opöm½Sd ½kd[if*smrs m; opöm½Sd ½kd[if*smrs m; opöm½Sd ½kd[if*smrs m; opöm½Sd ½kd[if*smrsm; ==t*Fv y bmomjzi h xkw a0aomwp ckwnf;aom *g'D,ef;r* Zif;ukd zw ½IcG i h&ojzi ½k d[i *sm vl rsKd;rsm;on rd rdwk Y\ar ;&yf |meD tay: rnf rQtxd opö m½ cJhonfuk d od cJ h&onf / xk dtcsd efrSpí uRefawm (tefaom eDtd &f0i )on tm&fue (&c if)jynf \ a½S;,cifuyi aexd ifvmcJ haom ½d k[i *sm (Aborigines)vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; rl*sm[d 'f }aomif;usef;o rsm;ukd axmu cHol rsm;tjzp vnf;aumif;? vl rsKd ;a&;t½k d;p Golrsm; tjzp vnf;aumif;? arS mif ck dv y ie ;jzif touf arG ;0rf ;ausmif;ol rsm;tjzp vnf;aumif;? ygu pöwe Ek di iH rS w&m;r0ifvlarS mi ck d ck ;o if;vmo rsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; trsKd ;rsKd ; oy csKd pG yfp Gum Ek dif iHawmftay: opö mrJ holrsm;tjzpf rvkdvm; r½Iqdwf aom a'ocHqef Yusifzuf tk y pk rsm;\ aoG;xk d;ajr muf yi cJ hrIaMumif Ek i iHawm r ' ,mrsm;u a&;om;cJ honfukd awG Y&onf / 4if;pGy pJG csu ESi h ywfoufí jzp &y rSefwpf csKd Yuk d wi jyvk ygon / ½k d[i *smvl rsKd ;wk Yonf aumif;a&mi ;aumif;0,f vkyfol rsm;jzp Ny ;? NAdwdoQw dYtm; E p Mud rfw ifw k i wk dufxkw cJ h &mwG i yl ;aygif;yg0ifc hol rsm;jzp í t&m&mwG i aotwl ½S ifazmf }rsm;jzp cJ h Muonf / þok Yaom opö m½d oD;cHcG if hvTwfwwfaom tH h rcef;bG,f &m vl rsKd ;rsm;uk opö mrJ hol rsm;[kqk dvQi tjcm;opö m½ vl rsKd ;wp rsKd ; rD;armif;xk d;jyygavmh[ qk dcsi ygon /++ (Anthony Irwin) ppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGe ppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGe ppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGe ppfawGc½kdifrS aumufcH&½dSaom tcGe 1945wG i tm&fuef(&c if)jynf ü &c ifvl rsKd ;w Yonf tcG e ray;aqmifa&;twGuf tm;oG e cG e p ku Bu K;yrf;cJ &m ½k d[i *smvlrsKd ;wk Yonf xk vIy ½S m;rI wGi ryg0ifc hay/ qe Yusi zuftm;jzi ½kd[if*smvl rsKd ; wk Yon rl*sm[d '}aomif;usef;olrsm;\ &ufpufrItaygif ;E i &ck i (Maugh)tpk d;& trIxrf; t&mxrf;rsm;\ trsKd ;rsKd ;aom Ed S y pufr Mum;rS yi rd rdwk Y Ek ifiHtp d;&ty: opö m½ Sp m tcGefawmfaiGrsm; ay;aqmif cJ Muon / þud pöES i h qu py ywfoufí xk pOfu ygvD reftrw rpöwmat*¾ zg&fonf tcG efawm aiG rsm; aumuf cH &½ rIES i ywf oufí b@ma&;0e BuD;tm; ar;jref;aomar;c ef;u ajzMum;&mwG i ppf awG c½d if½ S armi awmES i h bl;oD;awmif Nr KY rsm;wG if aexd ifonf 99 &mck i E ef;aom ½ k[i *smvl rsKd ;rsm;onfomvQi tcG efxr ;jynfol rsm;jzp aMumif ; ½S if;½S if;vif;vif; wif jycJhonfuk o ½S d&on / Ek dif iH awmftp d;&on &ck dif vlrsKd ;wk Y\ ES y pu rItaygif;Mum;rS ½d k[if*smv rsKd ;rsm;\ Ed k ifiHawmftay: op m½d S yH kuk EI di ;,S Ofaw Y½ Ek d ifonf / Ek d ifiHawmftpk d;&u ce Ytyfxm;aom &c i (Maug h ) vl rsKd ; trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;u ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ;rsm;onf Ek d i iHawmf tay:opö mr½d yg? ygupöwe ES m acgif;ESif touf ½I NyD;? ygupöwefu oifay;onf htwk d if; aqmif½Gufaeon }ponf jzifh r[kwfwrf; w&m;rsm;uk pOfquf rjywf Ek d ifiHawmf tpk d ;&tm; * k;wkd ufwi jyaeojzif Ekd ifiH awmftpk d;&uvnf; atmfya&;½ ef ;trsKd ;rsKd ; apvTwfum ½ [if*smvl rsKd ;rsm;tm; trdajrrS okwfoif½ if;vif;E if&e tpOftNrJ Bud K;yrf;c &m ,ckwk dif jzpfonf / atmuf az:jyyg tcG efaumuf cH&½d SE d i rI Z,m;u d Munf ½I jcif;tm;jzi h ½d k[if *smvl rsKd ;wk Y\ opö mcGeftm;u od ½ Ek difonf /
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
rl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyrl*sm[pfvIyf½Sm;r f½ Sm;r f½ Sm;r f½ Sm;r I II I
1947 wGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Ak dvfvuf,monf armif;awmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;od k U oG m;a&muf vnfywfaomtcg ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; Ek difiHawmftay: opö m½d ScJ honfrsm;uk d axmufjy
ajymqk dcJ honf/ xk d Utjyif 1945 ckESpfavmufwGif &ckdifwpfjynfvH k;tES H Uvk dvk dü &ck difvlrsKd;wk dY\vlrsKd;a&; vIyf½S m;rIjyif;xefcJ haomfvnf; ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Yonfum; qlylvIyf½S m;rI wpfpHkwpf&mrvkyfyJat;csrf;wnfjidrfpG m aecJ honfukd csD;rGrf;ajymqk dcJ honf/ xk dok d UcsD;rGrf;ajymqk dcJ hjcif;onf &ckdif (Maugh )uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm;ESif h vQKd U0SufpG m vufwJ Gyl;aygif;vIyf½S m;cJ haom &ckdif(Maugh ) acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aoG;xk d;qGay;cJ hovk djzpfcJ honf/ xk d UaMumif h &cdkif(Maugh )trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d Yonf jrefrmEk difiHawmftpk d;&u ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESif h tvGefcspfMunf&if;ES D;oG m;rnfuk d pkd;&drfcJ haomaMumif h ½k d[if *smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmftay: qef YusifawmfvSefaom trsKd;om;opö mazmuftjzpf Ek difiHawmf tjrifrS m pOfqufrjywf jzpf&avatmif wpfcsKd Yaompmrwwf OmPfrrDonf h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yuk d &ckdiftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;ESif h uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olwk d Yyl;aygif;í uvdrfqiftuGufqifum ½kd[if*smaomif;usef;olrsm;tjzpf ay:ayguf&avatmif r&raeBudK;yrf;aqmif½GufcJhonf/
