LORELEI HARRIS OLA CONFERENCE 2010 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN [email protected] (PREVIOUSLY AT UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE) Academic Libraries & Student Retention.

LORELEI HARRISOLA CONFERENCE 2010

UNIVERSITY OF [email protected]

(PREVIOUSLY AT UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE)

Academic Libraries & Student Retention

Student Retention…

University of Lethbridge (Alberta): 28% attrition rate of all first time undergraduate

students enrolled 1997 (2004 Report, seven years after enrollment)

Canada-wide: Average long term attrition rate ~40% (Canadian

Millennial Scholarship Foundation 2003 Report, based on five or six year period; Canada & USA)

Lorelei Harris, 2010

“A high rate of attrition is indicative of a failure on the part of an institution

to achieve its purpose.”

Elizabeth Mezick, 2007(Long Island University, Brookville, NY)

Agenda

Student Attrition & Why it’s a Big DealStudent Retention as a Topic for Library Research

Why is this important for Libraries?Issues around Retention Research

Barriers to comparison; Definition of termsReasons why Students Leave

Psychological modelsHow Libraries Fit

Aspects of library service related to student retentionCurrent Activities & Potential for Future Research


Outcomes

By the end of the session, you will…

Have a greater understanding of the issues surrounding student retention

Gain appreciation for the factors impacting student attrition

Be able to identify certain library services or activities that support retention

Articulate how your library “fits” in supporting the broader institutional mission


This presentation is NOT…

About teaching strategies to enhance students’ ability to retain knowledge of skills or class content

A presentation of new research


This presentation IS…

A discussion of existing student retention literature, as it relates to libraries

Meant as a starting point; a way to start thinking about re-framing activities your library may already do or be considering

Focused on postsecondary education, with emphasis on 4-yr undergraduate universities


“Student Retention is one of the biggest concerns currently in higher education.”

Kay Foster, 2003(University of Teesside, UK)

“There is growing pressure on all academic library managers to be more accountable for how they use

limited resources and to achieve institutional outcomes perceived as important by college and university stakeholders…. One such outcome is

student persistence.”

Elizabeth Mezick, 2007(Long Island University, Brookville, NY)

Student Attrition

Why is student attrition big deal?Not in line with our “goals & priorities”Possible detrimental effect to studentsFinancial cost for all involved

Okanagan University College (1996) estimated $4,230 was lost by the institution for each student who did not continue into second year

Yorke (1999) estimated the average annual cost of student attrition in the UK = £100 Million (GBP)


“The library benefits from taking a leadership role in contributing to a campus-wide approach

to retention.

Stanley Wilder, 1990(Louisiana State University)

Student Retention as a Topic for Library Research

Why should this be an important area for libraries?

Helps us tie-in with institutional goals and objectives

Helps to integrate the library with other departments & faculties

May open increased funding opportunities

Helps us better serve the needs of our users, students


“The academic library in general, and academic librarians in particular, plays a pivotal role in

the education and retention of students.”

Maurie Caitlin Kelly, 1995(University of Illinois, Chicago)

“There remains a glaring lack of research on the effect the library environment has

on students’ educational gains or outcomes.”

Lemuel W. Watson, 2001(Clemson University, West Lafayette, IN)

Student Retention Literature

Library studies mainly focus on:

Statistically significant relationships between library expenditures, or staffing levels and student retention

E.g. Hiscock, 1986

Hamrick, Schuh, & Shelley, 2004

Mezick, 2007



Relationships between library use (collections) and student retention

Student who borrowed books = more likely to persist

E.g. Kramer & Kramer, 1968

Impact of information literacy instruction

Students involved in library skills programs showed lower attrition rates

E.g. Knapp, 1966



Some on library involvement in first year experience programs; specific programs for “at risk” groups

NOT proven to have significant effect

E.g. Hollis, 2001

Colton, et al, 2002

Aguilar & Keating, 2009

Love, 2009



Relationship between Library employment & retention

Higher completion rate among library student workers

E.g. Wilder, 1990

Rushing & Poole, 2002



Significance of Library facilities

Looked at campus facilities, including Libraries; had slight impact on retention

E.g. Mallinckrodt ,1987

Lau, 2003


Retention Research: Lack of Consistency

Frequently confused terms

Different time periods covered

Different student types included/excluded

RetentionAttrition

PersistenceCompletion

Graduation Rates


Student Retention Concepts

Institutional Retention Enrolling & graduating from the same institution

Program Retention Enrolling & graduating with the same major or in the

same school/department as initially selected

System Retention Students who leave one institution yet continue

and complete post-secondary studies elsewhere


Related Measures of Retention

Persistence From first to second year? Entry to graduation?

