1.0 DESCRIPTION OF PLAY 1.1 Introduction Lords of the Sierra Madre is a game for two to eight play- ers. Players assume the role of an entrepreneur in proto-revo- lutionary Mexico around the turn of the century as they build empires of lumber, banks, mines, ranches, and ca sinos. Play- ers may start revolutions and wars or go into politics or espio- nage. The winner is the player accumulating the most gold. 1.2 Rules Organization The rules are organized into three broad sections. The first is a description of the components and their use (sections 2.0-6.9). The second section is the detailed sequence of play (7.0-14.4). The third consists of game tips, designer's notes, historical commentary, and an index (15.0-18.0). 1.3 Sequence of Play Each Lords of the Sierra Madre game turn is one quarter year (one season) long. The game begins in the Winter Quar- ter of 1898. Each Quarterly turn is subdivided into ten seg- ments. 1) REVEAL CARD. Turn over one quarterly card on the time track. 2) INVESTORS' CAPITAL. Each hacendado is given the amount of investor's gold pieces (also described in shorthand fashion as "Au" for the chemical symbol for gold) shown in the lower right corner of the card turned over. EXCEP TIONS: See 8.21 and 8.24. 3) PROFITS. An y C cards on the bottom (profit) track of their calendar net a profit per 8.3. 4) CAPITALIZATION. One Au is paid for each immature card on the hacendado's calendar timeline per 8.41. 5) CARD AUCTION. Except for Event ("E") cards, the over- turned card is bid on by the players per 8.5. If no player puts any money on it, the card goes into the discard pile. Once players agree to roll-off a tie, no further bids are accepted. Ove rturned E card s are applied at this time in the place of the auction. 6) COMMON CARD AUCTION. Players may now put Com- mon Cards (troops, police, rifles, railroads, subornation) up for auction. They may also sell or trade any of their cards with other players. Players may purchase Rifles at a cost of 2 Au each (6.5.2). Haciendas at profit of zero may be raised one by spending one Au (8.31). 7) MATURATION. Any cards that have matured on the calen- dar time line are placed into the bottom track (Profit Track) of the calendar per 8 .7. Roll for assay profit if the card is a mine (see the mine assay profit table on the mapsheet). Place enter- prise counters on the map. If any W, B, 0, or R cards are pur- chased, the associated counters are placed on the map per 5.3. 8) MORDIDA. Players announce if playing an M card or a strike card (see 9.0) by discarding it. 9) TACTICAL ROUNDS. If any players wish to move any of their counters or conduct combat, determine player order per 10.1 and commence Tactical Rounds. No tactical rounds are allowed in winter. 10) REFURBISHMENT. After all players agree that tactical movement is over for that quarter, all 0 and B troops are re- turned to a fort or HQ per 12.1. Depleted counters are refur- per 12.25-12.26. Move the turn marker on each calendar ahead one. -2.0 COMPONE NTS Components List 1 24 page Rulebook 1 22" X 34" Mapsheet 8 11 " X 17" Hacendado Calendars 145 Quarterly Cards 1
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Every police block is assumed to be occupied by a police counter
and one rifle counter; city and capital police blocks contain
two police counters, each with rifles. These counters are not
placed upon the map unless activated.
6.61 Police activation occurs in the following circumstances:
a. If Police are not. player con trolled. Police are activated
only if a criminal enters the police block or attempts to pass
through it. A criminal is any counter that committed a crime
that quarter. Police so activated automatically interdict (per
10.4), and automatically counterattack the interdicted counters
during the interdicted counters' combat phase.
b. If Police are player controlled. Players holding Cards
B4, 07, or 08 are able to activate the Police within the territory
specified whenever a cou nter not of the'Police color enters the
block. They may only assault Red counters; other colors may
only be interdicted. Criminal leaders, hacendados, or illegalrifles entering the block may be searched for and seized per the
night raid procedure (see 11.51); if they fail, these units are not
interdicted. They may also confiscate any rifles or gold w ithin
their block if the player owning those items does anything crimi-nal, again per the night raid procedure (11.51). Gold or riflesseized or taxed by the Police is lost.
6.62 Police cannot move an d never surrender. Their leadership
is always one. They are eligible for the die modifier under
11.32a. Du ring tactical rounds, the Player controlling the Po-
lice is allowed to order them to surrender their rifle counters to
Government troops which have had theirs removed through
depletion.
6.63 Players holding a Police card (B4, 07, 08) who allow
criminal troops or leaders to pass through a police block with-
out attempting.to attack or arrest them are forced to relinquishthe Police card for rebidding next quarter.
6.7 Strikers
Strikers are Red coun ters which do not exist until activated by
the controlling player during the M ordida segment (see 9.4 for
effects of a strike). Strikers may not commit a crime until at-
tacked in that quarter. If strikers are attacked, they may burn
the enterprise they are striking per 11.7. If the enterprise is a
railroad, see 11.76 for burning bridges.
6.71 Strikers who have been attacked can disband in their round
in place of attacking or b urning, thus avoiding a coun terattack.
A disband ed striker counter is returned to the controlling player,
in either a full strength or depleted con dition, without rifles (if
any).
6.72 The own ing player may reuse the card and the counter on
subsequent q uarters. Strikers, like Police, never surrender.
6.73 Artillery, Gunboats, and Aeroplanes cannot attack Strik-ers.
6.8. Gunboats & the Steam Ferry
6.81 Gun boats are treated as artillery. Gunboats (cal oneros in
Spanish) may only be damaged by artillery, including other
gunboats, or aeroplanes. They may move up to four coastal
blocks per tactical round and can't double move. They may
transport up to 6 combat cou nters, plus any amount of cash orleaders/hacendados. All counters and leaders on board a gun-
boat or steam ferry are lost if the ship is depleted twice (sinks).
Ships may only attack an d be attacked by units within the coastal
block (see 3.8) they occupy. The owner of a gunboat or steam
ferry may charge a fee or other compensation for transporta-
tion services.
6.82 The Steam Ferry (RR12) is treated as a Gunboat in all
respects, except that it is unarmed. W hen RR 12 com pletes capi-
talization, place the Steam Ferry counter in Guaymas or Yum a.
If it is destroyed, rail card RR12 is considered disabled, and
can no longer improve profits of plantations, etc., until such
time as it has been. recapitalized. The owner can charge any
fees for the use of his ship. Ferry owners receive 1 Au (sam e as
rail fees, 8.33, 8.37) for each plantation, ranch, or mine used in
a link to Guaymas. The ferry counter must not be depleted, but
does not hav e to be in any particular coastal block for this link
to exist.
6.9 Counter Availability
If players run out of any counter during the game. tokens or
spare counters can be used to substitute. However, if players
run out of gold counters during the course of the game. only
enough tokens should be substituted to finish that turn, since
the game then ends per 14.2b.
7.0 GAME SET UP
7.1 Hacendado Cards
These are the nine Common Cards (C1-C9) with portraits.
Hacendados are powerful landowners. Each player chooses one
at random and selects a set of colored markers. The card speci-
fies the location of the hacienda (a ranch/farm over 10.000 hect-
ares in area) that each hacendado owns at the start of the game.
Hacendados not picked at the start of the game are not avail-
able for purchase at any time during the game (Exception: see
7.6 Late Arrivals).
7.2 Quarterly Cards
Shuffle the Quarterly Cards and place four, face down, on each
year on the mapsheet track. The Common Cards are separated
by type and put into piles face up n ekt to the treasury.
7.3 Hacendado Counters
Place an Enterprise counter on the mapsheet at the location
corresponding to the Hacendado drawn by each player. Place a
"0" leader counter at ea ch location.
7.4 Calendar Setup
Give one Hacendado Calendar to each player. Place the
Hacendado Card on the bottom track in the number 1 b ox sym-
bolizing both the size and yearly income of the hacienda. An
Enterprise marker of the player's color is placed in the first
"Winter" box, to serve as a turn marker.
7.5 Treasury
One player is delegated the responsibility of running the trea-
sury. He gives each player 0 , 1, or 2 Au 's as a starting stake as
mutually agreed by the players.
7.6 Late Arrivals
A player entering the game late is asked to draw an unused
Hacendado Card, which is placed upon a calendar at a profi
equal to the number of years that have passed. For instance, if a
player enters in 1901 after four years of game time have passe d
his hacienda is placed in Profit Block four on the bottom row
of his calendar. He is paid 1 Au for each year of the game he
8.51 LAIS SEZ-FAIRE. Players may fre ely buy, sell, loan, ex-change. or donate their cards or money to other players. Any
loans other than per 8.42 must be for the duration of the quar-
ter, and the player the card was loaned to has absolute control
of that card , including its return .
8.52 COOPERATING ON A BID. Players may cooperate on
bidding on an enterprise, or capitalizing an.enterprise. They
may ag ree, for example, to split the costs an d sp lit the profits.All such agreements must include payment times and must
specify who will actually hold the card on their calendar. All
ag reements are nonbinding, and the player actually holding thecard ca n c onf iscate it at any time or refuse to hand over profits ,etc .
8.53 BORDER STORES. Any gold spent on W cards (either
bidding or maturing) goes to the owner of any store of the
buyer's choice, or to the treasury if no store is open or if the
purchaser owns the only store. Items purchased from a store
arrive at that store's location. If purchased from the treasury,
they arr ive at any police block containing a store sym bol . Play-ers cannot buy from their own store using the hacendado 's fun ds .However, a player's puppets, using the puppet's cash, can pa -
tronize the store. See 8.62 for rifle purchas es .
