Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes - Green Building Congress · 10/31/2013 1 Harmony Planning Services Pvt Ltd Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes At IGBC Congress, Chennai 26 October,

10/31/2013

1

Harmony

Planning Services Pvt Ltd

Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes

At IGBC Congress, Chennai

26 October, 2013

Shreya-Kalpesh Dalwadi

Vadodara, Gujarat

© Harmony Planning Services Pvt. Ltd. 26 10 2013 IGBC, Chennai

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Order of presentation

I. Need of Sustainability / Green Design

II. Concept of Life Cycle Analysis

• Parameters of LCA

• Calculation of Carbon Footprint

III. Secrets of Low Carbon Footprint

• Climate Responsive Design

• Use of Natural Materials

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Energy crisis

• Energy scenario

– Increase in energy consumption is of a greater concern for developing countries like India

– Building sector accounts for 30-40 % of global energy use [USAID, SBCI]

– The commercial building sector is expanding rapidly at over 9% annually [CEA]

– Crisis may multiply manifold, if not addressed

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Evolution of Sustainability

• Energy crisis – Demand and supply are a continuously evolving cycle

– Reduction in demands is advocated and accepted

worldwide

– As defined in concept of Sustainability

• Current Scenario – Human survival is 5000 years old

– Reduction in energy demand is a compulsion in order to

survive for another 5000 years

– Human civilization at crossroads, where Sustainability and

Green are well defined

– Sustainability should be adopted as mass movement


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Need of Green Design

• Green Rating – IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA

– conservation and optimization of all resources in building,

calibrated into numbers

• Historical ground

• Cultural ground

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Historical origin of Green

• History of human settlements (evolution)

can be viewed as 2 main phases

– Pre-industrial revolution era (3000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.)

[4,800 years]

– Post-industrial revolution era (1800 A.D. to till date)

[200 years]


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• Pre - industrial revolution era

– Indus valley civilization

– Egyptian civilization

– Greek civilization

– Roman civilization

– Rennaissance period

– Gothic civilization

God, nature, climate

Geometry, proportions

Material exploration

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• Post - industrial revolution era

– Modern

– Post modern

– Deconstruction

• Domination of technology

Revolution

Fundamentals

Abstractions


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• Environment /Ecosystem influence living – Not new: Ruskin Bond, Mahatma Gandhi, others

– Handful thinkers, subtle

– Eventually an approach to design (late 1970s)

• Formal definition of Sustainability

• Current scenario – Information and technology govern design of buildings

– Balance between Environment, Economics and Technology

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Cultural origin of Green

• Vedic literature – Panch Mahabhutas ( Sun, Wind, Fire, Earth, Water)

• Thinkers – Mahatma Gandhi, Vivekananda, others

• Lifestyle – Reuse of water, food

– Recycling of clothes

– Waste minimization

– Climate oriented festivals, clothes and food

• Sustainability is deep-rooted in Indian culture


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Current Scenario

• Sustainability

• Sustainable Design

• Green Design

• Green Architecture

– All of above are well defined, need to be adopted as mass

movement

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Sustainability

• Definition of Sustainability – Sustainability is defined as a way to meet the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs…….

• Emphasis on ‘optimization’

• Concern for ecology – Entire system of which human existence is a small part and

‘development’ even a smaller part

• Concern for economics – We are 11 times denser to USA, if we use energy equivalent

to them, crisis will multiply manifold


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Sustainable Design

• Sustainability applies to many fields – Buildings

– Industries

– Manufacturing

– Processing etc.

• Buildings - Sustainable Design – to design and construct the building using optimum

resources, offering comfortable use, without economic

burden…..…concern for environment and economics

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Green Design

• Green Rating – IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA



• Green Design – to design and construct the building using optimum

resources, offering comfortable use, without economic

burden…..…concern for environment and

economics………with an addition of rating system

– Building, groups, campus etc.

• Green Architecture – Attitude


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Low Carbon Footprint

• Concept of LCA

– Life Cycle Analysis is essential for the evaluation of the environmental

burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from

the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by

final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy

recovery and ultimate demolition and disposal.

