Motivation: • Understand chemodynamics of persistent semivolatile substances (which are bio- accumulative and toxic) • which are re-volatilising from ground compartments (multi-hopping) → study the processes and understand large scale spatiotemporal trend Long-term trends of HCH and PCB in soils in India and air-soil exchange of POPs under the influence of the monsoon Gerhard Lammel 1,2 , Céline Degrendele 1,2 , Sachin S. Gunthe 3 , Qing Mu 1 , Akila Muthalagu 3 , Ondřej Audy 2 , Petr Kukučka 2 , Mariëlle Mulder 2 , Mega Octaviani 1 , Petra Příbylová 2 , Pourya Shahpoury 1 , Irene Stemmler 4 , Aswathi E. Valsan 3 1 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany 2 Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic 3 Indian Institute of Technology, Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Chennai, India 4 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Ocean in the Erth System Dept., Hamburg, Germany Air-sea E Mediterranean 2010 seasonal Mulder et al ACP 2014 E Mediterranean 2012 episode Lammel et al ACP 2016 Air-soil W Balkans 2008 episode Lammel et al. J Env Mon 2011 Pannonian Plain 2013 episode Degrendele et al. EST 2016 India 2014 seasonal
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Long-term trends of HCH and PCB in soils in India and air ... · Akila Muthalagu3, Ondřej Audy 2, Petr Kukučka, Mariëlle Mulder2, Mega Octaviani1, Petra Příbylová 2 , Pourya
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Motivation:
• Understand chemodynamics of persistent semivolatile substances (which are bio-
accumulative and toxic)
• which are re-volatilising from ground compartments (multi-hopping)
→ study the processes and understand large scale spatiotemporal trend
Long-term trends of HCH and PCB in soils in India and
air-soil exchange of POPs under the influence of the monsoon Gerhard Lammel1,2, Céline Degrendele1,2, Sachin S. Gunthe3, Qing Mu1,
Akila Muthalagu3, Ondřej Audy2, Petr Kukučka2, Mariëlle Mulder2, Mega Octaviani1,
Petra Příbylová 2, Pourya Shahpoury1, Irene Stemmler4, Aswathi E. Valsan3 1 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany
2 Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic 3 Indian Institute of Technology, Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Chennai, India
4 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Ocean in the Erth System Dept., Hamburg, Germany
Air-sea E Mediterranean 2010 seasonal Mulder et al ACP 2014
E Mediterranean 2012 episode Lammel et al ACP 2016
Air-soil W Balkans 2008 episode Lammel et al. J Env Mon 2011
Pannonian Plain 2013 episode Degrendele et al. EST 2016
India 2014 seasonal
India southwest (or ‚summer‘) monsoon 2014 -
Clean SH air
NH
SH
2014:
equator
pre-monsoon monsoon
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
pg
/m³
(PA
H:
ng
/m³)
EC
OC
DDX
HCH
PCB
PAH16
100-500
50
0-
10
00
1000-2000 2000-4000 4000-6000
31/05/14
00H00 A A A A O
03H00 A A A A A/O
06H00 A A A A A/O
09H00 A A A A A/O
12H00 A A A A O
15H00 A A A A O
18H00 A A A A O
21H00 A A A A
1/6/2014
00H00 A A A A A/O
03H00 A A A A A
06H00 A A A A A
09H00 A A A A A
12H00 A A A A O
15H00 A A A A A
18H00 A A A A O
21H00 A A A A A
2/6/2014
00H00 A A A A O
03H00 A A A A A
06H00 A A A A O
09H00 A A A A A
12H00 A A A A A/O
15H00 C C A A A
18H00 C C A A A
21H00 C C A A A
3/6/2014
00H00 C C A A A
03H00 C C A A A
06H00 C C A A/O A/O
09H00 C C A A A
12H00 A A A A O
15H00 A A A A O
18H00 A A A A O
21H00 C A O A A/O
4/6/2014
00H00 C C A O
03H00 C C C A A
06H00 C C C A O
09H00 C C C A O
12H00 C C C A O
15H00 C C C A O
18H00 C C C O O
21H00 C C C B O
5/6/2014
00H00 B C C O O
03H00 C C C C O
06H00 C C C B/O O
09H00 C C C B B
12H00 C C C B O
15H00 B B C B O
18H00 B C C C O
21H00 B B C B O
6/6/2014
00H00 B B C C O
03H00 B B C B O
06H00 B B C B O
09H00 B B C B B
12H00 B B C C O
15H00 B B B B O
18H00 B B B B B
21H00 B B B B B
Origin of air masses (Lagrangian
dispersion modelling i.e. FLEXPART)
monsoon
transitio
n
pre
-monsoon
Munnar, Kerala, May-June 2014
high-volume air samples (n = 24)
Canopy and soil at 3 soil sampling plots. Soil type: nitisol (GOI, 1985; FAO,
2014)
Tea garden Shrub Forest
TOC = 4.4% 10.7% 4.0 %
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
tea shrub forest
ng
/g
PBDE (7/10)
DDT (6/6)
HCH (3/5)
PeCB+HCB*100
PCB (7/7)*100
PAH (16/25)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
tea shrub forest
ng
/g
PBDE (7/10)
DDT (6/6)
HCH (3/5)
PeCB+HCB
PCB (7/7)
PAH (16/25)
o,p'-DDE 1.84
p,p'-DDE 12.13
o,p'-DDD 0.49
p,p'-DDD 0.17
o,p'-DDT 11.34
p,p'DDT 1.90
2. Air-soil exchange of trace gases ?
Air-soil exchange India before and during onset of SW monsoon 2014
Change of air-soil fugacity ratio (2-film model; Harner et al., 2001),
fs/fa=cs H(T) ⁄ (0.411 OM KOW)/[ca Rg T], with the onset of SW monsoon
in 3 land-use categories:
↑ upward: PCB28 (forest), -HCH (tea, forest) and -HCH (all)
↓ predominantly downward: (g) PHE, FLT, PYR, - and -HCH, BDE47 and -99
in forest:
Results:
• almost all pollutants addressed were found in air, but
not in soil (LOQ too high for many OCPs and PAH
derivatives)
• direction of vertical flux of some OCPs and PCBs may
change with onset of monsoon from downward to
upward
→ seasonal flux fluctuation, determined by the
large-scale advection pattern ?
Δcadv
Hypothesis:
When propagating northward, the SW monsoon in
India advects air which carries secondary emissions
of semivolatile pollutants previously stored in soils,
the more the further it propagates and - triggered
by itself ! - ?
Δcfug = ?
Δcscav
Volatilisation triggered by the drop of air pollution levels ?
→ Modelling the chemodynamics
cpre monsoon in air (ground level, mean of 1-3 June)