8.6 Common Card Auction
may now put Common Cards (troops, police, railroads,smelters, subornation, U.S. press) up for bidding. They may
purchase rif les. They m ay also sell o r trade an y of their c ards toanother player. They may pay to raise their haciendas fromze ro to one profit. There is no set sequence to this au ction. Anyplayer may open the bidding for an auction of any Common
Card, however only one auction may occur at one time. Any
disputes as to what card goes up for auction next can be re-
solved with a dice roll. If players need to, they can roll fo r high
dice to determine who goes first in this segment, with high dicegoing first and taking any one action, putting any one card forbid, or passing. W he n all players hav e passed once around , thissegment ends.
8.61 EMERGENCY SHAREHOLDERS' MEETING. In the
following instances, cardholders must give up their cards for
re bidding due to a meet ing of the shareholde rs :
a. If a crime is committed in a police block or criminals
enter the police block and the Police do not attempt to attack
the criminals, the Police Chief is fired and his card is given upfor rebidding.
b. If a railroad ow ner wishes to de ny u sa ge o f his ra il line t o
paying customers,.he must shut down the whole line. This pre-vents anyone from using the rail. For instance, if hostile
bandidos attempt to use the rail, the line may be shut down.
This shut down is permanent until the card goes up for biddingnext q uarter .
.c. If a hacendado shuts down an enterpr ise or railroad thatmakes money, thus denying dividends for his shareholders (pre-sumably because he wanted to deny lumber, smelting, or rail
profits to an opp onent) , then the card mus t be-relinquished forrebidding next quarter. Enterprises that make zero profit, for
instance a mine whose profits' are eaten by rail fees, may be
freely shut down by turning over the card until such time as itbe co mes profitable.
d. If the hospital (M7) refuses to tend to troops willing to
pay 1 Au for each undepletion, the owner relinquishes it fo
re bidding.
8.62 PU RCHASING RIFLES. Rifles are purchased for 2 Audu ring the Com mon Card Auction Segment from any store (othe treasury if no store has been established). Store owners
since they can get rifles wholesale, pay only 1 Au per rifle
counter to the treasury . Store ow ner s must pay I Au to the trea-su ry for each rifle counter they sell or give away (or is stolense e 11.65).
a. Une scorted rifles , like gold, may move only by rail or shipmovement, or one counter may be carried-by a hacendado olea der counter (as ba ggage only ). Unescorted rifles a re c onsid-ered Blue in America, Orange in Guaymas and Red in the resof Mexico. Once Red, they remain so for the duration of th
qu arter and m aybe searched for pe r 11.6. This is a consequenceof arms caches being legal in America, but illegal as soon as
they are im ported into M exico. -b. Players are allowed to use any store location as a starting
point for their W . cards if no s tores h ave been b uilt. If the storin Guaym as, Sonora (the Ge rm an s tore) i s used, wea pons s tarting there are legal until moved outside the police block.
EXAMPLE: Rifles in a town in America are assumed to b
sitting in a warehouse, perfectly legal and protected by police
Blue or Orange counters cannot seize them (except in war)
Only Red can attempt to Night Raid them per 11.5. If the rifle
move into Mexico, they become Red, and Blue, Orange, or Re
counters can search for them per the search and seizure proce
dure (see 11.6).
8.7 Maturation
Any cards that ha ve mat ured on the cal endar time line are place don the bottom track (Profit T rack) of the calendar according t
their initial profit. Roll for assay profit if the card is a minereferring to the table on the mapsheet.
8.71 VO LUNTARY SH UTDO WN. O ccasio nally a mine or rail
ro ad may be voluntari ly shut down because it is not econ omcally viable or it is heavily taxed. This is shown by placing itca rd face down on the profit track. Shutting down a rail or enter prise may sub ject the owner to an emergency sh areholder
meeting per 8.61.
8.72 COUNTER PLA CEM EN T. If any W , B , 0, or R cards arpu rchased, the associated counters are placed on the board wheth e card is matur e. The counte rs are placed in th e D istrict specfied on the card. They may be put in or out of t he police bloc k
if any .
a. IN ITIAL PLACEM EN T. Counters in the distric t can st ac
either in the police block, with a hacendado, with others
their own color, or start a new stack. Counters in the polic
block must stack together.
b. ENTERPRISES. An enterprise counter of the player
color is placed on the map for each C or RR card he mature
The count er is pl aced ov er the m ap she et icon locatio n. For railthe counter is placed over the square that s tates the rail's designa ted number. In addition, the enterprise markers are gener
and may suffice to mark any type of C location regardless o
the counter illustra tion. If players run ou t of enterprise markeof their color, they may use others of an unused color or wha
Each quarter in which a co unte r or co unte rs su rr en de r, the lea d-ership of the victorious leader is raised by one rank. His card(which may be a troop card or a leader card), is shifted onehigher on the calendar. If a hacendado is leading the tro op s, hiscard is not sh if ted , b ut his co unte r is re placed by one w ith th ehigher ra nk .
11.81 Units that have decla red L ey de Fuga (which in cludes allRed Units), never increase their leadership in battle since noone will surrender to them. Instead, these troops increase inleadership for every successful night raid (for rifles, gold, orleaderslhacendados).
11.82 MAXIM UM LEADERSHIP VALUE. The highe st le ad -ership attainable is four. The leadership value for any leadermay only be in cr ea se d by combat /nigh t raid once per quart er.11.83 ATTACKING FRIENDLY COUNTERS. A pl ayer maywant to enhance his troop's leadership, enslave friendly Indi-ans, pr ovok e Str iker s i nt o bur ning , o r co lle ct a bo un ty per EventCard E16 by attacking other counters that he owns. Whatever
the reason, the defending card, which has been "double-cro ss ed ," goe s up fo r reb id ding immedia tely follo w ing the at-tac k (a nd doe s not cou nte rat ta ck due to surpr ise ). Remem berOra ng e co un te rs ca nn ot attack oth er Oran ge , an d Blue ca n ne ve ratt ac k Blue. T roops th at go up fo r re biddin g, wheth er be ca usethey have been double-crossed, or because of the superstitionof Halley's comet, have their counters removed from the mapif no one buy s them. Thei r car ds are discarded (if quarte rly) orre turned to the co mmon card deck (i f com mon) .
11.9 Extended Example of Tactica l RoundsFIR S T T UR N : T he T erraz as play er cont rols a bandido counterin the S ierra M ad re, s o the other play ers are a bit f ret ful w henhe announces at the start of tactical turns that he inten
ds tomove. A check is made to see if any other players with morecards than T erraz as w ish to m ov e. N one do. S o Terraz as m ov eshis bandidos f rom Pa Gotz in K ay to the adjace nt N acoz ari dis -trict, volunteering the soothing information that his guerrillasare just going to "pick up rif les in B isbee, that's all ".
The Greene player has fewer cards than Terrazas, and hem ov es nex t. He nerv ously ev acuates his hacendado from S anRafael to Tucson, using rails. Furthermore, he double movesan echelon of federales tw o distric ts (from A riz pe to N acoz ari)attack ing the bandidos. T he do uble m ov e dep le te s the Fed eralco unter plus its rif e cou nt er; the Fede ral artill ery canno t do ub lem ov e and lags behin d.
Greene rolls two die (one for each counter attacking). Hehope s for at le ast on e "one ", w hich w ou ld dep le te th e unarm edband its and force th em to su rrender, raising his f ederales lead-ersh ip by one. How ev er, both dice roll tw o or hig her, and m isstotally . The single counter of bandits roll a "two" in.counter-attack and m iss as w ell.
S ECON D T UR N : T he ot her play ers m ov e th eir forces de fen-sively . Then Terrazas moves his bandits to'Cananea, into thepolice block, and spends his combat round burning Greene'ssmelter (lowering its capacity from 6 to 5). The non-playercontrolled policia plus rifle counter are activated, and coun-te rattack the bandidos, but m iss w ith both dice. Greene m ov eshis Federals, plus artill
ery, in for a revenge strike. He-rolls
four dice (three counters plus one for the artillery bonus) buall four roll higher than a one, and the bandits also miss theicounte rattack . N ot e that the count erattack for both the polic iaand the bandidos subtract one f rom each roll because they aredef en ding a police block .
T HIR D T UR N : T he Fall play er moves hi s A riz ona Rang er s toCananea district
to attack th e bandits, but he m isses. T erraz asdoesn't m ov e his band it s, and spends th ei r com bat roun d (rath erthan attacking either the Federals, policia, or the Rangers)burning the sm elter again (no w its capacity is 4). T hi s burningis co unte rattack ed by th e polic ia, but th ey m iss again. Greenesfed erates don't m ov e, and attack again , but they too m iss. T hebandits (lead ersh ip of on e), on the other ha nd , are qui te lu ck yand roll a "2 "for each of their tw o counterattack s (one is sub-tracte d for d efen ding a police block ). T he federales choo se todeple te their artil lery , and th e R angers deple te th eir rif le s. (A tthis point, the orange policia with its rifle :and the bandidocounter oc cu py the Cananea police block , and the R angers andthe federales occupy two separate stacks outside the police
bloc k ).FOURTH TURN: The Rangers are forced (b y treaty ) to wal kback across the border. T he bandidos m ov e one closer to B isbe e(to Cananea). The federales follow and again attack (againw ith four die), and again both the attack and counterattack arein de ci siv e.
