LOVE, HATRED AND DEATH REFLECTED IN ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE DIRECTED BY BAZMAN LUHRMANN (1996) : A DYNAMIC STRUCTURALIST APPROACH. A THESIS Thesis Submitted to Fulfill One of The Requirements For The Completion of Post Graduate Degree In Language Study Program By : NAME : ARIEJAYA AWAN LACTEA STUDENT NUMBER : S 200110013 POST GRADUATE OF LANGUAGE STUDY MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2014 brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by UMS Digital Library - Selamat datang di UMS Digital Library
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JULIET MOVIE DIRECTED BY BAZMAN LUHRMANN (1996) :
A DYNAMIC STRUCTURALIST APPROACH.
A THESIS
Thesis Submitted to Fulfill One of The Requirements For The
Completion of
Post Graduate Degree In Language Study Program
By :
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
brought to you by COREView metadata, citation and similar papers at
core.ac.uk
provided by UMS Digital Library - Selamat datang di UMS Digital
Library
Lecturer of Magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program
Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language Study Post
Graduate
Program of Muhammadyah University of Surakarta
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of
Name : Ariejaya Awan Lactea
Student number : S 200110013
Focus on : Literature
Tittle : Love, Hatred and Death Reflected in Romeo and Juliet
Movie Directed by Bazman Luhrmann (1996); A Dynamic
Structuralist Approach
I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of the
examiner in The
Magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of
Muhammadyah
University of Surakarta
iv
Note Advisor II
Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum Lecturer of Magister of Language Study
Post
Graduate Program Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Official Note on Ariejaya Awan Lactea’s Thesis
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language Study Post
Graduate
Program of Muhammadyah University of Surakarta
Assalamu’alikum Wr. Wb
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of
Name : Ariejaya Awan Lactea
Student number : S 200110013
Focus on : Literature
Tittle : Love, Hatred and Death Reflected in Romeo and Juliet
Movie Directed by Bazman Luhrmann (1996); A Dynamic
Structuralist Approach
Name : Ariejaya Awan Lactea
Student number : S 200110013
Focus on : Literature
Tittle : Love, Hatred and Death Reflected in Romeo and Juliet
Movie Directed by Bazman Luhrmann (1996); A Dynamic
Structuralist Approach
I certify that this thesis is definitely my own work and completely
responsible for
its content. Quotation from other authors has been conducted
accordingly.
Surakarta, 21 Desember 2013
vi
MOTTO
1. God gives us two legs to walk, two hands to work, two eyes to
see, and two
ears to hear, but he only gives us a half heart so we can find the
other one
(NN)
2. Like an old photograph, time can make a feeling fade, but the
memory of a
first love never fades away (Tim McGraw)
3. For it was not into my ear you whispered, but into my heart. It
was not my
lips you kissed, but my soul. (Judy Garland)
vii
DEDICATION
2. Drs. Abdillah M.Hum
3. My beloved classmates
4. My beloved family
viii
ABSTRACT
(Ariejaya Awan Lactea. S 200110013) Love, Hatred and Death
Reflected in Romeo and Juliet Movie Directed by Bazman Luhrmann
(1996) A Dynamic Structuralist Approach. Thesis, Magister of
Language Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Advisors
(1) Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto (2) Drs. Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum. The
objective of this study is to analyze love, hatred & death and
also to find out moral values in Romeo and Juliet movie directed by
Bazman Luhrmann (1996). The film being investigated is inspired by
Romeo and Juliet drama written by the famous English writer namely
William Shakespeare. The research methodology being employed in
this thesis is the Qualitative Research. During this research, the
researcher watches Romeo and Juliet movie directed by Bazman
Luhrmann (1996) to get the detailed information coming from the
movie which consists of love, hatred and death reflected in Romeo
and Juliet movie and analyzes the character in the movie. The
researchers also analyses the important role of love, hatred and
death and the changing of the characters attitude caused by love,
hatred and death reflected in Romeo and Juliet movie directed by
Bazman Luhrmann (1996) based on Kernodle’s principle. According to
Kernodle every play has six possible values, and all six may help
in different ways to give the play organization and unity. Kernodle
also explains that structure consists of plot, character, theme and
texture consists of dialogue, mood, spectacle. Theoretical Approach
being used in this thesis is the theory based on the dynamic
structuralist approach. First the researcher investigates how are
love, hatred & death reflected in Romeo and Juliet movie. The
second is what kinds of moral value are reflected in Romeo and
Juliet movie. Key words: love, hatred, and death, dynamic
structuralist approach.