Completion From entry to graduation? (Student goals?)

Graduation Rates What about transfers? Time period?

Attrition Leaving institution? Leaving the system?


Further Retention Concepts

Stopout Leave postsecondary education with the intention (and

action) of returning later to complete a programDropout

Leave postsecondary education with the intention (and action) of NOT returning

Transfer Change institutions yet still persist in higher education May change type of institution

Voluntary Attrition?Involuntary Attrition?Lorelei Harris, 2010

“Non-completion of courses is by no means always negative for the students

concerned.”

Kay Foster, 2003(University of Teesside, UK)

Why Students Leave: Theoretical Models

Students’ decision to leave University is influenced by many personal factors Financial reasons Family responsibilities Lack of academic ability Poor fit, etc.

Foundational Theories from Education / Psychology: Tinto’s “Model of Student Integration” (1975) Bean’s “Model of Student Attrition” (2000)

Bean & Eaton “Model of Student Retention” (2003)Lorelei Harris, 2010

Tinto’s Model of Student Integration

Vincent Tinto (University of Syracuse, NY)

Initial model in 1975; revised in 1987 & 1994

Focuses on importance of social and academic integration

Looks at “pre-entry” conditions, how experiences at school affect initial goals & values


Tinto’s Model of Student Integration (1975)

Grayson & Grayson, 2003 (http://www.millenniumscholarships.ca/images/Publications/retention_final.pdf)Lorelei Harris, 2010

Tinto’s Model of Student Integration

Pre-entry Characteristics: Family background (socioeconomic status) Degree of High school preparation Individual Skills & Abilities

Initial Goals and Commitments

Career goals Education goals Commitment to the institution

Experiences in the Academic System Grade performance Interactions with faculty & peers

Important: Social Integration

& Academic integration

Experiences lead to modified goals (student leaves) or

consistent with beliefs (student stays)


Tinto’s Model: Impact

Students’ decisions to leave are based on two sets of conditions:1) Internal to the student; pre-university conditions2) External to the student; internal-to-the-institution conditions

Criticisms of Tinto’s model:- most valid with white, middle class, residential campuses

Bulk of Retention literature:- test, prove, refute, modify Tinto’s model


Testing Tinto’s Model

Ernest T. Pascarella (University of Illinois) Pascarella & Terenzini (1979)

Support Tinto’s model for students living in residence halls Pascarella et al (1981)

Applied to commuter students – found Tinto’s model was insufficient to predict attrition in this group (different variables affected them more strongly)

Pascarella, Duby, et al (1983) In a non-residential campus, Tinto’s model only partly worked

(social integration was less significant)

Grayson & Grayson (2003) provide a review of other tests of Tinto’s model. Failure to accurately predict attrition in a variety of campus settings prompted further development


“If strong linkages between libraries and student retention can be made, then the

perceived value of the library may indeed rise.”

Steven Bell, 2008(Temple University, Philadelphia)


J. Bean & B. Metzner: Model of Student Attrition (1985) Focuses on 3 areas influencing student success:

Academic

Social-Psychological

Environmental (Pull factors)

More effective than Tinto re: non-traditional students

Also discusses sense of “self-efficacy” and “locus of control”

Taking personal ownership = greater success


Bean & Metzner: Model of Student Attrition (1985)

Grayson & Grayson, 2003 (http://www.millenniumscholarships.ca/images/Publications/retention_final.pdf)Lorelei Harris, 2010


J. Bean & S. Bogdan Eaton: Model of Student Retention (2001) Revised model to include:

Focus on Intent

More options for direct influence

Focus multiple factors at a time

Added “intermediate” influences


Bean & Eaton: Model of Student Retention (2001)

Bean, John and Shevawn Bogdan Eaton. “The Psychology Underlying Successful Retention Practices.” Journal of College Student Retention 3, no. 1 (2001): 73-89 Lorelei Harris, 2010

How Does the Library Fit?

In Tinto’s model… (Social & Academic Integration) ACADEMIC: Pre-college prep

More involvement in “zero-level” courses? More partnership with high school programs?

SOCIAL: Peer group interaction Availability of group spaces? Peer-to-peer research assistance? Learning Commons environments?