FIFTH TURN: The Terrazas bandits enter Bisbee and its po-lice block and spend their com bat rou nd pick ing up the rif les .T erraz as of fers the play er control lin g th e U.S . po lice in B isbeethree gold not to attack these criminals. Although picking uplegally -o w ne d rif les is not a crim e, th e bandits hav e com m ittedseveral other crimes this quarter, such as burning. Thus thisplayer, in
accepting the bribe, will be forced to surrender hisU.S. police card for rebidding during the next common cardauction segm ent.
On his tu rn, Gree ne think s that perhaps he should no t m ov ehis batte red fed erates into A m erica and attack the now -arm edbandits again. He of fers to end tactical m ov es if ev ery one elseagrees, hoping to stop the rampage by this goodwill gesture.Ev ery one agrees. T he federales return to a fort (M oct ez um a),and Greene returns to SanRafael during rebasing. Banditsdon't rebase; they lo iter in B isbee.
12.0 REBASING & REFURBISHMENT
12.1 Rebasing
After all players agree that Tactical Rounds are over, Orangeand Blue counters (including white counters that have beendeclare d Orange or Blu e) are placed in a dis tric t of their choicew ithin their home territory th at contain s a fo rt or HQ. Mult ip lemilita ry fo rc es of a terr itory may reb as e to the sam e fort or HQ.Hacendados m ov e to the enterprise m arke r of th eir choice, alongwith all th eir gold .
12.2RefurbishmentFollow ing Rebas ing, deple ted and eliminate d Combat countersmay be re sto re d to fu ll st rength.12.21 DISCARDS. 0, B, W, or R Cards which have had allth eir Com bat co un te rs el im inat ed ar e di sca rd ed . C om m on Car dsth us discarded in this manner are avai lable for
str ike bosse s, r ebe l lead er s, a nd other M car ds who are electedinto office lose their office if their card is ever played (dis-ca rded) . That is, if they star t lawsuits, s trik es , revo lut ion s, e tc .the y are boo ted out o f off ice. Th e player as sum es the power ofthe office through his puppet if his puppet is elected, but willlose the se pow er s if that pu ppe t's ca rd is lost fo r an y rea so n.
a . Militar y lead ers or regional pu pp ets of on e terr ito ry mayrun fo r elect ion in the o
the r te rr itor ies . If they win, a na melessleader may assume the command they vacate, or the owningplay er may choose to as sum e the co mmand at h is cur ren t lea d-ership.
13.18 Players keep th eir puppet's taxes and war booty se para tefrom th eir stash .
Example: Suppose the Chihuahua Gubernatorial ElectionCard turns u p. A lbert Fall, an A m erican hacen dado and there -fore ineligible to personally run, puts an Au on the card andanno unces that Jose Iv es L im antour (a law y er puppet of his onthe M ex ican S uprem e Court) is runn ing , at leadership tw o. T hehacen dado Y sdbel d ec ide s to personally run and puts dow n sixgold for himself. After all the gold is down, each, candidate
rolls for campaign contributions. Y sdbel has a leadership ofz ero and theref ore receiv es no co ntributio ns , so his f inal bid isthe 6 Au he spent. Someone rolls for the contributions of theincum ben t, C reel, and suppose a "10 " is rolle d on tw o die (Cree lis leadership 2). In order to beat Creel in this election,L im anto ur'c roll (using tw o die) plus the . 1 , A u s pen t o n h im byFall, must be greater than 10.
13.19 Players winning a gubernatorial election should eithermove th eir counter to the app ro priate capital ( if the Hacendadohimself ran), or place a leader of the appropriate value on themap at the capital (in the case, of New Mexico or Texas, theGovernor is placed off-map). On-map Governors are vulner-
ab le to night ra ids . They lose the ir gub ern atorial powers if the ybegin any quarter outside their territorial Capital (or are on-map in the ca se of New M ex ico or Tex as) . Gov ern or s of NewMex ico or Te xas may en ter the map during Tact ica l Roun ds byen ter ing an ar ea in the ir respec tive state .
13.2 Gubernatorial PowersA leader or hacendado elected Governor raises his leadershipby on e and ac qu ires a nu mber of sp ecial p ow er s.
.13 .21 MEXICAN GOVERNORS. A puppet or hacendadoelected governor of a Mexican territory collects any orangecard s, includin g polic ia, withi n hi s te rr itor y from di sc a rd s, o th erplay ers , or th e Com mon Card stack , with th e ex ce ptio n of theR urales. Any Oran ge car ds of th e co rr esp ond ing
te rr ito ry thattu rn up in the. Quar ter ly car d au ct ion go to the play er con trol-lin g the Govern or with no cost or au ction (ex cept R urales) . Hemay use these fo rces to collect taxes without the 1 Au lim it of1 0. 8, however taxation is limited by the capacity of the stackper 10.6. The collected taxes are split evenly between the taxcol lec ting coun ter 's command er and the Gov ernor with any od dam ou nt go ing to th e co m m a nde r. The G ove rn or' s sh a re is sto redat the Gover nor's mansion in his ca pita l. A Mexican Gove rno rmay ann ounce a Red-f lag Rebe llion, which ch anges al l his ter-ri torial fo rce s to Red.
NOTE: D es pite their na me, fede ra l co ntrol of the federaleswas wea k dur ing th is per iod . The rurales wer e establ ishe d by
President Diaz to counterbalance the state's control of thefederales.
13.22 AMERICAN GOVERNORS. A puppet or hacendado
elected Gove rn or of an Amer ica n terr itory get s co ntrol of oneco unte r of ran gers. T he Arizona go ve rno r acqu ires the ArizonaRange r card (C ard 113) from whereve r it is . American gove r-nors also have control of all the police within their territory,
although they do not automatically acquire the police card.which remains whereve r i t is .
13 .23 RAILROAD SUBSIDIES. B oth Americ an an d Mex icango ver no rs ma y su bs id iz e the con st ruct ion of on e RR ca rd with intheir ter rito ry* using treasur y fund ing , a lthoug h they must stillbid for it out of th eir own pickets. R ailroads with most of t heirdist ricts within a ter ritory are cons ide red ra ils of tha t ter ritor y.
13 .24 LAW SUIT S & W ARRANTS. A Gove rno r m ay nu lli fyany law su its or warra nts within his te rr ito ry, or pard on prison-ers . He may iss ue warrant s fo r the arrest of any W hite or Redcounter in his Territory, even Leaders, mercenaries, andhace nd ados who have committed no crime. .
13.25 PARDONS. Gove rn ors may par don prisone rs con fin edto penitentiaries under their control. Pardoned prisoners areimmune from being arrested that quarter until they commit acr im e.
13.3 Presidential Elections13 .3 1 MEXICAN PRESID ENCY Any hacendado or milita ryco m m ande r with a lea ders hip of a t lea st 3 m ay run fo r the Presi-dency of M ex ico by bidding for the M2 Common Card. Theinc um ben t ( D ia z) also bid s fo r it aut om a tica lly with his leade r-ship of four. Othe r hacendados may bid, backing monetarily
ei the r th e hacend ado chal lenger, th e incumben t, or th emselvesif qualified. All gold spent is lost to the treasury whether onewins or loses.
a. MEXICAN CHALLENGERS. If th e challen ger is a troo plea der pu pp et or gov er nor , then hi s co un ter(s ) of troop s tu rn sRed (as red-flaggers, 9.2) as a result of entering the Mexicanpresident ia l election. Running ag ainst th e incum ben t pres id entof Mex ico is a crim e.
b. CAPIT ALIZ IN G THE M2 CA RD. Unlik e the Guber na -to rial ca rd s, t he M 2 ca rd m us t be ca pi talized . Aft er the M 2 ca rdis matured in four quarters, the winner assumes power onlywhen the police of a city in both Sonora and Chihuahua areelimina ted or Red and un der his control. This ou sts th e incu m-be nten t dictato r (D iaz).
13.32 AMERICAN PRESIDENCY. Candidates for the U.S.
Presidency must be American and have a leadership of four.They must win the Ml card (Democratic Primary) during theCom mon Ca rd auc tio n of a n electio n yea r. T he M1 card is no tavailable for bidding except in U.S. election years, which are19 00 (R ep ubl ican con tende r is McK in ley) , 1 90 4 (R oo seve lt) ,1908 (Taf t), 1912 and 1916 (W ilso n).
a. U.S. CHALLENGERS. McKinley has a leadership offour, the other U.S. can didates hav e lead er ship of five.
b. 1912 ELECTION. D ur ing the 1912 elect ion . Teddy Roo-sevelt runs with a leadership of four as his own Progressive("B ul l Moo se" ) party cand idate , in ad dition to W ilso n.
c. FOU R MORE YEARS. Once elected Pres ide nt. the posi -tion is h
eld unt il the W in ter of the nex t elec tion ye ar at which17
ing Reba sing, thu s rel inq uishing the ca rd fo r reb idd ing amongelig ible playe rs nex t q ua rter.
13.58 ENDING HOSTIL IT IES. If the player holding the high-es t l ead er ship car d of the Amer ican fo rce s and his coun te rp artcom manding the Mexica n forces co me to an agreem ent, then ane w inter nat ional bo un da ry may be de termine d, a nd war ru lesend. Leaders and hacendados arrested during war remain injail until they can bribe the Governor or Presiden
t to releasethem. Combat counters that committed war crimes against theirown citiz ens go up for court ma rtial at the end o f the wa r, whichputs their card up for rebidding. Even so, those counters keepal l the war boo ty and gold they stole during the war .