ix
ABSTRAK
(Ariejaya Awan Lactea. S 200110013) Cinta, Kebencian dan Kematian
yang direfleksikan dalam film Romeo dan Juliet disutradarai oleh
Bazman Luhrmann (1996) Sebuah Pendekatan Dynamic Structuralist.
Thesis, Magister Pengkajian Bahasa Universitas Muhammadyah
Surakarta. Dosen Pembimbing (1) Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto (2) Drs.
Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini pertama adalah
untuk menganalisa cinta, kebencian dan kematian di dalam film Romeo
dan Juliet.. Kedua adalah untuk menemukan nilai- nilai moral apa
saja yang terkandung di dalam Romeo dan Juliet yang disutradarai
oleh Bazman Luhrmann (1996). Film yang diteliti tersebut diilhami
oleh drama Romeo dan Juliet yang ditulis oleh sastrawan Inggris
termasyur bernama William Shakespeare. Metodologi penelitan yang
digunakan didalam tesis ini adalah penelitian kulitatif. Selama
penelitian ini penulis melihat film Romeo dan Juliet yang
disutradarai oleh Bazman Lohrman untuk mendapatkan informasi yang
rinci dari film tersebut yang terdiri dari cinta, kebencian, dan
kematian yang direfleksikan di dalam film Romeo dan Juliet dan
menganalisa tokoh-tokoh didalam film tersebut. Penulis juga
menganalisa peran penting dari cinta, kebencian, dan kematian dan
perubahan sikap tokoh-tokoh yang disebabkan oleh cinta, kebencian
dan kematian yang direfleksikan didalam film Romeo dan Juliet yang
disutradari oleh Bazman Luhrmann (1996) berdasarkan prinsip dari
Kernodle. Menurut Kernodle setiap drama mempunyai enam unsur, dan
keenam unsur tersebut mendukung dengan cara-cara yang berbeda untuk
menciptakan organisasi dan kesatuan pada sebuah drama. Kernodle
juga menerangkan bahwa structure terdiri dari plot (alur),
penokohan, tema dan texture terdiri dari dialog, mood, spectacle.
Teori pendekatan yang digunakan didalam tesis ini adalah teori yang
didasarkan pada Dynamic Structuralist Approach. Pertama peneliti
meneliti bagaimana cinta, kebencian dan kematian direfleksikan di
dalam film Romeo dan Juliet. Kedua adalah jenis-jenis nilai moral
apa saja yang direfleksikan di dalam film Romeo dan Juliet. Kata
kunci : cinta, kebencian, and kematian, pendekatan dynamic
strukturalis
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise be to Allah, most gracious, most merciful, His wonderful
love and gift.
Love be to Mohammad my most favorite prophet who has the
inspiration of my
becoming a teacher. The passion for teaching from my parents, I
owned this
dream to them. I would also like to express my gratitude to the
wonderful help,
persistent support and constant facilitation coming from the
following important
persons.
1. I would like to show my gratitude to Prof. DR. C. Bakdi Sumanto
as a
supervisor I, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the
initial to
the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the
subject.
2. I would like to my everlasting mercy to Drs. Abdillah Nugroho,
M.Hum, as a
supervisor II, for the valuable guidance and advice
3. It is a pleasure to thank to my beloved classmate, whose
willingness to
motivate us contributed tremendously to my thesis.
4. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessing to my family who
supported me in my
respect during the completion of the thesis.
Last but not the least (finally), friends, collogues, brother and
sisters, who cannot
be mentioned one by one, who have the vital effect in this project,
are, deserved
my most gratitude. I wish that this study/thesis will be beneficial
to the
prospective readers and widening the horizon of study in English
Literature.
xi
THE LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : An Announcement from TV program
explaining that there will be
a party at Capulets house
..............................................................
