Long IslandFor other uses, see Long Island
(disambiguation).Nassau Island redirects here. For the island in
theCook Islands, see Nassau (Cook Islands). For other uses,see
Nassau (disambiguation).Coordinates: 4048N 7318W / 40.8N
73.3WLongIsland is an island located just o the northeastcoast of
the United States and a region within the U.S.state of New York.
Stretching east-northeast from NewYork Harbor into the Atlantic
Ocean, the island com-prises four counties:Kings and Queens (these
form theNew York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens,
re-spectively) to the west; then Nassau and Suolk to theeast.
However, many people in the New York metropoli-tan area (even those
living in Queens and Brooklyn) col-loquially use the term Long
Island (or The Island) ex-clusively to refer to the Nassau-Suolk
county area col-lectively, which is mainly suburban in
character.[2] Northof the island is Long Island Sound, across which
are thestates of Connecticut and Rhode
Island.WithaCensus-estimatedpopulationof7,804,968in2014,
constitutingnearly40%of NewYorkStatespopulation,[3][4][5][6][7]
Long Island is the most populatedisland in any U.S. state or
territory, and the 17th-mostpopulous island in the world (ahead of
Ireland, Jamaica,and Hokkaid). Its population density is 5,571
inhabi-tants per square mile (2,151/km2). If Long Island
geo-graphically constituted an independent metropolitan
sta-tistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in theUnited
States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Islandwould rank 13th
in population and rst in population den-sity.Both the longest[8]
and the largest island in the contiguousUnited States, Long Island
extends 118 miles (190 km)eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk
Point, witha maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles (37
km)between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast.[9]With a land
area of 1,401 square miles (3,629 km2),Long Island is the
11th-largest island in the United Statesand the 148th-largest
island in the world larger thanthe 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2)
of the smallest state,Rhode Island.[10]Two of the New York City
metropolitan areas three bus-iest airports, JFK International
Airport and LaGuardiaAirport, are located on Long Island, in
Queens. Ninebridges and 13 tunnels (including railroad tunnels)
con-nect Brooklyn and Queens (and thus Long Island) to thethree
other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connectSuolk County
northward across Long Island Sound tothe state of Connecticut.1
HistoryMain article: History of Long Island1.1 Early historyLong
Island Native American settlements, and their neighborsAt
thetimeofEuropeancontact, theLenapepeople(named the Delaware by
Europeans) inhabited the west-ernendof LongIsland,
andspoketheMunseedi-alect of Lenape, one of the Algonquian language
family.Giovanni da Verrazzano was the rst European to recordan
encounter with these people, after entering what is nowNew York Bay
in 1524. The eastern portion of the
islandwasinhabitedbyspeakersoftheMohegan-Montauk-Narragansett
language group of Algonquian languages;they were part of the Pequot
and Narrangansett peoplesinhabiting what is now Connecticut and
Rhode Island.In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson
exploredthe harbor andpurportedlylandedat ConeyIsland.Adriaen Block
followed in 1615 and is credited as the rstEuropean to determine
that both Manhattan and Long Is-land are islands.Indian land deeds
recorded by the Dutch from 1636 statethat the Indians referred to
Long Island asSewanhaka(Sewanhacky and Sewanhacking were other
spellings inthe transliteration of Lenape).[11] Sewan was one of
theterms for wampum(commemorative stringed shell beads,for a while
also used as currency by colonists in trades12 1 HISTORYwith the
Lenape), and is also translated as loose orscattered, which may
refer either to the wampum or toLong Island.[11] The name " 't
Lange Eylandt alias Ma-touwacs (later shortened to Lange Eylandt)
appears inDutch maps from the 1650s.[12][13] Later, the English
re-ferred to the land as Nassau Island,[14] after the DutchPrince
William of Nassau, Prince of Orange (who lateralso ruled as King
William III of England). It is unclearwhen the name Nassau Island
was discontinued.The c. 1806 Old Hook Mill in East Hampton is one
of elevenextant windmills in Suolk County.The very rst settlements
on Long Island were by set-tlers from England and its colonies in
present-day NewEngland.Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners
Islandin 1637. The rst settlement on the geographic LongIsland
itself was on October 21, 1640, when Southoldwas established by