14.0 VICTORY CONDITIONS
14.1 The M exican RevolutionBeginning in 1907, players will roll two dice during each Re-furbishment Phase. On a modified roll of "13" or more, thegame ends as a general Revolution has occurred in Mexico.Certain E cards (El, E2, E4, E10, E12) modify the die roll byadd ing one to the roll. Once each of these events ha s occ urred,set the card to the side as a reminder
to add +1. The effect ofthese cards is cumulative (i.e. once two are drawn add +2 to thedie ro ll) .
14.2 End of the GameThe end of the game comes when one of the following occ urs:
a. All players agree- to halt .
b. The tre asury runs ou t of funds.
c. The Mexican Re vo lution occ urs (see 14.1) .
d. Playe rs ar e also free to se t a tim e lim it on the gam e. buthis will lead to a stilted ga me near the end .
14.3 Monetary VictoryThe winne r is . the playe r with the most go ld at the en d of thegame. The. g old must b e s tored or mo ve d to the playe r's counterlocatio n C card or ban k. At the gam e's en d, al l play er s re ce ive
I Au for every C and RR card on their calendar, both matureand immature . This paym ent is made eve n if the treasury is outof fu nd s. All o ther pro pe rty is as sum ed nat ion aliz ed or lost tothe Revolution. IOUs deduct from a player's ending victoryto ta l.
14.4 Saturnalian VictoryA Saturnalian victory goes to the player becoming the nextMexica n d ictator w ho gets to live in a fabulou s pala ce and hav epower beyond imagining before dying violently within a fewmonths.
15.0 GAME TIPS & DESIGNER'S NOTES
15.1 Rai lroad sIt is not a good idea to acquire railroads on speculation (hoping
they will prove useful), except for the trunk rails (RR I, RR2, RR3).Many players build rails to their ranch as their firs t big purchase. Th isis because there may not be much else for them to do in the initialyear. Rails increase the value of your ranch and possibly provide anesc ape ro ute. B ut rem em be r, it may be ch ea per to inc re ase th e va lueof yo ur hacienda by simply re inves ting its summer prof its . Its be st t obui ld rai ls only if you r opp on ent ha s no mili tar y fo rc es along the ra ilto avo id fac ilitating taxing or inv as ion of your own property. ( Histori-cally, President Diaz subsidized the trunk railroads connectingGuaymas and Ciudad Chihuahua to the U.S.. His critics charged hewas b uilding a U.S . inv asion rou te. ) If an opponen t bids on a rail to hisranch, consider bidding against him, particularly if it services morethan one ra nc h or has a larg e nu mber of po ssib le en ter pris es list ed onthe bo tto m of t he RR ca rd .
15.2 Haciendas
Always reinvest (in the Summer of '98) from I to 2; you can al-ways liq uidat e th is inv estmen t imm ed iately in to a go ld piece . D ue tothe high infla tio n, it is ha rd to judge when to re inv est yo ur r an ch , bu t
profit level four s ee ms to be a good plat eau . Howeve r. if you ar e tax-able, y ou sho uld re inv es t ev ery su mm er un til it rea che s the maxim umvalue of 7. If loans are coming due or if the card for that summer looksinte res ting, d o n ot re inve st.
15.3 Slave PlantationsThe se are more vo la tile th an haciendas. Note that Yaqu i coun ter s
under your control will not peacefully enslave themselves at yourplantatio n; you must fight them with other troops. Also note that plan-ta tio ns along th e co as t are vulner able to gu nb oa ts.
15.4 MinesTher e is a 12% ch an ce ea ch qua rtero f a mine app ea ring; b y 190 7
about f ive mines will hav e come up. Early in the game. a single playershould not at tem pt a mine unless he has about enough gold in his hand
Period painting of ahacienda.
to la st until sum m er, w hen ha cienda prof its com e in. M any w inn ersha ve ful l or pa rt o w ner ship of mine s, b ut rem em be r that sm el ter s an dlum ber ra ilr oa ds can be ju st a s prof ita ble . Even if you los e an auct ionfo r a mine , yo u sho uld as k your se lf "If t hat mine tu rns ou t to be prof-
itab le, who will ta x it? W ho w ill p ro tec t it? H ow st able is t he gov er n-ment? W hat is t he chea pest rail line to it? Who w ill provide th e lu m-b er and sm elt in g? H ow pro te cte d is it again st law sui ts or str ik es?"Copp er mines ar e m or e vola tile th an gold /s ilv er one s, t ending to sk y-roc ket du ring w ar s or pl um met during de pre ssions .
15.5 Border Stores
A nea t trick to pro fit fro m ta x m one y collec ted by you r federatesif you are a` sto re ow ner is to hav e you r Ora nge co un te rs buy rifles.etc. fro m your st ore, whet her or not they need th em.
15.6 Banks
B e sur e to have th e cont rol of the local po lice (a t least in Mexico)befo re sta rting a bank or ca sin o, th is will p re ven t taxa tion. If ano therbank co m es up, do ev ery thi ng you ca n to hold on to your mono po ly.
If you are a player that l ikes to liv e on the edg e an d inve st to the
max imum, rem em be r th at 6 3% of th e ca rds ha ve inve stmen t ca pi tal o f
on e, a nd 5 % have i nvestmen t capital o f tw o. You can bank on summ er
profits from your ranch if the area is stable. Do not buy everything,
money is very tight! If you run into trouble, try liquidating horses
from yo ur ran ch or ask ing for loans fro m oth er play ers be for e ac qui-
esc ing to th e ba nk's usur ious ra tes . Be ca use of the loss of your stake
and fu ture inves tor s' capi tal . aba nd on c ap italization of an en terprise
only as a last resort: ins tead, s ell it i f possible for ca sh to the m or tgage
or offer play ers 50 % of t he pro fi t if they will help with the capital iza,
tion. Swap enterprise cards to consolidate your empire and make it
more de fen sib le. If anot her player is dominant , go in to a pa rtn ership
with so meone else and po ol y ou r ca sh to outbid the do minan t playe r
fo r e nterpr ises. (P er 8.52, it mu st be a greed with yo ur pa rtner w ho wi ll
hold th e card and who will cap ita lize the ve ntu re. Use spa re co unte rs
to signify which quarters on the calendar are to. be capitalized by a
partner). Don't let your opponent have cards cheap; bid him up on
them if you are sure he is willing to pay more for it. Make lots of
deals. There are a lot of win/win situations provided, for instance,
bui lding rails or smelter s to a mine will ben efi t bo th playe rs.
15.8 IntegrityEve n thou gh d ea ls a ren 't b ind ing , it is best to honor a ll d eals fa ith-
fu lly. Exp er ienc e show s t hat co ope rat ion is o ften requ ired to wi n, a nd
play ers won't dea l with tho se they suspe ct . Strang ely , it is m y exp eri-
en ce that player s tend to sup por t ev en clearly winn ing pla yer s as long
as it pr ofits them as w ell . W hile qu ite common in rea lity, th is i s a l ittle
mys terious in a gam e in wh ich there is only on e "w inne r," but perhap s
each pl aye r ha s thei r ow n vic tory co ndi tions. This does no t pr eclude
th e possib ilit y of a tot ally un civiliz ed gam e, as the gam e is wha tev er
th e playe rs make of it. I hav e play tes ted over 100 gam es (o ver 50 of
th em logg ed in a det ai led log book) at co nven tions, gam es club s, et c.
and ea ch gam e is vast ly dif ferent, Many player s like dea ling an d ne-
gotiatin g, man y l ike the ec ono mi c ga me , some lik e t he politica l game ,
some love the tactical game, some like double-crossing, and some
(m ay be all) are powe r m onge rs. When you have d ifferent game r t ype sin the sam e game. ther e is bo und to be fric tion, b ut the con fronta tion s
can be most interesting and instructive. It is amusing to see how an
economic player deals with a belligerent one. Each game is a little
exp eriment i n th e mor ality of un reg ula ted ca pital ism .
15.9 Stock Crash
If th is happ ens ea rly , ex pect to se e, y ears fly ing by with lit tle ac -
tio n other t han pe rha ps a few bandidos ba tt ling in a desol at e waste-
land ov er p os session of a single go ld piece . Fo rtify yo ur haciendas, as
these may be the last source of income you will ever see. Abandon
un ca pita lized railroad s a nd ban ks, ev en mines, if t her e is more tha n a
yea r or tw o of ca pitalizatio n to run with ou t funds for it. The re is a 8%
ch anc e of the crash en ding each qu ar ter.
15.10 Porfirista Forcesu are based in Mexico, it makessense to buy the closest 0
car d to yo u (taking rai l mo ve men t in to acc oun t) ear ly . I f y ou don 't or
can 't, move as soon as you have a C ente rp rise so mewher e. e lse . The
most popular 0 cards are the rurales, due to the ir immun ity to red-
flagge r re vol ts and th eir high leader sh ip , whic h m akes the com m ande rs
Barron and Kosterlitzky common candidates for governor.
Kos terlitzky's historical c areer w as colo rfu l. A de serter from the Cza r's
Nav y, h e gained fav or w ith Pr esid en t Diaz for va lor dur ing the Yaqu i
wa rs and wa s a ppo inted chief o f the el ite and ruthless 3rd Ru ral Cor ps
in Magd alena. Sonor a. H e co oper ate d with the Arizona Ran gers and
ma intained an ef ficien t sp y ne tw ork. O verwhe lmed by Obreg6n in the
19 13 bat tle for No gales. he escape d to Arizona wh ere he joined U. S.
in te llig enc e. r unn in g co unt ere spiona ge ope rat ions ag ain st G erm an sp y
rings.