45
Figure 2 : A normal conversation between Romeo and Benvolio
.................. 45
Figure 3 : Benvolio asks Romeo to come to the party
.................................... 46
Figure 4 : Romeo and Juliet meet at Capulets party
....................................... 47
Figure 5 : Romeo and Juliet fall in love at the first
sight................................ 47
Figure 6 : Romeo admires Juliet’s beauty and performance
........................... 47
Figure 7 : Friar Laurence’s dream to end the revenge between
Capulet and
Montaque after Romeo and Juliet’s wedding
................................. 48
Figure 8 : The white pigeon symbolizes Romeo and Juliet’s holly
love ......... 48
Figure 9 : Romeo and Juliet are ready to do their wedding
............................ 49
Figure 10 : Friar Laurence holds Romeo and Juliet’s wedding in a
church ...... 49
Figure 11 : The wedding rings picture Romeo and Juliet’s
togetherness .......... 49
Figure 12 : The church choar accompanies Romeo and Juliet’s wedding
........ 50
Figure 13 : A conflict between Tybalt and Mercutio
....................................... 50
Figure 14 : Tybalt is seriously injured because of the conflict
......................... 51
Figure 15 : Mercutio falls to the ground because of his seriously
injured
Stomach
........................................................................................
51
Figure 16 : Mercutio dies, Romeo and Benvolio are very sad
.......................... 51
Figure 17 : Romeo gets angry because Tybalt has killed Mercutio
.................. 52
Figure 18 : Tybalt is killed by Romeo
.............................................................
52
Figure 19 : There is a fighting between Tybalt and Mercutio
.......................... 52
xii
Figure 20 : Juliet’s mother says to Juliet that Paris is the ideal
figure for Juliet 53
Figure 21 : Juliet mother informs that the wedding will be held on
Thursday
morning
........................................................................................
53
Figure 22 : Juliet’s father gets angry because Juliet refuses Paris
love ............. 53
Figure 23 : Juliet explains to her father that she does not love
Paris ................ 54
Figure 24 : Friar Laurence things of the trick for Juliet
................................... 54
Figure 25 : Friar Laurence gives the temporarily deadly poison to
Juliet ......... 54
Figure 26 : Juliet drinks the poison coming from Friar Laurence
..................... 55
Figure 27 : Juliet dies temporarily after drinking the poison
............................ 55
Figure 28 : Romeo’s friend gives the information about Juliet to
Romeo ........ 55
Figure 29 : Romeo listen the information coming from his friend
................... 56
Figure 30 : Romeo’s friend explains that Juliet is
dead.................................... 56
Figure 31 : Romeo comes to Capulet burial
.................................................... 56
Figure 32 : Romeo enters to Capulet burial
..................................................... 57
Figure 33 : Rome finds Juliet lying on the bed
................................................ 57
Figure 34 : Romeo tries to drink the deadly poison
......................................... 57
Figure 35 : Romeo drinks the deadly poison
................................................... 58
Figure 36 : Juliet wakes up from her temporally death
.................................... 58
Figure 37 : Romeo has been dead. Juliet kills herself by using the
gun ............ 59
Figure 38 : Romeo and Juliet embrace each other in the suicide
...................... 59
Figure 39 : Romeo Portrayed by Leonardo Dicaprio
....................................... 60
Figure 40 : Juliet Portrayed by Claire Danes
................................................... 60
Figure 41 : Montague portrayed by Brian Dennehy
......................................... 61
xiii
Figure 43 : Capulet portrayed by Paul Soruino
................................................ 62
Figure 44 : Gloria Capulet portrayed by Diane Venora
.................................. 62
Figure 45 : Paris portrayed by Paul Rudd
........................................................ 62
Figure 46 : Tybalt portrayed by John Leguizamo
............................................ 63
Figure 47 : Mercutio portrayed by Harold Parrineau
....................................... 63
Figure 48 : Benvolio portrayed by Dash Mihot
............................................... 64
Figure 49 : Friar Laurence portrayed by Pete
Postlethwaite............................. 64
Figure 50 : The Nurse portrayed by Pete Miriam Margolyes
........................... 65
Figure 51 : Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time at Capulets
party ............. 66
Figure 52 : There is a conversation between Romeo and Juliet
........................ 66
Figure 53 : Romeo and Juliet fall in love for the first sight
.............................. 66
Figure 54 : Romeo admires Juliet’s beauty and performance
........................... 67
Figure 55 : Romeo wants to be real beloved person to Juliet
........................... 67
Figure 56 : The relationship between Romeo and Juliet will be
closer and
Warmer
........................................................................................
