie Is!"s .$ T+'i, R N#$

1=5;>> Dec 16 366>)



1=5;>>, Dec$ 16, 366>)

Issuce #- t&e w+it is e/ !arte, su+* " "

iiste+i!$ T&e #+"e+ #- t&e RTC %+ti% t&e 'etiti#

-#+ w+it #- '#ssessi# is -i! w&ic& c #!* /e

uesti#e" # ''e!$ (S Be+"# Ru+! 0, Ic$

.$ P'% Oi/us De.e!#'et C#+'#+ti#, R N#$ 12>6>>, A'+i! 5, 366=)

REISTRATION VIA ISSUANCE OB

PU0LIC LAND PATENTS

Re%ist+ti# #- PtetsPu/!ic !"s suit/!e -#+ %+icu!tu+e c /e "is'#se"

#- /* () &#este", (/) s!e, (c) !ese, " (")



c#-i+ti# #- i'e+-ect #+ ic#'!ete tit!es /* (1)

Fu"ici! !e%!iti# #+ (3) "iist+ti.e!e%!iti# (-+ee 'tet)

Pu/!ic !" 'tets w&e "u!* +e%iste+e" +e.e+it/!e T#++es tit!es, etit!e" t# !! t&e s-e%u+"s

+e!ti.e t&e+et#

H#este" 'tet

A* citie #- t&e P&i!i''ies * ''!* -#+ &#este" #- #t e9cee"i% 13 &ect+es$

T&e ''!ict ust &.e cu!ti.te" "i'+#.e" t !est #e-i-t& #- t&e !" "+esi"e" i t&e uici'!it* (#+ "Fcet



+esi"e" i t&e uici'!it* (#+ "Fcetuici'!it*) w&e+e t&e !" is !#cte" -#+ t!est #e *e+$

Oce t&e ''!ict &s c#'!ie" wit& !! t&ec#"iti#s esseti! t# %#.e+et %+t, &e

cui+es #t #!* +i%&t t# %+t /ut %+t #-t&e !" -+# t&e %#.e+et$

S!es 'tet

A Bi!i'i# citie #+ !w-u! %e #+ t&e &e" #-

-i!* * ''!* -#+ t&e 'u+c&se #-

%+icu!tu+! 'u/!ic !" #t t# e9cee" 13&ect+es$

& ! " & !! / !" & & /!i /i""i



T&e !" s&!! /e s#!" t&+#u%& 'u/!ic /i""i%,

" t&e !" w+"e" t# t&e &i%&est /i""e+$T&e 'u+c&se '+ice * /e 'i" i -u!! #+ i 16

ist!!ets$

T&e ''!ict ust cu!ti.te t !est #e-i-t& #-

t&e !" wit&i < *e+s -+# t&e "te #- w+"$

Di+ect s!e (RA N#$ =46)

RA N#$ =46 'e+its t&e '+i.te s!e #- #t #+e t&

1,666 su+e ete+s -#+ +esi"eti! 'u+'#ses$ T&e

''!ict:

Is Bi!i'i# citie7



Is #t t&e #we+ #- &#e !#t i t&e cit* #+

uici'!it*7Hs est/!is&e" i %##" -it& &is +esi"ece # !"

#t ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic se+.ice7

Hs c#st+ucte" &is &#use " ctu!!* +esi"e"

t&e+ei$

B+ee 'tet

A''!ict is tu+!/#+ citie w&# is #t

t&e #we+ #- #t #+e t& 13 &ect+es #-%+icu!tu+! 'u/!ic !"$

He &s #ccu'ie" " cu!ti.te" t&e !" -#+ t



He &s #ccu'ie" " cu!ti.te" t&e !" -#+ t

!est 46 *e+s, /* &ise!- #- &is '+e"ecess#+s

iite+est7

He &s 'i" t&e +e! estte t9es w&i!e t&e se

&s #t /ee #ccu'ie" /* * #t&e+ 'e+s#$

ISSUANCE OB BREE PATENT TORESIDENTIAL LANDS (RA NO$ 16634)

Reui+eets -#+ +esi"eti! -+ee 'tet:A ''!ict ust /e Bi!i'i# citie

I ctu! #ccu'ti#, +esi"ece " c#tiu#us



' , '#ssessi# " #ccu'ti# #- +esi"eti! !"

I"eti-ie" " #e" t&+#u%& #+"ice "#t ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic use #+ 'u/!ic se+.ice

B#+ t !est 16 *e+s '+i#+ t# t&e -i!i% #- t&e

''!icti#

A+e !iitti#:

Hi%&!* u+/ie" cities K 366 s$ $

Ot&e+ cities K <66 s$ $

1st " 3(" c!ss uici'!ities K =<6 s$ $

Ot&e+ uici'!ities K 1,666 s$ $



Ot&e+ uici'!ities 1,666 s$ $

Reui+eets -#+ ''!icti#:

A''+#.e" '! " tec&ic! "esc+i'ti#

A--i".it #- tw# (3) witesses c#-i+i% '#ssessi# #- ''!ict -#+ t !est 16 *e+s

• S'eci! 'tets

A s'eci! 'tet is issue" u'# t&e '+#u!%ti#

#- s'eci! !w #+ ct #- C#%+ess #+ /* t&e

DENR Sec+et+* s ut&#+ie" /* EO #- t&eP+esi"et$

E9'!e: B+ee"# Is!"s i t&e Mi! 0* +e



E9'!e: B+ee"# Is!"s i t&e Mi! 0* +e

t# w&ic& TCTs we+e issue" t# PEA$

H#we.e+, t&e !"s s# tit!e" s&!! #t /e "is'#se"

u!ess wit& t&e ''+#.! #- C#%+ess i- #we" /*

t&e ti#! %ec*, #+ /* t&e sanggunian

c#ce+e" t&+#u%& ''+#.e" #+"ice i-#we" /* LUS$

P+#&i/ite" !ieti#s

Sec$ 11> #- CA 151 '+#sc+i/es t&e !ieti# #+

ecu/+ce #- !" cui+e" u"e+ -+ee

'tet #+ &#este" 'tet wit&i < *e+s -+#

t&e %+t #- t&e 'tet$ T&e '#!ic* is t# %i.e



'tetee '!ce w&e+e t# !i.e wit& &is -i!*

A-te+ < *e+s /ut /e-#+e 3< *e+s -+# t&eissuce #- t&e 'tet, &#este" * /e

"is'#se" #- su/Fect t# t&e ''+#.! #- t&e DENR

Sec+et+*7 /ut !" c#.e+e" /* -+ee 'tet * /e "is'#se" #- -te+ < *e+s$

REISTRATION UNDER SEC$ 5>(0) OB THE

PU0LC LAND ACT (CA NO$ 151)

@Sec$ 5>$ 9 9 9 (/) T&#se w&# /* t&ese!.es #+ t&+#u%&t&ei+ '+e"ecess#+s i ite+est &.e /ee i #'e,

c#tiu#us, e9c!usi.e, " #t#+i#us '#ssessi# "

i - !i /! " "i /! ! " - &



#ccu'ti# #- !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #- t&e

'u/!ic "#i, u"e+ bona fi"e c!i #- cuisiti# #-#we+s&i'7, sice Jue 13, 1;5<, e9ce't w&e '+e.ete"

/* w+ #+ force ma'eure. T&ese s&!! /e c#c!usi.e!*

'+esue" t# &.e 'e+-#+e" !! t&e c#"iti#s esseti!

t# #.e+et %+t " s&!! /e etit!e" t# ce+ti-icte #- tit!e u"e+ '+#.isi#s #- t&is c&'te+$

T&e+e +e # te+i! "i--e+eces /etwee Sec$15(1) #- PD N#$ 1<3; " Sec$ 5>(/) #- CA N#$

151$W&i!e t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (PLA) +e-e+s t#

@%+icu!tu+! !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i " t&e



%+icu!tu+! !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i " t&eP+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee (PRD) +e-e+s t#

@!ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic"#i, t&e su/Fect !"s +e #- t&e se t*'esice u"e+ t&e C#stituti#, !ie/!e !"s #-t&e 'u/!ic "#i s&!! /e !iite" t#agricultural !"s$

Sec$ 5>(/), CA 151, s e"e" /* PD 16=4,

+eui+es '#ssessi# sice >une )2, )*?, #+

'+i#+ t&e+et#0ut !" ee" /e c!ssi-ie" s A " D !" t

t&e tie #- t&e -i!i% #- t&e ''!icti# -#+



t&e tie #- t&e -i!i% #- t&e ''!icti# -#+

+e%ist+ti# ( 1alabanan vs. Court of :!!eals, R N#$ 1=;;>=, A'+i! 3;, 366;)


PLA +e c#'!ie" wit&, t&e '#ssess#+ is "eee"

t# &.e cui+e", /* #'e+ti# #- !w, +i%&t t# %+t, wit&#ut t&e ecessit* #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

/ei% issue"$



C#'!ice wit& !! +eui+eets -#+

%#.e+et %+t i!so 'ure c#.e+ts !" t#

'+i.te '+#'e+t*$

T&e !" ceses t# /e #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i "

/e*#" t&e ut&#+it* #- t&e DENR t# "is'#se #-$

Re%ist+ti# u"e+ Sec$ 5>(/) #- t&e PLA

'+esues t&t t&e !" ws #+i%i!!* 'u/!ic

%+icu!tu+! !" /ut /ecuse #- ".e+se

'#ssessi# sice Jue 13, 1;5<, t&e !" &s /ec#e '+i.te$

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is .#i" w&e it c#.e+s #



A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is .#i" w&e it c#.e+s #

+e%ist+/!e !"s (e.g., -#+est #+ ti/e+ #+ ie+!!"s)$

A* tit!e issue" # #"is'#s/!e !#ts e.e i t&e

&"s #- !!e%e" i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue,

s&!! /e cce!!e"$

REISTRATION UNDER THE

INDIENOUS PEOPLES RIHTS ACT

C#stituti#! '+#.isi#s

@T&e Stte +ec#%ies " '+##tes t&e +i%&ts #-



T&e Stte +ec#%ies " '+##tes t&e +i%&ts #-

i"i%e#us cu!tu+! c#uities wit&i t&e-+ew#+ #- ti#! uit* " "e.e!#'et$

(Sec$ 3 A+t$ II)

@T&e Stte, su/Fect t# t&e '+#.isi#s #- t&is

C#stituti# " ti#! "e.e!#'et '#!icies

" '+#%+s s&!! '+#tect t&e +i%&ts #- i"i%e#us

cu!tu+! c#uities t# t&ei+ cest+! !"s t#esu+e t&ei+ ec##ic, s#ci!, " cu!tu+! we!!

/ei%



/ei%$

T&e C#%+ess * '+#.i"e -#+ t&e ''!ic/i!it* #-cust#+* !w %#.e+i% '+#'e+t* +i%&ts #+

+e!ti#s i "ete+ii% t&e #we+s&i' " e9tet

#- cest+! "#i$

I"i%e#us c#ce't #- #we+s&i'T&e IPRA +ec#%ies t&e e9istece #- t&e

i"i%e#us cu!tu+! c#uities #+ i"i%e#us

'e#'!es (ICCsIPs) s "istict sect#+ iP&i!i''ie S#ciet*$





!ossession #- t&ei+ cest+! "#is "

cest+! !"s, " "e-ies t&e e9tet #- t&ese

!"s " "#is$

T&e #we+s&i' %i.e is t&e i"i%e#us c#ce't

#- #we+s&i' u"e+ cust#+* !w w&ic& t+cesits #+i%i t# native title.


!"s #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i /ut +e '+i.te !"s

/e!#%i% t# ICCsIPs w&# &.e ctu!!* #ccu'ie",

'#ssesse" " uti!ie" t&ei+ te++it#+ies u"e+ c!i#- #we+s&i' sice tie ie#+i!$

Native title +e-e+s t# '+ec#uest +i%&ts w&ic&, s



Native title +e-e+s t# '+e c#uest +i%&ts w&ic&, s

-+ /c s e#+* +ec&es, &.e /ee &e!" u"e+

c!i #- '+i.te #we+s&i' /* ICCsIPs, &.e e.e+

/ee 'u/!ic !"s " +e t&us i"is'ut/!*

'+esue" t# &.e /ee &e!" t&t w* sice /e-#+e

t&e S'is& C#uest$

T&e Nti#! C#issi# # I"i%e#us Pe#'!es

(NCIP) &s t&e ut&#+it* t# issue+ ce+ti-ictes #-

cest+! "#i tit!e (CADT) #+ ce+ti-ictes #-

cest+! !" tit!e (CALT)$

T&e +ec#+"i% #- CADT " CALT i t&e O--ice #-



t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s "#es #t +esu!t i t&e issuce

#- T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$T&e 'u+'#se #- +e%ist+ti# is si'!* t# ''+ise t&e

'u/!ic #- t&e -ct #- +ec#%iti# /* t&e NCIP #-

s'eci-ic c!is t# '#+ti#s #- t&e cest+! "#is#+ cest+! !"s$

M#"es #- cuisiti#

T&e +i%&ts #- ICCsIPs t# t&ei+ cest+!