15.11 Other Forces
ards(US forces) areless valuabe than0cards because of all
the r es trict ions o n them , bu t i f they are not bough t, even tua lly law less
ele m ents will di sru pt the ente rpr ises in the U.S. t err itor ies. Try to con -
sol ida te a "sphe re of influen ce." Cont rol ling bo th the go od and ba d
gu ys in a region perm its the po lic e or ca va lry to look the o the r way
whi le the ban k is be ing robbe d, e tc. .
15.12 SpiesSpy ca rds are wo rth more tha n machine gu ns . Much more . If you
don 't have a spy car d and w ish to ke ep the sta tu s quo , ex pe ct to bi d on
M ca rds yo u don 't ne ed (su ch as lawsuit , st rike, c onspira cy , wa r, and
rev olu tion ca rds ) ju st t o kee p the m ou t of the ha nds of your oppo nent s.
Or else expe ct to hea vily br ibe tho se play er s th at h old such M cards.
15.13 War Heroes
This is a toug h call, but mo st player s do well to join the ar my and
ho pe to beco m e a war her o if th e oc cas ion ar ises (Card s E6, E9, E 19).
You can lea d armies a nd may do well in pol itic s. B uy all the ne wsp a-
per s you can .
15.14 The Tactical Game
A co mmon be ginner 's blun der is to laun ch for ces as soo n as you
get the m, ear ly in the ga me . D o n ot start wa rs un til there is something
worth fighting for! Military campaigns need a clear and beneficial
ob jective . M er ely tak ing an oppone nt ou t is not ben eficial, un les s he
is clear ly ahea d or th e last or o nly op pon en t. M ilitary ac tions n eed an
objectiv e, a go od lea der , an d rifle s (in that order) .
15.15 SmugglingThe chief factor lim iting the tactical c ampaig n is am mu nit ion sup-
ply . His to rical ly , th e suc cess of Mexican Rev olu tions (w hat is cal led
the "1910 Mexican Revolution" is actually a series of overlapping
Rev olu tions) was large ly a fu nction of how muc h ammunition could
be cha nne led ac ro ss th e bo rd er. Thi s is w hy th e Revolu tion s, a nd Rev -
olu tiona ry Pre sidents, t end ed to come from the North. A n exc ept ion
was Zap ata , an d his re su rrected movem en t is sti ll aro und in th e 199 4
z apatista Re volution of t he Sou th . How much amm un ition cou ld be
sm ug gled in de pen de d large ly upo n U.S. pol icy an d th e effectiv ene ssof th e bord er esp iona ge net work. For in stan ce, the 19 11 M ader o Revo -
lut ion was ai ded by U.S. forc es "sur plu sin g" wea pon s le ft i n th e dese rt
along the border. But the Orozco Revolution of the following year.
fund ed by Hea rst mo ne y, f ailed due to an ef fective made rista sp y net-
work which th rot tled th e ammunition flow to a tr ickle . Aga ins t equ al
number s of maderistafederales, orozcistas on ly e xpend ed 20% of the
am muniti on.
15.16 LeadershipDon't overlook leadership in the tactical game; each leadership
step doub les yo ur com ba t va lue . Many playe rs go to grea t length s to
smuggle rifles in for their bandit squads only to discover they still
aren 't e ffe ctiv e u nless a de cent lead er i s a vai lab le. If p oss ible. b uy a
new sp ape r and hav e the hacendado himself lea d the bandits. T he r ea -
son that leade rsh ip is so ov erpow ering is b ased upo n the p atterns of
conscription and desertion in Mexico, whereby the charisma of the
leader had a great d eal to do w ith the siz e o f h is force. P an cho Vi lla is
a goo d exa mple, lau nch ing his 19 11 invas ion "comm an ding 1 2 f ree
men" an d at tim es , depe nding on his populari ty, l ead ing sq uad s. p la-
to ons , bat ta lions , or d ivi sions.
15.17 Bandidos
B andidos ar e oft en used in a "kamikaze " fashion by doub le-mov-
ing them in th e ver y first rou nd with the in tention of a surp rise st rike
against an opponent's hacienda or enterprise before the authorities
can react. W hile this ca n be ef fec tive an d can kill a pesk y oppo ne nt. it
us ually doo ms the bandidos to ex tinctio n that qua rter. Exp erienc ed
playe rs f ind it mor e pr ofitab le t o ne ve r mo ve their bandidos unless the
federales head in their direction. instead. they arrange for a annual
bribe from each enter prise in the area. Remember that if the bandidostax or loot, they keep the money, while a bribe to keep the bandidosquiet goes right into the player's pocket. (Histo rically, most of Pan choVilla's funds came from this kind of arrangement with U.S. firms inM exico). Federales find at tac king bandidos in the mounta ins a risk yexerc ise, p ar ticularly sinc e the y can no t t ake their art ille ry with them.Even rurales have only a two out of three chance against bandits orIn dians in the moun ta ins . Bandido m ounta in strong ho lds can be made
less defe nsible by building rai ls th rou gh them .16.0 THE FACES BEHIND THE COUNTERS16.1 Los H ace ndados
Hacendados were. similar to medieval lords. They. lived in for-tres s-like hac iendas where they could protect their se rfs from maraudingApach es or Yaq uis. A fter Geronim o su rre ndere d in 1886 , the r ail roadsmoved in and so did American, British, and German en tr epr en eur s,the new capitalistic hacendados. Public lands, worthless before therailro ad s, were ap pr opriated . D iaz gra nted the hacendados unlimitedcontrol over their "st ate ," including the ban ks , s urvey ing com panies ,appointment of judges and mayors, and the. military (except for therurales).
C1 Colonel Bill Greene
Cop pe r k ing, cat tle ba ron, and promoter ex traor dinar y of M exico.Once a humble miner he had his thoroughbred shot out from underhim by Geronimo (in 1883) and killed his bitter enemy in the O.K.Corra l ( Tombstone, 1897). H e pu rc has ed prac tically all of th e Sie rraM adre from Cananea to Jesus Maria, a reg ion 600 miles long and 400wide . W iped out by a takeov er ploy an d the Panic of 1 90 7. Sa n Rafae lde la Zan ja Lan d Grant on the Arizona- Sonora border.
C2 John Slaughter
Ran che r, sherif f o f C oc hise coun ty , Co nfed erate ve teran , e x-T exasranger and wanted in New Mex ico. Had a reputation fo r dra gging inriddled desperadoes without revealing any details. Developer of thecity of Douglas and Direct or of th e Inte rn ational Land an d Impro ve -ment Company. Stood up to Pancho Villa in 1915 when his sta rvi ngbandidos crossed
the Sierra Madre into Sonora and descended uponhis ha cie nda at S an Bernad ino Lan d Gran t on the Arizo na -S onora bo r-der ne ar Douglas, Arizo na.
C3 Judge Albert Bacon Fall
Lawyer and judge involved in extradition ca se s. A specialist inMexican law and old Sp an ish co de s, he ma de a fortune in New Mexicoand Chihu ahua as Colonel Greene's top lega l a dv iso r. He beca me sec-ond in command of Greene's Mexican enterp rises and Vice Pres identof the Rio Gra nde, Sie rra M adre , a nd Paci fic Railroa d.
Fa ll w as a leg al gu n of the Creel a nd the Ter ra zas clans in Chih ua -hua and a mem ber of the notorious "Santa Fe Ring," the Law Firm ofElkins and Catron, which se cretly contro lled al l the. Lan d Grants andL aw Force s in the Terr ito ry of N ew Mex ico .
He bought the great Tres Ritos Ranch of New Mexico nearAlamogordo. 'He was elected a New Mexico Senato r upon its sta te-
hood in 1912, b ut was rui ned and im prisoned in th e wak e of the Tea-pot Dome oil ki ckb ac k sca nd al of 1922 .
C4 Rafael Ysabel
A wealthy Diaz loyalist w ho bec ame the gove rnor of So no ra ea rlyth is centu ry. He was re sponsible for ruth less te rror ism campaigns toext erminate the Yaqu i I ndian s, including offer ing bo un tie s on the sev-ered hands of Yaqui "bron co s" (guerillas). He was thus at odds withthose hacendado s who valued the Yaq ui as slaves. He fell from favorpol itical ly after inv iting the Arizona Rang er s in to So no ra to sm as h thebig 1906 str ike in Cananea. A cruel Caudi llo who mainta ined a dun-geon with tortur e dev ice s for Y aqui "bron co s" in hi s slav e planta tio nof La Euro pa, Bac atete .
C5 Hauptman Franz von Rintelen
German na val officer an d rep re sen ta tive of t he Deut sche Bank inSonora . His secret mission was to provoke war betw een Mex ico andAmerica to divert munitions from going to the Allies . Toward s th isend, he fostered strikes and sabotage, possibly including the 1916villist a rai d into Columbus, New M exi co. He attempt ed to bring th eex ile d rev olutiona ries Huerta and Orozco back into M ex ico, b ut they
were arrested on the New Mexican border, as was von Rintelen him -self soon afterwards. Navajoa Slave Plantation in Alamos District.Sonora .
C6 Sir Weetman Pearso n (Lord Cowdray)
British lum ber b aron who also c on tro lled one four th of the wor ld sfuel (Mexican Eag le Oil). Built the enorm ous complex at Mara Ortizand Pearso n. Perished on the Titanic. Hacienda Santa Anita in JanosDistri ct, Chihua hua .
