Lotus seed in food script

SCRIPT

LOTUS SEED (MAKHANA) IN FOOD

NAME:-PANKAJ R PATIL

FTL:-52/11

GUIDED BY- PROF. KAPILE P P

SEMINAR DATE:25/02/2014

MIT COLLEGE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

INDEX

* INTRODUCTION

* NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION

* HEALTH BENEFITS AND

THERAPUETIC USES

* MAKHANA PREPARATION

* APPLICATION

* CONCLUSION

* REFERENCES

Lotus seed (MAKHANA) in food

Introduction:-

The lotus is very much a part of Indian cultural

traditions. Its importance has long been recognized

and it has been grown for use as food, medicine and

also for cultural and religious activities.

Significantly, the longevity of the lotus seed is

phenomenal, with viable seeds dated as being 1300

years old. Protein-energy deficiency has been

recognized as the most common form of

malnutrition in regions where people mainly rely on

starch-based diets and cereal porridges (FAO, 1994;

Michaelsen and Henrik, 1998). Scarcity of

protein rich food and food supplements has been

responsible for the recurring problems associated

with malnutrition in children and lactating women

in developing countries.

Antibiotics are one of our most important

weapons fighting bacterial and fungal infections

and have

greatly benefited the health-related quality of

human life since their introduction. However, over

he past few decades, these health benefits are

under threat as many commonly used antibiotics

have become less and less effective against certain

illnesses, not only because many of them produce

toxic reactions, but also due to emergence of drug

resistant bacteria.

It is essential to find newer drugs

with lesser resistance. Drugs derived from natural

sources play a significant role in the prevention and

treatment of human diseases. Plants are rich in a

wide variety of secondary metabolites such as,

terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, etc., which have

been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties.

Herbal medicines have been known to man for

centuries. Therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous

plants for several disorders has been described by

practitioners of traditional medicine lotus L. is a tree

native to Middle East and south Asia especially from

China and Japan . The literature on lotus is far from

abundant. In traditional medicine, lotus fruit was

used as a sedative, antitussive, antiseptic, antidiabetic,

antitumor, astringent, laxative, nutritive and as a

febrifuge , in addition, lotus fruits are used to treat

diarrhea, dry coughs and hypertension . lotus fruit

extract has antioxidant activity that protects against

haemolytic damage in both glucose-6

phosphatedehydrogenase- deficient human and rat

erythrocytes . Previous phytochemical studies of

N.nulotus revealed the presence of some fatty acids

and non volatile acids , terpenes and

naphthoquinones in the fruits. Gallic acid,

methyl gallate, ellagic acid, kaempferol, quercetin,

myricetin, myricetin 3-O-β-glucuronide, and

myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside were isolated from

N.nucifera lotus fruit extract. . N.nucifera fruits extract and

compounds demonstrated the highest inhibitory

activity against COR-L23 tumor cells . Ellagic

acid demonstrated high anti-proliferative activit against

both C32 and A375 tumor cells, and gallic acid exerted the

most potent cytotoxicity against CaCo-2 tumor cells . The

antioxidant, antihemolyticand nephroprotective activities of

N.nucifera lotus seed extract have been demonstrated in vitro

as well as in vivo . Since gastric phytobezoars are difficult to

treat although rare, N.nucifera lotus consumption is

discouraged for patients with a history of gastrointestinal

surgery or poor dental and oral health . Genetic variation

among .

Lotus genotypes in Turkey has been reported by Yildirim

et al. In view of the fact that no information concerning . lotus

stem is available, we undertook the present study to isolate

phytochemicals from . N.nucifera lotus stem. As a part of our

screening program to investigate antifungal,lectin and trypsin

inhibitory activities from plants,another objective of the

present investigation was to assay antifungal lectin and trypsin

inhibitory activities from non-polar extracts of N.nucifera

lotus stem WORLD LOTUS PRODUCTION AREAS

Lotus is cultivated in many countries in the world,

especially in India, China, Japan,

Korea, South East Asia, Russia and some countries in

Africa. Lotus grown in Europe and

America are mainly used for ornamental purposes but rarely

for food.