&ck dif (Maugh ) trsKd;om;a&; tpGef;a&muf0g'Dwkd Yonf xk dpOfu tpkd;&ygwDjzpfaom zufqpfqef Yusifa&; jynf hol UvGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (AFPFL )tm; wGef;vSef NydKvJEk difrS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Uonf ukvm;weftaemufzuf &ck difajrmufyk dif;a'oukd ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfcGif h&e,f ajra'otjzpfvnf;aumif;? usef&ck difa'orsm;uk d &ck difvlrsKd;wk dY\ jynfe,ftjzpfvnf;aumif; oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfcGif h&rnf pojzif h Ek difiHa&;todOmPfEke,fao;aom OD;*smazg&ftm; bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrS &ck difvlrsKd; OD;xGef;atmifjzL (½k d[if*smpum;ajymuRrf;usif )tm;jzifh pnf;½k H;apí &ck difuGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olrsm; pcef;xJwGif awmfvSefa&;oifwef;rsm; ykd Ucsay;cJ honf/ &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Uonf ynmtajrmftjrif? EkdifiHa&;tajrmftjrif csKd YwJhaom ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;wpfcsKd Yud k pnf;½kH;í jrefrmEk difiHtpk d;&u
xkwfy,fcJhaom vufeufuk difwyfzJ G Y(jyKwf )wk d UESif h yl;aygif;apum Ek difiHawmfESif h jrefrmjynfolwk d Y\a½S UarS mufwGif ½k d[if*sm (ukvm;qkd;aomif;usef;ol ) tzJ G UwpfzJ G U ay:xGef;vm&av[ef pDrHtuGufqifay;cJhonf/
trSeftm;jzif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Uonf at;csrf;wnfjidrfaomb0uk d wnfaqmufvifhupm; &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwkd U\ tuGufqif uvdrfusaoG;xk d;ajrS mufyif h pDrHaqmif½Gufay;rIaMumif h ½d k[if*smESif h jrefrmvlrsKd;wk dYtjyif &ck difESif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;Mum;rS myifvQif vGefpG mpdwf0rf;uJ Gjym;vmcJ honfrS m ,aeUwk difjzpfonf/ &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d U\ ,ckvkdaqmif½GufrIaMumif h rnfolrQ tusKd;r½d Sonf htjyif vlrsKd;pktm;vH k; cspfcifMuifemrIysufjym;NyD; trkef;w&m;yG m;rsm; vmcJ honfuvT Jí rnfolrQ tusKd;rjzpf xGef;cJ hacs/
cef;uk d pGefYcG gí xGufajy;cJ haomfvnf; av;OD;? ig;OD;xufryk daom ½k d[if*smykvdyfESif h ppfonfrsm;onfom rdrdwkd Y wyfpcef;uk d pGef YcGgxGufajy;cJ haMumif; od&onf/ 1948-49 ckESpf ESif h 1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif Ek difiHawmftpk d;&onf Ek difiHa&;t& ½IyfaxG;rIaygif;rsm;pG muk d BuHKawG UcJ h&pOf aomif;usef;olrl*sm[pfwk d Uonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; 13 ESpfwmumvtwGif; e,fajr&Juif; okd d Yr[kwf e,fwyfpcef;wpfckwpfavrQyif rodrf;yk dufEk difcJ hacs/ tb,faMumif hqkdaomf EkdifiHawmftpk d;& tusyftwnf;a&mufaeonfuk d tcGif haumif;apmif haecJ haom rl*sm[pfwkd YESif h jidrf;csrf;pG maexk difvk daom a'ocH½d k[if*smrsm; yl;aygif;ulnDrI r½d SaomaMumif hyifjzpfonf/
tu,fí ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmftay: opö mazmufcJ hvQif 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif; t*Fvdyf ppfwyfESif h *syefwyfwd kY usef&pfcJ haom ppfvufeufcJ,Of;jzif h &ckdifwpfjynfvH k; r[kwfonf hwk difatmif
oifwef;aumif;aumif;ay;í toif htwif h vufeufwyfqifay;ygu rnfonf hppfwyfwGifrqk d tvGefw&m &J&if hajymifajrmufpG m opö m½d S½d S trIxrf;Ekdifvdrf hrnf jzpfaMumif;csD;usL; ajymMum;cJ honf/
]ar*smtefaomfeDtd&f0if;} onf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; ESif hywfoufí xyfqif haxmufcHcsufay; csD;usL;ajymqk donfuk daz:jy&vQif ]]½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf yifv,furf;ajcwavQmuf aysmf½TifjrL;xl;pG m vnf
ywf aexk difaeolrsm;r[kwf? rdrdwk d Uaus;½G maetdrfrsm;wGif jidrf;csrf;pG maexk difaomvlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumif h xk dvlrsKd;rsm;\ wk duf&nfck duf&nf½d Saom pGrf;yum;uk d rodjrifEk difacs/ ok d U&mwGif þvlrsKd;rsm;uk d pepfwusoifwef;ay;NyD; wyf&if;wyfzJ GYrsm;wGif trIxrf;apaomf uRefawmfuk d,fwk dif wyfrSL;vkyfíppfqifEJ G&rnfqk dygu rdrdwk d Y NAdwdoQvlrsKd;rsm;jzifh zJG Ypnf;cJhaomwyf&if;wyfzJG Yrsm;uk d OD;pD;acgif;aqmifjyKum ppfqifEJ GcJ hNyD; atmifjrifrI&ouJhok d Yyif MunfEl;rI&rnfrS m rvT J{uefygbJ}} [k½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;\ yifukd,fowÅ dESif h ywfoufí &ifwGif;cHpm;csufuk d xkwfaz:a&;om;cJ honf/
'kwd,urÇ mppfumvtwGif; ]AD Gzkd Ypf} ac: ½k d[if*smt&Hwyfrsm;u tm&fuef ac: &ck difajrmufyk dif;a'ouk d odrf;yk dufvk daom *syefzufqpfwyfrsm;tm; ½Gyf½GyfcRHcRH wk dufck dufcJhonf/ *syefwk d Yonf armif;awmESif hbl;oD;awmif e,fwpf0k dufuk d tBudrfBudrfodrf;yk duf&ef BudK;pm;cJ haomfvnf; ½k d[if*smwk d U\ ckcHrI