C7 Don Luis Terrazas
Shrewd businessman who carved an empire in Chihuahua. Histh irteen hacienda s were tax exempt, his railroad s were heavily stat e-subsidized . a nd his ban ks mana ge d the bu lk of the sta te's fund s. AfterDiaz fell, he financed Orozco's red-flaggers, but was wiped out byPa nc ho Vi lla . S an Dieg o Hacie nda in Casas Grande s D istrict, Ch ihu a-hua.
C8William Randolph Hearst
Press M og ul an d Democratic Pre siden tia l c on tender who ownedva st Chihuahua n holdings . Bought out Orozc o's traitorous red- flaggersand thus re ta ined his ha cie ndas un til 19 52 . H is gr ea t ha cie nd a, the SanJose de Ba bicora L at ifund ium in Tem osac hic, C hihuahua wa s 3 50 ,000hec tares with 20,000 cattle, 20,000 sheep, and 500 horses.
C9 Alexander Shep h er d
His remote outpost in Bato pilas delivered $80,000 of smelted sil-ver mon thly to Terra zas' b an ks, an d was t he fir st hacienda in Chihu a-hua with electric generators. San Miguel Hacienda in the BarrancaCobre , Chihuahua.
16.2 Los Jefes Politicos
Caudillos y Cientificos (political leaders)
Presidente Porfirio Diaz
Ancient an d dec ad ent emper or of Mexico since 1877; sur roundedhimself with the trap pings of royalty. Controlled the pop ulace with aniro n hand th rou gh the Churc h and the arm y. Also esta blished the eliterurales to counterba lance the arm y's power. Gran ted huge concessionsto fore ign speculators . Fled to Paris in 1911.
Vice President/Sonora Governor Ramon Corral
Former Governor of Sonora who mas term inded the Yaqui slaveempire ; the most hated man in Mexico. Terminally ill.
Chihuahua Governor and U.S. Ambassador EnriqueCreelHalf Amer ica n who was fr ien dly with catt le ba rons such as Terrazas
an d Greene, al so M ini ste r of F or eign Affai rs. A br illiant financier .
U.S. President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt
First wester n President. Traveled and hunted extensively in theSierra Madre. Appointed Rough Rider cronies to important positionsinclu din g head of the Arizona Range rs.
Territorial' Governor JosephKibbey of Arizona
Cham pion of labo r and the underdo g.
Governor Oscar Colquitt of Texas
Used the Tex as rangers to supp ress the M ad ero revolutio n, then tosupport the Reyes invasion of Mexico from Texas, all to further hispo lit ica l ends.
enormous price attached to the stability and economic developmenttha t cha ra cte rized th e Diaz re gime. o r the Porf riato as it h as beco meknown.
D iaz ru le d as a dic tat or be hi nd a fac ad e of co ns titu tion al go ve rn -men t. He simply had th e constitution am ended whenever it su ited hi spu rp os es , a s illu st rat ed by th e am en dm ent whi ch pr ovid ed fo r his in -def in ite re el ect io n as pre siden t. Elec tions wer e hel d but Dia z per mit-ted little genuine political dissent. Mexico was a federal republic onpap
er but a highly centralized republic in fact, with Diaz making allthe important decisions in Mexico City. In the countryside, Diaz'sfe ar ed mou nt ed co ns ta bul ar y, th e rurales, co ul d be re lie d on to ke epthe la rg ely landle ss pe as an tr y in their pla ce. The rurales did so by th eliberal application of the ley fuoa, the pra ctice of sh oo ting pr is one rsw hi le th ey were al leged ly at te m pting to esc ap e. Orde r w as m ai nt ain ed ,bu t t he hu ng er fo r lan d inc rea se d with eac h passing ye ar . R ur al M exi cowas dominated by th e hac ienda, the la rg e landed est ate , and by 191 0 afe w thousan d indiv id uals and com panies owned mos t of the desira bleland in the country. The policies of the Diaz regime encouraged theco nc entra tio n of lan d owne rs hip , o ften at the expens e of vi lla ges w hi chwere lo sin g their ejid o, th e parce l of c om mun al land th ey had enjoyedsince the Spanish conquest. Foreigners were making significant in-roads in terms of land ownership, especially in the Northern tier ofsta tes. The remainde
r to the economy was by 1910 alread y domin atedby fo reign capita l - whethe r i t be the petr ole um ind us try , m inin g, th etexti le in dustry or util ities. The governmen t itse lf depended on a con-tin uin g in fus io n of cap ital f ro m ab ro ad in ord er to fu nct io n. In re tr o-spe ct , D fa z' s gr ea t error was no t in att rac ting fo rei gn in ve st ment -th eUnited States was similarly engaged-but rather in permitting suchinv es tm en t to get out of co nt rol . By the tum.o f,the ce nt ury M exic an swere feeling like second-class citizens in their own country. Thus,when the Revolution broke out it was fueled by an intense national-ism , e xp re ss ed in th e ph ra se, "M exi co fo r t he M ex ic ans ."
Spearh eading the opposition to Diaz and what he represente d wasRic ar do Flo res M ag dn . F ro m his begin ni ng s as a stu dent ac tivis t, b y190 0 Flo re s M ag6n had em erg ed as a vocal cr iti c of t he re gim e, fo un d-ing the opposition newspaper R eg en eraci6n. Not su rpr is ing ly , D ia zsuppressed th e ne
wspa pe r, and by 1905 Flor es Mag 6n was operat ingfrom exile in the United States. Becoming even more radical in hisviews, Flores Mag6n organized the Partido Liberal Mexicano andw ork ed no t mere ly to ov er th row Dia z bu t to abo lish ca pi tal ism itse lfin Mexico. The efforts of his followers, the inagonistas, to incite anationwide uprising against the Diaz failed miserably, but they hadgre ater succe ss as la bor agitato rs. They were perhaps most successfu lin att ra cting the atte ntio n of both the United Sta tes and Mexican gov-ern ment s, who co op er at ed in tr yin g to sup pres s m agonista activ ities.But despite his decade-lo ng struggle, Flo res Mag6n was not to be theleader of t he Revolu tion.
Tha t r ole wou ld be re se rve d for a m ost un lik ely rev olutionist , Fran -ci sco I. Mad er o. Sc ion of one of the wealth ies t landowning famili es inall of Mexico, Madero was the product of a privileged upbringing.Unl ik
e most of his contem por aries , howev er ; M adero ha d develop eda social conscience. When he began managing some of the family'sproperties in the northern sta te of Coahuila. he demonstrate d concernfor th e w elfa re of hi s peo ns . B eyond th at , he bec am e in vo lv ed in ef -forts to improve education, and these activities gradually drew himinto politics. In 1908 he became a celebrity by writing a turgid littlebook, T he Pres ide nt ia l S ucc es si on of 19 10 , criti ci zin g the re gi m e. A ndin 1910, when Diaz ra n for his eighth te rm as president, M adero showedenormous poli tical courage by stepping forth as the opposit ion candi-dat e.
W he re as Diaz in it ial ly vie wed M ad er o's ca nd id ac y as a jok e, th edic tator so on had to ta ke his opponent serio usly. Mad er o's ca mpa ignsloga n of "No ree lection, effe ct ive suff rage" stru ck a res po ns ive chordamong the Mexicans. The political novice became the catalyst for
cha ng e, an d he att rac te d a la rg e and en th us iastic fo llo w in g. F ac ed withth is cris is, Diaz neutra lized Madero. Prior to the ele ctio n Madero wasarr est ed on a tr um pe d- up ch ar ge, an d when th e gove rnm ent an no un ce dth e of fic ial el ect io n ret urn s, D iaz was pr ocl ai m ed the win ner by a la nd -slid e. W ith the elec tion hav in g be en stole n, M ad er o rel uctan tly con -clu ded that the on ly ho no ra ble cou rse was armed re be ll ion . O n Octo -ber 5, 1910, he escaped from the city of San Luis Potosi, fled to theUnited St at es, an d from San Ant oni o, Te xa s, or ga ni ze d the M ex ic an
Revolution.Mader o set him self the hercule an ta sk of organiz ing a nationwide
rebellion in an impossibly short period of time. Moreover,'he facedth e pro blem of the Untied Sta tes neutrality laws, whic h prohib ite d th eus e of American te rr itory fo r the purp os e of ov er th row in g a fri end lygovernm ent . A cc ord in gly, w hen M ad er o w ro te his rev ol utiona ry m an i-fe sto in San Anto ni o, en titl ing it th e Plan de S an L uis Poto si , th e mani -festo was back date d to October 5, the las t day he had physically beenin that city. The Plan de San Luis Potosi called for the uprising tobegin at 6 P.M. on November 20, 1910. The document focused onpolitical revolution; after the overthrow of Diaz there would be freeele ct ion s, an d the actions of D iaz's off ici als would be re vi ewed in thecourts . T he Plan de San Luis Potosi had little to sa y abo ut so cioe co-nomic ref orm, su ch. as th e re distr ibution of la nd. In short, it refle cted
Madero's view that the first priority was to install an honestgov:ern men t, and then these ot her issu es co uld be ad dr essed .