"#is " cest+! !"s * /e cui+e" i

tw# #"es:

0* native title #.e+ /#t& cest+! !"s "



"#is7 #+

0* &orrens title u"e+ t&e Pu/!ic L" Act (CA

N#$ 151) #- t&e P+#'e+t* Re%ist+ti# Dec+ee

(PD N#$ 1<3;) wit& +es'ect t# cest+! !"s

#!*$

Reui+eets -#+ +e%ist+ti#

T&e ''!ict is e/e+ #- i"i%e#us

cu!tu+! %+#u'7He ust &.e /ee i '#ssessi# #-

i"i.i"u!!*#we" cest+! !" -#+ #t !ess



i"i.i"u!!* #we" cest+! !" -#+ #t !ess

t& t&i+t* (46) *e+s7

0* #'e+ti# #- !w, t&e !" is !+e"*

c!ssi-ie" s A " D, e.e i- it &s s!#'e #-

1> #+ #.e+, &ece, t&e+e is # ee" t# su/it

se'+te ce+ti-icti# t&t t&e !" is A " D$

T+s-e+ #- !" #+ '+#'e+t* +i%&ts

T&e +i%&ts #- #we+s&i' #.e+ ancestral lan"s * /e t+s-e++e" su/Fect t# t&e -#!!#wi% !iitti#s:

O!* t# e/e+s #- t&e se ICCsIPs7

I cc#+" wit& cust#+* !ws " t+"iti#s7"



"

Su/Fect t# t&e +i%&t #- +e"e'ti# -#+ 'e+i#" #--i-tee (1<) *e+s i- t&e !" ws t+s-e++e" t# #e/e+$

• Acest+! "#is /e!#% t# !! %ee+ti#s "

t&e+e-#+e c#t /e s#!", "is'#se" #+ "est+#*e"$

CADASTRAL PROCEEDINS

T&e 'u+'#se is t# se+.e t&e 'u/!ic ite+est /*+eui+i% t&t t&e tit!es t# * u+e%iste+e" !"s

@be settle" an" a"'u"icate" $T&e %#.e+et iitites t&e '+#cee"i% s# t&t

!! '+i.te !"s i t&e t#w +e +e%iste+e" i #e



!! '+i.te !"s i t&e t#w +e +e%iste+e" i #e

si%!e '+#cee"i%$#.e+et su+.e*#+s %i.e ".ce #tice t#

su+.e* c!its #- "te #- su+.e* t# --#+" t&et# i"icte t&ei+ c!is "u+i% t&e su+.e*$

A-te+ su+.e*, t&e %#.e+et -i!es t&e

'etiti# wit& t&e RTC s# t&t !! c!its "

'#ssess#+s s&!! /e &e+" # t&ei+ c!is$Ju+is"icti# #- c"st+! c#u+t #.e+ '+e.i#us!*

tit!e" !"s !iite" t# c#++ecti# #- tec&ic!



tit!e" !"s !iite" t# c#++ecti# #- tec&ic!

e++#+s i t&e "esc+i'ti# #- t&e !"$

Decisi# "ec!+i% !" s 'u/!ic !" #t

/+ t# su/seuet cti# -#+ c#-i+ti# #-

tit!e #.e+ t&e se !"$

DISPOSITION OB BRIAR LANDS(E9'!e: 0i! Estte, Pie"" Estte, T! Estte, etc$)

%riar lan"s +e not 'u/!ic !"s /ut '+i.te #+

't+i#i! '+#'e+t* #- t&e %#.e+et$B+i+ !"s we+e 'u+c&se" /* t&e %#.e+et -#+

s!e t# ctu! #ccu'ts u"e+ Act N#$ 1136 (B+i+



s!e t# ctu! #ccu'ts u"e+ Act N#$ 1136 (B+i+

L"s Act)T&e L"s M%eet 0u+eu (LM0) s&!! -i+st

issue sales certificate t# t&e #ccu't w&# s&!!

'* t&e 'u+c&se '+ice i ist!!ets$

T&e 'u+c&se+ /ec#es t&e #we+ u'# t&e

issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- s!e, su/Fect t#

cce!!ti# i cse t&e '+ice %+ee" u'# is #t 'i" i -u!!

U'# -u!! '*et, t&e %#.e+et s&!! t&e



' ' * , %

issue -i! "ee" of conveyance t# t&e 'u+c&se+

N# !ese #+ s!e s&!! /e .!i" uti! ''+#.e" /*

t&e DENR Sec+et+* ( 1anotok .$ Aar$ue, R N#$

12344<, Au%$ 35, 3616)

S!e #- -+i+ !"s is "i--e+et -+# s!e #- 'u/!ic

!"s:

I s!e #- 'u/!ic !"s, t&e !" is #'ee" -#+

/i""i%7 t&e success-u! /i""e+ is %i.e +i%&t #-

et+* " t# cu!ti.te " i'+#.e t&e !"$

U ! i i - 1< - & ! " &



U'# cu!ti.ti# #- 1< #- t&e !", t&e

''!ict is %i.e s!es 'tetI t&e cse #- -+i+ !"s, t&e 'u+c&se+

/ec#es t&e #we+ u'# issuce #- t&e

ce+ti-icte #- s!e i &is -.#+$

SU0DIVISION ANDCONDOMINIUM 0UERGS



DECREE (PD ;<=)

Su/"i.isi# " C#"#iiu 0u*e+Gs P+#tecti.e

Dec+ee (PD ;<=)

P#!ic*: t# --#+" i&/itts t&e +eui+eets #-"ecet &u sett!eet wit& '!e

#''#+tuities -#+ i'+#.i% t&ei+ u!it* #- !i-e$



Re! estte " c#"#iiu /usiesses ust

/e c!#se!* su'e+.ise" " +e%u!te", "

'e!ties i'#se" # -+u"u!et '+ctices "

i'u!ti#s$

PD N#$ ;<= i'!eets t&e stte '#!ic* #-

'+#.i"i% "ecet &u sett!eet t# i'+#.e t&e

u!it* #- !i-e$H#usi% " L" Use Re%u!t#+* 0#+"

(HLUR0), -#+e+!* NHA " HSRC, &s



(HLUR0), -#+e+!* NHA " HSRC, &s

e9c!usi.e Fu+is"icti# t# +e%u!te +e! estte "t+"e /usiess$

HLUR0 is usiFu"ici! /#"* wit& #+i%i! "

e9c!usi.e ut&#+it* t# &e+ " "eci"e cses #- t&e

-#!!#wi% tu+e:

Us#u" +e! estte /usiess '+ctice

C!is -#+ +e-u" " * #t&e+ c!is -i!e" /*

/"i i i ! t " i i it /



su/"i.isi# !#t #+ c#"#iiu uit /u*e+

%ist t&e '+#Fect #we+, "e.e!#'e+ #+ "e!e+ Cses i.#!.i% s'eci-ic 'e+-#+ce #-

c#t+ctu! " sttut#+* #/!i%ti#s -i!e" /*

/u*e+s #- su/"i.isi# !#t #+ c#"#iiu uit

Su/"i.isi#s +e "te" t# iti " '+#.i"e

"eute wte+ -ci!ities -#+ t&ei+ c#uities$

Wit&#ut '+#.isi# -#+ !te+ti.e wte+ s#u+ce,

t&e su/"i.isi# "e.e!#'e+?s !!e%e" s!e #- t&e !#tw&e+e t&e c#uit*?s s#!e wte+ s#u+ce ws !#cte"

c#stitute" .i#!ti# #- t&is #/!i%ti#$ T&us, t&is



!!e%ti# es #ut cse -#+ us#u" +e! estte

/usiess '+ctice #- t&e su/"i.isi# #we+ ""e.e!#'e+$ C!e+!*, t&e cse t /+ -!!s wit&i t&e

e9c!usi.e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e HLUR0$ (Liw% .$

H''* !e L##' )

Decisi# #- HLUR0 ''e!/!e t# t&e OP w&#se

"ecisi# * /e e!e.te" t# t&e CA .i 'etiti#

-#+ +e.iew$HLUR0 &s Fu+is"icti# #.e+ cses -#+

c#!!ecti# #- u'i" ist!!ets " "%es



c#!!ecti# #- u'i" ist!!ets " "%es

It &s # Fu+is"icti# #.e+ issues i.#!.i%#we+s&i' #+ '#ssessi# #- '+#'e+t*

Re%ist+ti# #- '+#Fects, +eui+eets

Licese t# se!!, +eui+eets

A/sece #- !icese t# se!! "#es #t +e"e+ s!e.#i"

0ut "e.e!#'e+ * /e &e!" ci.i!!* "



' * *

c+ii!!* !i/!eDete+iti# #- c+ii! !i/i!it* !ies wit& t&e

c#u+ts

A !icese t# se!! " 'e+-#+ce /#" is #t

+eui+e" i t&e -#!!#wi% t+scti#s:

S!e #- su/"i.isi# !#t +esu!ti% -+# t&e

'+titi# #- t&e !" #% c##we+s&ei+s

S!e #- su/"i.isi# !#t /* t&e #+i%i!$

& " / t ! - t&



'u+c&se+ " * su/seuet s!e #- t&e se

!#t$S!e #- su/"i.isi# !#t #+ c#"#iiu uit

/* #+ -#+ cc#ut #- #+t%%ee w&e

ecess+* t# !iui"te /# -i"e "e/t$

B#+ei%e+s * 'u+c&se c#"#iiu uits "

s&+es i t&e c#"#iiu c#+'#+ti#s u' t# #t

#+e t& 56 #- t&e t#t! " #utst"i%c'it! st#c #- Bi!i'i##we" #+ c#t+#!!e"

c#+'#+ti#$



T&e !" is #we" /* t&e c#+'#+ti# " t&e uit

#we+ is si'!* e/e+ i t&e c#+'#+ti#$

T&e #we+s&i' #- t&e !" is !e%!!* se'+te"

-+# t&e uit itse!-$

Re%ist+ti# #- "e!e+s, /+#e+s " s!ese

Re.#cti# #- +e%ist+ti#

P+#ce"u+e:

He+i%



Decisi#

Cese " "esist #+"e+

Re%ist+ti# #- c#t+cts

M#+t%%es

Wit& w+itte ''+#.! #- t&e HLUR0Wit& #tice t# t&e /u*e+

M#+t%%e wit&#ut #w!e"%e #+ /u*e+ "



''+#.! #- HLUR0 is u!! " .#i"

I!!ust+ti.e cses

B+ Est 0 " T+ust C#$ .$ M+ue

D0P .$ C'u!#%

A".e+tiseets

Tie #- c#'!eti#

C#seuece #- "e!*

Bi!u+e t# "e.e!#' su/"i.isi# * Fusti-*

- i i / ! /



#'*et #- #+titi#s /* !#t /u*e+

Bi!u+e #- se!!e+ t# "e!i.e+ c#"#iiu uit

etit!es /u*e+ t# cce! c#t+ct

Issuce #- tit!eDut* #- #we+ t# "e!i.e+ tit!e

Dut* #- #we+ t# +e"ee #utst"i% #+t%%e

Ce+ti-icte #- tit!e #t su/Fect t# c#!!te+! ttc

Ri%&t #- w* t# 'u/!ic +#"

R#"s !!e*s si"ew!s " #'e s'ces (#



R#"s, !!e*s, si"ew!s " #'e s'ces (#

!ie/!e " #/ui!"/!e)D#ti#s #- '+s " '!*%+#u"s t# t&e cit*

#+ uici'!it* "t#+*7 * i tu+ /e

"#te" t# t&e &#e#we+s ss#citi#

I Balicon v. N;:, R N#$ 1><556, Ju!* 14, 3611, t&e C#u+t

&e!":

T&e L!ic#s c!i t&t t&e NHA u+es#/!* i%#+e"

t&ei+ !ette+s t&t se" -#+ c#set t# t&e +es!e #- t&e

su/Fect '+#'e+t*$ 0ut t&e NHA &" # #/!i%ti# t# %+t

t&e L!ic#s? +euest -#+ e9e'ti# -+# t&e -i.e*e+

+est+icti# s t# w++t t&ei+ '+#cee"i% wit& t&e s!e w&e

& t t i "i t ! - t& i A "



suc& c#set ws #t ie"ite!* -#+t&c#i%$ A" te

resale (itout te N;:s consent is a substantial breac. T&e essece #- t&e %#.e+et?s s#ci!ie" &#usi%

'+#%+ is t# '+ese+.e t&e /ee-ici+*?s #we+s&i's -#+

+es#/!e !e%t& #- tie, &e+e t !est wit&i -i.e *e+s

-+# t&e tie &e cui+e" it -+ee -+# * ecu/+ce$

B#+ei%e+s +e !!#we" t# 'u+c&se c#"#iiu

uits

A* #+t%%e #- t&e uit #+ !#t +eui+es ''+#.!#- HLUR0, #t&e+wise #+t%%e is .#i"

Bi!u+e t# "e.e!#' su/"i.isi# * Fusti-* #



'*et #- #+titi#s /* !#t /u*e+ 0u*e+ * #t /e #uste" -#+ #'*et "ue t#

-i!u+e #- su/"i.isi# #we+ t# 'ut u' +eui+e"

i'+#.eets

Owe+ #+ "e.e!#'e+ s&!!:

De!i.e+ tit!e t# /u*e+ u'# -u!! '*et #- !#t

#+ uit

Re"ee #utst"i% #+t%%e

Secu+e +i%&t #- w* t# 'u/!ic +#"

I i i & i i - &



Iitite t&e #+%iti# #- &#e#we+s

ss#citi# #% /u*e+s " +esi"ets

P+#.i"e "eute +#"s, !!e*s " si"ew!s

D#te +#"s " #'e s'ces t# cit* #+

uici'!it* w&e+e '+#Fect is !#cte"

MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS



QUESTIONS

T&e +e! 'u+'#se #- t&e T#++es s*ste #-+e%ist+ti# is

() t# uiet tit!e t# !"$

(/) t# +ec#%ie .!i" " su/sisti% ite+esti !"



i !"$

(c) t# /+ i#cet t&i+" '+ties -+# c!ii% ite+est i t&e !"$

(") t# -u+is& s&ie!" -#+ -+u"$

T&e -#!!#wi% +e s'!e !!e%ti#s #- ctu! -+u"w&ic& * /e t&e /sis #- 'etiti# -#+ t&e +e.iew #- "ec+ee$ W&ic& is t&e #st se+i#us

() T&e S#!icit#+ ee+! &s #t /ee -u+is&e"

wit& t&e +euisite #tices " c#'* #- t&e "ecisi#%+ti% +e%ist+ti# #- !" wit&i t&e -#+est #e$

(/) T&e ''!ict -i!e" t# s&#w '#ssessi# "ti - t& ! " - t& ! t& - ti



#ccu'ti# #- t&e !" -#+ t&e !e%t& #- tie

+eui+e" /* !w$(c) T&e +e%ist+ti# c#u+t "i" #t &.e Fu+is"icti##.e+ t&e res /ecuse it is #+e%ist+/!e$