67
Figure 57 : The deep love of Juliet to Romeo
.................................................. 68
Figure 58 : Romeo and Juliet love each other
.................................................. 68
Figure 59 : Romeo and Juliet are falling in love at the first sight
..................... 70
Figure 60 : The deep love of Juliet to Romeo
.................................................. 70
Figure 61 : The deep love of Juliet to Romeo
.................................................. 70
Figure 62 : Romeo and Juliet decide to do the secret marriage
........................ 71
xiv
Figure 63 : The young men coming from Montague mock the young man
from
Capulet
.........................................................................................
72
Figure 64 : The young man coming from Capulet gets angry
.......................... 72
Figure 65 : The Montague young men comes from Montague becomes
afraid 72
Figure 66 : The Capulet young man gets angry
............................................... 73
Figure 67 : Benvolio from Montague tries to provide the peace
...................... 73
Figure 68 : Tybalt refuses the peace
................................................................
73
Figure 69 : Tybalt gets very angry because of Romeo’s coming to the
party ... 74
Figure 70 : Juliet’s father asks Tybalt to end his anger to keep
the situation of
The party
......................................................................................
74
Figure 71 : A conflict between Romeo and Tybalt
.......................................... 75
Figure 72 : Mercutio becomes angry and Mercutio is seriously
injured ........... 75
Figure 73 : Mercutio falls to the ground. Finally Mercutio is dead
.................. 75
Figure 74 : There is a conflict between Romeo and Tybalt because of
Mercutio’s
death
.............................................................................................
75
Figure 75 : Romeo kills Tybalt as the revenge of Mercutio’s death
................. 76
Figure 76 : Tybalt is dead
...............................................................................
76
Figure 77 : Gloria Capulets cries in front of Tybalt’s dead body
..................... 76
Figure 78 : Benvolio explains that Tybalt has been in the wrong
position ....... 77
Figure 79 : Gloria Capulets refuses Benvolio’s explanation
............................ 77
Figure 80 : The price asks the information from Benvolio
............................... 77
Figure 81 : Benvolio gives the information to the price
................................... 78
Figure 82 : Gloria Capulets asks the price to kill Romeo
................................. 78
xv
Figure 83 : The price discusses and decides to banish Romeo
....................... 78
Figure 84 : A normal conversation between Juliet and her mother
................ 79
Figure 85 : Juliet’s father gets angry because Juliet refuses
Paris’ love ......... 80
Figure 86 : A conflict between Juliet and her father
...................................... 81
Figure 87 : Juliet falls in the sadness and she wants to end her
useless life .... 81
Figure 88 : Romeo asks Juliet’s
condition.....................................................
82
Figure 89 : Romeo’s friend explains that Juliet has been dead
...................... 82
Figure 90 : Romeo falls in the deep sadness because of the
information........ 82
Figure 91 : Romeo wants to be alone
............................................................
83
Figure 92 : Romeo’s friend gives the sympathy to Romeo
............................ 83
Figure 93 : Romeo wants to accompany Juliet
.............................................. 83
Figure 94 : Romeo comes to Capulets
burial................................................. 84
Figure 95 : Romeo enters to Capulets burial
................................................. 84
Figure 96 : Friar Laurence is busy to telephone the post office
..................... 84
Figure 97 : The officer responses Friar Laurence’s telephone
....................... 85
Figure 98 : Friar Laurence worries about the coming late
letter..................... 85
Figure 99 : Romeo finds Juliet lying on the bed
............................................ 85
Figure 100 : Romeo tries to drink the deadly poison
....................................... 86
Figure 101 : Romeo drinks the deadly poison
................................................. 86
Figure 102 : Juliet wakes up from her temporally death
.................................. 86
Figure 103 : Romeo has been dead
.................................................................