• Energy use in building – At several stages: extraction, manufacturing, construction,

and use during its entire life


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Carbon Footprint

• Parameters considered

– Construction materials (one time)

• Cradle to shop

• Construction equipment

– Transportation (one time)

• Type of vehicle, fuel cost

– Electrical consumption (life of building, 100 years)

• Use of electrical energy for normal living

• Refers to the actual cost of using the designed building

• Running cost (100 years)

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Carbon Footprint

• Formula for CF due to material use

Amount of CO2 emission (Kg) = V x D x C

V= Volume of Building Material Used (m3)

D=Density of Building Materials (Kg/m3)

C= Embodied Carbon Emission (Kg CO2 /Kg)

S.No Material

name

Quantity used

(m3)

Density

(kg/m3)

Quantity in kg Embodied energy

(kg CO2 /kg) or

(kg CO2 /m3)

CO2 emission

in kg

Eg 1 Mud

Eg.2 Steel

Source: Action research


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Carbon Footprint

• Process for CF due to transportation

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

No

of

trips

One trip

distance

(kms)

Total

distance

travelled

(km)

Average of

the vehicle

(kms/litre)

Fuel

consumption

(litre)

Fuel emission

conversion factor

(kg CO2/litre)

CO2 emission

in kg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S.No Material

name

Quantity

used

(m3)

Density

(kg/m3)

Quantity

(kg)

Fuel

type

One time carrying

capacity of vehicle

(kg) Eg 1 Mud

Eg.2 Steel



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Carbon Footprint

• Process for CF due to electric consumption

8 9 10 11

Total

consumption

365 days

(watt)

Total

consumption

(KWH)

CO2 emission factor in

India

(grams CO2/KWH)

CO2

emission

in kg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S.No Electric

equipment

Quantity

(nos)

No. of use

hours

(hr/day)

Unit power

consumption

(watts)

Power

consumed

(watts/hr)

No. of working

days

Eg 1 Tube light

Eg.2 Fan

(Summer season)




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• Green Rating

– IGBC, USGBC, LEED, GRIHA



– Low carbon footprint design ≈ High Green Rating

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Case study

• Urban residence

Front view Back view

Side view

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VIEW FROM SOUTH EAST CORNER

VIEW FROM NORTH EAST CORNER

VIEW FROM SOUTH WEST CORNER

Case study

• Urban housing


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• Principles of design

– Climate Responsive Design

• Reduction in radiation

• Cross Ventilation

– Natural Material use

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Climate Responsive Design

• Solar study – Horizontal surfaces receive maximum amount of solar

radiation

Data source: Koenisberger, Olgyay


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• Solar study – Even intensity of radiation is maximum on horizontal

surfaces


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• Sun altitude – Maximum altitudes in summer months



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• Wind – Southwest is the predominant wind direction

% of wind from different directions annually


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• Principles

1) Reduction in radiation (horizontal surfaces)

2) Reduction in radiation (vertical surfaces)

3) Cross Ventilation


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Case study

• Urban residence

Front view Back view

Side view

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Techniques of CRD

• 1a - Heat radiation (GF plan)

– Garden in place of paving

FOYER

LIVING

DINING

FAMILY

SEATING

COURTYARD OTS

PUJA

KITCHEN

TOI

TOI

STORE

WASH

BEDROOM

VERANDAH

OTTA

PARKING

GARDEN

S

E W

N


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Techniques of CRD

• 1b - Heat insulation (FF Plan)

– Terrace Garden in south

STUDY

COURTYARD OTS

TOI

TOI

MASTER

BEDROOM

BALC

GARDEN

BALC

CHILD

BEDROOM

S

E W

N

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Techniques of CRD

• 1c - Heat insulation (SF plan)