(") T&e '+#secut#+ "i" #t &.e t&e ut&#+it* t#

wit&"+w t&e ''e! #- t&e %#.e+et$

T&e Re%!i "#ct+ie e/#"ies t&e c#ce'tt&t:

() !! !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s #- t&e

'u/!ic "#i /e!#% t# t&e Stte$(/) !! !"s #t c!e+!* wit&i '+i.te

#we+s&i' '+esu'ti.e!* /e!#% t# t&e Stte$



(c) !! !"s #t c#.e+e" /* S'is& tit!es '+esu'ti.e!* /e!#% t# t&e Stte$

(") t&e i% is +e%+"e" s t&e t+ue " #!*

s#u+ce #- tit!e$

I w&t istces * -i+st !e.e! c#u+ts e9e+cise Fu+is"icti# t# &e+ !" +e%ist+ti# cses

() W&e+e t&e ''!icti# is #t t&e su/Fect #- *

".e+se c!i$

(/) W&e+e t&e ssesse" .!ue #- t&e !" "#es #t

e9cee" P<66,666 s s&#w i t&e --i".it #- t&e

''!ict #+ c#++es'#"i% t9 "ec!+ti#$



''!ict #+ c#++es'#"i% t9 "ec!+ti#$

(c) W&e+e t&e !" is #t c#teste", #+ e.e i-c#teste", &s ssesse" .!ue #t e9cee"i%

P166,666$

(") W&e+e its e9e+cise is "e!e%te" /* t&e

Su'+ee C#u+t$

T&e -#!!#wi% * '+#'e+!* ite+'#se #''#siti# t# t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#:

() &#este"e+ w&# &s #t *et /ee issue"

&is tit!e /ut &s -u!-i!!e" !! t&e c#"iti#s$

+eui+e" /* !w -#+ t&e issuce #- 'tet$

(/) -#+es&#+e !ese ''!ict$

( ) ! !i "i i - &



(c) s!es ''!ict 'e"i% issuce #- t&e

#+"e+ #- w+"$

(") t&e &#!"e+ #- ti/e+ !icese %+eeet

"u!* ''+#.e" /* t&e DENR$

W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% (s'!e) !!e%ti#s i "e-e"tGs swe+ t# '!iti--Gs c#'!it -#+ uieti%#- tit!e "#es not c#stitute c#!!te+! ttc #

'!iti--Gs tit!e

() t&t '!iti-- is t&e '+i#+ +e%iste+e" #we+ #- t&e!"$

(/) t&t '!iti-- is "isu!i-ie" t# cui+e t&e !"



sice &e is #t Bi!i'i# citie$

(c) t&t '!iti-- &s # cuse #- cti# /ecuse t&e!" &" /ee '+e.i#us!* s#!" /* '!iti-- t#"e-e"t$

(") t&t '!iti--Gs tit!e ws i'+#'e+!* issue" -#+!c #- '#ssessi# #- t&e "is'ute" '+#'e+t*$

Secti# < #- PD N#$ ;<= '+#&i/its t&e s!e #-

su/"i.isi# !#t wit&#ut HLUR0 !icese$

() T&e su/seuet issuce #- t&e !icese

e+ses t&e #--ese$

(/) T&e i.#cti# #- %##" -it& e9ti%uis&es

c+ii! !i/i!it*



c+ii! !i/i!it*$

(c) T&e c+ie is +e%+"e" s malum !roibitum.

(") T&e "ete+iti# #- !i/i!it* +ests wit& t&e

HLUR0$

C t&e '!iti-- i cti# -#+ s'eci-ic

'e+-#+ce c#'e! "e-e"t, i t&e se cti#,

t# su++e"e+ t&e "u'!icte ce+ti-icte #- tit!e t# t&e

Re%iste+ #- Dee"s (RD) -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&es!e

() N#$ He ust -i!e se'+te 'etiti# i c#u+t t#

c#'e! su++e"e+ #- t&e se t# t&e RD



c#'e! su++e"e+ #- t&e se t# t&e RD$

(/) es, t&is /ei% ecess+* ici"et i t&e

i cse$

(c) N#$ T&e issue s&#u!" /e t&+es&e" #ut i

#+"i+* cti#$(") es, t# .#i" u!ti'!icit* #- suits$

W&t is t&e '+esc+i'ti.e 'e+i#" -#+ cti# -#+

c#'esti# %ist t&e Assu+ce Bu"

() 5 *e+s$

(/) 2



(/) 2 *e+s$

(c) 16 *e+s$

(") i'+esc+i'ti/!e$

PD N#$ >;3, "te" Be/+u+* 12, 1;=2, &s #ut!we"S'is& tit!es s e.i"ece #- #we+s&i' i

+e%ist+ti# cses$ H#we.e+,

() suc& tit!e * sti!! /e '+esete" i e.i"ece

i- cc#'ie" /* su+.e* '! e9ecute" '+i#+ t#

Be/+u+* 12, 1;=2$

(/) suc& tit!e * sti!! /e '+esete" i- it is i t&e



( ) * '

tu+e #- '#ssess#+* i-#+ti# tit!e$(c) suc& tit!e is /s#!ute!* /++e" wit&#ut i-Gs #+

/utGs$

(") suc& tit!e * sti!! /e '+esete" i e.i"ece

i- cc#'ie" /* its E%!is& t+s!ti#$

T&e /sis #- t&e +u!e t&t t&e !" s#u%&t t# /e +e%iste+e" is!+e"* A " D @t t&e tie t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#

is -i!e" is t&t:

() it is #!* w&e t&e !" is c!ssi-ie" s A " D t&t

t&e Stte is "eee" t# &.e /"icte" its e9c!usi.e '+e+#%ti.e #.e+ t&e !"$

(/) it is &+"!* '#ssi/!e t# !## -#+ witesses w&# c#u!"

testi-* s t# t&e sttus " c#"iti# #- t&e !" # #+ /e-#+e

J 13 1;5<



Jue 13, 1;5<$

(c) '+i#+ t# t&e c!ssi-icti# #- t&e !" s A " D, t&e!" sti!! +eis '+t #- t&e -#+est #e, &ece, i!ie/!e$

(") '+e.i#us +u!i%s #- t&e Su'+ee C#u+t +eui+i% t&t

t&e !" /e "ec!+e" A " D s #- Jue 13, 1;5< +e e+e!*

obiter "icta.

W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% is incorrect : A

P+esi"eti! '+#c!ti# +ese+.i% !" -#+

s'eci-ic 'u/!ic 'u+'#se

() is .!i" i- !+e"* c!ssi-ie" s A " D$

(/) is tte+ #- Fu"ici! #tice$

( ) i i - !i i &



(c) is sse.e+ti# #- Re%!i +i%&t$

(") is issue" i t&e e9e+cise #- t&e StteGs

"#iic! ut&#+it*$

T&e -ucti# #- t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s t# +e%iste+ist+uets --ecti% +e%iste+e" !" isministerial $ Acc#+"i%!*,

() &is "ut* is c#'e!!/!e /* "us$(/) &e &s # "isc+eti# t# "ete+ie t&e

it+isic .!i"it* #- t&e ist+uet '+#.i"e" t&t itis i "ue -#+$



is i "ue -#+$

(c) &is "ut* is t# +e%iste+ t&e ist+uet wit&#ut '+eFu"ice t# "ete+iti# #- its .!i"it* /e-#+et&e '+#'e+ -#+u -te+w+"s$

(") &is "ut* is t# +e%iste+ t&e ist+uet u!esseF#ie" /* t&e LRA$

Re%ist+ti# is #t #"e #- cui+i%#we+s&i'$ It is si'!* '+#ce"u+e

() t# esu+e t&t t&i+" '+ties * #t sse+t

* c!i #+ ite+est i t&e !" t&e+e-te+$(/) t# est/!is& '+##- #- #eGs c!i #-

#we+s&i' i t&e !"$



(c) t# +e#.e !! !ies " ecu/+ces it&e !"$

(") t# ssu+e t&e c!it /ette+ tit!e t&w&t &e ctu!!* &s$

L#t 8 is +e%iste+e" i t&e e #- @Pe"+#,++ie" t# M+i$ Pe"+# se!!s t&e !" t# J#sewit&#ut t&e w+itte c#set #- M+i$ M* t&eRe%iste+ #- Dee"s +e-use +e%ist+ti#

() N# /ecuse t&e !" /e!#%s s#!e!* t# Pe"+#,

t&e +e%iste+e" #we+$(/) es /ecuse t&e+e is #t&i% i t&e "ee" #-s!e t# s&#w t&t Pe"+# !#e cui+e" t&e !" i&is #w +i%&t



&is #w +i%&t$

(c) N# /ecuse t&e !c #- c#set #- M+i is-t!, t&e+e /ei% # s&#wi% t&t s&e isic'citte" t# %i.e &e+ c#set t# t&e s!e$

(") es /ecuse t&e "ee" #- s!e "#es #t /e+ t&e

si%tu+e #- M+i w&# is '+esue" c##we+ #-t&e !"$

Re%ist+ti# u"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste is '+#cee"i% in rem$ T&is es t&t

() !! ite+este" 'e+s#s +e #ti-ie" #- t&e '+#cee"i%s " &.e +i%&t t# ''e+ i

#''#siti# t# t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$(/) t&e '+#cee"i% is %ist !! #w

#ccu'ts " "F#ii% #we+s #- t&e !"$

(c) t&e '+#cee"i% is %ee+!!* t# /+ s#e



(c) t&e '+#cee"i% is %ee+!!* t# /+ s#e

i"i.i"u! c!i #+ #/Fecti# s# t&t ce+ti 'e+s#s w&# c!i ite+est i t&e !" +eetit!e" t# /e &e+"$

(") t&e '+#cee"i% s&!! /e /se" # t&e

%ee+!!* cce'te" '+ici'!es u"e+!*i% t&eT#++es s*ste$

T&e +e%ist+ti# #- /+#e+ e%%e" i se!!i%

su/"i.isi# !#ts * /e revoke" w&e

() &e &s "e te+i! -!se stteet i &is

''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$

(/) &e &s /ee %ui!t* #- -+u"u!et ct i t&e

s!e #- su/"i.isi# !#t$



(c) &e &s "e#st+te" &is uw#+t&iess s /+#e+$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

T&e c#u+t, i #+"e+ "te" Jue 14, 366;, set t&e iiti!&e+i% #- t&e cse # Se'te/e+ 3<, 366;$ Ju"%et ws-#+ t&e ''!ict$ OS c#te"s t&t t&e #tice #- iiti!&e+i% is "e-ecti.e "#+ it "i" #t .est t&e t+i! c#u+twit& Fu+is"icti# #.e+ t&e cse$ Is t&e OS c#++ect

() es -#+ t&e iiti! &e+i% s&#u!" &.e /ee set #t!te+ t& Se'te/e+ 11, 366;, #+ *3 "ays from >une )+,233*.

(/) N# sice t&e issuce " 'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice#- iiti! &e+i% i.#!.e" '+#cess i w&ic& t&e



#- iiti! &e+i% i.#!.e" '+#cess i w&ic& t&e

''!ict &s &" # '+tici'ti#$(c) N# sice t&e 'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice is Fu+is"icti#!$

(") N# sice t&e #tice, s 'u/!is&e", !+e"* %.e

su--iciet #tice t# !! ite+este" '+ties #- t&e actual "ate #- &e+i%$

W&t cts * /e c#si"e+e" su--iciet t# s&#wt&e '+i#+ c!ssi-icti# #- t&e !" s A " D

() C"st+! su+.e* #- uici'!it* '+e'+t#+* t# t&e -i!i% #- t&e 'etiti# -#+

c"st+! '+#cee"i%s$(/) Tit!i% #- '+#'e+ties +#u" t&e !" su/Fect#- +e%ist+ti#$



(c) Re'#+t " +ec#e"ti# #- t&e Dist+ictB#+este+ -#+ t&e +e!ese #- t&e '+#'e+t* -+# t&euc!ssi-ie" +e%i#$

(") E9ecuti.e '+#c!ti# wit&"+wi% -+#

+ese+.ti# s'eci-ic +e " "ec!+i% t&ese #'e -#+ et+*, s!e #+ #t&e+ #"e #-"is'#siti#$

Su/e+%e" !"s w&e !+e"* +ec!ie" -+#t&e se

() +e "eee" !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s$(/) /ec#e !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"s

u'# '#siti.e ct #- t&e %#.e+et$

( ) / !i /! " "i /! ! "



(c) /ec#e !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e !"su'# "ec!+ti# /* t&e c#u+ts t# t&t e--ect$

(") /ec#e !ie/!e " "is'#s/!e w&e #!#%e+ ee"e" -#+ t&e eseet #- -!#t%e #+

c#st %u+" se+.ice$

T# s&#w t&e i"etit* #- t&e !" -#+ 'u+'#ses #-

+e%ist+ti#, " i !ie wit& '+e.i!i% +u!e,

() t&e su/issi# #- t&e t+ci% c!#t& '! is

"t#+*$

(/) t&e su+.e* '! " tec&ic! "esc+i'ti#ust /e ''+#.e" /* t&e LRA$

(c) t&e su/issi# #- ce+ti-ie" c#'* #- t&e



/!ue'+it #+ w&ite'+it '! s ''+#.e" /* t&eDENR Re%i#! E9ecuti.e Di+ect#+ wi!! su--ice$

(") t&e su/issi# #- ce+ti-ie" c#'* #- t&e

/!ue'+it #+ w&ite'+it '! wi!! su--ice i- t&e +e

"#es #t e9cee" t&e C#stituti#! !iit$

W&e is +i%&t t# '+#'e+t* "eee" .este"

() W&e t&e +i%&t t# its eF#*et, '+eset #+

'+#s'ecti.e, &s /ec#e t&e '+#'e+t* #-

'+ticu!+ 'e+s#$

(/) W&e it is # !#%e+ su/Fect t# uesti# i

* '+#cee"i%$

(c) W&e t&e '+#'e+t* ws !+e"* +e!ese"



(c) W&e t&e '+#'e+t* ws !+e"* +e!ese"

-+# t&e -#+est #e t t&e st+t #- '#ssessi# i

t&e c#ce't #- #we+$

(") W&e it is -i9e" /* !e%is!ti.e ectet

#+ uici'! #+"ice$

Pu/!icti# #- t&e #tice #- iiti! &e+i% i t&e O@s&!! /e su--iciet t# c#-e+ Fu+is"icti# u'# t&ec#u+t$ (Sec$ 34, PD 1<3;) Is t&e+e sti!! ee" t#

'u/!is& t&e #tice i ews''e+

() N# #+e sice t&e !w e/!ressly '+#.i"es t&t 'u/!icti# i t&e O is sufficient.