86
Figure 104 : Juliet kills herself by using the gun
............................................. 87
Figure 105 : Suicide is the final choice of the young lovers (Romeo
and Juliet 87
xvi
Figure 106 : Romeo and Juliet use the personification style of
language to
express their love
........................................................................
89
Figure 107 : Romeo and Juliet use the figurative style of language
in expressing
their feeling
................................................................................
89
Figure 108 : The word palms symbolize the young lovers (Romeo and
Juliet) 89
Figure 109 : Juliet’s dialogue which save the deep moral value of
the pure love90
Figure 110 : Juliet’s dialogue using the personification style of
language ....... 91
Figure 111 : Tybalt expresses his feeling of hatred
......................................... 91
Figure 112 : Mercutio uses the figurative language in the sarcastic
style ......... 92
Figure 113 : Romeo uses the romantic language to express his
feeling ........... 93
Figure 114 : Romeo uses the figurative style of language
............................... 93
Figure 115 : The dialogue in the death scene
.................................................. 93
Figure 116 : The dialogue in the death scene
.................................................. 94
Figure 117 : The dialogue in the death scene
.................................................. 94
Figure 118 : Romeo and Juliet falls in love for the first sight
during the
celebration of Capulet’s party
..................................................... 95
Figure 119 : The dialogue consisting the romantic expressions
between the young
lovers (Romeo and Juliet)
...........................................................
96
Figure 120 : Romeo gives the warm and soft touch for Juliet by
touching Juliet’s
hand
...........................................................................................
96
Figure 121 : Romeo tries to give the warm, soft and romantic kiss
to Juliet but
Juliet avoids for that
...................................................................
97
xvii
Figure 122 : The young lovers (Romeo and Juliet) kiss each other
repeatedly as
the prove that Romeo and Juliet is the romantic young lovers
with
the pure love.
..............................................................................
97
Figure 123 : In the lonely night, Juliet is being alone. She is
talking to herself
about Romeo
..............................................................................
98
Figure 124 : Romeo is standing behind Juliet without being known by
Juliet .. 98
Figure 125 : Romeo walks near Juliet and surprisingly Juliet
screams because
Romeo’s body touches Juliet’s body
........................................... 98
Figure 126 : Romeo and Juliet fall into the swimming pool
............................ 99
Figure 127 : Tybalts hits and kicks Romeo angrily because of
Romeo’s coming to
Capulet’s party
...........................................................................
99
Figure 128 : Tybalt gives the bad treatment (hit and kicks) to
Romeo ............. 100
Figure 129 : Romeo falls down and rolls on the ground
.................................. 100
Figure 130 : Mercutio gets very angry when he sees Tybalt’s cruelty
to
Romeo
........................................................................................
101
Figure 131 : There is a frightening conflict colored by the revenge
idea between
Mercutio and Tybalt
...................................................................
101
Figure 133 : Mercutio is seriously injured
...................................................... 102
Figure 134 : Mercutio’s stomach is wounded and bloody
............................... 102
Figure 135 : Mercutio is dead
.........................................................................
102
Figure 136 : Romeo and Benvolio are very sad because of Mercutio’s
death .. 103
Figure 137 : Mercutio’s dead body lies on the ground
.................................... 103
xviii
Figure 138 : A horrible conflict between Romeo and Tybalt
........................... 103
Figure 139 : Romeo gets angrier and he cannot control himself
...................... 104
Figure 140 : The death of tybalt
......................................................................
104
Figure 141 : Romeo’s friend explain that Juliet has been passed
away ............ 104
Figure 142 : Romeo falls in the deep sadness and bitterness
........................... 105
Figure 143 : Romeo drives a car so fast
..........................................................
105
Figure 144 : Romeo reaches Verona
...............................................................