Seeds

Seed production at this stage may not be advantageous

as production costs and unknown returns of an untried

product, which has ready competition available from

cheaply-produced imports, may be too high. Also, seed

as a vehicle of propagation will not necessarily breed

true-to-type. Unless growers can capture an identified

market for seed, it is not recommended at this stage.

However, as an indication of production potential, the

680 flower average produced at UWSH generated

approximately 3.6 kg. of seed.

Nutritional composition of Lotus seeds:- seeds are an unutilized source of vegetable oil and

protein and nothing has been reported on their

physicochemical characteristics which would indicate the

potential uses of these seeds.

The percentage composition of the N.nucifera lotus

seeds is (on a dry-weight basis): ash 1.05%, oil 32.92%,

protein 19.11%, total carbohydrate 40.87% and moisture

6.05%.Calcium, potassium and magnesium constitute the

major minerals of N.nucifera seeds. The seed proteins are rich

in threonine, glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid

(26.73%, 17.28%, 13.11%, 9.47% and 7.76%, respectively).

The main fatty acids of the oil are oleic (61.93%), linoleic

(18.31%) and palmitic (9.14%) acids. Glycerol trioleate was

the most abundant triacylglycerol, representing 26.48% of the

total triacyglycerols. beta-Tocopherolwas themajor tocopherol

(130.47 mg100 g(-1)). This oilwas rich in Delta 7- campestrol

and beta-sitosterol (147.82 and 82.10 mg 100 g(-1) oil.

Nutrient value of 100 g seeds

content SEED

IMMATURE,RAW MATURE

Water 67.7 13.0

Energy,kcal 121.0 335.0

Energy,kj 506.0 1402.0

Protein,g 8.1 17.1

Fat,g 0.2 1.9

Sugar,g 21.1 62.0

Dietary fibre,g 1.4 1.9

Calcium,mg 95.0 190.0

Phosphorus,mg 220.0 650.0

Iron,mg 1.8 3.1

Sodium,mg 2.0 250.0

Kalium,mg 420.0 1100.0

Vitamin B1,mg 0.19 0.26

Vitamin B2,mg 0.08 0.10

Niacin,mg 1.16 2.1

Vitamin C,mg 0.0 0.0

MEDICINAL AND NUTRITIONAL VALUES

It is interesting to note that all parts of the Lotus are

used in oriental medicine. Seeds stop vomiting or

soothe irritation of the digestive tract. Ripe Lotus seeds

also provide a spleen tonic and are used for their

astringent action in the treatment of chronic

diarrhoea,seminal emission and leucorrhoea, as well as

having a sedative action, making them useful for

insomnia and heart palpitations. The lotus plumule or

embryo removed from the ripe seed and sun-dried, is

primarily used for nervous disorders, insomnia, high

fevers with restlessness and hypertension. Flower pods

or flower receptacles contain proteins,carbohydrates

and a small amount of alkaloid Nelumbine, used to stop

bleeding and eliminate stagnated blood. Stamens assist

consolidation of kidney function and are particularly

useful in the treatment of male sexual disorders and

female leucorrhoea.

Lotus contains a large number of odour substances

in the leaves and flowers. In the leaves, 40% of odour

substances are cis-3-hexenol and in the flowers, 75% of

aroma substances are hydrocarbons, mainly 1,4-

dimethoxybenzene - 1,8—cineole, terpinen-4-ol and

linalool

Table 2. Biological effects and extracts obtained from the

Lotus seed.

Part

Effects Extracts

Seed Anti-ischaemice,

Antioxidative,

Immunomodulatory,anti-

prohferative,hepatoprotective,anti-

inflamatory,anti-fertility,anti-

anhthemic ,anti-fiborosis,antiviral

Flavonoids :

dauricine,lotusine,

Nuciferine,

Saponins and

several

carbohydrates .

Immunomodulatory effect:-

A lotus seed ethanol extract inhibited cell-cycle

progression, cytokine gene expression, and cell proliferation

in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)68. (S)

armepavine from sacred lotus immunomodulatory activity

includes: inhibition of concanavalin A–induced splenocyte

proliferation; suppression of cytokine mRNA expression in

splenocytes; improved kidney function with reduction of

immune complex deposition and glomerular hypercellularity;

and reduced autoantibody and T cell-mediated cytokine

production in sera. (S)-armepavine also inhibits interleukin-2

and interferon-gamma transcripts in human PBMCs without

direct cytotoxicity69,70. Hydroalcoholic rhizome and seed

extracts changed total and differential white blood cell counts,

improved phagocytosis, and potentiated immune

inflammatory.