(/) es /ecuse '+ctic!!* # #e +e"s t&e O*w*$



*w*$

(c) N# #+e sice it is #t -i+ t&t t&e ''!icts&#u!" /e u"u!* /u+"ee" /* ""iti#!e9'eses -#+ 'u/!icti#$

(") es /ecuse 'u/!icti# i t&e ews''e+ is

'+t #- '+#ce"u+! "ue '+#cess$

Ae"ets t# t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# * /e !!#we"$ H#we.e+,

() it is #t 'e+issi/!e t# e e"ets -te+t&e +e%ist+ti# #- t&e '+#'e+t* &s /ee "ec+ee"e9ce't u'# #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t$

(/) t&e e"et is '+#'e+ #!* w&e t&eic!usi# #- ""iti#! +e is .e+* e%!i%i/!e, #+

!! t& t& i i !



s!!e+ t& t&e #+i%i! +e$

(c) t&e e"et ust /e+ t&e c#-#+it* #- t&eS#!icit#+ ee+! s c#use! -#+ t&e %#.e+et i!! !" +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%s$

(") t&e e"e" su+.e* '! ust -i+st /e ''+#.e" /* t&e LRA$

I #+"e+ t&t ""iti#! +e * /e ic!u"e" i t&e#+i%i! +e su/Fect #- +e%ist+ti#, t&e ''!icts&#u!":

() wit&"+w &is #+i%i! ''!icti# " -i!e ew#e t# ic!u"e t&e ""iti#! +e$

(/) -i!e se'+te ''!icti# -#+ t&e ""iti#! +e$

(c) e" &is ''!icti# t# ic!u"e t&e ""iti#!/F t t t& i t - /!i ti



+e su/Fect t# t&e +eui+eets #- 'u/!icti#$

(") -i!e se'+te ''!icti# -#+ t&e ""iti#! +e" #.e -#+ t&e c#s#!i"ti# #- si" ''!icti#wit& t&e #+i%i! ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$

Petiti#e+ /#u%&t +e%iste+e" !" # Ju!* <, 366;$W&e &e +e%iste+e" t&e s!e # Ju+* <, 3616, w+it #- ttc&et ws !+e"* isc+i/e" # t&e.e"#+Gs tit!e # Au%ust <, 366;$ W&ic& #- t&e-#!!#wi% is false

() t&e !e.* # ttc&et !#st its e--icc* /* t&esu/seuet +e%ist+ti# #- t&e '+i#+ s!e$



(/) t&e !e.* su/#+"ite" t&e +i%&t #- 'etiti#e+ s 'u+c&se+$

(c) t&e ttc&et +eie" .!i" uti!"isc&+%e"$

(") t&e e9ecuti# s!e s&#u!" /e u'&e!" /ecuse it+et+#cts t# t&e "te #- !e.*$

O.e+t cts #- '#ssessi# * c#sist iit+#"uci% .!u/!e i'+#.eets # t&e '+#'e+t* !ie -+uit/e+i% t+ees$ I Re!ublic .$Court of :!!eals an" Cavez (R N#$ L232>6,

N#.$ ;, 1;>>), t&e C#u+t &e!" t&t i '+ctic!" scieti-ic w* #- '!ti%,

() it tes #!* < *e+s -#+ c#c#ut t+ees " 4*e+s -#+ %# t+ees t# /e%i /e+i% -+uit$



* % % %

(/) it tes #!* 16 *e+s -#+ %# t+ees " <*e+s -#+ c#c#ut t+ees t# /e%i /e+i% -+uit$

(c) it tes #!* 4 *e+s -#+ c#c#ut t+ees " <*e+s -#+ %# t+ees t# /e%i /e+i% -+uit$

(") it tes #!* 16 *e+s -#+ c#c#ut t+ees " <*e+s -#+ %# t+ees t# /e%i /e+i% -+uit$

T&e c'cit* t# cui+e '+i.te !" is"ete+ie" /* t&e c'cit*

() t# c#.e+t t&e !" t# its 9iu '+#"ucti.it*$

(/) t# cui+e 'u/!ic !"$

(c) t# '+#--e+ we!!i%& ic#t+#.e+ti/!e '+##-#- '#ssessi# sice Jue 13, 1;5< #+ '+i#+



' '

t&e+et#$(") t# s&#w -u!! c#'!ice wit& t&e +esi"ece

" cu!ti.ti# +eui+eets /* #+! ""#cuet+* e.i"ece$

I "ete+ii% t&e su--iciec* #- t&e e.i"ece i +e%ist+ti# cse, t&e Su'+ee C#u+t %ee+!!* *#t +ee.!ute t&e -i"i%s #- -ct #- t&e t+i! "

''e!!te c#u+ts$ T&e +ec#%ie" e9ce'ti#s +e:() w&e t&e -i"i%s #- -ct +e c#c!usi#swit&#ut citti# #- s'eci-ic e.i"ece # w&ic& t&e*+e /se"



(/) w&e t&e ''e!!te c#u+t, i i% its-i"i%s, wet /e*#" t&e issues i t&e cse$

(c) w&e t&e 'etiti#e+ "is'utes t&e Fu+is"icti# #-t&e t+i! c#u+t$

(") @ " @/$

T&e Ci.i! C#"e '+#.i"es t&t cc+eti# /e!#%s t#t&e #we+s #- t&e !" "F#ii% t&e /s #- t&e

+i.e+$ It is &#we.e+ ecess+* t&t t&e cc+eti#

() ust &.e te '!ce -#+ suc& !e%t& #- tie

s t# i!so 'ure c#.e+t t&e se it# '+i.te

#we+s&i'$

(/) is "e t&+#u%& t&e e--ects #- t&e cu++et #-



t&e wte+$(c) is -#+e" /* t&e tu+! c&%e i t&e c#u+se

#- t&e +i.e+$

(") ust &.e /ee -#+e" %+"u!!* "

i'e+ce'ti/!* -#+ 'e+i#" #- #t !ess t& 16 *e+s$

T&e '+i+* 'u+'#se #- c"st+! '+#cee"i%s is

() t# "ete+ie c#-!icti% c!is #- #we+s&i'i t&e +e su/Fect #- c"st+! su+.e*$

(/) t# '+#.i"e +ee"*, wit&#ut * e9'ese,-#+ t&e c#++ecti# #- e++#+s i t&e tec&ic!"esc+i'ti# #- !"s !+e"* tit!e" s# s t# c#-#+t# t&e c"st+! su+.e*$



(c) t# sett!e " "Fu"icte tit!e t# !"s$(") t# "ete+ie t&e '+i#+it* #+ +e!ti.e wei%&t

#- tw# #+ #+e ce+ti-ictes #- tit!e -#+ t&e se!"$

L" su/Fect #- +e%ist+ti# * /e @"e!t wit& -te+

t&e -i!i% #- t&e ''!icti# " /e-#+e t&e issuce #-

"ec+ee$ I cse #- s!e, -#+ istce, it is +eui+e" t&t

() t&e /u*e+ is "e '+t* t# t&e cse$(/) t&e ist+uet e.i"eci% t&e t+scti# is

'+esete" t# t&e c#u+t -#+ ''+#'+ite c#si"e+ti#$



(c) t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# is e"e" /*su/stituti% t&e /u*e+ -#+ t&e ''!ict$

(") t&e /u*e+ s&#ws '+##- t&t &e is u!i-ie" t#

+e%iste+ t&e !" i &is e$

T&e "ut* #- t&e LRA A"iist+t#+ t# issue "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# is iiste+i!, t&e +es# /ei% t&t

() &is +e-us! w#u!" su/Fect &i t# c#te't#- c#u+t$

(/) &e is #--ice+, " cts u'# #+"e+, #- t&ec#u+t$



(c) t&e wii% '+t* &s /s#!ute +i%&t t#t&e -+uits #- t&e .e+"ict$

(") t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee is e9'+essc#'#et #- &is #--ici! -ucti#s$

Pe"+# ''!ie" -#+ t&e +e%ist+ti# #- !"$ T&e%#.e+et #''#se"$ Ju"%et ws +e"e+e" i-.#+ #- Pe"+#, w&ic& /ece -i!$ T&e+e-te+,Pe"+# s#!" t&e !" t# J#se$ C t&e %#.e+et''e! t&e Fu"%et

() N# /ecuse -i! Fu"%et c # !#%e+ /e t&e su/Fect #- ''e!$

(/) N# /ecuse t&e %#.e+et is !+e"*



( ) % *

c#c!u"e" /* t&e Fu"%et, &.i% ite+'#se"its #''#siti# t# t&e ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$(c) es /ecuse t&e %#.e+et is #t /#u"

/* t&e istes #+ e++#+s #- its %ets$

(") N# /ecuse t&e !" is #w t+s-e++e" t# t&i+" 'e+s#$

T# .i! #- 'etiti# -#+ +e.iew,

() t&e 'etiti#e+ ust !!e%e -cts su++#u"i% t&e

t+i! w&ic& '+e.ete" -i+ " Fust "ete+iti#

#- t&e cse$

(/) t&e 'etiti# ust /e -i!e" wit&i 26 "*s -+#

t&e -i!it* #- t&e "ecisi# #- t&e c#u+t$



(c) t&e 'etiti#e+ ust wit t&e e9'i+ti# #- #e*e+ -+# t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #-

+e%ist+ti#$

(") t&e '+#'e+t* &s #t 'sse" t# i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$

A cti# -#+ +e.e+si# -i!e" /* t&e S#!icit#+ee+! is '+#'e+ w&e+e "e-e"tGs tit!e c#.e+s

() !" c#sisti% #- !!u.i! "e'#sits cuse" /* t&e cti# #- t&e se$

(/) !" w&ic& &" /ee '+e.i#us!* tit!e"t&+#u%& c"st+! '+#cee"i%s$



(c) !" su/Fect #- i++e%u!+ +ec#stituti# '+#cee"i%s$

(") !" -#+i% '+t #- t&e -+i+ !"s estte$

O.e+ w&t cses "#es HLUR0 &.e #

Fu+is"icti#

() C!is -#+ +e-u" /* su/"i.isi# /u*e+$(/) Dete+iti# #- t&e c+ii! !i/i!it* #-

/+#e+ se!!i% c#"#iiu uits wit&#ut

!icese



!icese$

(c) us#u" +e! estte '+ctices$

(") cses i.#!.i% s'eci-ic 'e+-#+ce #-

c#t+ctu! #/!i%ti#s -i!e" /* su/"i.isi# /u*e+s$

W&t is t&e c#ce't #- #we+s&i' #- ancestral"omains

() T&e* +e '+t #- t&e !"s #- t&e 'u/!ic"#i u"e+ t&e c#ce't #- 'ura regalia.

(/) T&e* +e t&e '+i.te /ut c#uit* '+#'e+t* #- i"i%e#us 'e#'!es$

(c) T&e*, " !! tu+! +es#u+ces t&e+ei,/e!#% i '+i.te #we+s&i' t# i"i%e#us



/e!#% i '+i.te #we+s&i' t# i"i%e#uscu!tu+! c#uities /se" # ti.e tit!e$

(") T&e* +e #we" /* t&e Stte 'u+sut t#Secti# 3, A+tic!e 8II w&ic& sttes t&t !! !"s" !! #t&e+ tu+! +es#u+ces +e @#we" /*t&e Stte$

Rec#.e+* -+# t&e Assu+ce Bu" is '#ssi/!e

() w&e '+i.te "e-e"t is is#!.et$

(/) w&e '!iti-- -i!e" i &is cti# -#++ec#.e*ce$

(c) w&e '!iti-- is "e'+i.e" #- * ite+est i!" # cc#ut #- /+i%i% !" u"e+ t&e



T#++es s*ste$(") w&e t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -i!e" t#

e9e+cise "ue c+e t# -#+est!! -+u"u!et+e%ist+ti#$

W&e "ee" #- s!e '+esete" -#+ +e%ist+ti# is -#+%e",

() t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ "#es #t !#se &is tit!e t# t&e

!"$

(/) t&e t+s-e+ee c +ec#.e+ "%es -+# t&e

Assu+ce Bu"$

(c) t&e t+s-e+ee c s t&e t+ue #we+ t# e9ecute

"ee" #- s!e i &is -.#+$



(") t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s s&#u!" e!e.te t&e tte+ t#t&e LRA .i en consulta$

T&e /u+"e #- '+#.i% t&e sttus #- 'u+c&se+

i %##" -it& is "isc&+%e"

() /* #e w&# sse+ts t&t sttus$

(/) /* i.#i% t&e !e%! '+esu'ti# #- %##"

-it&$

(c) /* '+##- t&t t&e .e"#+ is t&e t+ue #we+



(c) /* '+##- t&t t&e .e"#+ is t&e t+ue #we+

#- t&e '+#'e+t* s#!"$

(") /* '+##- t&t t&e '+#'e+t* ws

uecu/e+e" t t&e tie #- t&e s!e$

J#se -#+%e" t&e si%tu+e #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+,Pe"+#, i "ee" #- s!e 'u+'#+te"!* "e /* t&e!tte+ i -.#+ #- M+i# w&# 'i" t&e -u!! 'u+c&se '+ice t&e+e#-$ Is M+i# /u*e+ i %##" -it&

() N# /ecuse s cuti#us 'e+s# &e s&#u!"&.e -i+st "ete+ie" i t&e #--ice #- t&e Re%iste+#- Dee"s w&# t&e t+ue #we+ #- t&e '+#'e+t* is$

(/) N# /ecuse t&e -#+%e" "ee" "#es #t c#.e** .!i" tit!e$



*

(c) es /ecuse /u*e+ #- +e%iste+e" !" ee"#t %# /e*#" t&e -#u+ c#+e+s #- t&e tit!e t#"ete+ie * -!w i t&e tit!e #+ #we+s&i' #- &is.e"#+$

(") es /ecuse &e &s 'i" t&e -u!! 'u+c&se '+ice #- t&e !"$

Pe"+# s#!" +e%iste+e" !" t# !ie$ T&e s!ews #t +e%iste+e"$ Re!ii% t&t t&e s!e is

'+#&i/ite", Pe"+# sees t# +ec#.e+ t&e !" -+#

t&e !ie .e"ee$ Wi!! t&e cti# '+#s'e+

() es /ecuse t&e s!e is #t *et +e%iste+e"$

(/) N# /ecuse /#t& Pe"+# " t&e !ie .e"ee

+e i !ari "elicto.



