Lost battle on malaria

Lost battle on malaria:10 points we wont win!

BY WALTER WASWA

MSC. STUDENT PWANI UNIVERSITY

An original academic presentation

INTRODUCTION

• Our understanding of the malaria parasites begins in 1880 with the discovery of the parasites in the blood of malaria patients by Alphonse Laveran

• Reports of malaria are increasing in many countries and in areas thought free of the disease. .

REASONS FOR LOSS OF BATTLE

1. One of the factors contributing to the reemergence of malaria is human migration.

• People move for a number of reasons, including environmental deterioration, economic necessity, conflicts, and natural disasters

• new cases turn up each year among the migrant workers around San Diego, and just last week

• These factors are most likely to affect the poor, many of whom live in or near malariousareas.(Martens & Hall, 2000)

2. Eradication of malaria habitats

• Malaria control in Madhya Pradesh is complex because of vast tracts of forest with tribal settlement.(Singh, Dash, & Thimasarn, 2009)

• environmental measures pertaining to drainage of the multiple swamp areas is also not viable for the ecosystem

• We can not drain lake Victoria and Yalaswamps which harbours trillion of anopheles female mosquitoes

3. Natural enemies of mosquitoes

• Tilapia is a delicacy and omena fishing in lake Victoria is rampant

• The habitats of bats are being destroyed and use of chemical pesticide has reduced the spiders and wasps that are naturalpredators of mosquitoes

4. Bed nets have failed

• recrudescence of malaria attacks within 30 months of the introduction of long-lasting insecticide (deltamethrin)-treated nets (LLINs) in an area of intense, perennial malaria transmission

• pyrethroid resistance 8% resistance to pyrethroids

• theory of decreased protective immunity following effective transmission interruption in infancy and early childhood

Cont…

• shift was observed in mosquito biting times

• In 2007 and 2008, the peak biting time was between 2 and 3 a.m., but in 2009 and 2010 the peak occurred between midnight and 2 a.m.(Paul, 2011)

• OTHER STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THA ABSTRCTIN MALARIA INFECTION IN CHILDREN LEADS TO delayed immunity acquisition

5. Human conflicts, financial constraints

• The African countries where 90% of the malaria deaths occur have been ravaged by warfare, making it more difficult to combat the disease, and the rich nations that fund most malaria research are cutting their budgets…..

• Marshall, Eliot. "Malaria parasite gaining ground against science: a grim report details financial and scientific shortfalls in the campaign against the disease." Science, vol. 254, no. 5029, 1991, p. 190. Academic OneFile, Accessed 19 Apr. 2017.

6.Drug resistance

• chloroquine resistance has been observed so has fancider so is al currently

• The emergence of resistance, particularly in P. falciparum, has been a major contributor to the global resurgence of malaria in the last three decades (White, 2004)

• an effective malaria vaccine, has not materialized and is not expected for another decade

7.Immunodeficiency

• The aging population…longer life due to better healthcare..pesa kwa wazee ugonjwa kwawatoto

• human immunodeficiency virus

8. medical malpractice ,self prescription….incomplete dose

9. Increased nocturnal activities

• The 24 hr economy has increased human activities towards the night eg bodabodaoperators , prostitutes in the red light district industries and shopkeepers

• They provide essential protein to the female mosquitoes that are vectors to malaria parasites

10. Alternative hosts

• simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, in the human population

• Monkeys and other worm blooded animals may be host to the parasite

• They also provide alternative protein for the survival of the mosquitoes

Reference

• Martens, P., & Hall, L. (2000). Malaria on the move: Human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerging Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0602.000202

• Paul, M. (2011). Are we losing the fight against malaria one more time? Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 17(11), 1593–1596. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03666.x

• Singh, N., Dash, A. P., & Thimasarn, K. (2009). Fighting malaria in Madhya Pradesh (Central India): are we losing the battle? Malaria Journal, 8, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-93

• Neuberger, M. Paul, N. Andrea, D. Raoult, Modelling in infectious diseases: between haphazard and hazard, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2013, n/a