aMumif h *syefwk dY\ BudK;yrf;rI ratmifjrifcJ hay/ ok dY&mwGif *syefwk d Yonf &cd kifvlrsKd;wk d Y\ tultnDjzifh &ck difjynfawmifyk dif;a'orsm;uk dum; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; odrf;yk dufEk difcJ honf/ *syefwk d Yonf½k d[if*smwk d Ytm; pnf;½k H;&ef cufcJaomfvnf; &ck difvlrsKd;wk dYuk d vG,fulpG m pnf;½H k;Ek difcJ honf/ *syefwk d Yonf tm&fuef(&ck dif )ajrmufyk dif;a'oud k odrf;yk duf&ef csOf;uyfavwkdif; ½kd[if*smtrmcHvlxkrsm;ESif hxdyfwk duf &ifqk dif&avh½d Sojzif h *syefwyfrsm; rMumcP qkwfcGgcJ h&onf/ ½kd[if*smwkd Yonf *syefwk dYuk djrefrmjynfrS wkdufck dufwGef;vSefarmif;xkwf&mwGif rdrdwd kY\ touftk d;tdrfpnf;pdrf acR;aoG;wk d Yuk dpaw;um jrefrmvlxk wpf&yfvkH;ESif h yl;aygif;í zufqpf*syefwk d Ytm; wGef;vSefawmf vSefcJ honf/
½d k[if*smwk d Yonf *syefuk d wGef;vSefawmfvSef&aom taMumif;&if;rS m *syefwk d Yonf &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd;wk dYESif hvufwJ Gí a'owpfckvH k;½d S vlrsKd;rsm;ukd xdck dufaponfuwpfaMumif; a'ocHvlrsKd;rsm;\
bDtk difatwyfonf oufBuD;½G,ftk d ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;pG muk d zrf;qD;owfjzwfaomaMumifh bDtk difattm; tvGefrkef;wD;í 4if;wk d YESif h yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef taMumif;r½dScJ hay/ xdkowif;onf ppfawGNrdKY½d S *syefppfAd kvftBuD;tuJu od½d Saomtcg bDtk difatwyfukd ac:aqmifí jrefrmjynfrok d Y jyefyk d YcJ havonf/ ½k d[if*smwk dYESif h jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf&ef ]rpöwmqkvfwefr[frGwf} ? ]rpöwm,mqif} ESifh ]OD;zd k;ck dif} ponfhppfawGNrdKYrS rGwfpvifacgif;aqmifrsm;uk d pnf;½H k;odrf;oGif;í armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fok d Y apvTwfum? ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; pnf;½kH;aponf/ *syefwk d Yonf½k d[if*smwk d Y\ yl;aygif;aqmif½GufrIrygyJ? tdEd,ok d Y csif;eif;0ifa&muf&ef rjzpfEk dif[k,lqcJ honf/rnfokd Yyifjzpfap ½k d[if*smwk d Yonf *syefwk d Y\ tjyKtrlukde*kduyif pdwfrcs r,H kMunfonfuwpf
1942 ck tpkvkduftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfrI (vlowfyJG)1942 ck tpkvkduftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfrI (vlowfyJG)1942 ck tpkvkduftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfrI (vlowfyJG)1942 ck tpkvkduftjyKHvdkuf owfjzwfrI (vlowfyJG)
c&pfouú&mZf 1825 ckESpfwGif tm&fumef (&ck dif)a'oonf t*Fvdyfvufatmufokd Y usa&mufcJh pOfu xk da'o½d S pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&rS m wpfodef;cefYjzpfNyD; &ck dif (Maugh ) 6aomif;? ½k d[if*sm 3aomif;?Arm 1aomif; cef Yjzpfonf/ 1835 ckESpfokd Ya&mufaomtcg pkpkaygif; vlOD;a&rS m 211536 OD;ok dY
taemuf awmifajrmuft&yfa'orsm;ok d Y vGwfvyfpG moG m;vmNyD; rGwfpvif½d k[if*smwk d YxHrS odrf;qnf;&cJ h aomvufeufrsm;uk d rif;jym;? NrdKYa[mif;? ausmufawmfESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;½d S &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;tm; jzef Ya0ay;jcif;jzif h rGwfpvif½d k[if*smrsm;ukd &ufpufpG mowfjzwfapcJhonf}} [kqk d xm;onf/ xkdok dYaom OD;ausmfckdif \pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrlonf ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifwk d Ytay: umuG,fapmifha½S mufay;&ef pkd;pOf;rQ rawG;awmcJ haMumif; orkdif;aMumif;t& od½d S&onf/
1942 ckrwfvwGif &ck dif(Maugh ) vlrsKd;wk d Yonf OD;ausmfck dif pDpOfay;cJhaom vufeufjzif h ½k d[if*smwk d Ytm; owfjzwfaom vlowfyJ GBuD; pwifygawmhonf/ &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd; t,lonf;wk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y rdrdwk d Yaexd kif&ma'orS ]usLyifckwf?usLikwfrusef} qk donf htwk dif;vlrsKd;jyKwf rsKd;wH k;oG m;&ef &nf½G,fcJhonf/ &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Yonf u&ifwyfajy;olrsm;rSvnf; vufeufrsm; vufcH&½d ScJ hNyD;?4if;wk d Ytm;vnf; ½kd[if*smvlrsKd; owfjzwfyJ GwGif yg0ifqifEJ G&ef pnf;½Hk;cJ honf/ xk dvlowfyJ GBuD;uk dajryH kNrdKYESif h ausmufjzLc½k difa'orsm;rS pwifcJ honf/ 1959 ckpufwbmF v (17) &ufaeY ygvD ref tpnf;ta0;wpf ckwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmif ESif h &aohawmif Nrd KYwdk Y jzif h oD ;jcm;c½k dif opf wpf ck zJ G Ypnf;a&;ukd qef Yusifaom rif ;jym;Nrd KYe,f ygvD reftrwfa[mif; ] OD;cspf y } qk dolonf vlowf yJ Gt"du ½kPf;ud k &ck d ifvlrsKd;wk dYom pwifcJ honf[k0ef cH cJ honf / xk dvlowfyJ GwGif axmifaomif;rsm;pG maom
wm;qD;ydwfyifrIaMumif h rGwfpvif½k d[if*sm nDaemif trsm;pkaexk dif&m bl;oD;awmif?armifawme,fajrrsm;ok dY jyefvnfck dvI H aexk difcJ h&avonf/ xGuf ajy;vm ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;wk dY\
tk d;tdrfv,f,majr uRJEG m;wd&pä mefrsm;uk d rw&m;odrf;yk dufxm;aom &ck difvlrsKd;wkd Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y\ Opö mypönf;rsm;pG mjzif h ,cktcsdefxd oufawmif houfom aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhpG mtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaeonf htjyif? odrf;yk dufcH ½k d[if*smwk d Y\ tk d;tdrf v,f,m ajrrsm;uk dpGef YvTwfay;tyf&ef rnfonf htcgrS rpOf;pm;awmhay/