– All terraces as gardens

STUDIO

COURTYARD OTS

TOI

GARDEN

GARDEN GARDEN

PANTRY

S

E W

N


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Techniques of CRD

• Heat ingress reduction

Gardens on final Terrace

GF Garden

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Techniques of CRD

• 2a - Orientation – East west shorter sides

FOYER

LIVING

DINING

FAMILY

SEATING

COURTYARD OTS

PUJA

KITCHEN

TOI

TOI

STORE

WASH

BEDROOM

VERANDAH

OTTA

PARKING

GARDEN

GF PLAN S

E W

N


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Techniques of CRD

• 2b - Buffer spaces (on south east & west, GF plan)

FOYER

LIVING

DINING

FAMILY

SEATING

COURTYARD OTS

PUJA

KITCHEN

TOI

TOI

STORE

WASH

BEDROOM

VERANDAH

OTTA

PARKING

GARDEN

S

E W

N

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Techniques of CRD

• 2c – Cavity walls (FF plan)

– East and West

E

S

W

N

STUDY

COURTYARD

OTS

TOI

TOI

MASTER

BEDROOM

BALC

GARDEN

BALC

CHILD

BEDROOM


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Techniques of CRD

• 2d – Overhangs (GF plan)

– Opening design

FOYER

LIVING

DINING

FAMILY

SEATING

COURTYARD

OTS

PUJA

KITCHEN

TOI

TOI

STORE

WASH

BEDROOM VERANDAH

OTTA

PARKING GARDEN

E

S

W

N

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Techniques of CRD

• 2e - Sun shaded openings

9 am 1 pm

3 pm 5 pm


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Techniques of CRD

9 am 1 pm 3 pm

MASTER BED FF

LIVING GF

• 2e - Sun shaded openings

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Techniques of CRD

• 3a - Courtyard – Open to sky courtyard centrally located

E W

N

GF

FF

S


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Techniques of CRD

• 3b – Opening design

GF PLAN

House (common wall)

Socie

ty R

oad

FOYER

LIVING

DINING

FAMILY

SEATING

COURTYARD OTS

PUJA

KITCHEN

TOI

TOI

STORE

WASH

BEDROOM

VERANDAH

OTTA

PARKING GARDEN

E

S

W

N

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Techniques of CRD

• 3a + 3b = Natural ventilation

SECTION (along north-south axis)


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Techniques of CRD

• Natural ventilation

Custom designed openings towards courtyard

O.T

.S.

Co

urt

ya

rd f

lan

ked

by l

ivin

g s

paces

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Benefits of CRD

• Thermal performance CONVENTIONAL RCC TERRACE TERRACE WITH GARDEN ABOVE

SLAB BOTTOM temp 34o

C SLAB BOTTOM temp 47o

C


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Benefits of CRD

• Running cost – Link between environment and economics

– Leading to low Carbon footprint • Can also be understood as link between environment and economics

S.No. Description Units

1 Size of residence in sq.ft. (900 GF + 1200 FF) 2100 sq.ft.

2 Cost of construction (Initial cost) of residence @ Rs.1200 per sq.ft. 25,20,000

Rs.

3 Annual saving in electricity bill enabled due to deletion of air-

conditioning requirement, conservative approach (from research)

63,000 Rs.

4 Annual saving as % of initial cost, enabled due to Climate

Responsive Design 2.5%

Economic saving in ownership cost as percentage of initial cost for case study residence

Source: Post occupancy evaluation studies and comparison to other residences with similar conditions

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• Principles of design

– Climate Responsive Design

• Reduction in radiation

• Cross Ventilation

– Natural Material use


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Natural materials

• MUD – Used in Walls / Vertical surfaces

– Rammed earth technology

– Compressed Earth blocks

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Natural materials

• Rammed Earth in walls


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Natural materials

• Rammed Earth in walls

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Natural materials

• Compressed Earth blocks (CSEBs)


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Natural materials

• Mud – Used in

Horizontal

surfaces /

Slab

– Filler slab

Inverted

earthern

pans

- 8” diameter

- 3” depth

- @10” c/c

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Natural materials

• Filler Slab


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Natural materials

• Stone – Foundation for rammed earth walls

– Openings - Arches

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• Stone – Openings, arches

Natural materials


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Natural materials

• Stone

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• Eco house design

LIVING ROOM

FOYER

COURTYARD

KITCHEN/ DINING

TOI.