105
Figure 145 : The price tries to prevent Romeo’s coming
................................. 106
Figure 146 : Romeo gets the deadly poison
.................................................... 106
Figure 147 : Romeo does the challenging efforts to come to Capulets
burial... 107
Figure 148 : Romeo reaches Capulets burial
................................................... 107
Figure 149 : Romeo comes to Capulet Burial to see Juliet’s dead
body ........... 108
Figure 150 : Romeo finds Juliet lying on the bed
............................................ 108
Figure 151 : Romeo cries in front of Juliet
...................................................... 108
Figure 152 : Romeo drinks the deadly poison
................................................. 109
Figure 153 : Juliet wakes up from her temporally dead
................................... 109
Figure 154 : Juliet becomes so sad and so frustrated
....................................... 109
Figure 155 : Suicide by using the gun
.............................................................
110
Figure 156 : Suicide is considered the appropriate solution
............................. 110
Figure 157 : Romeo meets Juliet for the first time
.......................................... 110
Figure 158 : Romeo and Juliet fall in love at the first sight
............................. 111
Figure 159 : Romeo touches Juliet’s hand with his soft touch
......................... 111
Figure 160 : Romeo kisses Juliet’s white and soft hand
.................................. 111
xix
Figure 162 : The colorful costumes provide the nice situation
........................ 112
Figure 163 : The party is accompanied by the music and the songs
................. 112
Figure 164 : The romantic meeting between Romeo and Juliet
....................... 113
Figure 165 : The white pigeon symbolizes Romeo and Juliet’s holly
love....... 114
Figure 166 : Romeo and Juliet are ready to do their wedding
.......................... 114
Figure 167 : Friar Laurence holds Romeo and Juliet’s wedding in a
church .... 115
Figure 168 : The wedding rings picture Romeo and Juliet’s
togetherness ........ 115
Figure 169 : The church choar accompanies Romeo and Juliet’s
wedding ...... 115
Figure 170 : Tybalts gets angry
.......................................................................
116
Figure 171 : Tybalt takes out his revolve
........................................................ 116
Figure 172 : Tybalt wants to shoot one of Montagues
..................................... 117
Figure 173 : An explosion coming from the burned petrol
.............................. 117
Figure 174 : The smoke covers the Verona City
............................................. 117
Figure 175 : The traffic accident caused by the smoke
.................................... 117
Figure 176 : The police asks Tybalt together with the enemy to end
the
conflict
.......................................................................................
118
Figure 178 : Mercutio becomes
angry.............................................................
119
Figure 180 : The frightening atmosphere
........................................................ 119
Figure 181 : Conflict between Romeo and Tybalt
........................................... 119
Figure 182 : Romeo kills Tybalt
.....................................................................
120
xx
Figure 185 : Romeo finds Juliet Lying on the bed
........................................... 121
Figure 186 : Romeo drinks the deadly poison
................................................. 121
Figure 187 : Romeo has been dead and Juliet is so frustrated
......................... 122
Figure 188 : Juliet kills herself by using the gun
............................................. 122
Figure 189 : Suicide is the final choice for Romeo and Juliet
.......................... 122
Figure 190 : Romeo, Juliet’s father including the price fall in the
deep regret and
sadness because of Romeo and Juliet’s death
.............................. 123
xxi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
..............................................................................
xxi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
.................................................................
1
B. Preview
Study.............................................................................
15
D. Problem Statements
....................................................................
20
xxii
E. Theoretical Application
..............................................................
40
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Study
.......................................................................
41
B. Object of The Study
....................................................................
41
C. Type of the Data and The Source of Data
.................................... 41
D. Technique of the Data Collection
................................................ 43
E. Technique of The Data Analysis
................................................. 43
CHAPTER IV : THE ANALYZES OF FILM ELEMENTS
A. Structure
.....................................................................................
44
B. Texture
.......................................................................................
87
CHAPTER V : DISCUSSION
A. Structure
.....................................................................................
126
1. Plot
........................................................................................
126
2. Character
................................................................................
128
3. Theme
....................................................................................
129
B. Texture
.......................................................................................
143
1. Dialogue
................................................................................
143
2. Mood
.....................................................................................
147
3. Spectacle
................................................................................
150