1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;1942 ck vlowfyJGtwGif; zsufqD;cH½k d[if*sm aus;½Gmrsm; tajcjyZ,m;
½k d[if*smwk d Y txdemaoG;acsmif;pD;cJh&onf/ ½k d[if*smwk d Yonf acwfrD ½kdifz,faoewfaumif;rsm;jzif h pepfwus zJ GYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom &ckdifwk d Y\ vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf; wk dufyJ Gud k rnfok d YrQr,SOfNydKifEk difojzif h toufaygif; ajrmufjrm;pG m qH k;½HI;cJ h&onf/ ok d Yaomf &ck difocifqk d;rsm;onf ½k d[if*smtrsm;pkaexdkif&m ajrmufyk dif;a'ookd Y csOf;uyfavwkdif; a'oaetrmcHwkd YESif h xdyfwd kuf &ifqkdif&ojzif h &ckdifvlrsKd;wk d Y a½S Yrwk d;EkdifyJ aemufqkwfcJ h&onf/ &ck d difESif h ½k d[if*smwk dY wpfOD;csif;
,SOfNydKif&ifqdkif wk dufcdkuf&mwGif &ckdifwk d Yonf ½k d[if*smwk d YESif h rnfok dYrQ &ifqk difEkdifpGrf;tm;r½d ScJ hyg}}
[k ½k d[if*smwd k Y\ owÅ duk d csD;usL;ajymMum;cJ honf/
1948 ckESpfwGif xk dpOfu vlenf;pk 0efBuD;jzpfcJ haom &ck dif(Maugh )vlrsKd; OD;bkdndKonf ½k d[if*smESifh &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;tMum; ae&mzvS,f ajymif;a½T Uaexk difa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJ havonf/xk d YaMumif h olonf Ek difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfxHok d Y ½k d[if*smvlrsKd; uk d;aomif;cef Yuk d &ckdifvlrsKd;trsm;pk wk d Yaexk dif&m awmifyk dif;a'ook d Y a½T Uajymif;aexk difapjcif;jzif h aemifwpfcsdef ½kd[if*smtrsm;pk aexk dif&m &ck difajrmufa'otm; ta½S UygupöwefESif h aygif;pnf;vk du aygif;pnf;vk daom ½kd[if*smwk d Y\pdwful; OmPftBuHtpnfrS BudKwifumuG,fEkdifrnf[k ,lq&aompmwef;uk d tpk d;&xH avQmufxm;wifjycJ honf/ þenf;tm;jzif h &ck difvlrsKd;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwd k Yonf EkdifiHawmftpk d;&xHyg;wGif yufpuf,kwfrmaom ulvDulrmvkyf&yfrsm;ud k vkyfBuHzefwD;í aemifwpfcsdef tpk d;&u yH hyk d;ulnDaomatmfya&;½Sif;trsKd;rsKd;ukd vkyfBuHzefwD; qifEG Japum ½k d[if*smwkd Ytm; bkd;bG m;yk dife,fajrrS xGufajy;wdrf;a½S mif? wpfjznf;jznf;avsmhenf; vH k;yg;yg;oG m;&efwpfenf;? vlrsKd;aysmuf trsKd;wH k;oG m;&ef
pDrHudef;toG,foG,f csrSwfaqmif½GufcJ havonf/
þok d Y &ck difvlrsKd;rsm; wifjyvmaom taMumif;t&muk d OD;Ektpkd;& (AFPFL)u pdwf0ifwpm;jzpf vmNyD;? armifawmNrdKY e,f ]olvmolvD} aus;½G mwGif bk d;pOfabmifquf uwnf;u aexk difvmcJ haom½k d[if*smrsm;uk d tjrpfjzwfacsrIef;í ta½S Uygupö wefESif h tjcm;ae&ma'orsm;rS ac:aqmifvmaom&ck dif (Maugh ) vlrsKd;rsm;uk d tpm;xkd; ae&mcsxm;ay;NyD;? ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; usef&pfcJ haomv,f,majr? tk d;tdrf? uRJEGm;wd&pä mefrsm;ESif h tjcm;uk d,fyk dif ypönf;rsm;ud k &ck dif (Maugh ) vlrsKd;wkd Ytm;cJ Ga0ay;cJhonf/ xkd UaMumif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf Ek difiHawmf tpk d;&uOD;pD;í aqmif½GufcJ haomrw&m;rIuk dcHcJ h&onfhtjyif rdrdwk dYyk dif Opö mypönf;rsm;vnf; vufvTwfqHk;½H I;cJ h&avonf/
xd kenf;4if;yif &ck difvlrsKd;pnf;vHk;nDnTwfa&;toif; (ANUO) rS &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwdk Yonf ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; uk d,fyk diftcGifhta&;ESif hywfoufí Ek difiHawmftm; pOfqufrjywf ukef;wk dufqef Yusifajymqk dcJ holrsm; jzpfcJ honf/ Oyrmtm;jzif hajym&vQif Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;tpk d;&\ tpDpOft& ewfjrpfwpfavQmufESif h e,fpyfa'owGif aexk difaom ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Y\ aus;½G maygif; (200)uk d tm&fumef (&ck dif )twGif;yk dif;a'ookd Y a½TYajymif;apum 4if;vpfvyfoG m;aom ½k d[if*smaus;½G mrsm;wGif xk dvlOD;
a&ESif h nDrQaom &ck dif (Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;uk d tm&fumef(&ck dif )jynftES H Ya'orsm;rS a½T Yajymif;aexd kif aprnf[k &ck diftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d YzufrS oG m;ykwfavvTifh owif;xkwfvTif hcJ honf/ 4if;jyif ta½S Y
ygupöwefEk difiHrS w&m;r0if arS mifck dul;oef;a&mif;0,frIESif h vlpdrf h0ifvmrIwk d Yuk dvnf; wm;qD;Ek dif&eftvk d YiS m rkwfokef&moDNyD;aemuf ewfjrpfe,fpyfuk d ydwfypfvdrf hrnf[k owif;xGufvmcJ honf/þudpöESifhywfoufí rpöwmat-*zæ g&fESifh tjcm;½k d[if*smacgif;aqmifrsm;u Ak dvfcsKyfae0if; tdrf apmif htpk d;&\ jynfxJa&;|ge0efBuD; OD;cifarmifjzLtm; awG YqH kar;jref;aomtcg 4if;rS Ek difiHawmftpk d;&xHwGif þok dYtpDtpOfr½dSygaMumif;ESif h ,ckuJ hok d Y r[kwfrrSef owif;ysH UES HUaejcif;rS m &ck dif ftrsKd;
om;0g'Dwk d Y\ vIyf½S m;rIwpf&yfom jzpfonf[k ajymqk dcJ honf/
vlrsKd;a&;t"du½kPf;jzpfyG m;rI\ tusKd;quftjzpf ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;aygif;rsm;pG mwk dYonf aqmf'Dta& AsEk difiHok d Y xGufajy;wdrf;a½Smif ckdvI HcJ h&NyD;? 1949ckESpfESif h 1950ckESpfpyfMum;umv tawmtwGif;üvnf; vloH k;aomif;ausmfwk d Yonf ,ciftaemufygupöwefEd kifiHok dY &ck difvlrsKd;wk d Y\ &ufpufowf