BED ROOM UTILITY AREA

PARKING

EARTH MOUND

EARTH MOUND U

P

UP

EARTH MOUND

A

A

GF PLAN

BED ROOM

GARDEN

EARTH MOUND

BED ROOM

BED ROOM KITCHEN

TERRACE

SECTION-AA

BED ROOM

TERRACE

TOI.

BAL

UP DN

TOI.

BAL

A

A

BED ROOM

FRONT VIEW

PLOT AREA=3000 Sq. ft

GROUND FLOOR BUILT UP AREA=929 Sq. ft

FIRST FLOOR BUILT UP AREA=702 Sq. ft

TOTAL BUILTUP AREA=1631 Sq. ft FF PLAN


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Low carbon footprint

• Carbon emission due to electric consumption

– Total for all seasons

– Total for building life

– Low CF due to principle no 1 – Climate Responsive Design

S.No` Season Description Value in tonnes

1 SUMMER SEASON co2 emission in

tonnes 2.86

2 RAINY SEASON co2 emission in

tonnes

1.74

3 WINTER SEASON co2 emission in

tonnes 2.30

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES 6.90

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES FOR 100 yrs

(of building life) 690.90

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• Carbon Emission due to use of materials

– Low CF due to principle no 2 – Natural Materials

S.No Material Entity Volume V Density D Embodied Carbon Emission C Amount of CO2 Emission due to materials (CEM)

value unit value unit value Unit value unit 1 P.C.C (1:3:6)

(split into)

cement 1.70 m3 1570 kg/m3 0.4120 kg CO2/kg 1097.482 Kg CO2

sand 5.09 m3 1450 kg/m3 2.8990 kg CO2/m3 14.75605 Kg CO2

aggregates 10.18 m3 2600 kg/m3 25.4800 kg CO2/m3 259.3888 Kg CO2

2 CSEB Walls 8.12 m3 46.8700 kg CO2/m3 380.5222 Kg CO2

3 Stone Masonry Random rubble 53.00 m3 2570 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 15799.52 Kg CO2

4 Stone Sections Sand stone

frames 3.84 m3 2500 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 1114.103 Kg CO2

5 Flooring Jaisalmer stone 14.40 m3 2500 kg/m3 0.1160 kg CO2/kg 4176.522 Kg CO2

6 Plaster (split into)

cement 0.28 m3 1570 kg/m3 0.4120 kg CO2/kg 182.9903 Kg CO2

sand 1.70 m3 1450 kg/m3 2.8990 kg CO2/m3 4.920743 Kg CO2

7 Ceramic tile Tile 0.75 m3 1750 kg/m3 0.2450 kg CO2/kg 320.5524 Kg CO2

8 Mild Steel Railing 0.02 m3 7860 kg/m3 4.1100 kg CO2/kg 695.5796 Kg CO2

9 Mud pans Filler for

R.C.C. Slab 1.66 m3 1700 kg/m3 1.0300 kg CO2/m3 1.709675 Kg CO2

10 Door shutter Timber 1.11 m3 480.00 kg/m3 0.7200 kg CO2/kg 382.0691 Kg CO2

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION DUE TO MATERIALS 40820.85

IN TONNES 40.82


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• Carbon emission due to transportation

– Low CF due to principle no 2 – Natural Materials

Sr.