settlers fromNewHaven, Connecticut.Southampton was settled in the
same year. Hempsteadfollowed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648,
Huntington in1653, and Brookhaven in 1655.While the eastern region
of Long Island was rst set-tled by English, the western portion of
Long Island wassettled by the Dutch. Until 1664, the jurisdiction
ofLong Island was split, roughly at the present border be-tween
Nassau County and Suolk County. The Dutchfounded six towns in
present-day Brooklyn beginning in1645. These included:Brooklyn,
Gravesend, Flatlands,Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick. The Dutch
hadgranted an English settlement in Hempstead, New York(nowin
Nassau county) in 1644 but, after a boundary dis-pute, drove out
English settlers from the Oyster Bay area.In 1664, the English took
over the Dutch colony of NewAmsterdam, including all their lands on
Long Island, andcontrolled the 120-mile (190 km) expanse (except
for allthe territories inhabited by indigenous peoples.)The Old
House in Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house
in New York State.The 1664 land patent granted to the Duke of York
in-cluded all islands in Long Island Sound. The Duke ofYork held a
grudge against Connecticut, as New Havenhad hidden three of the
judges who sentenced the Dukesfather, King Charles I, to death in
1649. Settlers through-out Suolk County pressed to stay part of
Connecticut,but Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to
eliminatethe settlers rights to land if they did not yield, which
theydid by 1676.[15]All of Long Island (as well as the islands
between it andConnecticut) became part of the Province of New
Yorkwithin the Shire of York. Present-day Suolk County
wasdesignated as the East Riding (of Yorkshire),
present-dayBrooklyn was part of the West Riding, and
present-dayQueens and Nassau were part of the larger North
Riding.In 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved and the three
originalcounties on Long Island were established: Kings, Queens,and
Suolk.1.2 18th and 19th centuriesBattle of Long IslandEarly in the
American Revolutionary War, the island wascaptured by the British
from General George Washingtonin the Battle of Long Island, a
decisive battle after which1.3 20th and 21st centuries 3Washington
narrowly evacuated his troops fromBrooklynHeights under a dense
fog. After the British victory onLong Island, many Patriots ed,
leaving mostly Loyalistsbehind. The island remained a British
stronghold untilthe end of the war in 1783.GeneralWashington based
his espionage activities onLong Island, due to the western part of
the islands prox-imity to the British military headquarters in New
YorkCity. The Culper Spy Ring included agents operating be-tween
Setauket and Manhattan. This ring alerted Wash-ington to valuable
British secrets, including the treasonof Benedict Arnold and a plan
to use counterfeiting toinduce economic sabotage.Long Islands
colonists served both Loyalist and Patriotcauses, withmanyprominent
familiesdividedamongboth sides. During the occupation British
troops repur-posed a number of civilian structures for defense
anddemanded to be quartered in the homes of civilians. Anumber of
structures from this era remain. Among theseare Raynham Hall, the
Oyster Bay home of patriot spyRobert Townsend, and the Caroline
Church in Setauket,which contains bullet holes from a skirmish
known as theBattle of Setauket. Also in existence is a
reconstruction ofBrooklyns Old Stone House, on the site of the
Maryland400's celebrated last stand during the Battle of Long
Is-land.The Brooklyn Bridge, the rst of multiple crossings
constructedacross the East River, connects Long Island with
Manhattan Is-land (background).In the 19th century, Long Island was
still mainly ruraland devoted to agriculture. The predecessor to
the LongIsland Rail Road (LIRR) began service in 1836 fromthe South
Ferry, Brooklyn, through Brooklyn to Jamaicain Queens. The line was
completed to the east end ofLong Island in 1844 (as part of a plan
for transportationto Boston). Competing railroads (soon absorbed by
theLIRR) were built along the south shore to accommodatetravellers
from those more populated areas. For the cen-tury from 1830 until
1930, total population roughly dou-bled every twenty years, with
more dense development inareas near Manhattan. Several cities were
incorporated,such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County, and
LongOheka Castle, a Gold Coast estate, is the second-largest
privateresidence in the country.Island City in Queens.Until the
1883 completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, theonly connection between
Long Island and the rest of theUnited States was by boat and ship.