Hepatoprotective effects:- Ethanol seed extracts exhibited hepatoprotective

effects against production of serum enzymes and cytotoxicity

caused by carbon tetrachloride. The extract also protected

against the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B172.

Armepavine, an active compound in sacred lotus, has

antifibrotic effects in rats by activating the anti–NF-kappaB

pathway.

Armepavine yielded better results compared with

silymarin (ie, milk thistle) in reducing certain metabolic

parameters in hepatic fibrosis73. A dose of 300 and 500

mg/kg of lotus leaf extract in rats was comparable to 100

mg/kg of silymarin against liver-induced injury by carbon

tetrachloride74. Hepatitis B has been treated with a

combination Chinese herbal product containing sacred lotus

leaf75.

Anti-infective effects:- Ethanol seed extracts inhibited herpes simplex virus type

1 (HSV-1) multiplication in HeLa cells without cytotoxicity

by inhibiting gene expression of HSV- 186. Alkaloids and

flavonoids from a 95% ethanol leaf extract had anti-HIV

activity87.

Antifungal activity against Candida albicans and

antimalarial activity was found for various leaf constituents

with no observed cytotoxicity. Antibacterial activity is

documented for rhizome extracts against Staphylococcus

aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis,

and Pseudomonus aeruginosa.

A rhizome extract had antifungal and anti-yeast activity

comparable with griseofulvin against 5 different strains of

fungi and yeast, including C.albicaus, Aspergillus niger,

Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophytum mentagopyhtes89.

Kashiwada et al90 have reported that the liensinine, negferine,

and isoliensinine were isolated from the leaves to embryo

showing potent anti-HIV activities and the flavonoids; the

primary constituents of the petals showed antioxidant

properties and antibacterial bioactivities.

The leaf methanol, aqueous extracts of N.nucifera and

green synthesis of silver nanoparticles have the potential to be

used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the

Anopheles subpictus Grassi.

Psychopharmacologic activity

Antiarrhythmic effects Neferine antagonized arrhythmias induced byaconitine in rats,

calcium chloride in mice, and coronary occlusion-reperfusion

in dogs.

Antifertility activity A petroleum ether extract of seed has been reported to possess

anti-fertility activity in female albino mice at the dose of 3

mg/kg. it is blocked the oestrus cycle at the metoestrus stage

compared with ethyl oleate (0.1ml/20g).the extract

significantly reduced uterine weight and affected the oestrus

cycle by blocking biogenesis of ovarian steroids at an

intermediate

Anti-inflammatory activity

A methanol rhizome extract at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg

inhibited induced inflammation in rats. The anti-inflammatory

activity was comparable with that of phenylbutazone and

dexamethasone. Kaempferol, isolated from sacred lotus,

reduced the influx of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in

aged rat gingival tissues. Isoliensinine isolated from the seeds

reduced bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. The

protective effect was associated with antioxidant activity and

reduced expression of inflammatory mediators. Bo Huang et

al revealed that the In vitro and in vivo evaluation of

inhibition activity of lotus leaves against ultraviolet B-induced

phototoxicity. The photoprotective capacity of lotus leaf

extracts (LLE) may be attributed to their phenolic compounds,

suchas hyperin, isoquercetin, and catechin rhamnoside.

MAKHANA PREPARATION:-

Lotus seed also known as “Makhana” in India

The lotus seed or fruits are quite versatile and can be either

raw or dried and popped like popcorn also called as “Phool

makhana”

It is cultivated in several districts in north Bihar , where it is a

main support for livelihood of the poor people .

Cultivation is done during the peak monsoon period and

continued till the end of October.

It prefers tropical and sub-tropical climate .

Temperature range =20ºC-35ºC,humidity =50%-90%,rainfall

between 100cm-250cm.