No

material qty m3 quantity

in kg

vehicle

type

fuel

type

on

e ti

me

carr

yin

g

capaci

ty

of

veh

icle

kg

no o

f tr

ips

on

e tr

ip

dis

tan

ce k

m

tota

l dis

tan

ce

(km

)

average of

vehicle

(kms/litre)

fuel

consumption

(litres)

fuel

emission

conversion

factor

(kg

co2/litre)

CO2

emission

(KgCO2)

1 PCC & RCC

Cement 11.49 18039.3 truck diesel 10000 2 543 1086 4.5 241.33 2.9 699.87

Sand 21.05 30522.5 truck diesel 10000 4 26 104 4.5 23.11 2.9 67.02

Aggregates 38.7 100620 truck diesel 10000 1

1

45 495 4.5 110.00 2.9 319.00

2 Steel - 1389 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44

3 Rammed

earth wall

54 91800 same plot - - - - - - - - -

4 CSEB 8.12 0 same plot - - - - - - - - -

5 Limkheda

stone

53.00 136210 truck diesel 10000 1

4

50 700 4.5 155.56 2.9 451.11

6 Other stone 18.24 45600 truck diesel 10000 5 600 3000 4.5 666.67 2.9 1933.33

7 Ceramic tile 0.75 1312.5 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44

8 Steel railing 0.02 157.2 truck diesel 10000 1 100 100 4.5 22.22 2.9 64.44

9 Mud pans 1.66 2822 truck diesel 10000 1 50 50 4.5 11.11 2.9 32.22

10 Timber 1.11 532.8 truck diesel 10000 1 1200 1200 4.5 266.67 2.9 773.33

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION DUE TO MATERIALS (kg CO2) 4469.22

IN TONNES 4.47

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Low carbon footprint

• Total carbon footprint

– Final value of C.F. is 0.5 tonnes/sq.ft.

– Much lower than international standards

S.No` Description Value Unit

1 CO2 emission due to building material use (1 time)

40.82 tonnes

2 CO2 emission due to transportation (1 time) 4.47 tonnes

3 CO2 emission due to electricity consumption (1 time X 100 years of building life)

690.90 tonnes

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES 736.19 tonnes

Built up area of design 1631 sq.ft

TOTAL CO2 EMISSION IN TONNES per sq ft of building (of building life)

0.45 tonnes / sq.ft.


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Ending note

• Low Carbon Footprint approach

– If replicated on city scale, large reduction in energy consumption

– If we want to continue our survival for next thousands of years,

Low Carbon Footprint is inevitable for futuristic homes

– Green Rating compliance tends towards low carbon footprint

– Lower the footprint, higher the Green Rating

• Ecosystem

– We are a very small part of the very large ecosystem of 40

million living species

• Equality

– Optimized resource consumption by ALL, as advocated by

Gandhi, Vivekananda and others

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Ending note

• Low Footprint secrets – Climate Responsive Designs

– Natural Materials

• Climate Responsive Design – Enables low electric consumption

– Hence low footprint due to electricity consumption in LCA

– Cost saving for 100 year life of building

– Hence low building ownership cost

• Natural Material use – Enables low footprint due to material use and transportation in LCA

– Cost saving during construction of building

• Economic benefits of low carbon footprint – Reduction in initial and ownership cost of home

– Strengthens the link between environment and economics


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Ending note

• Sustainable Materials – Sustainability of any material is relative

– LCA of any material, source to marketable form, must be made public

– Sustainability of any material, highly depends on its Embodied Energy

– Manual for embodied energy of building materials can help to adopt

uniform values for embodied energy calculations

• Vernacular architecture – Sustainability of materials is related to distance travelled

– India is rich in traditional construction systems and architecture

– Quest for low carbon footprint can be answered by vernacular

architectural styles

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Ending note

• Green Homes

– There can be various shades of GREEN, manifested individually as per

personal capacity

– Technocrats need to propogate GREEN as related to economics, more,

because that is the language which everybody would understand

– Only then can concern for environment or GREEN can be translated

into a mass movement

– Seeds of change, if nourished, can get converted into a mass

movement


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…..It is only in close association to nature that real ‘comfort’, not only

physical but also psychological is experienced and we must show

respect to forces of nature, whether through manifestation of

Carbon Footprint or any other suitable approach……

……Thank you for patience

www.harmonyarchitect.com

[email protected]

Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes - Green Building Congress · 10/31/2013 1 Harmony Planning Services Pvt Ltd Low Carbon Footprint Urban Homes At IGBC Congress, Chennai 26 October,

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