Also: use of student workers? Minority outreach? Active learning in sessions we teach

SOCIAL: Faculty interaction One-on-one consultations (have a direct contact person) Office hour availability?


How Does the Library Fit?

Bean’s model: Pre-matriculation conditions – summer workshops, etc

Bean & Eaton’s model: Self-efficacy

Teaching behaviors in Reference transactions help increase student confidence in their own abilities to succeed

Approach/Avoidance Early library instruction helps overcome the avoidance response

and empowers students Service point staff attitudes

Looking for a consistent ‘message’ from the institution in order to feel they fit in with the institution


To be successful, students “need to believe that they are effective academically and believe that

they are in charge of their own outcomes.”

John Bean and Shevawn Bogdan Eaton, 2001(Indiana University / North Illinois University)

How Does the Library Fit? (Academic & Social Integration)

Help students gain confidence in research abilities necessary for success

Group Study spaces meet “integration” needs

Assist student academic performance through better research & critical thinking skills

Staff attitudes and personal attention to students

Potential “first point of contact” = shape institutional fit


“Anyone and everyone on campus can affect these attitudes, and for this reason

everyone on campus is responsible for retention.”

John Bean, 2005(Indiana University, Bloomington)

Current Initiatives, Future Directions…?

Foster integration into academic community: Support student orientation efforts Engage in first year instruction Target “at risk” programs (minority groups, non-traditional

students, etc)

Provide Individualized instruction/assistance at service points

Offer some student employment positions



Offer Increased contact time with students i.e. through holding departmental office hours

Provide contacts for distance learners Serve as first point of contact for institution


“While librarians have fewer opportunities to connect with students than classroom faculty do, institutions could certainly be

doing more to…heighten student feelings of connectedness.”

Steven Bell, 2008(Temple University, Philadelphia)


Possibilities for future research

Try looking at graduation rates of students who completed a Library Science course vs. classmates in same disciplines?

Further research like Kramer & Kramer [looked at book borrowing; found library users = more likely to persist] perhaps book circulation is not as relevant anymore – can we

track login stats (length of time? Number of click-throughs?) per student & compare these stats with graduation rates?



Comparison of completion rate at ‘like’ institutions with info commons library setting (lots of group interaction, etc) v.s. ‘traditional’?

Look for data already available/easy to collect:

Sample of online reference users & graduation rates (already tracked…)

Look at retention in a department that has librarian office hours v.s. similar department that does not?


“Retention is quite measurable…but proving that a student stayed in school

due to one program is practically impossible.”

John Bean, 2005(Indiana University, Bloomington)

“Five Point Plan for Success” (Bell 2008)

“Emphasize delivery of individualized research assistance and personal attention”

“Focus on research skill building as a core contributor to student academic success” (marketing Info Lit)

“Provide data that links student persistence and satisfaction to the library’s services, resources, and people” (moving beyond traditional counting)

Fight for the library’s role in campuswide programming

Consider ways to engage parentsLorelei Harris, 2010

Recap…

Many things your library already does contributes to: A sense of “fit” with the institution Academic success Social integration Building relationships Meeting individual needs

These are all directly related to models of student retention

Make a case for how your library “fits” in the mission and goals of your institution You can back it up with theory Explore options for further research on-the-ground


“One way to demonstrate the library’s contribution is to assess whether students’

experiences with the library directly or indirectly contribute to desired outcomes of

college.”

George D. Kuh & Robert M. Gonyea, 2003(Indiana University, Bloomington)

Questions??

Are you currently engaged in (intentional) student retention efforts in your library?

What assessment methods have you used?

Can you think of other library programs or services not mentioned that may be related to student retention?


References

Aguilar, Paulita and Kathleen Keating. “Satellite Outreach Services Program to Under-Represented Students: Being in Their Space, Not on MySpace.” The Reference Librarian 50 (2009): 14-27.

Astin, Alexander W. And Leticia Oseguera. “Pre-College and Institutional Influences in Degree Attainment.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 245-276. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Bain-Greenwood, Fiona. “Tackling the Drop-Out Rates: Strategies to Improve Persistence in Three Ontario Community Colleges.” Webinar (Jan 20, 2010) from the Consortium for Student Retention Data Exchange (University of Oklahoma) (http://csrde.ou.edu)

Bean, John and Shevawn Bogdan Eaton. “The Psychology Underlying Successful Retention Practices.” Journal of College Student Retention 3, no. 1 (2001): 73-89.