As other bridgesand tunnels were constructed, areas of the island
beganto be developed as residential suburbs, rst around
therailroads that oered commuting into the city. On Jan-uary 1,
1898, Kings County and portions of Queens wereconsolidated into The
City of Greater New York, abolish-ing all cities and towns within
them. The easternmost 280square miles (730 km2) of Queens County,
which werenot part of the consolidation
plan,[16][17][18][19][20][21] sep-arated from Queens in 1899 to
form Nassau County.At the close of the 19th century, wealthy
industrialistswho made vast fortunes during the Gilded Age beganto
construct large baronial country estates in NassauCounty
communities along the North Shore of Long Is-land, favoring the
many lots with water views. Proxim-ity to Manhattan attracted such
men as J. P. Morgan,William K. Vanderbilt, and Charles Pratt, whose
estatesled to this area being nicknamed the Gold Coast. This
pe-riod and the area was immortalized in ction, such as F.Scott
Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby (which has also beenadapted in
lms.)1.3 20th and 21st centuriesCharles Lindbergh lifted o from
Roosevelt Field withhis Spirit of Saint Louis for his historic solo
ight to Eu-rope. Fromthe 1920s to the 1940s, Long Island began
thetransformation from backwoods and farms as developerscreated
numerous suburbs. Numerous branches of theLIRRalready enabled
commuting fromthe suburbs to thecity. Robert Moses engineered
various automobile park-way projects to span the island, and
developed beachesand state parks for the enjoyment of residents and
visi-tors from the city. Gradually, development also followedthese
parkways, with various communities springing upalong the more
traveled routes.4 2 GEOGRAPHYGrounds of the 1964 New York Worlds
Fair in Flushing, QueensAtypical house in a post-war middle class
suburban developmentAfter World War II,suburban
developmentincreasedwith incentives under the GI Bill, and Long
Islands popu-lation skyrocketed, mostly in Nassau County and
westernSuolk County. Second and third-generation children
ofimmigrants moved out to Long Island to settle in newhousing
developments built during the post-war boom.Levittown became noted
as a suburb, where house con-struction was simplied to be produced
on a large scale.These provided opportunities for GIs returning
home tobuy houses and start a family.The descendants of late 19th
and early 20th-century im-migrants from southern and eastern
Europe, and blackmigrants from the South, have been followed by
more re-cent ones from Latin America. These have created a
di-versity on Long Island lacked in other American regions.The
population has many ethnic Irish, Jews and Italians,as well as an
increasing number of Asians and Hispanicsreecting later
migrations.In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in
UnitedStates v. Maine that Long Island was not an island for
legalpurposes.[22][23][24]By the start of the 21st century a number
of Long Is-land communities had successfully repurposed their
as-sets from industrial uses to post-industrial roles.Brook-lyn
reversed decades of population decline and factoryclosings to
resurface as a globally renowned cultural andintellectual hotbed.
Gentrication has aected much ofBrooklyn and a portion of Queens,
relocating a sizeableswath of New York Citys population. On eastern
LongIsland, such villages as Port Jeerson,Patchogue, andRiverhead
have been repurposed from inactive shipbuild-ing and mill towns
into tourist-centric commercial centerswith cultural attractions.A
ood occurred on August 13, 2014 in Long Island af-ter
record-setting rainfall deposited two months worth ofprecipitation
on the area.2 GeographyMain article: Geography of Long IslandThe
westernmost end of Long Island contains the NewMontauk Point is at
Long Islands rural eastern tipYork City boroughs of Brooklyn (Kings
County) andQueens (Queens County). The central and eastern
por-tionscontainthesuburbanNassauandSuolkcoun-ties. However,
colloquial usage of the term Long Is-land usually refers only to
Nassau and Suolk coun-ties. For example, the Federal Reserve Bank
of NewYork has a district named Long Island (Nassau-SuolkMetro
Division).[25] At least as late as 1911, locations inQueens were
still commonly referred to as being on LongIsland.[26] Some
institutions in the New York City sectionof the island use the
islands names, like Long Island Uni-versity and Long Island Jewish
Medical Center.Nassau County is more densely developed than
SuolkCounty. While auent overall, Nassau County has
pock-etsofmorepronouncedwealthwithestatescoveringgreater acreage
within the Gold Coast of the North Shoreand the Five Towns area on
the South Shore. South Shorecommunities are built along protected
wetlands of the is-land and contain white sandy beaches of Outer
Barrier Is-lands fronting on the Atlantic Ocean. Dutch and
Englishsettlers fromthe time before the American RevolutionaryWar,
as well as communities of Native Americans, popu-lated the island.