Cultivation and Harvesting of Makhana

Makhana plants germinate from the left over seeds of the

previous season. When makhana is grown for the first time in a new

pond, the rate of sowing is 80 kg/ha. However when sowing is done

annually, 35 kg3 of seed is required for 1 ha of water spread.

Sprouting takes place by December-January and the early leaves

appear on the pond surface during January- February. During April-

may, the entire water surface gets covered with huge, sprawling and

thorny leaves, which float on the surface of water. Flowering begins

in the month of April when the temperature is around 30 degree

Celsius and maximum flowering occurs in the month of May.

Makhana flowers stay afloat for two days and then submerge

inside water. Fruiting begins by mid of May and each plant bears

around 10-20 4 fruits. Each fruit contains 40-70 seeds and roughly

100 seeds weigh around 80-100 gm. On an average, a plant of

makhana yields around 450-700 gm of seeds.

Makhana fruits burst inside water during May-July and the seeds

float in water for a day or two and then settle at the bottom of the

pond. In local parlance, makhana seeds are called guri. After fruiting,

the gigantic leaves are cut and thrown out or left to decay, which

enriches the soil health through addition of organic nutrient. The

scattered seeds at the bottom of the pond are collected manually

during August - September.

Harvesting of makhana seeds is done by diving deep inside the

water. The process of collection is strenuous involving a thorough

sweeping of the entire bottom floor of the water area.

Sweeping of the floor, making heaps and their retrieval requires

several dives inside the water that makes the job really painstaking.

Yield of makhana varies normally from 1200 to 1500 kg per hectare.

However in low depth water bodies yield varies from 1800-2200 kg

per hectare.

Lotus Seed Decorticator :-

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a large glaucous perennial aquatic,

herbaceous plant and cultivated for religious, ornamental and

medicinal purposes besides food. It is a symbol of purity,

enlightenment and almost whole plant is edible. Besides its sanctity

and aesthetic value, lotus is used as a food and medicine. Lotus seeds

are used as rosaries makhanas and in medicines. The seeds are used to

treat diarrhea, piles, skin disorders, etc.

The sweet tasting seeds contain Protein - 17.2%, Starch - 66.6%,

Sucrose - 4.1%, Iron - 2.3%, traces of fat, fiber and calcium. After

decortication, lotus seeds are eaten in raw, roasted, boiled, candied or

in powdered form. Lotus seeds are currently manually processed.

High labour requirement and low efficiency has restricted the

expansion of lotus seed industry. Due to non availability of this

technology, the production catchment processing is not possible

which deprives the farmer’s benefit of farm level processing. Hence,

the need was felt to develop machinery for removing shell without

damaging film and kernel.

The decorticator has been designed at CIPHET based on the

principle that lotus seeds are allowed to rotate in the presence of air

and strike the inner walls of the outer cover laid with marble chips.

The impact force generated is in the range of 70 - 80 kg such that

shell is broken without damaging the kernel. The decortication unit

consists of two circular discs. The two discs are joined with four

propellers and ends of propellers are provided with rubber lining so as

to prevent breakage of seeds at the time of impact. The discs are

covered with outer cover having inner lining of marble and granite.

Material is fed through a hopper and enters in between the discs.

The impellers make the seeds to strike the outer cover, by which the

shell gets removed. After decortication, the kernel gets separated in

the cleaning and grading assembly. The decorticator is operated with

2 hp electric motor at a desired rpm. One person is required to operate

the machine. The machine has been designed such that it requires

minimum lubrication and quick attachments.

To optimize the performance, machine was tested at different rpm

(500 -1400) and with different levels of moisture content of lotus

seeds (5 - 20%, wet basis). Best performance was noted at 960 rpm.

Maximum decortication efficiency of 65.4 % was found at a moisture

content of 5.21% (wet basis). Maximum operational capacity was

found as 105 kg per hour. Capacity of the machine declined at higher

moisture contents.