Having issued his call to arms, Madero waited anxiously in SanAntonio to see whether anyone would respond. Initially, it appearedthat the rebellion was a fiasco, for nothing much happened on No-vember 20. But within a few weeks there were reports of growingrebel activity, particularly in the northern state of Chihuahua. HereMadero's principal organizer, Abraham Gonzalez, had succeeded inenlisting several guerrilla chieftains, two of whom, Pascual Orozcoan d Franc is co "P an ch o" Villa, w ere destined to play major ro le s in theRevolu tion. By Marc h of 1911 th ese ir re gular co mmander s h ad gainedco nt rol of muc h of th e sta te. M or e impor ta nt ly, th ey wer e sha tt eringthe mystiq ue of Dia z's in vincibi lity - re bellion was sprea ding ra pidlythrough much of the country. For example, in the state of Morelos
adjoining the Federal District, Emiliano Zapata launched whatamou nt ed to an inde pe nd en t i nsurr ec tion whos e objectiv e was the re s-to ra tion of th e vil lag e ej idos. Nev er the le ss, it was th e tr iu mph of th eRevolution in the North that broke Diaz. The turning point came onM ay 10, 19 11, when th e fo rc es of Oroz co and Villa , w ith M adero inno m ina l c om m an d, storm ed Ciuda d Jua re z, acr os s the Ri o Gra nd e fro mEl Paso, Texas. The loss of Ciudad Juarez, the largest town on theborder, was a stunning military defeat for Diaz, but the real signifi-cance of the event was political-it convinced Diaz that rebel victorywas inevitable. Within two weeks-on May 25, 1911-he resignedand le ft f or ex ile in Eur ope. Although Diaz was go ne , m ost of the Diazstruc tu re was sti ll i n pla ce.
Made ro was now the popular ido l t o whom his countrymen lo okedfor the immediate solution of problems, so me of which had developed
ov er centur ies . W ith ex pe ct at ion s soa ring, M ad er o pro ve d in ca pab leof meetin g them. His was the dile mma of th e modera te re volutio naryle ad er un de r inc reasing atta ck bo th from supporte rs of th e old re gi meand fr om more ra di cal re vo lu tiona ries who fe lt tha t he w as not mov -ing fast enough to implement fundamental change. By the time hewas ele cte d president in th e fall.o f 1911, re bellio n had become a wayof life in Mexico . E mili an o Zapata ref us ed to la y down his arm s un ti lim media te and wides pr ead land reform had take n place . W hen Mad er ore fu sed to acc ed e to Zapa ta 's dem an ds, the Sou th ern chieft ain is su edhis own rev ol utionary manifesto, th e Plan deA y la, in Novem ber , 1911.Madero found himself in the awkward position of having to employthe old Dia z fe deral arm y to try to cru sh Zapata . The m agon istas like-wise con tin ue d to oppose Mad ero, on th e gro und tha t he was not a rea lre vo lu tio ni st. O the r cha ll eng er s app ea re d in ra pid su cc es sion. In D e-
a was infuriated by the American decision to support Carranza.his mortal enemy. Heretofore Villa had been perhaps the lea st anti-American of the majo r revo lutionary figures, b ut all th is now ch anged.Not only had the United States recognized Carranza diplomatically , butthe W ilson administration had also permitted Carranza to use Americanrailroads to sh ift thousands of tro ops from the Texas border to the sta teof Sonora, where Villa in late October, 1915, launched a new offensive.Villa took the remnants of the Division of the North from Chihuahua
across the Sierra Madre into Sonora in what proved a forlorn attempt torega in som e milit ar y in it iativ e. The arrival o f the mas sive carrancistareinforcemen ts disrupted his plan of campaign, and the northern chief-tain suffered a humiliating defeat at Agua Prieta, having to withdrawonce again into Chihuahua at the head of what was now only a largeguerr illa band. He seethed w ith rage against both Carranza and th.- UnitedSta te s.
V illa ave nged hi m self by raidi ng the sm all New M exico borde r townof Columbus on M arch 9,1916. T he Columbus raid plun ged the UnitedStates and Mexico into a deepening crisis. In re sponse to the Columbusra id , Presiden t W ilson disp atched into Chihuahua afte r Villa a punitiveexpedition commanded by General John J. Pershing. Contrary to popu-lar myth, the punitive expedition had relatively little difficulty in dis-persing Villa's forces; its real problems were with the Carranza regime.
Carranza, a staunch natio nalist , denounced the punitive expedition as aviolation of Mexican sovereignty and took what steps he could to forcethe American troops out of Mexico. Minor clashes between the twoarmies in June, 1916 bro ught the two countries literally to the verge ofw ar. But since neither nation re ally want ed war, dip lomac y preva iled.Relations improved even further when on February 5, 1917, the lastunits of the puni tive expedition wer e withdrawn.
By coincidence, on February 5, 1917, there was promulgated in thecity of Queretaro a new Mexican co nstitu tion , one which embodied thegoals of the Revolution. This charter was produced by the dominantCarranza faction, which nevertheless borrowed heavily from the ideol-ogy of the defeated rivals. For example , Emiliano Zapata's approach toland reform was incorporated, as w ere Flores M ag6n's view on th e righ tsof labor. In addition, the constitution was st rong ly anticlerical in nature.
Reacting to foreign domination of the economy, the constitution de-clared that the Mexican nation owned the country's subsoil deposits. Insh ort , t he con stit ut ion man ifes te d th e fe rv ent nat ionalism tha t ch arac-terized the M exican Revolut ion.
Although the constitution was much more radical than Carranzawould have liked and necessarily constrained his political power, hemade the best of th ings. He was promptly elected const itutional p resi-dent, with a term to expire in 1920. During this term the Revolutioncontinued to wind down in a military se nse. Villa's last gasp was anunsuccessful assault on Ciuda d Ju arez in Ju ne, 19 19, an attac k that wascrushed when the United States forces crossed the Rfo Grande at ElPaso an d scattere d Villa' s forces. As fo r Zapata, he was assa ssinated bythe Car ranza government in April of that year. Carranza him self sou ghtto retain control beyond the end of his te rm by imposing Ignacio B onillasas his successor. General Obregon, however, had other ideas. He an-nounced his candidacy for the presidency in 1920. Ironically, Carranzatried to do to Obregon what Diaz had done to M adero in the 1910 presi-dential campaign-arrest him on a trumped-up charge. Obreg6n notonly managed to elude arrest, he and his supporters rose in rebellion.O bregdn' s associate s in Sonora issu ed the Plan deAgua Prieta in A pril,1920, calling for the overthrow of Carr anza. The la tter 's er stwhile fo l-lowers defected in their thousands-by the end of May, Carranza hadbeen overthro wn an d assassinated. Obreg6n was duly elected president.His advent to power substantia lly marked the end of the military phaseof the M exican Revolution.
[Rep rinted with permiss ion from: T H E B O R D ER A N D T HE R E V O L U-T IO N by Charles H. Harris III and Louis R. Sadler, published by High-Lon esome Books . Silver City , NM 88062.1
Selected BibliographyB enjam in. Thomas & M Nellie-*.lliam editors. o th e r M ex ic os: E Huys on
R e g io n a l M e x t c a r a Hls in r c 1875 -1911 . Univ. of New -Mexico P tgss; '1994.=AboutthePaxPoth n am (t mz sre gr) , ai i[l ontatw ely bro ken dow n state
by sta te ent p: tas ; she poh tool row er f t razes family in C hihua hua,for instance) andec onomy.
Cann,H'ctarAentlart^rl^rlr^seruN6mada aioroy l^ cx evgtuci /m M es icarra.Cien de Mexico,1985
P ra de au , A lbe rto F rancis co
E t A v r on "$rrrorn y e! ' P r im er A t aq u e A E r eoM w ?dial sab re Buque d e G u er t n ; IW 3. Pub lic ac iones del G ob ierno d el
E stado de S tation, 19 71 . in 1913 , C on st itudon al i s t s bought a M artinpusher , sm ugg le d it in to H er mosill o and carr ied out „5e w orld's firs ta e r ia l b o ;itbazament agannsiltue riista guniioals in G uaymas. T he ca n o n e r oEl T am pico was cr ippled and hadte be ach itself to keep fr om sinking.
Raat , W. Dirk. R evo lt oso s O le s? ca ! RebtLr rt to te U m s e d S ta te s , 1 903 -19 2-7 .College Station,19 91
R ivera, A ntonio G . R evohi,06:en Sonora. Mexico, D.F,1969. G ood infor m a-lio n har d to .1 elsewhere ; bib liography, maps, and an E nglish transla -tio n. _ -s t - . _ • . .
Robertson. D onald B . t l cy ci o pe dia o f W est e rn R ail ro ad Hist o ry : T he D esertStates Arizona Hievad a,.New Meaico ,.!Jt ah. Eton, 1986.
Sad ler, Louis R. & H"& Charles H . III"Me dVttzkc Affair. G erman Intrigueon the M exican Border." ,M il ita ry R e e v ie w . : LIX ,. (February . 1 979), 36-50.
Sadler, Louis R. & Knots, Charles ll_ Ill. "Me 1911 Reyes Conspiracy: TheT ex as Side" S rrtthw esierriH isto rical Quarterly , L X X X II (A pr il 19 80 ),
325-348. How the Reyes cansp irecy w invade Mexico w as fu nd ed by theTexas governor Coiquitt who used the Texas rangers to furth er itt, aim s,.while quashing rival conspiracim in return, Colquitt was prom ised theMexican An erican vote. As a side issue, one rival Mexican Americanwas guaranteed safe passage into Mexico by the governor's lac ke y, Sher-iff Amado Sfutchez.This unfortunate was ex ec uied as soo n as he set footin Mexico , and indications are that he was set up by Sanchez.