The 19th century saw the infusion of thewealthiest Americans in the
so-called Gold Coast of theNorth Shore, where wealthy Americans and
Europeans in2.1 Geology 5The four counties of Long Island include
two independent coun-ties (NassauandSuolk)
andtwoNewYorkCityboroughs(Brooklyn and Queens)the Gilded Age built
lavish country homes.In its easternmost sections, Suolk remains
small-townrural, as in Greenport on the North Fork and some ofthe
outward areas of The Hamptons, although summertourism swells the
population in those areas.A portion of the Downtown Brooklyn
skyline, on Long Islandswestern endThe North Fork peninsula of
Suolk Countys East Endhas developed a burgeoning Wine Country
region.[27] TheSouth Fork peninsula is known for beach
communities,including the prominently known Hamptons, and for
theMontauk Point Lighthouse at the eastern tip of the island.The
Pine Barrens is a preserved pine forest encompassingmuch of eastern
Suolk County.2.1 GeologyLong Island, as part of the Outer Lands
region, is formedlargely of two spines of glacial moraine,with a
large,sandy outwash plain beyond. These moraines consistofgravel
andlooserockleft behindduringthetwomost recent pulses of Wisconsin
glaciation during the IceAges some 21,000 years ago (19,000 BC).
The northernmoraine, which directly abuts the North Shore of
LongIsland at points, is known as the Harbor Hill moraine.The more
southerly moraine, known as the Ronkonkomamoraine, forms the
backbone of Long Island; it runsThe intersection of Long Island,
Manhattan, and the continentalmainlandprimarily through the very
center of Long Island, roughlycoinciding with the length of the
Long Island Express-way.The blus of the North ShoreThe land to the
south of this moraine to the South Shoreis the outwash plain of the
last glacier. One part of theoutwash plain was known as the
Hempstead Plains, andthis land contained one of the few natural
prairies to existeast of the Appalachian Mountains.[28]The glaciers
melted and receded to the north, resultingin the dierence between
the North Shore beaches andthe South Shore beaches. The North Shore
beaches arerocky from the remaining glacial debris, while the
SouthShores are crisp, clear, outwash sand. Jaynes Hill, at 401feet
(122 m), within Suolk County near its border withNassau County, is
the highest hill along either moraine;another well-known summit is
Bald Hill in BrookhavenTown, not far from its geographical center
at Middle Is-land. The glaciers also formed Lake Ronkonkoma in
Suf-folk County and Lake Success in Nassau County, each adeep
kettle lake.6 2 GEOGRAPHY2.2 ClimateLong Island has a climate
similar to that of other coastalareas of the Northeastern United
States; it has warm, hu-mid summers and cool, wet winters.Under the
Kppenclimate classication, most of Long Island lies in a
tran-sition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)and a
humid continental climate (Dfa).[29] The oceanicclimate zone (Cfb)
only exists on the North Fork, theeastern end of the South Fork,
islands in Peconic Bay,and Fishers Island, and is rare in eastern
North Amer-ica. Parts of the Harbor Hill Moraine are aected by
asubtropical highland climate. The Atlantic Ocean bringsafternoon
sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmermonths and limit the
frequency and severity of thunder-storms. Long Island has a
moderately sunny climate,averaging between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of
sunshineannually.[30]Cumulus congestus clouds over Long Island on a
summer after-noon.Clearskies inautumnovertheGreat PeconicBay,
withtheAtlantic Ocean as its primary inow, separating the North
Forkand South Fork at the East End of Long Island.Due to its
coastal location, Long Island temperatures aresomewhat mild
compared to the rest of New York state.The coldest month is
January, when average temperaturesrange from 30 to 35 F (1 to 2 C),
and the warmestmonth is July, when average temperatures range from
70to 80 F (21 to 27 C).[31] Temperatures seldom fall be-low 5 F (15
C) or rise above 95 F (35 C). Long Is-land temperatures vary
fromwest to east, with the westernpart (Nassau County, Queens, and
Brooklyn) generallywarmer than the east (Suolk County). This is due
to sev-eral factors: the western part is closer to the mainland
andmore densely developed, causing the "urban heat island"eect, and