(c) N# /ecuse Pe"+# is est#''e" -+# i'u%i%t&e s!e$

(") es /ecuse t&e '+#&i/iti# is "esi%e" -#+ t&e

'+#tecti# #- t&e Bi!i'i# .e"#+$

A &#este"e+ c#t se!! t&e &#este" wit&i< *e+s -+# t&e issuce #- t&e 'tet$ W&ic&#- t&e -#!!#wi% situti#s is #t c#.e+e" /* t&e

'+#&i/iti#

() S!e "e t# t&e &#este"e+Gs #w s# #+"u%&te+$

(/) S!e "e wit&i t&e '+#&i/it#+* 'e+i#" /utc#"iti#e" t&t t&e s!e s&!! #t te e--ect



uti! -te+ t&e e9'i+ti# #- si" 'e+i#"$(c) S!e #- '#+ti# #- t&e &#este" wit& t&e&#este"e+ ee'i% +es#/!e +e -#+&ise!- " &is -i!*

(") N#e #- t&e /#.e$

Mie+!s +e "isc#.e+e" u"e+et& Pe"+#Gs tit!e"

'+#'e+t*$ W&# &s t&e +i%&t t# e9'!#it t&e

ie+!s

() T&e %#.e+et &s t&e /s#!ute +i%&t t#

e9'!#it t&e ie+!s$

(/) Pe"+# &s t&e +i%&t t# e9'!#it t&e ie+!s



/ecuse &e is t&e /s#!ute #we+ #- t&e !"$(c) Pe"+# "#es #t &.e t&e +i%&t t# e9'!#it t&e

ie+!s /ecuse &e #ws t&e su+-ce +e #!*$

(") T&e %#.e+et &s t&e +i%&t t# e9'!#it t&eie+!s u'# '+i#+ e9'+#'+iti# #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

T&e 'u+'#se #- #tice #- lis !en"ens is

() t# -#+ti-* t&e c!i #- #we+s&i' #- t&e

'+t* cusi% t&e +e%ist+ti# t&e+e#-$(/) t# '+e.et t&e #we+ #- t&e '+#'e+t* -+#

!ieti% it w&i!e t&e cse is sti!! 'e"i% t+i!$



(c) t# ".ise t&i+" 'e+s#s w&# 'u+c&se t&e '+#'e+t* t&t t&e* "# s# t t&ei+ 'e+i!$

(") t# 'ut t&e #we+ # #tice t&t &e &#!"s t&e

'+#'e+t* i t+ust -#+ t&e 'e+s# cusi% t&e

#tti# #- t&e lis !en"ens.

M* ".e+se c!i #- #we+s&i', /se" # '+esc+i'ti# " ".e+se '#ssessi#, /e +e%iste+e"#.e+ +e%iste+e" !"

() es /ecuse ".e+se c!i is t# '+#tect t&eite+est #- t&e 'e+s# c!ii% #we+s&i' #- t&e !"$

(/) N# /ecuse tit!e t# +e%iste+e" !" isi'+esc+i'ti/!e$



(c) es /ecuse t&e ".e+se c!i se+.es s #ticet&t t&e ".e+se c!it &s /ette+ +i%&t t# t&e !"t& t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ t&e+e#-$

(") N# /ecuse '+esc+i'ti# -#+ t&e cuisiti# #- tit!eis e.e+ '+esue"$

I- "e!e+ se!!s c#"#iiu uit wit&#ut !icese t# se!!, w&t is t&e c#seuece

() T&e s!e is u!! " .#i"$

(/) It "#es #t --ect t&e .!i"it* #- t&e

c#t+ct i- t&e #we+ #+ "e!e+ s&#u!" t&e+e-te+secu+e !icese t# .!i"te t&e s!e$

(c) It su/Fects t&e c#"#iiu "e.e!#'e+ "its #--ice+s ci.i!!* " c+ii!!* !i/!e -#+ t&e



.i#!ti#$(") It !!#ws t&e .e"ee t# +esci" t&e c#t+ct

wit& +i%&t t# "%es$

Rec#stituti# "e#tes +ec#st+ucti# #- !#st#+ "est+#*e" #+i%i! ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$ T&ete+ @* #t&e+ "#cuet s s#u+ce #-+ec#stituti# * ic!u"e

() #+"e+ #- t&e c#u+t -#+ t&e issuce #- t&e"ec+ee$

(/) ''+#.e" su+.e* '! " tec&ic!



"esc+i'ti# #- t&e !"$(c) ce+ti-icti# /* t&e LRA t&t "ec+ee #-

+e%ist+ti# ws i -ct issue"$

(") #e #- t&e /#.e$

T !#st &is tit!e w&e &is &#use ws /u+e" i1;;<$ He -i!e" -#+ +ec#stituti# i 3665$ T&e c#u+t"eie" t&e 'etiti# /se" # 0ID ce+ti-icti#su/itte" /* t&e OS t&t T is !ie$ I

cse #- ''e!, &#w s&#u!" t&e cse /e +es#!.e"() T&e ''e! s&#u!" /e "eie" /ecuse T /ei%

!ie is "isu!i-ie" -+# #wi% !" i t&ec#ut+*$

(/) Rec#stituti# s&#u!" /e #+"e+e" /ecuse T#++es



( )tit!e, s +u!e, is i++e.#c/!e " i"e-esi/!e$

(c) T&e ''e! s&#u!" /e "isisse" sice 'etiti#e+ &s!#st &is +i%&t t# t&e !" # t&e %+#u" #- !c&es$

(") Rec#stituti# s&#u!" /e #+"e+e" /ecuse T#++es tit!e

c#t /e c#!!te+!!* ttce"$

U"e+ t&e I"i%e#us Pe#'!es Ri%&ts Act (RA N#$

>4=1), +e%ist+ti# u"e+ t&e T#++es s*ste #-

i"i.i"u!!*#we" cest+! !" +eui+es

() '#ssessi# -#+ #t !ess t& 46 *e+s

ie"ite!* '+i#+ t# t&e ''+#.! #- t&e !w #

Oct#/e+ 3;, 1;;=$



(/) '#ssessi# sice Jue 13, 1;5< #+ e+!ie+$(c) '#ssessi# -#+ #t !ess t& te (16) *e+s i

%##" -it&$

(") '#ssessi# -#+ #t !ess t& t&i+t* (46) *e+s$

OCT N#$ 4>231 ws "ec+ee" i t&e e #- 5e"ro

<al"ez, marrie" to Bita 1ar$uez#$ 0ecuse #- t&e

!#ss #- t&e #+i%i! c#'* #- t&e tit!e, Pe"+#

'etiti#e" t&e c#u+t -#+ +ec#stituti#$ Du+i% t&e

'e"ec* #- t&e cse, Lit "ie"$ Assui% t&t t&e 'etiti# is su/sttite", t&e c#u+t s&#u!" issue

#+"e+ #- +ec#stituti#:

() i t&e e #- @Pe"+# V!"e, wi"#we+$



(/) i t&e e #- @Pe"+# V!"e, ++ie" t# LitM+ue, "ecese"$

(c) i t&e e #- @Pe"+# V!"e, ++ie" t# Lit

M+ue$(") i t&e e #- @Pe"+# V!"e$

I- t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s is usu+e w&et&e+ #+ #t

ist+uet --ecti% +e%iste+e" !" is +e%ist+/!e,

&e s&#u!"

() +etu+ t&e "#cuet t# t&e +e%ist+t -#+ t&e

+e-#+ti# #- t&e ist+uet$(/) s t&e +e%ist+t t# e!e.te t&e tte+ t# t&e

LRA -#+ t&e +es#!uti# #- t&e issue .i en consulta.



(c) &ise!- +e-e+ t&e tte+ t# t&e LRA -#+ t&e"ete+iti# #- t&e issue$

(") ".ise t&e +e%ist+t t# -i!e ".e+se c!i i

t&e etie 'e"i% -u+t&e+ stu"* "

"ete+iti# #- t&e issue$

E.e+* 'u+c&se+ #- +e%iste+e" !" K

() is c&+%e" wit& #tice #- !! !ies w&et&e+

#+ #t #tte" # t&e tit!e,

(/) s&#u!" -i+st i.esti%te t# "ete+ie t&e

c#"iti# #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

(c) * s-e!* +e!* # t&e .!i"it* #- t&e tit!e$



(") s&#u!" cuti#us!* !## /e&i" t&ece+ti-icte t# "ete+ie t&e t+ue #we+$

M* Dutc& ti#! .!i"!* 'u+c&se +esi"eti!uit i t#w&#use '+#Fect c#stitute" u"e+ t&eC#"#iiu Act

() N# /ecuse !ies, w&et&e+ i"i.i"u!s #+c#+'#+ti#s, +e "isu!i-ie" -+# cui+i% 'u/!ic

!"s, &ece, t&e* +e !s# "isu!i-ie" -+# cui+i% '+i.te !"s$

(/) es /ecuse -#+ s !#% s 26 #- t&e e/e+s #-t&e c#"#iiu c#+'#+ti# +e Bi!i'i#s, t&e



+eii% e/e+s c /e -#+ei%e+s$(c) es /ecuse t&e uit #we+ is si'!* e/e+ #-t&e c#"#iiu c#+'#+ti# " t&e !" +eis#we" /* t&e c#"#iiu c#+'#+ti#$

(") (/) " (c)$

I- #!* '#+ti# #- t&e !" c#.e+e" /* ce+ti-icte#- tit!e is s#!" /* t&e #we+, " t&e "ee" is '+esete"-#+ isc+i'ti#, t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s

() s&!! #tte t&e "ee" /* w* #- e#+"u# t&e %+t#+Gs ce+ti-icte #- tit!e, #+i%i! "

"u'!icte$(/) s&!! #t ete+ * t+s-e+ ce+ti-icte t# t&e

%+tee uti! '! #- t&e !" s&#wi% !! t&e '#+ti#s #+ !#ts it# w&ic& it &s /ee su/"i.i"e"



s&!! &.e /ee .e+i-ie" " ''+#.e"$(c) s&!! issue ew ce+ti-icte #- tit!e t# t&e

%+tee -#+ t&e '#+ti# c#.e*e" " t t&e secce! t&e %+t#+Gs ce+ti-icte '+ti!!* wit& +es'ect

#!* t# t&e '#+ti# c#.e*e"$(") () " (/)$

Pe"+# "eci"es t# se!! &is '+#'e+t* t# J#se #!* t#"isc#.e+ t&e !#ss #- &is #we+?s "u'!icte ce+ti-icte#- tit!e c#.e+i% it$ W&t iiti! +ec#u+se s&#u!" Pe"+#te

() Re'#+t t&e -ct #- !#ss t# t&e '#!ice " t&e -i!e 'etiti# -#+ +e'!ceet #- t&e !#st tit!e /e-#+e t&ec#u+t$

(/) Se" #tice u"e+ #t& t# t&e Re%iste+ #-



Dee"s #- t&e '+#.ice #+ cit* w&e+e t&e !" !ies ss## s t&e !#ss is "isc#.e+e"$

(c) P+#'t!* -i!e wit& t&e '+#'e+ c#u+t .e+i-ie" 'etiti# -#+ +e'!ceet #- t&e !#st tit!e$

(") P+#cee" wit& t&e "#cuetti# #- t&e s!e "t&e -i!e 'etiti# -#+ +e'!ceet #- t&e !#st tit!e$

I 1;;<, Pe"+#, tu+! /#+ Bi!i'i#, /#u%&t %+icu!tu+! !" -+# J#se w&# &s /ee i '#ssessi#t&e+e#- s #we+ sice 1;53$ Pe"+# i%+te" t# J'w&e+e &e cui+e" J'ese cities&i'$ He ce /ct# t&e P&i!i''ies i 3616 " ''!ie" -#+ t&e+e%ist+ti# #- t&e !" w&ic& is #w i"ust+i! ic&+cte+$ T&e %#.e+et #''#se" sice Pe"+# is #w !ie$ Is t&e #''#siti# .!i"

() es /ecuse !ies +e "isu!i-ie" -+#cui+i% !"s i t&e P&i!i''ies$(/) es /ecuse e.e '+i.te!* #we" u+e%iste+e"



!"s +e '+esue" t# /e 'u/!ic !"s u"e+ t&e Regalian "#ct+ie$(c) N# /ecuse t&e !" t t&e tie #- its cuisiti#

/* Pe"+# is "eee" !+e"* '+i.te !"$(") es /ecuse i"ust+i! !"s * #!* /e !ese"

t# !ies$

W&# &s Fu+is"icti# #.e+ cses i.#!.i% t&e

cce!!ti# #- +e%iste+e" eci'ti# 'tets (EPs),

ce+ti-ictes #- !" #we+s&i' w+" (CLOAs), "

#t&e+ tit!es issue" u"e+ t&e %++i +e-#+ '+#%+

() T&e Sec+et+* #- A%++i Re-#+$

(/) T&e De'+tet #- A%++i Re-#+ A"Fu"icti#



0#+" (DARA0)$(c) T&e #+"i+* c#u+ts #- Fustice$

(") T&e RTC cti% s S'eci! A%++i C#u+t

(SAC)$

T# secu+e !#, Pe"+# #+t%%e" &is tit!e"

'+#'e+t* t# t&e /$ T&e #+t%%e ws #tte"

# t&e tit!e$ Su/seuet!*, J#se -i!e" suit wit& t&e

RTC t# uiet tit!e " t# u!!i-* Pe"+#Gs tit!e$ A

#tice #- lis !en"ens ws #tte" # Pe"+#Gstit!e$ B#+ Pe"+#Gs -i!u+e t# '*, t&e '+#'e+t* ws

s#!" t ucti# wit& t&e / s success-u! /i""e+$



Metie, t&e RTC +e"e+e" Fu"%et u!!i-*i%Pe"+#Gs tit!e s we!! s t&e #+t%%e t# t&e /$

T&e / #w c!is t&t it is /#t& #+t%%ee

" /u*e+ i %##" -it&$ Is t&e / c#++ect

() N# /ecuse t&e / is t+s-e+ee !en"ente

lite, su/Fect t# t&e +esu!ts #- t&e 'e"i% !iti%ti#$

(/) N# /ecuse # .!i" !ie c +ise -+#

.#i" tit!e s Pe"+#Gs$

(c) es /ecuse t&e #tice #- lis !en"ens c#t

--ect t&e #+t%%e '+e.i#us!* +e%iste+e"$



(") N# /ecuse Pe"+#Gs tit!e ws "ec!+e" .#i",

" t&e #+t%%e /ei% /ut accessory c#t+ct,

is !s# .#i"$

T&e +e%ist+ti# #- ist+uet --ecti%

+e%iste+e" !"

