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Looking Out/Looking In Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition Fourteenth Edition 5 5 Language Language CHAPTER TOPICS CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender and Language Culture and Language
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Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

Jan 03, 2016

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Page 1: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

Looking Out/Looking InLooking Out/Looking InFourteenth EditionFourteenth Edition

55LanguageLanguage

CHAPTER TOPICSCHAPTER TOPICS

• Language Is Symbolic• Understandings and Misunderstandings• The Impact of Language• Gender and Language• Culture and Language

Page 2: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

22LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Language Is SymbolicLanguage Is Symbolic

• The Natural World• Smoke means something is burning• A fever means someone is ill

• Language Is Symbolic• Connection between words and the ideas or

things they represent is arbitrary

Page 3: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

33LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understanding and Understanding and MisunderstandingMisunderstanding

• Understanding Words• Semantic rules

• “Bikes” are for riding and “books” are for reading

• Equivocation• Statements that have more than one commonly

accepted definition

Page 4: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

44LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understanding and Understanding and MisunderstandingMisunderstanding

• Relative Language• Words that gain their meaning by comparison

• Static Evaluation• Statements that contain or imply the word is

lead to mistaken assumptions about people

Page 5: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

55LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Understandings and MisunderstandingsMisunderstandings

• Abstraction• Is vague in nature• Behavioral language is

specific to things people do or say

• Abstraction Ladder• Highly abstract language can

lead to blanket judgments

Figure 5.1

Page 6: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

66LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Understandings and MisunderstandingsMisunderstandings

• Syntactic Rules• Govern the grammar of language

• Pragmatic Rules• Govern the way speech works in everyday

interaction• Communication as a cooperative game

• Coordination

Page 7: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

77LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Understandings and Understandings and MisunderstandingsMisunderstandings

• Pragmatic Rules• Some rules shared by most people in a

culture• People in their own individual relationships

create their own sets of rules

Page 8: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

88LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Naming and Identity• Names are more than just a simple means of

identification• They shape the way others think of us• They shape the way we view ourselves• They shape the way we act

Page 9: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

99LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Affiliation• Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity

with others• Convergence

• The process of adapting one’s speech style to match others

• Divergence• Speaking in a way that emphasizes one’s

differences from others

Page 10: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1010LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Powerless Language • Hedges • Hesitations• Intensifiers• Polite forms• Tag questions• Disclaimers• Rising inflections

Page 11: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1111LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Powerless Language • Powerful speech is culturally based• Language that is too powerful may intimidate• In some situations, polite forms of speech can

enhance effectiveness

Page 12: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1212LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Disruptive language• Three linguistic habits to avoid

• Fact-Opinion Confusion• Fact-Inference Confusion• Emotive Language

Page 13: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1313LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

The Impact of LanguageThe Impact of Language

• Language of Responsibility

• “It” Statements

• “But” Statements

• “I” and “You” Language

• “We” Language

Page 14: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1414LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and LanguageGender and Language

• Content• Female friends spent more time discussing:

• Relationship problems, family, health

• Male friends spent more time discussing:• Current events, music, sports, business

• These differences can lead to frustration when men and women try to converse with one another

Page 15: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1515LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and LanguageGender and Language

• Reasons for Communicating• Men and women use language to build and

maintain social relationships• How men and women accomplish these goals

is different• Men more likely to make conversation fun• Women’s discussions tend to involve feelings,

relationships, and personal problems

Page 16: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1616LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and LanguageGender and Language

• Conversational Style• The myth that women are more talkative than

men does not hold up under scientific scrutiny• Women ask more questions in same-sex

conversations• Men’s speech is more characteristically direct,

succinct, task-oriented• Women’s speech is more typically indirect,

elaborate, focused on relationships

Page 17: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1717LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and LanguageGender and Language

• Conversational Style• Women typically use statements showing

support for the other person• The importance of nurturing a relationship

explains why female speech is often tentative• Accommodating style isn’t always a

disadvantage

Page 18: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1818LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Gender and LanguageGender and Language

• Nongender Variables• Ways women and men communicate much

more similar than different• Male and female supervisors behave the same

way and are equally effective

• Other factors influence language use• Social philosophy• Gender role

Page 19: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

1919LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and LanguageCulture and Language

• Verbal Communication Styles• Low-context cultures

• Generally value language to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible.

• High-context cultures• Generally value using language to maintain social

harmony. • Learn to discover meaning from the context in

which a message is delivered: nonverbal behaviors, history of the relationship, etc.

Page 20: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

2020LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and LanguageCulture and Language

• Verbal Communication Styles• Language styles can vary across culture

• Elaborate - Succinct• Formality - Informality

Page 21: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

2121LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Culture and LanguageCulture and Language

• Verbal Communication Styles• Language and Worldview

• Linguistic relativism• The worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the

language its members speak.• Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Page 22: Looking Out/Looking In Fourteenth Edition 5 Language CHAPTER TOPICS Language Is Symbolic Understandings and Misunderstandings The Impact of Language Gender.

2222LANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGELANGUAGE: BARRIER AND BRIDGE

Chapter ReviewChapter Review

• Language Is Symbolic

• Understandings and Misunderstandings

• The Impact of Language

• Gender and Language

• Culture and Language