Long Islands land mass veers northward asone travels east. Also,
daytime high temperatures on theeastern part of Long Island are
cooler on most occasionsdue to moderation of the Atlantic Ocean and
Long IslandSound. On dry nights with no clouds or wind, the
PineBarrens forest of eastern Suolk County can be almost20 degrees
Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) cooler thanthe rest of the island
due to radiational cooling. Averagedew points, a measure of
atmospheric moisture, typicallylie in the 6070 F (1621 C) range
during July and Au-gust.Stripped boardwalk in Rockaway Beach after
Hurricane Sandyin 2012.Precipitation is distributed fairly
uniformly throughoutthe year, with approximately 34 inches (76102
mm)on average during each month. Average yearly snowfalltotals
range from approximately 20 to 35 inches (51 to89 cm), with the
north shore and western parts averagingmore than the south shore
and the east end. In any givenwinter, however, some parts of the
island could see up to75 inches (190 cm) of snowor more. There are
also somevery quiet winters, in which most parts of the island
couldsee less than 10 inches (25 cm) of snow.Long Island is
somewhat vulnerable to hurricanes.[32] Itsnorthern location (and
the relatively cool waters around it)tend to weaken tropical
cyclones before they reach LongIsland; nonetheless, several have
stricken the Island asfull hurricanes, including a devastating
Category 3, the1938 NewEngland Hurricane (also known as the Long
Is-land Express), and another Category 3, Hurricane Carolin 1954.
Other 20th-century storms that made landfallon Long Island at
hurricane intensity include the GreatAtlantic Hurricane of 1944,
Hurricane Donna in 1960,Hurricane Belle in 1976, and Hurricane
Gloria in 1985.Also, the eyewall of Hurricane Bob in 1991 brushed
theeastern tip. In August 2011,portions of Long Islandwere
evacuated in preparation for Hurricane Irene, a Cat-egory 1
hurricane which weakened to a tropical stormbefore it reached Long
Island.[33] On October 29, 2012,7Hurricane Sandy, a slow-moving
superstorm, reachedthe area causing 90% of Long Island households
to losepower and an estimated $18 billion in damages in Nas-sau
& Suolk Counties alone.[34][35] The storm also had adevastating
impact on coastal communities in the Brook-lyn and Queens portions
of the island, including Coney Is-land in Brooklyn and the Rockaway
Peninsula in Queens,although estimates of monetary damages there
are usuallycalculated as part of the overall losses suered in
NewYork City as a whole. The extent of Sandys damages issecond only
to those caused by the 1938 Long Island Ex-press, when adjusted for
ination. Although a lower cen-tral pressure was recorded in Sandy,
the National Hur-ricane Center estimates that the 1938 hurricane
had alower pressure at landfall.[36][37] Hurricane Sandy and
itsprofound impacts have prompted the discussion of con-structing
seawalls and other coastal barriers around theshorelines of Long
Island and New York City to mini-mize the risk of destructive
consequences from anothersuch event in the future.[38][39]2.3
Additional islandsMain article: Outer barrierSeveral smaller
islands are in close proximity to Long Is-land and are often
grouped with it. These islands includeFire Island, PlumIsland,
Robins Island, Gardiners Island,Fishers Island, Long Beach Barrier
Island, Jones BeachIsland, and Shelter Island.3 DemographicsLong
Island is one of the most densely populated regionsin the United
States. As of the United States 2010 Cen-sus, the total population
of all four counties of Long Is-land was 7,568,304, which was 39
percent of the popu-lation of the State of New York. New York Citys
por-tion of the census was 4,735,538, with Brooklyns popula-tion at
2,504,700 and Queens having 2,230,722 residents.Long Islands
proportion of New York States populationhas been increasing, with
Long Islands Census-estimatedpopulation increasing 3.1% since 2010,
to 7,804,968 in2014, representing 39.5% of New York States
Census-estimated 2014 population of 19,746,227.[6] Accordingto the
US Census Bureaus 2008 American CommunitySurvey, Nassau and Suolk
counties have the 10th and26th highest median household incomes in
the nation,respectively.[40]As of the 2010 census, the combined
population of Nas-sau and Suolk counties was 2,832,882 people;
Suf-folk Countys share being 1,493,350 and Nassau Countys1,339,532.