References

Bean, John P. “Nine Themes of College Student Retention.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 215-243. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Bell, Steven. “Keeping them Enrolled: How Academic Libraries Contribute to Student Retention.” Library Issues (Sep 2008).

Berger, Joseph B. And Susan C. Lyon. “Past to Present: A Historical Look at Retention.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 1-29. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Braxton, John M. And Amy S. Hirschy. “Theoretical Developments in the Study of College Student Departure.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 61-87. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.


References

Brunsden, Vivienne and Mark Davies. “Why do HE Students Drop Out? A Test of Tinto’s Model.” Journal of Further and Higher Education 24, no. 3 (2000): 301-310.

Carpenter, Susan and Lesley Andres. Today’s Higher Education Students: Issues of Admission, Retention, Transfer, and Attrition in Relation to Changing Student Demographics. Victoria: The British Columbia Council on Admissions and Transfer, 1997. (online: http://www.bccat.bc.ca/pubs/today.pdf)

Colton, George M., Ulysses J. Connor Jr., Eileen L. Shultz, and Linda M. Easter. “Fighting Attrition: One Freshman Year Program that Targets Academic Progress and Retention for At-Risk Students.” Journal of College Student Retention 1, no. 2 (1999/2000): 147-162.

Dennis, Melissa. “Playing for Keeps: University Faculty and Staff Teaming Up for an Effective Student Retention Program.” Mississippi Libraries 71, no. 4 (2007): 89-92.


References

Foster, Kay. “Libraries and Student Retention: Some Thoughts about the Issues and an Approach to Evaluation.” SCONUL Newsletter 28 (2003): 12-16.

Foster, Kay. Libraries and Student Retention: Report of the Services and Learning Evaluation Project. Teesside University, http://lis.tees.ac.uk/research/researchkf.cfm undated.

Grayson, J. Paul and Kyle Grayson. Research on Retention and Attrition. Montreal: The Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation, 2003. (online: http://www.millenniumscholarships.ca/images/Publications/retention_final.pdf)

Gansemer-Topf, Ann M. And John H. Schuh. “Instruction and Academic Support Expenditures: An Investment in Retention and Graduation” Journal of College Student Retention 5, no. 2 (2003/04): 135-145.


References

Gohn, Lyle, James Swartz, and Sharon Donnelly. “A Case Study of Second Year Student Persistence.” Journal of College Student Retention 2, no. 4 (2000/01): 271-293.

Hagedorn, Linda Serra. “How to Define Retention: A New Look at an Old Problem.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 89-105. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Hamrick, Florence, John Schuh and Mack Shelley. “Predicting Higher Education Graduation Rates from Institutional Characteristics and Resource Allocation.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 12, no. 19 (2004). http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n19/ .

Hollis, Leah P. “Service Ace? Which Academic Services and Resources Truly Benefit Student Athletes?” Journal of College Student Retention 3, no. 3 (2001/02): 265-283.


References

Kelly, Maurie Catlin. “Student Retention and Academic Libraries.” College & Research Libraries News (Dec 1995): 757-759.

Kramer, Lloyd A. and Martha B. Kramer. “The College Library and the Drop-Out.” College & Research Libraries 29, no. 7 (1968): 310-312.

Kuh, George D. and Robert M. Gonyea. “The Role of the Academic Library in Promoting Student Engagement in Learning.” College and Research Libraries (Jul 2003): 256-282.

Landrum, R. Eric. “The Responsibility for Retention: Perceptions of Students and University Personnel.” Journal of College Student Retention 3, no.2 (2001): 195-211.

Lau, Linda K. “Institutional Factors Affecting Student Retention.” Education 124, no. 1 (2003): 126-136.


References

Lindauer, Bonnie Gratch. “Defining and Measuring the Library’s Impact on Campuswide Outcomes.” College and Research Libraries (Nov. 1998): 546-563.

Love, Emily. “A Simple Step: Integrating Library Reference and Instruction into Previously Established Academic Programs for Minority Students.” The Reference Librarian 50 (2009): 4-13.

Ma, Xin and George Frempong. Reasons for Non-Completion of Postsecondary Education and Profile of Postsecondary Dropouts. Gatineau: Human Resources and Social Development, 2008.

McLaughlin, Gerald W., Paul V. Brozovsky and Josetta S. McLaughlin. “Changing Perspectives on Student Retention: A Role for Institutional Research.” Research in Higher Education 39, no. 1 (1998): 1-17.

Mezick, Elizabeth M. “Return on Investment: Libraries and Student Retention.” Journal of Academic Librarianship 33, no. 5 (2007): 561-566.