() #'e+tes s #tice t# !! 'e+s#s t t&etie #- +e%iste+i%$

(/) %i.es e--ect t# t&e ist+uet$



(c) -#+ec!#ses Fu"ici! "ec!+ti# #- itsi.!i"it*$

(") +ec#+"s e9isti% tit!e$

T&e cce!!ti# #- #tice #- lis !en"ens

() is c#ti%et # t&e e9istece #- -i!

Fu"%et$

(/) is '+#'e+ w&e+e it ''e+s t&t t&e cse &s

/ee uecess+i!* '+#!#%e"$

(c) * #!* /e "e t t&e istce #- t&e



".e+se '+t*$(") * /e "e motu !ro!rio /* t&e

Re%iste+ #- Dee"s i- it ''e+s t&t t&e #tice

ws -i!e" t# #!est t&e ".e+se '+t*$

Mie+! +es#u+ces +e #we" /*

() t&e Stte, su/Fect t# '+i.tes +i%&ts i-

* t&e+e /e$

(/) t&e #we+ #- t&e '+#'e+t* w&e+e t&e*

+e -#u"$

(c) t&e Stte$



(") t&e i"i%e#us 'e#'!es w&e t&e* +e

-#u" wit&i cest+! "#is$

W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% stteets is #t c#++ect:

() 0ecuse t&e F#+it* #- !" i t&e c#ut+* +e

%+icu!tu+! !"s, c#u+ts &.e +i%&t t# '+esue t&t

!"s +e %+icu!tu+! u!ess s&#w #t&e+wise$

(/) 0* +es# #- t&e +'i" %+#wt& #- ti/e+ #+

ie+!s t#"*, !"s c!ssi-ie" s %+icu!tu+! t#"*

* /e "i--e+et!* c!ssi-ie" t##++#w$

( ) ! i- i ! " & / ! i-i "



(c) I c!ssi-*i% !"s, ec& cse ust /e c!ssi-ie"u'# t&e '+##- i '+ticu!+ cse$

(") W&e t+ct #- !" &s t+ees u'# it, it is

su--iciet t# "ec!+e t&e !e%! c!ssi-icti# #- t&e !"

s -#+est !"$

P+i.te !"s te /* t&e %#.e+et -#+ 'u/!ic

use t&+#u%& e9'+#'+iti# +e

() '+i.te '+#'e+t*$

(/) 'u/!ic !"s$

(c) 't+i#i! '+#'e+t*$

(") - & /!i " i



(") '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic "#i$

A c"st+! '+#cee"i% is iitite" /* t&e%#.e+et$ Re!e.t!*,

() L"s su/Fect #- c"st+! su+.e* +e"eee" +e%ist+/!e !"s$

(/) L"s c"st+!!* su+.e*e", e9c!u"i%-#+ests, wte+ /#"ies " #t&e+ tu+! +es#u+ces,+e ut#tic!!* c#si"e+e" A " D !"s$

(c) L"s isi"e ca"astre ust /e #--ici!!*

" ! " A " D / i /!



"ec!+e" A " D t# /e +e%ist+/!e$(") L"s tit!e" t&+#u%& c"st+! '+#cee"i%s

c#t /e s#!" wit&i < *e+s -+# t&e issuce #-t&e "ec+ee$

T&e "te #- t&e iiti! &e+i% #- +e%ist+ti#

cse s&!! /e #t e+!ie+ t&

() 26 "*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e #+"e+$

(/) ;6 "*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e #+"e+$

(c) 136 "*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e #+"e+$

(") 5< " - & " - & "



(") 5< "*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e #+"e+$

T&e +ee"* .i!/!e t# t&e ite+este" '+t* -#+

t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"sG "ei! #- &is +euest -#+ t&e

issuce #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e 'u+sut t# c#u+t

Fu"%et is:

() T# cite t&e RD i c#te't$

(/) T# -i!e "us 'etiti# .e+sus t&e RD$

( ) T ! & RDG " i ! & LRA i



(c) T# ''e! t&e RDGs "ei! t# t&e LRA .i

consulta.

(") T# -i!e "iist+ti.e c&+%es %ist t&e RD

wit& t&e LRA$

C "ee" #- "#ti# #- '+ce! #- !" /* Bi!i'i#

citie t# +e!i%i#us #+%iti# w&#se t+ustees +e

#Bi!i'i#s, /e "itte" /* t&e RD -#+ +e%ist+ti#

() es /ecuse t# "isu!i-* t&e c#+'#+ti# w#u!"

/e .i#!ti# #- its +e!i%i#us -+ee"#$(/) N# /ecuse !" teu+e is #t i"is'es/!e t# t&e

-+ee e9e+cise #- +e!i%i#$

(c) es /ecuse t&e cuisiti# #- t&e !" is st+ict!*

- !i i i &i & t / i!"



-#+ +e!i%i#us 'u+'#ses, i.e., u'# w&ic& t# /ui!"c&u+c&es " c&+it/!e istituti#s$

(") es /ecuse t&e +e!i%i#us #+%iti# &s #

c'it! st#c, " s# t&e C#stituti#! i&i/iti#

"#es #t ''!*$

M%+#.e sw's +e #t +e%ist+/!e$ T&e* +e

u"e+ t&e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e

() 0u+eu #- B#+est De.e!#'et$(/) 0u+eu #- Bis&e+ies " Autic Res#u+ces$

(c) De'+tet #- E.i+#et " Ntu+!

R



Res#u+ces$(") L"s M%eet 0u+eu$

T&e +e%ist+ti# c#u+t

() ust 'e+s#!!* &e+ t&e '+ties "

+ecei.e t&ei+ e.i"ece$

(/) * +e-e+ t&e cse t# t&e c!e+ #- c#u+t -#+t&e +ece'ti# #- e.i"ece$

(c) * +e-e+ t&e cse t# +e-e+ee /ut t&e c#u+t

* cce't #+ +eFect &is +e'#+t$



(") * #t +e-e+ t&e cse t# +e-e+ee -#+

&e+i% /ecuse Fu"ici! '#we+ is .este" i t&e

c#u+t itse!-$

W&ic& stteet is c#++ect

() Pu/!ic !" is #t s*#*#us wit& 'u/!ic

"#i$

(/) Pu/!ic !" ic!u"es !! !"s #-

%#.e+et #we+s&i'$

(c) #.e+et !" " 'u/!ic !" +e

t



s*#*#us te+s$(") T&e %#.e+et #ws +e! estte w&ic& is

'+t #- t&e 'u/!ic !"s " #t&e+ +e! estte

w&ic& is #t '+t t&e+e#-$

N#'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice #- iiti! &e+i% i ews''e+ #- %ee+! ci+cu!ti#

() --ects t&e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e c#u+t$

(/) "#es #t --ect t&e Fu+is"icti# #- t&e c#u+t$

(c) is #t c#seueti! sice Fu+is"icti# is

cui+e" /* t&e 'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice i t&e

O--i i ! tt



O--ici! ette$(") "#es #t --ect t&e ''!ictGs c!i #-

#we+s&i'$

A #+"e+ #- %ee+! "e-u!t() * /e #"i-ie" #+ e"e" #!* /e-#+e

t&e '+esetti# #- e.i"ece /* t&e ''!ict$

(/) '+ec!u"es t&e -i!i% #- #ti# -#++ec#si"e+ti# /* t&e #''#sit#+ w&# is

c#c!u"e" /* t&e "e-u!t #+"e+$

(c) * /e +e.#e" u'# #ti# wit&i ;6

" - & " - & " - ! "



"*s -+# t&e "te #- t&e "e-u!t #+"e+$

(") "#es #t '+ec!u"e t&e '+t* i "e-u!t -+#

-i!i% #ti# t# set si"e t&e "e-u!t #+"e+ $

U"e+ PD N#$ 1<3;, t&e +e%ist+ti# c#u+t s&!!

"eci"e t&e cse wit&i &#w * "*s -+# t&e

"te t&e cse is su/itte" -#+ +es#!uti#

() ;6 "*s$

(/) 136 "*s$

( ) 1



(c) 1 *e+$(") 46 "*s$

T&e ce+ti-icti# /* t&e LRA t&t 'u/!icti#,

i!i% " '#sti% #- t&e #tice #- iiti! &e+i%

&.e /ee c#'!ie" wit&

() is ite+i! t# t&e ''!ictGs c!i #-#we+s&i'$

(/) * /e c#si"e+e" /ecuse #- t&e

ti ! it i t& - -



'+esu'ti.e +e%u!+it* i t&e 'e+-#+ce #-#--ici! -ucti#s$

(c) is su/Fect t# c#t++* '+##-$

(") is c#c!usi.e s t# suc& -ct$

W&e+e tet -+e+ ''e+s t# &.e c!i".e+se t# t&e ''!ict, w&# #% t&e -#!!#wi%

ee" not /e se+.e" wit& t&e #tice #- iiti!

&e+i%

() Di+ect#+ #- Bis&e+ies " Autic

Res#u+ces$

(/) S#!icit#+ ee+!$



(c) Sec+et+* #- A%++i Re-#+$

(") M*#+ #- t&e cit* #+ uici'!it* w&e+e

t&e !" is situte"$

A ''!ict -#+ &#este" #+ * #t&e+ #"e#- "is'#siti# u"e+ t&e Pu/!ic L" Act

() * .!i"!* #''#se ''!icti# -#++e%ist+ti# /ecuse #- &is ic&#te ite+est it&e !"$

(/) &s # !e%! +i%&t t# #''#se t&e''!icti#$

(c) * F#i cuse wit& t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!



(c) * F#i cuse wit& t&e S#!icit#+ ee+! /* -i!i% &is #''#siti# &ise!- $

(") &s t&e +i%&t t# #''#se i- &e &si'+#.eets # t&e !"$

W&e+e 'u/!ic !" is tit!e" /* -i! Fu"%et,

() t&e ctu! #ccu't is #t /++e" -+#

-i!i% 'etiti# -#+ +e!ie- -+# Fu"%et$

(/) t&e Di+ect#+ #- L"s * c#"uct

i.esti%ti# t# "ete+ie w&et&e+ -+u"

tte"e" t&e +e%ist+ti#$

(c) t&e %#.e+et c#t ete+ti *

"iist+ti.e '+#tests %ist t&e Fu"%et



"iist+ti.e '+#tests %ist t&e Fu"%et$

(") t&e %#.e+et * -i!e 'etiti# t#

+e#'e t&e '+#cee"i%s -#+ isu--iciet e.i"ece

t# '+#.e t&e '+i.te c&+cte+ #- t&e !"$

W&e+e # 'e+s# ''e+s #+ swe+s wit&i t&etie !!#we",

() t&e c#u+t s&!! ete+ #+"e+ #- s'eci!"e-u!t$

(/) #+"e+ #- "e-u!t * !ie!* +esu!t i Fu"%et -.#+/!e t# t&e ''!ict$

(c) t&e !!e%ti#s i t&e ''!icti# s&!! /e

&e!" s c#-esse"



&e!" s c#-esse"$(") t&e c#u+t * #w +e"e+ Fu"%et eit&e+

%+ti% #+ "isissi% t&e ''!icti# -#++e%ist+ti#$

W&e+e t&e+e is # 'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice #-

iiti! &e+i%,

() t&e '+#cee"i% is utte+!* .#i"$

(/) 'e+s#! #tice t# #w "F#ii% #we+s

* /e e--ecte" t# +ecti-* t&e #issi#$

(c) !c #- 'u/!icti# * /e c#++ecte" /*

'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice /e-#+e Fu"%et



'u/!icti# #- t&e #tice /e-#+e Fu"%et$

(") t&e '+#cee"i% is .!i" i- #t c#teste" /*

t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!$

W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% is -!se

() Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- #+t%%e is $uasi in

rem '+#cee"i%

(/) A cti# t# +ec#.e+ '+ce! #- !" is +e!cti# ", &ece, cti# in rem$

(c) Suits t# uiet tit!e +e #t tec&ic!!* suits i

rem /ut +e c&+cte+ie" s $uasi in rem



rem /ut +e c&+cte+ie" s $uasi in rem.(") A cti# t# +ec#.e+ '+ce! #- !" is

cti# i !ersonam.