Nassau County had a larger population fordecades, but Suolk County
surpassed it in the 1990 cen-sus as growth and development
continued to spread east-Koreatown, Long Island () originated
inFlushing, Queens before sprawlingeastwardalongNorthernBoulevard
and into Nassau County. Bordering its west end isthe Flushing
Chinatown ().ward.Long Island contains one of the worlds largest
populations ofJews (), both secular and non-secular. Brooklyn is a
ma-jor center for the growing following of Orthodox Judaism and
isabout 23% Jewish overall.[41]As Suolk County has more than twice
the land area ofNassau County, the latter still has a much higher
popula-tion density.Combining all four counties, Long
Islandspopulation is greater than 38 of the 50 U.S.
states.Population gures from the U.S. Census Bureau Census2010[42]
show that whites are the largest racial group inall four counties,
and are in the majority in Nassau andSuolk counties. In 2002, The
New York Times cited astudy by the non-prot group ERASE Racism,
which de-termined that Nassau and Suolk counties constitute the8 4
ECONOMYmost racially segregated suburbs in the United States.[43]In
contrast, Queens is the most ethnically diverse countyin the United
States and the most diverse urban area inthe
world.[44][45]According to a 2000 report on religion, which asked
con-gregations to respond, Catholics are the largest religiousgroup
on Long Island, with non-aliated in second place.Catholics make up
52% of the population of Nassau andSuolk, versus 22% for the
country as a whole, with Jewsat 16% and 7%, respectively, versus
1.7% nationwide.[46]Only a small percentage of Protestants
responded, 7%and 8% respectively,for Nassau and Suolk counties.This
is in contrast with 23% for the entire country on thesame survey,
and 50% on self-identication surveys.[46]More recently, a Little
India ( ) community hasemerged in Hicksville, Nassau County,[47]
spreading east-ward from the more established Little India enclaves
inQueens. Rapidly growing Chinatowns have developed inBrooklyn ()
and Queens (), with Asian immi-grants moving into Nassau
County,[48][49][50] as did ear-lier European immigrants, such as
the Irish and Italians.Likewise, the Long Island Koreatown
()originated in Flushing, Queens. It is expanding eastwardalong
Northern Boulevard[51][52][53][54][55] and into Nas-sau
County.[50][52][53]A 2010 article in The New York Times stated that
the ex-pansion of the immigrant workforce on Long Island hasnot
displaced any jobs from other Long Island residents.Half of the
immigrants on Long Island hold white-collarpositions.[56]Long
Island is home to some of the wealthiest communi-ties in the United
States, including The Hamptons, on theEast End of the South Shore
of Suolk County; the GoldCoast, on the islands North Shore, along
Long IslandSound; and increasingly, the western shoreline of
Brook-lyn, facing Manhattan. In 2015, according to BusinessInsider,
the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack,within Southampton, was
listed as the most expensive inthe U.S. by real estate-listings
site Property Shark, with amedian home sale price of
$5,125,000.[57]4 EconomyMain article: Economy of Long IslandThe
counties of Nassau and Suolk have been longrenowned for their
auence.From about 1930 to about 1990, Long Island was con-sidered
one of the aviation centers of the United States,with companies
such as Grumman Aircraft,Republic,Fairchild, and Curtiss having
their headquarters and fac-tories on Long Island.Long Island has
played a prominentrole in scienticresearchandinengineering. It
isthehomeoftheF-14 Tomcat on static display pedestal at Grumman
MemorialPark, Calverton, New YorkBrookhaven National Laboratory is
a major US Department ofEnergy research institutionBrookhaven
National Laboratory in nuclear physics andDepartment of Energy
research.In recent decades companies such as Sperry Rand,Computer
Associates (headquartered in Islandia),Motorola Enterprise Mobility
(now occupying theformer headquarters of Symbol Technologies and
aformer Grumman plant in Holtsville), have made LongIsland a center
for the computer industry. Stony BrookUniversity of the State
University of New York conductsadvanced medical and technology
research.Long Island is also home to the Cold Spring Harbor
Lab-oratory, which was directed for 35 years by James D.Watson
(who, along with Francis Crick and RosalindFranklin, discovered the
double helix structure of DNA).Long Island is home to the East
Coast's largest indus-trial park, the Hauppauge Industrial Park.The
park hasover 1,300 companies employing more than 71,000
LongIslanders. Companies in the park and abroad are rep-5.1 Law
enforcement 9Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory is a renowned biomedical
re-search facilityresented by the Hauppauge Industrial Association.