þenf;tm;jzif h &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wd k Ytm; okwfoif½Sif;vif;í rvH kavmuf ao;onf[k ,lqojzif h Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tm;jzif h ]v0u} ESifh qufEG,faeonf h vlOD;a&pdppfa&;
ppfqifa&; qifEJ Gapum 1959 ckZlvk difvESif h Mo*kwfvwGif armifawmNrdKYe,frS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wpfaomif;oH k;axmifcefYESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYe,frS wpfaomif;cef Yavmufuk d wpfzufEkdifiHok dY ESifxkwfEd kifcJ honf/ &cdkifvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wkd YESif h pyfvsOf;í þok d Yvlrqef ,kwfrmyufpufonf h raumif;BuHpdwf"gwfrsm;uk d arG;xkwfum Ek difiHawmftpk d;&tm; tcsdeftcgtm;avsmfpG m rvdrf hwpfywfrqDrqk difwifjyvmcJ haom wkdifMum;csufrsm;aMumif h Ek difiHawmftpk d;&uvnf; rvT Jra½S mifomí½k d[if*smrsm;tay: ppfqifa&;trsKd;rsKd;qifEG Jum &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk dY\ ½k d[if*smtrsKd;om; rsKd;wH k;owfjzwfa&; wk dufuGufwGif tpOfwpfpk duf yg0ifqifEG JcJ havonf/ b*Fvm;a&muf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonfvnf; ,cktcsdeftxd |gaejyefEk difa&;twGuf apmif hqd kif;aeqJyifjzpfonf/
tm&fumef(&cd kif)jynfrSwpfzufEkdifiHok dY w&m;r0ifarS mifck d pD;yG m; a&;vkyfief;uk d wm;qD;Edkif&eftwGufewfjrpfuk d ydwfqk d Y½k HESif h rvH kavmufacs/ ppfawGc½k dif\ t"dujrpfESpfjrpfjzpfaom ukvm;wef ESif har,kjrpfonf wpfzufEk difiHESif h arS mifckdpD;yG m;vkyfief; vkyfuk difEk dif&eftwGuf t"duqufoG,fay;onf/ armifawmNrdKYrSvJ Tí ppfawGc½k dif½d S usefNrdKY½SpfNrdKYe,frS qefpyg;rsm;uk d &aohawmifNrdKY awmifzufpGef;½dS ]yefcsmcgvD} acsmif;uk djzwf fí ukvm;wefESif h ar,kjrpfrSwpfqifh wpfzufEk difiHok dY arS mifckd
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJ honf/ þvrf;aMumif;rSwpfqif h qefpyg; 95% uk d wpfzufEkdifiHok dY ykd YaqmifcJ haMumif; od&onf/ ]yefcsmcgvD} acsmif;onf obm0yx0Dtaetxm;t& avS? orÁ mefwkd Y oG m;vmEkdif&ef tvGeftqifajyvSojzif h &aohawmifNrdKYESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrSwpfqifh armifawmNrdKUok d Y arS mifck dpD;yG m;vkyfuk dif&eftwGuf þvrf;rSvJGí tjcm;r½d ScJ hay/ wpfcsKd Yaom½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;ESif h
&ck dif(Maugh) arS mifck dpD;yGm;a&;orm;wk dYonf rl*sm[pfESif h tpkd;&t&m½S drsm;ESif h yl;aygif;í armif
awmNrdKYrS qefpyg;rsm;uk d wpfzufEk difiHok d Y arS mifckdul;oef; a&mif;0,fcJhonf/ armifawm? bl;oD;awmifNrdKYMum;½d S vloG m;awmifMum;vrf;ESifh armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKYMum;½d S vloG m;awmifMum;vrf;rsm;tm; ppfwyf? ykvdyfrsm;jzif h xlxyfpG mxm;½d Sojzifh wpfzufEd kifiHESif h jyKvkyfaqmif½Gufaomrnfonf harS mifck dvkyfief;uk drqd k txufaz:jyyg vk HjcKHa&;wyfrsm;\ yl;aygif;ulnD aqmif½GufrI rygbJESif h vkyfEk difrnf r[kwfacs/ pifppftm;jzif h 99% aom arS mifck dul;oef;a&mif;0,folrsm;onf
&ck dif(Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuNyD;? oH k;ESpf ok d Ur[kwf av;ESpfrwk difcifuyif vlOD;a& 250 yg0ifaomr[marS mifck dpD;yG m;a&;orm;rsm; *k dPf;BuD;wpfckuk d tmPmyk difrS zrf;qD;cJ h&m tm;vH k;vkdvk dyif &ck dif
(Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
ck difvH kaom taxmuftxm;uk d jyygqk dvQif 1960 ckESpf arv 29 &uf aMu;rH kaeYpOfowif;pmyg]]arS mifck dpD;yG m;*k dPf;orm;rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;BuH&myg qdyfurf;wm0efcH &Jykvdyfzrf;rd}} acgif;pOfuk dzwfjcif;jzifh owif;rSefuk d xif½S m;pG m odjrifEk difonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:rS &ckdifarS mifck d ukefonfrsm;onf
(AFPFL) ESifh em;vnfrI l,lí 'k-aumfr½Sifemrif;BuD;xHrS qefygrpf (qefuJ Gygrpf)rsm;uk d ppfawGc½k difwGif a&mif;cs&ef[k [efaqmifxkwf,lcJhaom qefuJGygrpfrsm;tpm; qefaumif;trsKd;tpm;rsm;ukdom ygupöwefwk dYok d YarS mifcdk wifyk d Ua&mif;cscJhonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfae0if;tpk d;& BuD;pk d;aepOfumvtwGif; &ck difarS mifck d ul;oef;olrsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmfESifh vH kjcKHa&;wyfzJ G Y0ifrsm;ukd pk d;&drf&ojzif h
tcsdeftwd kif;twmwpfcktxd NidrfoufpG maeaecJhonf/ 1960ckESpf {NyDvwGif (AFPFL) tmPmjyef&vmaomtcg arS mifck dqefwifyk dYrIuk d &yfqd kif;ap&eftwGuf qefygrpfrsm;tm; acwÅ cP qk dif;iH h
xm;cJ honf/ &ck dif(Maugh)azmufonfrsm;ESif h ukefonfwk dYonfum; ta½S Uygupöwef Ek difiHom;rsm;ESif h
pD;yG m;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qd kif&m ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ajyvnfaeao;ojzifh &ck dif(Maugh) arS mifck dvkyfief;jzif h toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKolwdk Yonf qdyfurf; &J? ]pDatvf'D} ESifh ppfawGNrdKYrS taumuf cGeft&m½S drsm;ESif h yl;aygif;í qefarS mifckd wifyk d YrIuk d pwifavawmhonf/ arS mifckdorm;wk d Yonf qefwpftdwfvQif wpfq,f hig;usyfEIef;jzif h ]qkduf½k d;us} jrpfwpfavQmufwGif wnfaxmifxm;aom]acwfopf} ? ]va&mif0if;} ? ]atmifpdef[k d;tm;wk duf} ESif h ]jr} qefpuf ponfwd kYrS qefrsm;uk dwpfzufEk difiHok d Y arS mifck dwifyk d YcJ honf/
