Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb Lower Limb Skeleton (homologous with upper limb) Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments Nerves--sciatic, femoral Surface anatomy
Nov 06, 2015
Lower LimbSkeleton (homologous with upper limb)Muscles--anterior, posterior compartmentsNerves--sciatic, femoralSurface anatomy
Upper-Lower Limb ComparisonSee Table M&M, Table 8.1
Tibia/fibulaTibia--big toe sideFibula--little toe side(no pronation/supination)
AnkleTarsus--forms ankle jointCalcaneus--forms heel
FootFunction:Support weightAct as lever when walkingTarsalsTalus = ankleBetween tibia + fibulaArticulates w/bothCalcaneus = heelAttachment for Calcaneal tendonCarries talusMetatarsalsHomologous to metacarpalsPhalangesSmaller, less nimble
Joints of Lower LimbHip (femur + acetabulum)Ball + socketMultiaxialSynovialKnee (femur + patella)Plane Gliding of patellaSynovialKnee (femur + tibia)HingeBiaxialSynovial
Joints of Lower LimbProximal Tibia + FibulaPlaneGlidingSynovialDistal Tibia + FibulaSlight giveFibrousAnkle (Tibia/Fibula + Talus)HingeUniaxialSynovial
pg 218
Lower Limb MovementsBending on posterior side is flexion (except hip)Bending on anterior sided is extension (except hip)HipFlexion/extensionAbduction/adductionLateral/medial rotationKneeFlexion/extensionAnkleDorsiflexion/plantarflexionInversion/eversionToesFlexion/extension
Anterior/Posterior compartments
Thigh movements by compartment
Posterior ThighGluts (gluteal nn.)Maximusextensor of thighMedius--pelvic tiltLateral rotators (spinal nn.)Piriformis syndromeHamstrings (sciatic n.)Biceps femorisSemimembranousSemitendinous
Anterior thigh (femoral n.)Sartorius (Tailors muscle)Quads (four)Rectus femoris (crosses hip)3 vastus mm. (vast--big)
Medial compartment (obturator n.)Adductor musclesGracilisAdductorMagnusLongusbrevis
Leg movements by compartment (in leg all nn are branches of sciatic)
Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.)Fibularis (peroneus) longusExtensor digitorum longusExtensor hallicus longusTibialis anteriorus
Lateral Leg (superficial fibular n.)Fibularis brevis/longus
Posterior Leg (tibial n.)Gastrocs and soleusFlexor digitorum longusFlexor hallucus longus
Intrinsics of foot
Lumbar plexus (femoral nerve)Sacral plexus (sciatic nerve)With leg out to side like quadruped, lumbar-anterior, sacral-posterior makes sense
Dermatomes show twisting of leg in development
Blood supply to lower limbInternal IliacCranial + Caudal Gluteals= glutealsInternal Pudendal = perineum, external genitaliaObturator = adductor muscles
External IliacFemoral = lower limbDeep femoral = adductors, hamstrings, quadricepsPopliteal (continuation of femoral) Geniculars = kneeAnterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further branches to feetPosterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar arch, branches to toes
Surface Anatomy: Posterior PelvisIliac crestGluteus maximus = cheeksNatal/gluteal cleft = crackGluteal folds = bottom of cheekpg 789
Surface Anatomy: Anterior Thigh + LegPalpatePatellaCondyles of femurFemoral TriangleSartorius (lateral)Adductor longus (medial)Inguinal ligament (superior)Femoral a + v, lymph nodespg 785pg 792
Surface Anatomy: Posterior LegPopliteal fossaDiamond-shape fossa behind kneeBoundariesBiceps femoris (sup-lat)Semitendinosis + semimembranosis (sup-med)Gastrocnemius heads (inf)ContentsPopliteal a + v
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendonpg 793