Sadler, Louis R. & Harms, Charles H. Hi. `The Plan of San Diego and th eM exica n- U nite d States W ar C ris is of 1916: A R eexam inalio n." T he His-panic American HistoricalR eview L V III (Aug ust, 19 78): 381 -4 08 . TheConstitu tional ist President of Mexico. Carranza, blackmailed the U.S.into officially recognizing his regime byprovokmgrace r iot s i n T exa san d sending disguis ed "red -f laggers"i nto Texas, am bushing ca va lr y, b urn-in g ha c ie n d a s, wrec king trains , a nd executing Anglos. Car ra ttz a' s "Planof S an D iego," a tt rib uted b
y him to his riva l H uer ta th reatened to exe cu teevery Anglo in the southwest over age 16. U.S . vigilante groups w en t o ncounter-rampages, killing over 100 Mexican Americans and leavingstr ained relations eve n today.
Sad ler , Loui s R:.:& Harr is. Charle s Ii. .II I. "T he "Und ersid e" of the M exicanR ev olu tion: ElPaso,.1912." T h e A m e ri rit s : A Q uar te rly R e v ie w o f In te r-A m e ri c an Cultu ra l H is to ry . X X X IX (Ju ly , 198 2) : 6 9- 83 . T he 1 9 1 2 pl anne dinvasio n of Texas by Carranza, aided by the head of the B ure au of Inves-tig ation in El Paso, se cr etly working fo r the M exican Secr et Serv ice.
Sadler, Louis R ..& Harris . Charles H . I II .." M e. Uni ted States G over nm entArchives and the Mexican R evo lu tio n." N e w W o rld A Jo urn al o f L at inA m e ric an S tudie s 1 . .19 86: 108-1 16 . Sh ows wher ei n re search bor dersku lldugg er y: in U.S. rec ords , e specia lly the massive Burea u of In vesti-
91
gation microf ilius declas sifie d in 1977.Saenz, Luz Mar ia Herngnd ez . " Smuggl ing for the Revolution: Ille ga l Traf fic
of Arms on the Arizona Sonora Border, 1912-1914 ." Arizona & th e W e st#2 8 (W inter 19 80 ): 357 -3 77 .
Shattu ck Fabauer, Isabel. Lemuel S h at tuc k , A L it t le A lin in g, A L itt le B an k in g,A L ittle B eer, W est ernto re ., 1991.
Sm ith, C orn eliu s C Jr : Emil io K o ste rii t z ky - Eagl e o f S o no ra an d the Sou t h-west B orde r, Arthur C. Clark .1970.
S onniclisen, Charles Leland. Colone l G reene and the Copp er S ky rock et . Univ.of Arizona, 1974. -Autobiography of the supercharged capita list whobrought civiliza tion an d industry to a neglected land. Battling ari val s w ithsix guns'and lawsu its, he in itiat ed banks , r ai ls; ra nches an d d am s. M an yargue that. he. started the Mexican Revolution by provoking the 1906Cananea strike. Whether facing the angry mobs at his C ananea m ines,hun tin g be ar s wi th th e Pr es id en t, be in g gi ven, tic ker tar e parades in E lPaso, or crossing the Siena Madre by auto on a read he bui lt him self,Colone l Greene was the quin tess en tial American h are n c in do ,
Travern; B . De r S ch utz de r S ie rra M adre s (T h e Tre asur e o f th e S ie rra M adre ).
capitalization. How you ask? Simple. W ait until your opponents havesomething under capitalization (to be safe, m ake su re that you don'thave anything on the track, or you chance lo s in g it too !) and they havelittle or no money in hand. Play the card during a winter turn (notactical rounds) and watch the panic ensu e. Sinc e these cards rob theplayers of investor's capital until the revolutionary leader is jailed.any players without cash will be scrambling to find a way to pay fortheir capitalization fees. You can really extend the hurt if you canfin ag le it so tha t the on ly tro op
s a ble to respon d a re un de r y ou r c on tro l(remember, police in a police block have to respond) and theyconveniently look the other way. At the least play of this card willdrain available cash from your opponents or cause them to take outloans, at the worst you'll fo rce them to give up someth ing they tru lywan t o r i s valuab le to picku p during reb idd ing. If you 've socked awaysome cash, you may pick up a mine for a lark! If no one else canrespon d to the re volut ion , w ait u nt il the other hace nd ad os are suitablybr oken and the n swe ep in wi th your ow n tro ops a nd bu st revolut ion arylead er . If al l wor ks well, yo u may ev en ga in a lea de rsh ip level for y ou rtroops to boo t! Rem ember though a spy card will trump these cards,thereby reducing the revolution cards to nothing more than a tool toflush an opponent's spy card.
#3 M 15 The Warrant
This card is a worthwhile ad dition to an y hacen dado's hand. W ithit, you can hold a one year prison term over the head of any otherplayer, whet he r they reside in Mexico or the U.S . T he simple threa t o fit is enough to get many obstinate hacendado's to become moreamenab le to your sugge stions. Jus t make s ure that you've got the t roopsto back it up with , o r t his card is worthless . The W arran t is im m une tosp ies. R emember though, tha t beating the other play ers over the headwith this stick will not make you the most liked hacendado in theSierra Madres.
#4 M 14 U. S. B ig S tick
The flexibi lity prov ided by th is car d is i ts gre atest at tra ction. W ithit you can ignore the re strictions on U.S. troops moving into Mexico.When those nasty bandits keep stea lin g your hard earn ed cash, youcan no w go af te r them with Blac k Ja ck an d the boys . The de vious sid eof this card is the ability to get a war going between the U.S. andMexico by simply discarding it. This can cause maj or havoc as allre str ict ion s o n tro op be ha vio r ar e suspen de d. O nce this h appe ns , Kat iebar the door, since it is a grand opportunity to pillage and burn theente rprises of all your enemy hacendados.
#5 M 26 Lawsuit
While there are several lawsu its an d all are good to acquire, th isone is par tic ularly use ful since it co ve rs all of Mex ico ra ther tha n onestate. You can make enemies rea l fast with this o ne . a s it ca n force anyone immature C or R R ca rd to go up for r eb idd ing. To rub salt into thewoun d, wait un til such tim e as the card is only one quarter away fromfull c apitalization and then play the l awsuit. If you 've got enough gold,or better yet , the only one with gold, you can take the ente rprise with
little fight. Imagi ne getti ng a mine or dam nearly fu lly completed fo rone or t wo A.U .'s . A spy can canc el the lawsuit, so keep tha t in mind.
The Nasty
This final categ ory is composed of five ca rds tha t the play ers shouldhop e never ap pe ar in the gam e. For lac k of a bet ter monike r, I'll ca llthe m the Nas ty . They are prese nt ed in order from mos t nasty to le ast.
#1E1 Stock Market Crash
What could be worse than complete financial ruin -ac compan iedby general chao s? Not muc h. If this card appears early in a gam e, theeffe cts ar e pot entia lly de va statin g. N ot only does it red uc e all m inesby two in profit, bu t i t also blocks all inves tors c ap ita l until a tw o A.U .quarterly card is revealed. There is less th an a 20% chance of thisoccurring on any given qua rter, so it may be a long dry spe
ll before
A turn of the ce ntu ry W estern tow n.
any mor e money bec om es avai lab le . If th e car d is revealed la ter in thga m e, it may be eve n har de r to re cove r f rom sinc e som e of the tw o A.Ucards woul d cer tai nly have appeared and more mite s will usually be iplac e. To top it off the crash adds one to the revolution roll to end thgam e!
#2 E12 Famine
This card is another that hits the players where it counts- in thpocketbook. When the crops fail, everybody suffers. Livestock anworkers starve or move away. The famine reduces the profits of bothaciendas and planta tions down by th ree. The assa y value for all mineis reduced by two. Finally, the famine adds one to the roll to end thgam e.
#3 E 11 M ine Flo odin g/Apthous Fever
Another hit to both mines and haciendas, this one spares slavplantations and pro vides an A.U . from investo rs capita l. t hus making imarg inally less dev astat ing than the previous card . Nor does it ad d oneto the end of game rol l.
#4 E 10 Hue lg is taser taxationthat causes wdespreadriots,
that's what this one is allabo ut . Talk about rea lly ru in ing someo ne's day . E ve ry C or RR car d iMex ico stan ds a 33.3% ch ance of incurring,a striker counter . When playedat the right time it could be enough to bankrupt another player or twoIt 's just about guara nteed to cost so meone some money, either to buy oreplac e troops, o r s im pl y lost re ve nues. Beware though, the ca rd is noch oosy and no o ne 's Mexica n posse ssio ns ar e s afe. A dds one to the ga mending die ro ll.
#5 E2 Halley's Comet
The ap peara nc e of t his card ca n have major repe rc uss ions late in thga me. N ot only do copper m in es dec line one in assa y value , bu t a ll B lueRed, and Orange cards held by the players go up for rebidding. It cacause a nice protected position to become vulnerable to taxation, oburning. If you are low on cash it could cause you to lose that puppeyou've worked so hard to maneuver in to po sit ion for an elect ion .
Keep in mind that this is just a sampling of the cards in Lords antha t there ar e plenty of other good cards ou t there from mines to hac iendato dynamite conces sions to a weal thy wife . T here ar e also plenty mor ena sty and de vious cards t oo, so you will have to lea rn on your own whaca rds prov ide the best m eans to the e nds o f you r g am e winning strategiesJust k ee p in mind the guidel ine s list ed above whe n puttin g tog ether yo ustra tegy and you should have a leg up in the forbidding territory of thSierra Mad res . O h, an d if y ou see some fool tooling aroun d in the dese rout there on a motorcycle sidecar, tell Lieutenant Patton to get a goodriver during the fin al da ys of W or ld W ar II.