1960 ckESpf arv 24 &uf nae 7 em&D tcsdefwGif atmif'k dif aus;½G m ½G molBuD; OD;nDxGef;ESif h yGJpm;OD;zk d;oDwkd Y iS m;&rf;xm;aom pufavSESifh orÁ mefwk d Yonf atmifpdef[k d;tm;wk dufESif h va&mif0if;qef
pufwkd YwGif ta½S UygupöwefEk difiHok d Y qefwifyk d Y&ef toif ha&muf½S dcJ honf/ 4if;aeYwGif nae 7 em&DrS 11 em&D tcsdeftxd oufqk dif&mrS vQyfppfrD;uk d jzwfawmufcJh aomaMumif h ppfawGwpfNrdKYvH k;tarS mifxk zH k;vGrf;cJhonf/ tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;rS myif ]qk duf½kd;us} acsmif;uk d jzwfoef;vmaomqeftdwf 148 tdwfuk d o,faqmifvmonfh pufavS 2 pD;tm; qk duf½k d;usacsmif;0wGif uif;vSnf hwm0efusaeaom ]ArmhaeAD (401)} ESifh ]tif;,m;} wkd Yu vuf&zrf;qD;cJh onf/ zrf;qD;cHavS vkyfom;12 OD;wkd Yonf yJ Gpm; ausmfomESifh armifjzLwkd Y\ qeftdwfrsm;jzpfaMumif; wGufqkdaomaMumif h 4if;wk d YESpfOD;tm;vnf; csufcsif; zrf;qD;Ed kifcJ h&mwGif ]][kwfuJ h? uREk fyfwkd Yqefyg? uREk fyfwkd YomvQif arS mifcdk wifykd YaeonfrS mrSefuefygaMumif;}} 0efcHcJhonf/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t& ppfawGNrdKY qdyfurf;
&Jpcef;rS ]ppfOD;jrif hol} \vufrSwfjzif h xkwfay;xm;aom pmESpfapmifwGif ArmhaeADt&m½d Srsm;xH wpfapmifESifh ArmhaeAD trSwf304 (ppfawG )\wm0efcH ]atmifcif} wk d Ytm;vdyfrlaom pmrsm;jzpfNyD;?] zrf;qD; cH &aom puf avSrsm;tm; rpHkprf;rppfaq;bJ vTwfay;&ef arwÅm&yfcHxm; ao m}
pmrsm;jzpfaMumif; awG YcJh&onf/ xk dudpöESif hywfoufí axmufvSrf; a&;(BSI )t&m½d S OD;rsKd;oef;onf&Jt&m½d Srsm;? taumufcGeft&m½d Srsm;? pnf;MuyfcGeft&m½d Srsm;ESif h ukefonfyJ Gpm;wk d Ytm; pH kprf;ppfaq;
ar;jref;cJ honf/ xkd Yt jyif 1960 ckESpf arv yxrywfwGif ppfawGNrdKYrS ukefonfyJ Gpm;wpfcsKd Y onfvnf; qefpufavS 10 pD;cef YESif h i½kyfajcmufwk dYuk d wpfzufEk difiHok d Y wifyk d YcJ h &mwGif ppfawGNrdKYrS qdyfurf;ykvdyft&m½dStcsKd UESif h arS mifck dukefonf yG Jpm;rsm; tusKd;wlpD;yG m;yl;aygif; aqmif½GufcJ haMumif;od&onf/
ok d Uaomf &ck dif(Maugh)vlrsKd;wk dYonf ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Y jrefrmEk difiH wd kif;&if;om; jzpfvk dygu &ck difenf;&ck dif,Ofaus;rI ok dYr[kwf jrefrmenf; jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIuk d vufcH&efrSwpfyg; tjcm;r½d Say[k
usLH;0g;aecJhonf/ þok d Yqk dvQif &ck dif (Maugh) vlrsKd;rsm;pG mwk d Yonf Oa&my,Ofaus;rI tqift,if
rsm;ukd ESpfjcKdufpG m 0wfqifaeMuay&m xk dvlrsm;uk d &ck dif (Maugh) r[kwfaomvlrsKd; ok dYr[kwf Oa&myvlrsKd;rsm;[kac:qk dEk difrnfavm/ Ek difiHwpfck\ Ek difiHom;jzpf&ef t0wftpm; tqift,ifwk d Yonf pHcsdefpHnTef;(Criteria ) r[kwfojzif h Ek difiHom; od kYr[kwf wk dif;&if;om;jzpf&ef rdrdwkd Y\bmom?,Ofaus;rI? "avhxH k;pH? tqift,ifESif h Ek difiHa&;? pD;yG g;a&; ponfwk d Yuk d pGef YvTwf&efrvk day/rsm;rMumcif &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;onf ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; omoempGef YvTwf&eftxd BudK;yrf;vmEk difonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/
tjcm;wpfbufrS mvnf; axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pG maom b*Fvm;a'otES H Ujzpfonf h ]&*FgrwD} ]rk½S f[mvD} ]½S mufum&D,m} ]&mrl;} ]tkufuD; ,m;} ]wJufemhzf} ESif h ]umh½S fbmZm;&f} a'orsm;rS taemuf
v,f,m? tk d;tdrf? uRJEG m;wd&pä mefwd k Yuk d taemufb*Fvm;&ck difom; (Maugh)rsm;tm; cJ Ga0ay;cJ honf/xGufajy;vm ½k d[if*smrGwfpvifrsm;onfvnf; aemifwGif armifawm? bl;oD;awmifESif h ppfawGNrdKUrsm;wGif tajcwus aexk difcJ h&avonf/ þae&mwGif qufpyfrIwpfck wifjyvk d onfrS m ]] &ck d if trsKd ;om;0g'D wk d Yonf &ck d ifawmif a'o 7 Nrd KYe,frS ½k d[if *sm rGwf pvifwk d Ytm; wwf Ek d iforQ owf
jzwfcJ h í wpfcsKd Yonfvnf; toufuk d zuf ESif hxkyfum ½k d [if *smtrsm;pkaexk dif&m &ck d ifajrmufa'o od k Y xGuf ajy;ck d vIH cJ h&onf / xk d YaMumif h e*d k½kd [if*smtrsm;pkaexd kd if &m &ck d ifajrmufa'orsm;wGif vlOD;a&
xlxyfvmcJ honf / þok d Y vlOD;a&xlxyfvmrIuk d &ckd if ( Maugh) trsKd ;om;0g'Dwk d Yu tcGif haumif ;,lum &ck d if ajrmuf a'owGif vl OD;a&xlxyfvmjcif ;onf ta½S Uygupöwef (b*F vm;a'h½S f)Ek dif iHrS b*Fvm;vlrsKd ; 2 od ef;cef Y &ck d if jynf ajrmuf yk dif;a'ook d Y pdrf h0ifvmcJ hoa,mif Ek d if iHawmftpk d;&tm; rrSefuef onfhowif; oyfoGif ;oyfvQKd owif;tjzpf vkyf BuH zefwD;um jzpf &yfrSefzH k;uG,f Ekd if &ef zrf;pm; csKyf uk d if fvmcJ honf / }}
ESif fhywfoufí wifjy&vQif ]]&ck dif (Maugh)vlrsKd;rsm;u awmifyk dif;½k d[if*smrsm;tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwfí xGufajy;vmcJh&onfukd rodusKd;uRH? ork dif;xdefcsefvkdonfuwpfaMumif;? jrefrmEk difiHe,fedrdwftwGif; wpfzufEk difiHrS bmom,Ofaus;rI? tavhtx? p½k dufwl vlrsKd;rsm; w&m;r0ifpdrf h0ifvmjyD; &ck difajrmufa'o (txl;ojzif h armifawmESif h bl;oD;awmifNrdKYrsm;) wGif tajccsaexk dif aeygonf}} ponfjzif h Ed kifiHawmftpk d;&xH toHaumif;[pfa<u;um vlrsKd;yaysmufa&; ppfqifa&;toD;oD; aqmif½Gufapvk daom &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwkd Y\ arG;&mygZmwd oabmxm;uvG Jí rnfok d YrQ