Asmany as 20 percent of Long Islanders commute to NewYork City
jobs. The eastern end of the island is stillpartly agricultural. In
the last 25 years, development ofvineyards on the North Fork became
a major new indus-try, replacing potato elds. Pumpkin farms have
beenadded to traditional truck farming. Farms allow freshfruit
picking by Long Islanders for much of the year.Fishing continues to
be an important industry, especiallyat
Huntington,Northport,Montauk,and other coastalcommunities of the
East End and South Shore.5 Government and politicsMain article:
Politics of Long IslandNassauCountyandSuolkCountyeachhavetheirA
commemorative half dollar issued in 1936 for the Long
islandtercentenaryown governments, with a County Executive leading
each.Each has a county legislature and countywide-elected of-cials,
such as district attorney, county clerk, and countycomptroller.The
towns in both counties have their owngovernments as well, with town
supervisors and a towncouncil.
NassauCountyisdividedintothreetownsand two small incorporated
cities (Glen Cove and LongBeach). Suolk County is divided into ten
towns.Brooklyn and Queens, on the other hand, do not havecounty
governments. As boroughs of New York City,both have Borough
Presidents, which have been largelyceremonial oces since the
shutdown of the New YorkCity Board of Estimate.Long Island is home
to two Indian reservations,Poospatuck Reservation, and Shinnecock
Reservation.Both reservations are in Suolk County. Numerous is-land
place names are Indian in origin.5.1 Law enforcementSee also: List
of Long Island law enforcement agenciesQueens and Brooklyn are
patrolled by the New York CityPolice Department; Nassau and Suolk
counties respec-tively have the Nassau County Police Department
andSuolk County Police Department. New York State Po-lice patrol
state parks and parkways. Several dozen vil-lages and the two
cities in Nassau have their own policedepartments.Both Nassau and
Suolk each have a sheris oce thathandles civil process, evictions,
warrant service and en-forcement, prisoner transport and detention,
and opera-tion of the county jail.5.2 Secession proposalsMain
articles: Long Island (state), List of U.S.statesecession proposals
and Secession in New YorkThe secession of Long Island from New York
was pro-posed as early as 1896, but talk was revived towardsthe
latter part of the twentieth century.[60]On March28, 2008 Suolk
County, New York Comptroller JosephSawicki proposed a plan that
would make Long Island(specically, Nassau and Suolk counties) the
51st stateof the United States of America.[61] Sawicki says that
allthe Long Island taxpayers money would stay on Long Is-land,
rather than the funds being dispersed all over theentire state of
New York, and Long Island sending toAlbany over three billion
dollars more than it receivesback.[62] The state of Long Island
would include over 2.7million people (larger than that of fteen
other states). Sofar Nassau County executives have not expressed
interestin joining in the secession proposal, which would need tobe
approved by the NY State Legislature.[61]10 6 TRANSPORTATION6
TransportationMain article: Transportation on Long
IslandEverymajorformoftransportationservesLongIs-John F. Kennedy
International Airportland, including John F. Kennedy International
Airport,LaGuardia Airport, and Long Island MacArthur
Airport,multiple smaller airports, railroads, subways, and
severalmajor highways. There are historic and modern
bridges,recreational and commuter trails, and ferries serving
var-ious parts of all of Long Island.There are currently ten road
crossings out of Long Island,all within New York City limits at the
extreme westernend of the island. Plans for a Long Island Crossing
atvarious locations in Nassau and Suolk Counties (a pro-posed
bridge or tunnel that would link Long Island to thesouth with New
York or Connecticut to the north acrossLong Island Sound) have been
discussed for decades, butthere are currently no rmplans to
construct such a cross-ing.6.1 Public transportationA 7 train in
QueensThe MTA implements mass transportation for the NewYork
metropolitan area including allve boroughs ofNewYorkCity,
thesuburbancounties of Dutchess,Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Rockland,
Suolk andWestchester, all of which together are the
MetropolitanCommuter Transportation District (MCTD)".The MTA is the
largest public transportation provider inthe Western Hemisphere.