References

Mortenson, Thomas G. “Measurements of Persistence.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 31-60. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Mueller, Richard E. “Access and Persistence of Students in Canadian Post-Secondary Education: What We Know, What We Don’t Know and Why It Matters.” In Who Goes? Who Stays? What Matters? : Accessing and Persisting in Post-Secondary Education in Canada, edited by Ross Finnie, et al., 31-61. Kingston: Queen’s University, 2008.

Nora, Amaury, Elizabeth Barlow and Gloria Crisp. “Student Persistence and Degree Attainment Beyond the First Year in College: The Need for Research.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 129-153. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.


References

Oseguera, Leticia and Byung Shik Rhee. “The Influence of Institutional Retention Climates on Student Persistence to Degree Completion: A Multilevel Approach.” Research in Higher Education. (2009) 50: 546-564.

Pierard, Cindy and Kathryn Graves. “The Greatest Problem with Which the Library Is Confronted: A Survey of Academic Library Outreach to the Freshman Course.” In Making the Grade: Academic Libraries and Student Success, edited by Maurie Caitlin Kelly and Andrea Kross, 71-90. Chicago: American Library Association, 2002.

Pike, Gary R., George D. Kuh, and Robert M. Gonyea. “The Relationship Between Institutional Mission and Students’ Involvement and Educational Outcomes.” Research in Higher Education 22, no. 2 (2003): 241-261.


References

Primary Research Group. The Survey of Student Retention Policies in Higher Education. New York: Primary Research Group, 2008.

Potts, Glenn and Brian Schultz. “The Freshman Seminar and Academic Success of At-Risk Students.” College Student Journal 42, no. 2 (2008): 647-658. (html version; unp)

Rowley, Jennifer. “Retention: Rhetoric or Realistic Agendas for the Future of Higher Education.” International Journal of Educational Management 17, no. 6 (2003): 248-253.

Rushing, Darla and Deborah Poole. “The Role of the Library in Student Retention.” In Making the Grade: Academic Libraries and Student Success, edited by Maurie Caitlin Kelly and Andrea Kross, 91-101. Chicago: American Library Association, 2002.

Seidman, Alan. “Where We Go From Here.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 295-316. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.


References

Tinto, Vincent. “Epilogue: Moving from Theory to Action.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, 317-333. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Tinto, Vincent. “Forward.” In College Student Retention: Formula for Student Success, edited by Alan Seidman, ix-xiv. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005.

Tinto, Vincent. “Research and Practice of Student Retention: What Next?” Journal of College Student Retention 8, no. 1 (2006): 1-19.

Tinto, Vincent. “Taking Student Retention Seriously,” Annual Recruitment and Retention Conference, Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Austin, TX, 19 June 2001. Retrieved 4 Jan 2010 from http://www.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/fsd/c2006/docs/takingretentionseriously.pdf


References

Titus, Marvin A. “An Examination of the Influence of Institutional Context on Student Persistence at 4-year Colleges and Universities: A Multilevel Approach.” Research in Higher Education 45 no 7 (2004) 673-699.

University of Lethbridge. “Goals and Performance Measures.” 2006-07 Annual Report to Alberta Advanced Education and Technology. http://www.uleth.ca/vpadmin/Documents/Annual%20Report_06-07_Ver%201.0_Jan%207-08%20FINAL.pdf

University of Lethbridge. “Record of Success.” Accountability. http://www.uleth.ca/accountability/record.html.

Watson, Lemuel W. “How do Students’ Perceptions of their Library Usage Influence Their Educational Outcomes?” College Student Journal (Sep 2001). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCR/is_3_35/ai_80744649/print.


References

Weiner, Sharon. “The Contribution of the Library to the Reputation of a University.” Journal of Academic Librarianship (Jan 2009): 3-13.

Whitmire, Ethelene. “Academic Library Performance Measures and Undergraduates’ Library Use and Educational Outcomes.” Library and Information Science Research 24 (2002): 107-128.

Wilder, Stanley. “Library Jobs and Student Retention.” College & Research Libraries News (Dec 1990): 1035-1038.

Zepke, Nick and Linda Leach. “Integration and Adaptation: Approaches to the Student Retention and Achievement Puzzle.” Active Learning in Higher Education 6, no. 1 (2005): 46-59.


LORELEI HARRIS OLA CONFERENCE 2010 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN [email protected] (PREVIOUSLY AT UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE) Academic Libraries & Student Retention.

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