trSefw&m; r[kwfEkdifygacs/ &ck dif(Maugh) trsKd;om;a&;0g'Dwk d Yonf tvGef Y tvGefZDZmaMumifolrsm;jzpfonf htm;avsmfpG m tcGif homwk dif; ]&ck difajrmufyk dif;ae ½kd[if*sm rGwfpvifwkd Yonf ta½S Uygupöwef (,ckb*Fvm;a'h½S f )ESifh aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;aeonf? cJ GxGufa&;uk d vk dvm;olrsm;jzpfonf} ponfjzifh taMumif;r½d S taMumif;½S mí Ek difiHawmftpk d;& xHyg;wGif ukef;wk duf oyfvQKdcJ honf/
rnfokd Yyifqk dapumrl ½kd[if*smwkd Yonf rnfonf htcgurQ ygupöwefESif h aygif;pnf;a&;ukd rvk dvm;cJ hay/ odomxif½S m;pG majym&vQif ]] 1946 ckESpfwGif ppfwaumif ;e,fwGif arG;zGm;NyD ;? armifawmNrd KYwGif BuD;jyif;cJ hol ] tlrf &mrsm } qk d olonf ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ; wpf csKd Yuk d ygupöwefESifh aygif;pnf ;a&;twGuf Bud K;yrf;cJ haomf vnf ; ½kd[if *smvlrsKd ;wpf OD;wpfavrQuk d yif rpnf ;½k H;Ek d if cJ hay? tb,faMumif hqk daomf ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ;wk d Yonf rsKd ;cspf pdwf"gwf½d Solrsm;yD yD taemufarQmfolrsm;r[kwfonf htjyif ½k d[if *sm
wk d Yonf *syefwk d Yud k ckcH awmf vSefouJ hok d Y ta½S Uygupöwef rSusL;ausmfvmrnf h &ef[lorQuk dyif BuH h Buh HcH wGef;vSefwk duf ck duf rnfom }} jzpfonf/
xm;tjrifwkd Yonf w,loefvlrsKd;a&;t,l0g'tay:wGif tajccHxm;ojzifh ESpfzufvlrsKd;pkMum; jzpfwnfEkdifonf h pnf;vH k;nDnTwfrI tajccHaumif;uk d rawG Y½dScJ h&ay/ 1934 ckESpfESif h 1942 ckESpfMum;tcsdefumvtwGif; &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Y\ vufcsufjzif h axmifaomif;aygif;rsm;pG maom ½k d[if*smrsm; aoG;at;at;jzif h owfjzwfcHcJ h&onf/ xk dtusKd;qufaMumif h ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf ygvDref uk d,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpfMuonf h ]rpöwmqkvfweft[frwf} ESif h ]rpöwmat.*zæ g&f} wkd Ytm;jzifh ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif aemufaemif &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwd k Y\ vlrsKd;jyKwfowfjzwfa&;? rawmfrw&m;?vuf&JZuf&JjzpfrItaygif;rS umuG,fEkdif&eftvk d YiS m jynfaxmifpkvufatmuf uk d,fyk diftkyfcsKyfcGifh &a'otjzpf twnfjyKjy|gef;ay;&efawmif;qk d apcJ honf/ ok d Yaomfvnf; 1947 ckZlvkdifv 19 &uf aeUwGif rsKd;cspfol&Jaumif; tmZmenfAk dvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h taygif;ygrsm; vkyfBuHcH&jcif;aMumif hEk difiHa&;&mrsm;½IyfaxG;aeonf h umvjzpfojzif h ½k d[if*smygvDref acgif;aqmifrsm; e*k dpDpOfxm;
vnf;aumif;? pD;yG m;a&;wGifvnf;aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;wGifvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHa&;wGifvnf;aumif; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif aemufususef&pfaeonf ponfjzifh vdrfvnf0g'jzef Yum &ck difjynfe,f &½d Sa&;twGuf awmif;qk dvmcJ honf/ jynfe,fawmif;qk d&jcif;\ t"du &nf½G,fcsufrS m xk dok d Yr[kwfyJ?&ck difjynf½dS ½k d[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;tm; &ck diftrsKd;om;0g'Dwk d Y\ pdwfwk dif;us ñSOf;yef;Ed Syfpuf trsKd;jyKwfí
b*FvD&ck dif (Maugh) vlrsKd;wk dYuk d tpm;xk d;oGwfoGif; ae&mcsxm;ay;a&; r[mpDrHudef;yifjzpfonf/]tefaomfeDtd&f0if;} a&;xm;aom pmom;wpfckuk d xkwfjy&vQif]] ½k d [if *smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf &uf puf Murf;MuKwf aom Ek dif iHxJwGif ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfuwnf;uyif aexk d if vmcJ h NyD;? ,cktcsd efxd touf ½Sif &yfwnfvQuf ½dSonf ? þvlrsKd ;rsm;onf *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm; touf½Sif aexk d ifyH kESif hwlonf ? wk d if;&if;om;rsm;xJu wk d if;&if;om;wpf rsKd ;jzpf NyD ;? pyspf yifonf EG,f yif BuD;xGm;½SifoefvmrIuk d rkef;wD;
aomfvnf; tNyD;owf rzsufqD;Ek d ifouJ hok d Yyif jzpfonf/ ½k d[if *smvlrsKd ;wkd Yonf twk d if;twmwpf cktxd pdwf "gwf BuH hck d ifolrsm;jzpfonf ? þvlrsKd ;rsm;tay: rnf rQyif tEk difusif hapumrl ajymif;jyefqef Yusif rajymwwf ? rvkyf wwfay? tEk d ifusif horQuk d ] cHk;aumif } uJ hok d Y yg;pyf iH k BuH h NuH hcHwwfonf / vlom;yD yD MuifempGmqufqHvQif olwk d Yonfvnf; oifhtay: rnf rQopöm½d S½d S {nf h0wf ausyGef onf uk d oufao jyayvdrf hrnf / }}
tu,fí &ck difa'otm; &ck difvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf &ck difjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;cH&ygu ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;wk d Yonf a½S;,cif h,cifuyif omwlnDrQ½d SrI? vGwfvyfrI? w&m;pD&ifa&;udpö0dpö ponf h
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; zH G UNzdK;wk d;wuf½Sifoefa&;twGuf ynma&;u@onf tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/ ynm?pmay rwwfajrmufaomolonf rsufuef;? em;yifholrsm;ESifh twlwljzpfaomaMumif h rdrdvlrsKd;? Ek difiH?