L"s i."e" /* t&e se

() /e!#% t# t&e --ecte" uici'!it* s

uici'! wte+s$(/) /e!#% t&e Stte s +itie wte+s$

(c) /e!#% t# t&e Stte s '+t #- t&e 'u/!ic

"#i



"#i$(") * /e +ec!ie" /* t&e --ecte" '+i.te

'+#'e+t* #we+$

T&e L" Re%ist+ti# Aut&#+it* (LRA), w&ic& is

t&e cet+! +e'#sit#+* #- +ec#+"s +e!ti.e t#

+e%iste+e" !"s, is u"e+ w&t #--ice

() De'+tet #- A%++i Re-#+$

(/) De'+tet #- Justice$

(c) O--ice #- t&e P+esi"et



(c) O--ice #- t&e P+esi"et$(") De'+tet #- E.i+#et " Ntu+!

Res#u+ces$

T# /e .!i" " e--ecti.e, #tice #- lis !en"ens ust /e

() -i!e" siu!te#us!* wit& t&e -i!i% #- t&e

cti# su/Fect #- t&e #tice$(/) #tte" # /#t& t&e "u'!icte ce+ti-icte

#- tit!e # -i!e wit& t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s " it&e '#ssessi# #- t&e +e%iste+e" #we+$

(c) ''+#.e" /* t&e c#u+t i t&e 'e"i% cse



(c) ''+#.e" /* t&e c#u+t i t&e 'e"i% cse$

(") #tte" # t&e #+i%i! "u'!ictece+ti-icte #- tit!e # -i!e wit& t&e Re%iste+ #-

Dee"s$

T# i"eti-* " se%+e%te '#+ti# #- t&e 'u/!ic"#i -#+ t&e est/!is&et #- c#u+t &#uses i

t&e c#ut+* K

() T&e Su'+ee C#u+t ust issue

Res#!uti# en banc -#+ t&e 'u+'#se$

(/) T&e issuce /* t&e DENR #-

A"iist+ti.e O+"e+ is su--iciet$

(c) T&e +ese+.ti# ust /e est/!is&e" /*



(c) T&e +ese+.ti# ust /e est/!is&e" /*

P+esi"eti! P+#c!ti#$

(") T&e+e ust /e +es#!uti# /* F#it &#uses

#- C#%+ess$

L" +ec!ie" /* t&e %#.e+et * /e s#!"

/* t&e %#.e+et t# '+i.te '+ties #!*

() w&e it is #t ee"e" -#+ 'u/!ic se+.ice$(/) 'u+sut t# !e%is!ti.e ct$

(c) 'u+sut t# P+esi"eti! '+#c!ti#$

(") w&e # !#%e+ ee"e" -#+ c#st %u+"



(") w&e # !#%e+ ee"e" -#+ c#st %u+"se+.ice$

T&e +e%ist+ti# #- ist+uet --ecti%+e%iste+e" !"

() #'e+tes s #tice t# !! 'e+s#s t t&e

tie #- +e%iste+i%$(/) %i.es e--ect t# t&e ist+uet$

(c) -#+ec!#ses * Fu"ici! "ec!+ti# #- its

i.!i"it*$



(") 'uts i issue ist+uet '+e.i#us!*

+e%iste+e"$

W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% !!e%ti#s c#t /e %+#u" -#+ t&e e"et #+ c#++ecti# #- ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

() t&t t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ &s ++ie"$

(/) t&t ew ite+ests #t ''e+i% # t&ece+ti-icte &.e +ise$

(c) t&t t&e c#+'#+ti# w&ic& is t&e +e%iste+e"#we+ #- t&e !" &s /ee "iss#!.e"$

(") t&t t&e +e s&#u!" /e c#++ecte" t# c#-#+



(") t&t t&e +e s&#u!" /e c#++ecte" t# c#-#+t# t&e ew su+.e* te"i% t# s&#w t&t t&ee.i"ece it+#"uce" t t&e -#+e+ &e+i% wsiccu+te$

A T#++es ce+ti-icte #- tit!e

() '+#tects t&e t+ue #we+ -+# t&e usu+'e+$

(/) 'e+its #e t# "e-et t&e c!i #- #t&e+$

(c) is e--ecti.e t##! %ist t&e c#issi#

#- -+u"$

(") +ec#+"s e9isti% tit!e



(") +ec#+"s e9isti% tit!e$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce

() sees t# +e#'e t&e +e%ist+ti#

'+#cee"i%s$(/) +es'ects t&e "ec+ee s ic#t+#.e+ti/!e "# !#%e+ #'e t# +e.iew$

(c) sees t# u!!i-* "e-e"tGs tit!e t# '.e

t&e issuce #- ew tit!e t# t&e +i%&t-u! #we+



t&e issuce #- ew tit!e t# t&e +i%&t-u! #we+$(") c#-i+s '!iti--Gs #we+s&i' #.e+ t&e

'+#'e+t*$

U"e+ t&e A"iist+ti.e C#"e, t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!

s&!! @+e'+eset t&e %#.e+et i !! !" +e%ist+ti#" +e!te" '+#cee"i%s$ T&is es t&t:

() t&e S * "e'utie * %#.e+et '+#secut#+

t# ssist &i i t&e cse$

(/) #tice #- c#u+t '+#cesses, #+"e+s " "ecisi#s

+ecei.e" /* t&e '+#secut#+ is #tice t# t&e S#!icit#+

ee+!$

(c) t&e '+#secut#+ * &ise!- wit&"+w t&etG ! i- & -i " t& t /



(c) t&e '+#secut#+ * &ise!- wit&"+w t&e%#.e+etGs ''e! i- &e -i"s t&e se t# /e

wit&#ut * -ctu! #+ !e%! /sis$

(") t&e '+#secut#+ * ete+ it# sti'u!ti# #-

-cts #+ c#'+#ise wit& t&e ''!ict$

T&e 'e+i#" #- '+esc+i'ti# i cti# -#+

+ec#.e*ce is c#ute" -+# t&e

() "te #- t&e issuce #- t&e tit!e$(/) "te #- t&e '+#u!%ti# #- t&e Fu"%et$

(c) "isc#.e+* #- t&e -+u"$

(") "te #- issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #-



(") "te #- issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #-+e%ist+ti#$

A cti# -#+ +e.e+si# /* t&e Stte is '+#'e+

w&e "e-e"tGs tit!e c#.e+s

() !" c#sisti% #- !!u.i! "e'#sits cuse" /* t&e cti# #- t&e se$

(/) !" '+e.i#us!* tit!e" t&+#u%& c"st+!

'+#cee"i%s



'+#cee"i%s$(c) !" wit&i +ese+.ti# -#+ 'u/!ic use$

(") () " (c)$

A ".e+se c!i * /e +ec#+"e" i w&ic& #-t&e -#!!#wi% istces

() !ese #.e+ !" w&ic& c#u!" #t /e

+e%iste+e" /ecuse t&e #we+Gs "u'!icte tit!ews #t su++e"e+e"$

(/) e9isti% c!is # t&e !" '+i#+ t# t&e

issuce #- t&e ce+ti-icte #- tit!e$

(c) &e+e"it+* +i%&ts #- 'e+s# i t&e !"



(c) &e+e"it+* +i%&ts #- 'e+s# i t&e !"

+e%iste+e" i &e+ siste+Gs e$

(") () " (c)$

O''#siti# t# ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti# ust /e /se" # +e! +i%&t #+ "#ii# t# '+#'e+t*$ T&is

es t&t K

() t&e #''#sit#+ ust /e /!e t# s&#w tit!e t# t&e

'+#'e+t*$

(/) t&e #''#sit#+ ust &.e t&e !e%! c&+cte+

ecess+* t# iti +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i% i

&is #w e



&is #w e$(c) it is e#u%& t&t t&e #''#sit#+ s&#u!" ''e+

t# &.e ite+est i t&e '+#'e+t*$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

U"e+ t&e Wte+ C#"e, wte+s -#u" # '+i.te

!"s /e!#% t&e Stte$ W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi%

is e9c!u"e"

() c#tiu#us #+ ite+ittet wte+s +isi% #suc& !"s$

(/) !es " !%## tu+!!* #ccu++i% #

suc& !"s



suc& !"s$(c) +i wte+ -!!i% # suc& !"s$

(") #e #- t&e /#.e$

Pe"+# -i!es ''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$ H#we.e+,

t&e !" ''!ie" -#+ &" /ee '+e.i#us!* +e%iste+e" it&e e #- J#se$ W&t s&#u!" J#se "#

() J#se s&#u!" -i!e #''#siti# " '+eset &is

tit!e "u+i% t&e &e+i%$(/) J#se s&#u!" -i!e #''#siti# !!e%i% t&t

Pe"+#Gs ''!icti# c#stitutes c#!!te+! ttc

# &is tit!e$

(c) J#se s&#u!" -i!e #ti# t# "isiss /se" #



(c) J#se s&#u!" -i!e #ti# t# "isiss /se" #res 'u"icata$

(") J#se s&#u!" -i!e suit -#+ "%es %ist

Pe"+# -#+ -+u"u!et!* seei% t# +e%iste+ !"

w&ic&, &e s&#u!" #w, is !+e"* tit!e" t# #t&e+$

T&e '+esu'ti# i A+tic!e 126 #- t&e Ci.i!

C#"e t&t !! '+#'e+t* #- t&e ++i%e /e!#%s t#

t&e c#Fu%! '+te+s&i' ''!ies w&e

() t&e @s'#uses +e !e%!!* ++ie"$

(/) t&e tit!e is i t&e e #- /#t& &us/"

" wi-e$

(c) t&e s'#uses +e !i.i% t#%et&e+$



(c) t&e s'#uses +e !i.i% t#%et&e+$(") t&e '+#'e+t* ws cui+e" "u+i% t&e

++i%e$

I +ec#stituti# '+#cee"i%s, w&ic& #- t&e-#!!#wi% '+#'#siti#s is w+#%:

() T&e issuce #- +ec#stitute" tit!e "#es#t "ete+ie t&e issue #- #we+s&i'$

(/) T&e LRA c motu !ro!rio +e.#e t&e+ec#stitute" tit!e i- t&e !#st #+ "est+#*e" tit!eis su/seuet!* -#u"$

(c) T&e issuce /* t&e LRA #- +ec#stitute" tit!e is "iist+ti.e



(c) T&e issuce /* t&e LRA #- +ec#stitute" tit!e is "iist+ti.e-ucti#$

(") T&e "#ct+ie #- res 'u"icata ''!ies t#

Fu"ici! +ec#stituti#$

Secti# 15(1) #- PD N#$ 1<3; +eui+es '#ssessi#an" #ccu'ti# #- t&e !" ''!ie" -#+ sice Jue13, 1;5<$ W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% '+#'#siti#s is-!se

() Occu'ti# is /+#"e+ t& '#ssessi# /ecuse it

ic!u"es t&e !tte+$

(/) Occu'ti# "e!iits t&e e--ect #- c#st+ucti.e '#ssessi#$

(c) P#ssessi# es cts #- "#ii# w&ic& '+t*

w#u!" tu+!!* e9e+cise #.e+ &is #w '+#'e+t*$(") O i &i &!i & & i



* ' ' *(") Occu'ti# se+.es t# &i%&!i%&t t&t '#ssessi# ust#t /e e+e -icti#$

A ".e+se c!i is e--ecti.e -#+ 46 "*s$ T# +e"e+

t&e ".e+se c!i functus officio,

() t&e ite+este" '+t* s&#u!" -#+!!* +euest

t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s t# cce! t&e se u'# t&e

e9'i+ti# #- t&e 46"* 'e+i#"$(/) # cti# is ecess+* sice t&e ".e+se c!i

ut#tic!!* !'ses u'# t&e e9'i+ti# #- t&e 46

"* 'e+i#"$

(c) t&e ite+este" '+t* s&#u!" -i!e 'etiti# i



(c) t&e ite+este" '+t* s&#u!" -i!e 'etiti# i

c#u+t -#+ t&e cce!!ti# #- t&e ".e+se c!i$

(") it is ecess+* t# wit t&e -i! #utc#e #-

t&e cse$

C ".e+se c!i #- #we+s&i' #.e+ +e%iste+e"

!", /se" # cuisiti.e '+esc+i'ti#, /e+e%iste+e"

() es /ecuse ".e+se c!i is t# '+#tect t&e

ite+est #- t&e 'e+s# c!ii% #we+s&i' t&e+e#-$(/) N# /ecuse tit!e t# +e%iste+e" !" is

i'+esc+i'ti/!e$

(c) es /ecuse ".e+se c!i is #tice t&t t&e

".e+se c!it &s /ette+ +i%&t t# t&e !"



".e+se c!it &s /ette+ +i%&t t# t&e !"

t& t&e +e%iste+e" #we+ t&e+e#-$

(") N# /ecuse cuisiti.e '+esc+i'ti# #- tit!e t#

!" c e.e+ /e '+esue"$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce /se" # .#i"

"ee" #- s!e -#+ !c #- c#set

() '+esc+i/es i 16 *e+s$

(/) '+esc+i/es i 5 *e+s

(c) is i'+esc+i'ti/!e

(") '+esc+i/es i 2 *e+s$



(") '+esc+i/es i 2 *e+s$

A c#+'#+ti# s#!e * 'u+c&se " &#!" +e!estte /ecuse

() t&e '+#'e+ties cui+e" /* t&e c#+'#+ti# 'ss u'# t&e "et& #- t&e "iist+t#+ t# &is

&ei+s w&# +e Bi!i'i# cities$

(/) #we+s&i' #- si" '+#'e+ties -!! u'# t&ec&u+c& #+ c#%+e%ti# " #t u'# t&eicu/et "iist+t#+$

(c) t&e c#+'#+ti# e9e+cises #we+s&i'



(c) t&e c#+'#+ti# e9e+cises #we+s&i'i"e'e"et!* #- t&e ti#!it* #- its icu/et"iist+t#+$

(") (/) " (c)$

W&t is t&e c#ce't #- #we+s&i' #- cest+!"#is

() Acest+! "#is +e '+t #- t&e !"s #-t&e 'u/!ic "#i u"e+ t&e c#ce't #- 'ura

regalia$(/) Acest+! "#is +e t&e '+i.te /ut

c#uit* '+#'e+t* #- i"i%e#us 'e#'!es$

(c) Acest+! "#is " !! tu+!+es#u+ces t&e+ei /e!#% t# i"i%e#us cu!tu+!



