LOUGHLIN Alejandra _ Save the Children-US _ Guidelines for early recovery - Pakistan 2005

GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF SHELTER CONSTRUCTION IN ALLAI

BY SAVE THE CHILDREN-USAArch. Alejandra Loughlin

14-January-2006

Notes: The photographs included in this document has being taken on the field (Banna, Allai) between 7 and 8 of January 2006

STRUCTURE

VERTICAL LOADS•Roof•Snow

OVERLAPPING

HORIZONTAL LOADS•Wind

•Earthquake

BRACINGJOINING WITH TENONS AND MORTICE

WOOD-TO-WOOD METALLIC CONNECTORS/WIRE

STRUCTURE

VERTICAL LOADS HORIZONTAL LOADS

EARTHQUAKE

STRUCTUREOVERLAPPING

EARTHQUAKE: HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT

BRACING

A FRAME(triangle):

Rigid shape

SKETCH

BRACING BAD: (NO bracing)

BRACING GOOD

ROOF

WOODEN JOININGS: TENON AND MORTICEOPTION 1 OPTION 2

WOODEN JOININGS: TENON AND MORTICE

JOINING: RIDGE BEAM-RAFTER-KING POSTBAD

UPGOOD

SUPPLYBAD GOOD

BESIDE: BAD BESIDE: BAD

NO METALLIC CONNECTOR: BAD

JOINING: RIDGE BEAM-RAFTER-KING POSTGOOD BUT NOT ENOUGH:LACK OF METALLIC CONECTORS

GOOD

OPTION A

OPTION B

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD

TIMBER JOINING: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAM

COMPRESIONand

FLEXION

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD GOOD

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMWood-to-Wood metallic connectors

TIMBER JOINING: BEAM-BEAMBAD GOOD

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMBAD

TIMBER JOININGS: COLUMN-BEAMGOOD

JOINING: 2 PIECES OF 1 RAFTERBAD GOOD

TIMBER JOINING: 2 BEAMS

BAD BETTER BUT NOT ENOUGH THE BEST

JOINING: BEAM AND RAFTERBAD

JOINING: BEAM-RAFTER

ROOF: KNEE WALL AND STRUTBAD

ROOF: KNEE WALL AND STRUTGOOD BUT NOT ENOUGH THE BEST

JOINING: TENON AND MORTICEBAD

CONNECTOR VERY WEAK OVERLAPPING TOO MANY SMALL PEACES

VERY WEAK

UNNECESSARYWIRE

TOO WEAK

BEAMS WITHOUT OVERLAPPINGOR TENON AND MORTICE

WOODEN JOINIGSWINDOWS

provoquer

des

fentes

(fig2).

fig3

KIND OF ROOFSBAD

STONE ON TOP: TOO HEAVY!!!!

WOOD AND MUD WITH STRAW: TOO HEAVY!!!

CEILINGS: PROVIDE INSULATIONGOOD

Ceiling: goodWood: bad

destroy forests

Ceiling: goodPlywood: very good

Cloth: goodDanger: can became wet

Lost of insulation

Straw: very good

BE CAREFULL WITH STOVES AND FIRE : ALL THESE MATERIALS ARE FLAMABLE

WALLSOUTSIDE

WATERPROOFAnd

Avoid wind came in •Plastic Bags•Tarpaulins•CGI•Wood covered with mud•Wooven walls with mud•Stone (with cement mortar or wire mesh)

WALLSBAD

STONE WALL< 90 cm height

CLOTH OUTSIDE

BECOME WET

LOST INSULATION

Wall too big withoutany column

Wall without beam over the stoneWall without cement mortar or wire mesh

WALLSINSIDE

THERMALINSULATION

•Wood•Cloth

METAL WALL

NEAR FIREPLACES

MUD + WOOD

OUTSIDE INSIDE

STONE WALLSBAD

•VERY HIGH•WITHOUT MORTAR•WITHOUT WOODEN LINTEL•WITHOUT WIRE MESH•WITHOUT IRON BARS INSIDE•WITHOUT WOODEN BEAM ON TOP

WOVEN WALLBAD

WITHOUT WOODEN LINTEL BAND

LOOSE

STONE WALLSNO ROUND STONES

SHAPE WITH CHIESEL AND HAMMER

CEMENT MORTAR

AT LEAST 1:3

CEMENT SAND

OPPENINGSBAD

•Lintel very short•Stone wall higher than 90 cm without mortar

VERY SHORT

FOUNDATIONSBAD

SECTION REDUCED

LACK OF SOIL COMPACTION

HOLES

LOCATIONBAD

CLOSE TO A TREETHE TREE CAN FELL DOWN

OVER THE HOUSE

ROOTS OF THE TREE

THE COLUMN CAN’T BE DEEP ENOUGH