a'o zGH UNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGuf rnfok d YrQwwfpGrf; Ek difrnfr[kwfacs/ xk d YaMumif h &ck dif (Maugh) vlrsKd;wk d Y\ pdwf&if;apwemtrSefrS m ½d k[if*smvlrsKd;pmrwwfajrmufa&; yifjzpfonf/ 1952-53ckESpfwGif ]tajccHynm ta&;ay:pDrHudef;ESif h q&mtwwfoif wpfESpfoifwef;} umvtwGuf
oifwef;om;200 ac:,lcJ h&mwGif ppfawGc½kdiftwGuf oifwef;wpfckpDtwGuf oifwef;om;ta,muf 100 pD a½G;cs,fcJ honf/ xd kok d Y a½G;cs,f&mwGif wdusrSefuefrI r½S dcJ honf htjyif vlOD;a& tvk dufay:rS m tajccHa½G;cs,fcJ hjcif;vnf;r[kwfacs/ yrmtm;jzif hajym&vQif vlOD;a& av;odef;ausmf ausmf½d Saom armifawmESif h bl;oD;awmife,frS 8 OD; ESif h 7OD; avmufom a½G;cs,fcH&NyD; vlOD;a& wpfodef;ESpfaomif;ausmfausmfrQavmufom½d Saom ausmufawmf? NrdKYa[mif;NrdKYwk d YrS 19 OD;ESif h 17 OD;
a½G;cs,fcHcJ h&onf/]tajccHynm ta&;ay:pDrHudef;ESif h q&m twwfoifwpfESpfoifwef;tajccHynm ta&;ay:pDrHudef;ESif h q&m twwfoifwpfESpfoifwef;tajccHynm ta&;ay:pDrHudef;ESif h q&m twwfoifwpfESpfoifwef;tajccHynm ta&;ay:pDrHudef;ESif h q&m twwfoifwpfESpfoifwef;} umvtwGufumvtwGufumvtwGufumvtwGuf
ppfawGc½kdif½d SppfawGc½kdif½d SppfawGc½kdif½d SppfawGc½kdif½d S N NN N rdK Ye,ftoD;oD;rS ac:,laomrdK Ye,ftoD;oD;rS ac:,laomrdK Ye,ftoD;oD;rS ac:,laomrdK Ye,ftoD;oD;rS ac:,laom oifwef;om;rsm;jyZ,m;oifwef;om;rsm;jyZ,m;oifwef;om;rsm;jyZ,m;oifwef;om;rsm;jyZ,m;
rd rda'o[l í worwfwnf; wpfae&mwnf ;wGif raexk d ifonf htwGuf aMumif h ½kd[if*smwk d Ytm; oD;jcm;vlrsKd ;owf rSwf í oD;jcm;e,f ajr tkyf csKyf cGif hay;yg? [kawmif;qk dvd rf hrnf r[kwf ? &ck d if rGwf p vifwkd Yonf rGwf pvif jynfe,f &½d Sa&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif;? &ck d if jynf ay:xGuf vma&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; vk d vm;olrsm;r[kwf aMumif; }} ponfjzif h a&;om;cJhbl;onf/
ok d Uaomfjim;vnf; xk drGwfpvif acgif;aqmifonfomvQif &ckdifjynfe,f&½d Sa&;twGuf &ck difvlrsKd;zufu ta&;qk dvmcJ honfuk dawG Y&onf/ xk d Ytjyif olonf ½kd[if*smvlrsKd;ESif h &ck difrGwfpvifwk dY rnfok d Y
rQrcJ Gjcm;paumif; (ok d Y ) cJGjcm;r&Ekdif[k ½k d[if*smvlxktwGif; aoG;cJ Gaponf hpum;rsm; oHa,mifvk duf cJ honf/ uRefawmfonf txufaz:jyyg rGwfpvifacgif;aqmifu ,ckuJ hok d YajymqkdcJ honfuk d jyif;xefpG m ½Iwfcsvk dufygonf/ taMumif;rS mum; tm&fumef (&ck dif )jynfwGif ½k d[if*sm? ajr'l;ESifh urefuvG Jí tjcm;rGwfpvif r½d SaomaMumif hyifjzpfonf/ txuftaMumif;t&mrsm;uk d axmuf½Ijcif; tm;jzif h xkdrGwfpvifacgif;aqmifqk dolonf ½k d[if*smvlxktay: vH k;0opö mr½S daMumif; awG Y&
onf/ xk dYaMumif h uRefawmfonf þok d Yaom opö mazgufacgif;aqmifrsm;\aemufrS aemufa,mifvd kufygroG m;&ef ½kd[if*smxkwpf&yfvH k;tm;wyfvSef Y Ed I;aqmfvk dygonf/
]tm&fumef(&ckd if )jynf e, f} acgif;pOfjzif h OD;ausmfrif; jrefrmpmjzif h a&;om;cJ haompmtkyfwGif ]]tm&fumef(&ck dif )a'oxuf ao;i,faom qGpfZmvefEk difiHtpk d;&onfyifvQif 4if;aejynfolrsm;tm;
aysmf½Tifcsrf;ajrhpG m xm0&auseyfaeapvk daomtm;jzif h uG Jjym;aom bmompum; trsKd;rsKd; jzpfonf h jyifopf? *smreD ESif htDwvD bmompum; toD;oD;wk d Yuk d ajymqk daeaom wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tm;oD;jcm;pDae&mcJ Ga0 owfrSwfay;í jynfaxmifpktwGif; pnf;vHk;nDnTwfpG m aexk difaponf/ ok d Yjzpfí