% %c#uities /se" # ti.e tit!e$

(") () " (/)$

L" !+e"* "ec+ee" i #+"i+* +e%ist+ti#

cse c#t %i /e t&e su/Fect #- su/seuet

c"st+! '+#cee"i% /ecuse

() #ce !" is Fu"ici!!* "ec+ee", t&e Fu"%et

is res 'u"icata$

(/) t&e +e%ist+ti# i t&e e #- t&e -i+st

#we+ is c#st+ucti.e #tice t# t&e w&#!e w#+!"$

(c) t# "ec!+e t&e !te+ tit!e .!i" s %ist t&e



( ) %-i+st w#u!" u"e+ie t&e e--icc* #- T#++es

s*ste$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

T# .i! #- 'etiti# -#+ +e.iew,() t&e 'etiti#e+ ust !!e%e -cts

su++#u"i% t&e t+i! w&ic& '+e.ete" -i+"ete+iti# #- t&e cse$

(/) t&e 'etiti# ust /e -i!e" wit&i si9t*(26) "*s -+# t&e -i!it* #- t&e "ecisi# #- t&e+e%ist+ti# c#u+t$

(c) t&e 'etiti#e+ ust wit t&e e9'i+ti##- #e *e+ -+# t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #-



( ) ' '#- #e *e+ -+# t&e issuce #- t&e "ec+ee #-+e%ist+ti#$

(") t&e '+#'e+t* &s #t 'sse" t#

i#cet 'u+c&se+ -#+ .!ue$

Pe"+# -i!es 'etiti# -#+ "iist+ti.e+ec#stituti# #- tit!e, /ut it ''e+s t&t t&e !" is!+e"* tit!e" i t&e e #- Li$ Li is C&iese$W&t +e t&e #'ti#s #'e t# t&e LRA

() T&e LRA s&#u!" #+"e+ #ut+i%&t t&e cce!!ti# #-

LiGs tit!e " '+#cee" t# ct # Pe"+#Gs 'etiti# -#++ec#stituti#$

(/) T&e LRA s&#u!" "isiss Pe"+#Gs 'etiti# 'e"i%t&e -i!i% /* t&e OS #+ t&e c#'eti% c!it #-

cti# /e-#+e t&e RTC -#+ t&e cce!!ti# #- LiGstit!e$



(c) T&e LRA s&#u!" e!e.te t&e tte+ t# t&eSec+et+* #- Justice -#+ ".is#+* #'ii#$

(") T&e LRA s&#u!" "e-e+ cti# # Pe"+#Gs 'etiti#

'e"i% t&e +esu!ts #- t&e cti# t# "ete+ie t&e.!i"it* #- LiGs tit!e

W&# is t&e '+#'e+ '+t* t# -i!e cti# -#+

u!et #+ e"et #- t&e tit!e w&e+e it

''e+s t&t t&e Assu+ce Bu" * /e &e!"

!i/!e -#+ "%es "ue t# t&e u!w-u! #+

e++#e#us issuce t&e+e#-

() t&e S#!icit#+ ee+!

(/) t&e LRA A"iist+t#+



(c) t&e LM0 Di+ect#+

(") t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s

T&e +u!e t&t -#+%e" "ee" * /ec#e t&e +##t

#- .!i" tit!e

() "#es #t ''!* w&e+e t&e #we+ sti!! &#!"s

.!i" tit!e #.e+ t&e !"$(/) ''!ies e.e w&e+e t&e #we+ # !#%e+

&#!"s .!i" tit!e t# t&e !"$

(c) ''!ies w&e+e t&e -#+%e+ #/tis tit!e t# t&e! " " & - !! i &



( ) '' %!" " t&e+e-te+ se!!s it t# #t&e+$

(") () " (c)$

T&e Assu+ce Bu" is not !i/!e -#+ !#ss #+

"%e cuse" /* w&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi%

() 0+ec& #- t+ust, e9'+ess #+ i'!ie"$

(/) Miste i t&e +esu+.e* #- +e%iste+e" !"

cusi% e9'si# #- t&e +e$

(c) E++#+ i t&e su/"i.isi# #- t&e !" +esu!ti%

i t&e ic+ese i +e$



t e c ese e$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

N# s!es s&!! e%%e is se!!i% su/"i.isi#!#ts u!ess +e%iste+e" wit& HLUR0$ His

+e%ist+ti# s&!! cease w&e

() &e &s "e -!se stteet i &is

''!icti# -#+ +e%ist+ti#$

(/) &e &s "e#st+te" &is uw#+t&iess t#

t+sct /usiess s suc&$

(c) &e &s .i#!te" * '+#.isi# i &is



( ) * '

ce+ti-icte #- +e%ist+ti#$

(") &is e'!#*et wit& "e!e+ #+ /+#e+ &s

te+ite"$

Pe"+#, !#t /u*e+, -i!e" c#'!it %ist Asi

De.e!#'et C#+'#+ti# (ADC) -#+ #+t%%i%su/"i.isi# !#ts (ic!u"i% &is) wit&#ut /ei% -i+st

i-#+e" #- suc& -ct$ W&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi%

"e-eses #- ADC is .!i"

() t&t t&e !# t# ADC ws %+te" w&e t&e

#+t%%e" '+#'e+t* ws #t *et su/"i.i"e"$

(/) t&t t&e #+t%%e ws c#stitute" '+i#+ t# t&e ctu!

s!e #- t&e !#t t# Pe"+#$(c) t&t t&e #w!e"%e #+ c#set #- t&e !#t /u*e+ t# t&e



(c) t&t t&e #w!e"%e #+ c#set #- t&e !#t /u*e+ t# t&e

#+t%%e is #t +eui+e"$

(") #e #- t&e /#.e$

A #tice #- lis !en"ens

() /i"s bona fi"e 'u+c&se+ #- t&e '+#'e+t*

i "is'ute$

(c) c+etes +i%&t #+ !ie t&t '+e.i#us!* "i" #t

e9ist$

(c) /i"s 'u+c&se+, w&et&e+ bona fi"e #+ #t,

#- t&e "is'ute" '+#'e+t*$



' ' ' *

(") is '+t #- t&e "#ct+ie #- #tice$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce #- !" .!ue" tP1<,666 s&#u!" /e -i!e" wit& w&t c#u+t

() t&e sec#" !e.e! c#u+t #- t&e '+#.ice w&e+et&e !" !ies$

(/) t&e sec#" !e.e! c#u+t #+ -i+st !e.e! c#u+t #-t&e '!ce w&e+e "e-e"t +esi"es$

(c) t&e -i+st !e.e! c#u+t #- t&e uici'!it*w&e+e t&e !" !ies$

(") t&e sec#" !e.e! c#u+t #- t&e '!ce w&e+e



(") t&e sec#" !e.e! c#u+t #- t&e '!ce w&e+e '!iti-- +esi"es$

W&e+e t&e #/Fect #- t&e '!iti-- is t# +ec#.e+

'#ssessi# #- +e! '+#'e+t* s #we+, t&e '+#'e+

cti# is:

() -#+ci/!e et+* " "etie+$

(/) accion reivin"icatoria.

(c) accion !ubliciana.

(") "ec!+t#+* +e!ie-$



( ) *

A cti# t# uiet tit!e t# '+#'e+t* i t&e '#ssessi# #- t&e '!iti-- is i'+esc+i'ti/!e, t&e

+es# /ei% t&t:

() &e &s c#tiui% +i%&t t# t&e i" #- c#u+t

#- euit* t# +e#.e c!#u" # &is tit!e$

(/) &e * wit uti! &is tit!e is ttce" /e-#+e

ti% ste's t# .i"icte &is +i%&t$

(c) '#ssessi# is c#tiui% +i%&t s is t&e



+i%&t t# "e-e" suc& '#ssessi#$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

A ce+ti-icte #- tit!e /se" u'# 'u/!ic !"

'tet /ec#es i"e-esi/!e wit&i w&t 'e+i#"

() < *e+s -te+ t&e issuce #- t&e 'tet$

(/) 1 *e+ -+# t&e issuce #- t&e 'tet$

(c) 1 *e+ -+# t&e "te #- t&e #+"e+ #- w+"$

(") < *e+s -+# t&e ''+#.! #- t&e ''!icti#$



( ) * '' ''

W&t is t&e c#seuece #- #'*et /* t&e !#t

/u*e+ #- ist!!ets "ue -#+ -i!u+e #- t&e#we+"e.e!#'e+ t# -iis& t&e '+#Fect wit&i t&e tie

%+ee" u'#

() Ist!!ets 'i" s&!! /e -#+-eite" i -.#+ #- t&e

#we+"e.e!#'e+$

(/) T&e /u*e+ * s -#+ t&e +ei/u+seet #- !! #uts

'i", /ut wit&#ut ite+est$

(c) T&e #we+"e.e!#'e+ c#u!" +esci" t&e c#t+ct$

(") T&e /u*e+ * sus'e" -u+t&e+ '*ets uti! t&e



#we+"e.e!#'et &" -u!-i!!e" its #/!i%ti#s$

A '+#cee"i% -#+ t&e issuce #- w+it #- '#ssessi# is

e+e ici"et i t&e t+s-e+ #- tit!e, &ece, it isi'+ctic! t# w+" '#ssessi# t# 'u+c&se+ #- '+#'e+t*wit& #w!e"%e #- t&e e9istece #- t&i+"'+t* c!i

/e-#+e si" c!i &s /ee "eci"e"$ W&ic& #- t&e-#!!#wi% "#es not cc#+" wit& t&is '+ici'!e

() T&e c#u+t * #t %+t t&e w+it w&e+e tit!e is i"#u/t$

(/) T&e '+u"et c#u+se #- cti# is t# &#!" i /e*ce '+#cee"i%s -#+ t&e issuce #- t&e w+it$

(c) T&e t+ue #we+ ust +es#+t t# Fu"ici! '+#cess -#+ t&e



( ) F '+ec#.e+* #- t&e '+#'e+t*$

(") T&e ite+este" '+t* s&#u!" +es#+t t# "us siceissuce #- t&e w+it is iiste+i!$

A cti# -#+ +ec#.e*ce /se" # i'!ie"

#+ c#st+ucti.e t+ust '+esc+i/es i &#w * *e+s

-+# t&e issuce #- t&e tit!e #.e+ t&e '+#'e+t*() 5 *e+s$

(/) i'+esc+i'ti/!e$

(c) 16 *e+s$



(") 2 *e+s$

T&e Stte * '+#secute -#+ 'e+Fu+* t&e '+t* w&# #/tis

+e%ist+ti# t&+#u%& -+u", suc& s /* stti% -!sesse+ti#s i t&e sw#+ ''!icti# #- ''!icts T&us

'+eise", w&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi% is false

() A Fu"%et # t&e %ui!t #- t&e ccuse" w#u!" #t

u"e+ie t&e i"e-esi/i!it* #- T#++es tit!es$(/) T# %i.e iuit* -+# '+#secuti# t# t&#se

success-u! i "ecei.i% t&e +e%ist+ti# c#u+t w#u!" /e

'utti% '+eiu # 'e+Fu+*$

(c) T&e '+#secuti# -#+ 'e+Fu+* w#u!" #ut t#



ttc # t&e .!i"it* #- t&e tit!es w&ic& +e '+esue"

.!i"$

(") A* Fu"%et +e"e+e" i t&e c+ii! cse w#u!"!e.e t&e tit!es u"istu+/e"$

Lc&es is t&e -i!u+e #+ e%!ect t# sse+t +i%&t

wit&i +es#/!e tie$ W&ic& is not c#++ect i t&e

-#!!#wi% stteets

() Lc&es is c#ce+e" wit& t&e -ct #- "e!*$

(/) Lc&es ''!ies i euit*$

(c) Lc&es is c#ce+e" wit& t&e e--ect #- "e!*$

(") Lc&es is #t /se" # -i9e" tie$



T&e w+it #- '#ssessi# * not /e issue" i

w&ic& #- t&e -#!!#wi%

() i !" +e%ist+ti# '+#cee"i%$(/) i 'etiti# -#+ +ec#stituti#$

(/) i e9t+Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- +e!t*

#+t%%e$(c) i Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- #+t%%e



(c) i Fu"ici! -#+ec!#su+e #- #+t%%e$

W&t #'ti#s +e #'e t# t&e #+t%%ee i cset&e #+t%%#+ "ies

() wi.e t&e #+t%%e " c!i t&e eti+e"e/t -+# t&e estte #- t&e #+t%%#+ s

#+"i+* c!i$(/) -#+ec!#se t&e #+t%%e Fu"ici!!* "

'+#.e * "e-iciec* s #+"i+* c!i$

(c)Re!* # t&e #+t%%e e9c!usi.e!*,-#+ec!#si% t&e se t * tie /e-#+e it is /++e"



% * /* '+esc+i'ti#, wit&#ut +i%&t t# -i!e c!i -#+* "e-iciec*$

(") !! #- t&e /#.e$

Wit&i w&t 'e+i#" * Fu"%et i !"+e%ist+ti# cse /e e-#+ce"

() U'# #ti# wit&i < *e+s -+# t&e "te#- et+*$

(/) N# -u+t&e+ '+#cee"i% t# e-#+ce t&e Fu"%et is ecess+*$

(c) U'# #ti# wit&i 16 *e+s -+# t&e "te

#- et+*$(") U ti -t -i !it - F " t



(") U'# #ti# -te+ -i!it* #- Fu"%et '+*i% t&t LRA /e "i+ecte" t# issue t&e "ec+ee #-+e%ist+ti#$

T&e #+i%i! ce+ti-icte #- tit!e is issue" # t&e"te

() t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# is issue" /* t&e

LRA$(/) t&e tit!e is %i.e t&e c#++es'#"i% u/e+

/* t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s$

(c) t&e #+i%i! " "u'!icte c#'ies +e+ecei.e" /* t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -+# t&e LRA



+ecei.e" /* t&e Re%iste+ #- Dee"s -+# t&e LRA$

(") t&e "ec+ee #- +e%ist+ti# is t+sc+i/e"$

THAN OU AND

LTD Review 2013 - Agcaoili

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