Processing of Makhana The cleaned nuts are sun dried to an

extent of around 31% moisture content for ease of transportation and

temporary storage. Storage of gorgon nuts poses problems to the

growers, as it cannot be stored for longer period at ambient

conditions. It is necessary to sprinkle water at regular intervals during

storage of nuts to keep them fresh. The sun-dried nuts are then

categorized into 5 to 7 grades according to their sizes by means of a

set of sieves. Grading of gorgon nut facilitates uniform heating of

each nut during roasting. The sun-dried nuts are generally heated in

earthen pitcher or cast iron pan by placing them over fire and stirring

them continuously. After pre heating of nut, moisture content reduces

to approximately 20%. The pre-heated seeds are kept for tempering in

basket/pots for 45-72 hours. Tempering of seeds facilitates the

loosening of Roasting and popping are the most painstaking

operations of makhana processing. Makhana seeds are heated in

iron pans over the fire at 2905 degree Celsius to 340 degree Celsius

surface temperature with continuous stirring. When crackling sound is

heard, 5-7 roasted seeds are scooped quickly by hand and kept on

hard surface and sudden impact force is applied on them by means of

a wooden hammer. As the hard shell breaks, the kernel pops out in

expanded form, which is called makhana. Polishing of makhana is

done immediately after popping since popped makhana may absorb

moisture and render polishing difficult. It is done by rubbing action of

makhana pops among themselves in bamboo baskets. Polishing

facilitates more whiteness and luster to the makhana. After polishing,

makhana is graded into 2-3 grades namely Rasgulla, Samundha and

Thurri. The graded makhana is then packed in gunny bags. A gunny

bag with a capacity of 1 quintal of sugar may contain 8-9 kg of good

quality makhana.

APPLICATION IN FOODS:-

1) Lotus seed flour is used as food thickener in

soup formulation

2) The seeds of makhana are highly used in

Ayurvedic preparations.

3) Dessert Preparation

4) Lotus seed paste with sugar is used as a

part of pastries, rice flour pudding.

5) Lotus seed paste –Mono cakes

6) In preparation of phool makhana curry

7) Lotus seed syrup

* CONCLUSION:-

Makhana is an important aquatic crop .

It is still neglected , probably because of lack of awareness.

In India there are a lot of fallow wetlands, which remain

unutilized round the year .In such case , makhana cultivation

may fetch more revenue to the poor masses.

If sincere efforts are taken to cultivate makhana – a unique

food resource, it may help to upgrade the financial status of

many poor families in India.

REFERENCES:-

1.Sowmya L ,Roshini RP,Usha Ravi and Lakshami Menon,Utilisation of lotus

seed flour as food thickener in soup formulation.IFCON 2013,A-049

2. Dr.Q.V.Nguyen, A report for the Rural Industries Research

and Development Corporation, NSW Agriculture, Horticultural Research &

Advisory Station, Gosford, NSW and D Hicks, University of Western Sydney,

Hawkesbury August 2001RIRDC Publication No 01/032 ,RIRDC Project No

DAN 125A.

3. R N Mandal and R Bar, GENERAL ç ARTICLE The Sacred Lotus,

Department of Botany Bangabasi Morning College University of Calcutta.

August 2013,Page no.737.

4.Carlo F. Moro , Masami Yonekura *, Yoshiaki Kouzuma , Ganesh K.

Agrawal ,and Randeep Rakwal, Lotus – A Source of Food and Medicine.

International Journal of Life Sciences ISSN No. 2091-0525

5. Chouaibi, M., Mahfoudhi, N., Donsì, F., Ferrari, G., Hamdi, S. Nutritional

composition of Zizyphus lotus L. seeds, JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Year 2012 ,Volume 92.

6. Sasikumar Dhanarasu*1 and Awdah Al-Hazimi*2, PHYTOCHEMISTRY,

PHARMACOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC

APPLICATIONS OF NELUMBO NUCIFERA, Asian Journal of

Phytomedicine and Clinical Research. 1(2), 2013, 123 - 136.

7.RN Mandal*1.GS saha *2&N Sarangi*2.Harvest and processing of

makhana.Indian journal of Traditional knowledge .vol 9 (4),october 2010

8.CIPHETE-Newsletter for june 2009 vol.4 No.6

9.Mamta Shankar*1,Neha Chaudhary*2,Dheer Singh*3,International jouranal

of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2010;1(2):101-107

10.Business Plan for Makhana clusters in Bihar.