LONG TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT An Introduction Presented by James Marshall
LONG TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT
An IntroductionPresented by James Marshall
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I keep six honest serving men
They taught me all I know
Their names are What, Why and When
And How and Where and WhoRudyard Kipling
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• Talented young athletes need to be helped to reach the elite level
• A systematic approach to talent identification and development, led by governing bodies on a sport by sport basis.
• A single framework that avoids young people over-competing or specialising in single sports too early
• Co-ordination is key particularly between clubs and schools, to achieve this
DEVELOPING EXPERT PERFORMANCE
• Using the numbers 5,10,3,48 along with hours, weeks, years and days create an equation that dictates an elite athletes training
• 3 hours x 5 days x 48 weeks x 10 years
• It is generally regarded that it takes 10,000 hours or 10 years to develop expert performance (Bloom,1985; Ericsson,1993)
LONG TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT (LTAD)
• Achieving truly elite performance is a long term process – THERE ARE NO SHORT CUTS
• Rushing competition = poor preparation• Western Society has a ‘Peaking by Friday’
philosophy• Early specialization sports• Late specialization sports• Can you identify several early and late
specialization sports?
Long Term Training
• Early Specialisation Sports
– Gymnastics– Rhythmic Gymnastics– Figure Skating– Diving– Table Tennis
• Late Specialisation Sports
– Athletics– Rowing– Combat Sports– Team Sports
Athlete/Player Development
Multilateral Development
Specialisation
High Performance
AGE
20
14
11
STAGE 1 – FUNdamentals (6-9 years)
• Individual is involved in a wide range of sports
• Emphasis is always placed upon FUN and playing games
• Proper technique of athletic ABC’s– Running, jumping, throwing
• No periodization – Activities revolve around the school year
• A specific sport only 1-2 times per week– Emphasis remains upon Fun and game playing
STAGE 2 – TRAINING TO TRAIN (10-14 years)• Learn how to train
– Warm up, stretching, hydration, recovery, nutrition, taper and peak
• Competition vs Training ratio 25% to 75%
• Basic technical and tactical skills of a sport
• Play to win but emphasis is on training process rather than outcome
• Placed in competitive situations daily but in training and drills
• Over emphasis upon comp will cause plateau
STAGE 3 – TRAINING TO COMPETE (14-18 years)• 50% 50% split between comp specific training
and train
• Hi Individual and sport specific training is provided year round
• Develop basic and sport specific skills under pressure
• Programmes individualised to a greater degree to address individuals strength and weaknesses
STAGE 4 – TRAINING TO WIN (18-21 years)• Fully developed athlete
• Competition vs Training ratio is 75% to 25%
• Emphasis upon optimising competitive performance
• athletes trained to peak for specific competitions
• Training is high intensity and relatively high volume
THREATS TO LTAD• System of competition is based on traditions and
improvisation
• Talent ID and recruitment neglected
• The best and most knowledgeable coaches work at the elite level
• Developmental athletes tend not to get guidance
• Support structures at elite levels can’t make up for short comings in earlier stages
THREATS TO LTAD• Too much emphasis on competition, especially in
team sports
• Male programmes are superimposed on females and adults programmes onto children
• We ignore optimal periods of trainability
• Too much emphasis on winning
0
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Boys
Girls
Peak Height Velocity
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Early
"Normal"
Late
Peak Height Velocity
CHANGE YOUR THINKING
FINISHED FILES ARE THE RE-SULT OF MANY YEARS OF SCIENTIF-
IC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS
Emphases in Strength Development
• Body weight, partner weight, swiss & medicine ball
• As above, also dumb bells and cables. Introduce barbell lifting techniques. Introduce circuit training. Emphasize core stability and tendon strengthening
• Add exercise machines. Power techniques and set training is introduced. Volume and intensity are increased.
• A fully periodised programme is introduced.
• Initiation 6-10
• Athletic formation 11-14
• Specialisation 15-18
• High performance 18+
Emphases in Speed/Agility Development
• Coordination through play. Relays
• Training for acceleration and quickness.Low intensity plyometrics.
• Specific technique development. Resisted running.
• Introduce position specific speed training
• Initiation 6-10
• Athletic formation 11-14
• Specialisation 15-18
• High performance 18+
Emphases in Endurance Training
• Fun and multilateral. Not stressful
• The length of training sessions can increase. Longer (3km) runs can be introduced as can low intensity medium distance intervals
• Develop aerobic capacity as a priority. Sports specific drills and interval training can be used to develop both aerobic and
anaerobic endurance • Increasingly game and position
specific
• Initiation 6-10• Athletic formation 11-
14
• Specialisation 15-18
• High performance 18+
Emphases in Flexibility Training
• Static and dynamic. Increased flexibility through gymnastic type play
• Introduction of PNF. Take Growth Spurt into consideration
• As part of your weekly routine. Becoming individually specific
• Individual and position specific
• Initiation 6-10
• Athletic formation 11-14
• Specialisation 15-18
• High performance 18+