Its agencies serve 14.6 millionpeople spread over 5,000 square
miles (13,000 km) fromNew York City through the southeastern
section of thestate (including Long Island and the lower Hudson
Val-ley), and Connecticut. Combined the MTA agencies nowmove more
than 2.6 billion rail and bus customers a yearwhile employing some
70,000 workers.6.1.1 RailSchematic map of LIRR systemMain article:
Long Island Rail RoadThe Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) is the
busiestcommuter railroad system in North America, carryingan
average of 282,400 passengers each weekday on 728daily trains.
Chartered on April 24, 1834, it is also theoldest railroad still
operating under its original name.[63]6.1.2 BusNassau Inter-County
Express (NICE) provides bus ser-vice in Nassau County, while Suolk
County Transit, anagency of the Suolk County government, provides
busservice in Suolk County. In 2012, NICE replaced theformer Long
Island Bus in transporting Long Islandersacross Nassau County while
still allowing them to useMTA MetroCards as payment.[64]6.2
RoadsThe Long Island Expressway, Northern State Park-way,and
Southern State Parkway,all products of theautomobile-centered
planning of Robert Moses, are theislands primary east-west
high-speed thoroughfares.7.2 Colleges and universities 11A Nassau
Inter-County Express busLong Island Expressway in Nassau
County6.2.1 Ground transportationBeing such a large, populous
island with several airportsconnecting the island to the rest of
the world, there areseveral hundred transportation companies that
service theLong Island/New York City area.Winston airport shut-tle,
the oldest of these companies in business since 1973,was the rst to
introduce door-to-door shared-ride serviceto and from the major
airports, which almost all trans-portation companies now
utilize.[65]7 Education7.1 Primary and secondary educationLong
Islands Nassau and Suolk counties are the homeof 125 public school
districts containing a total of 656public schools. In contrast, all
of Brooklyn and Queensare served by the New York City Department of
Educa-tion, the largest school district in the United States.
LongIsland is also home to a number of private and
parochialschools.The academic mall across Stony Brook University's
main campus7.2 Colleges and universitiesSee also: List of colleges
and universities on Long Islandand List of colleges and
universities in New York CityLong Island is home to a range of
higher-education insti-tutions, both public and private.Brooklyn
and Queens contain ve of eleven senior col-leges within CUNY, the
public university system of NewYork City and one of the largest in
the country. Amongthese are the notable institutions of Brooklyn
College andQueens College. Brooklyn also contains private
collegessuch as Pratt Institute and the New York University
Poly-technic School of Engineering,an engineering collegethat
merged with New York University in 2014.Nassau and Suolk counties
are similarly served by com-munity colleges, as well as several
colleges and universi-ties within the SUNYsystem, notably Stony
Brook (for itshealth sciences research and medical center). Private
in-stitutions include the New York Institute of Technology,Hofstra
University and Adelphi University (both locatedin the Town of
Hempstead), as well as Long Island Uni-versity (with its C.W. Post
campus, located on a formerGold Coast estate in Brookville, and a
satellite campusin downtown Brooklyn). Long Island also contains
theWebb Institute, a small naval architecture college in GlenCove.
In addition, the island is home to the United StatesMerchant Marine
Academy, a Federal Service Academylocated in Kings Point, on the
North Shore.8 Culture8.1 MusicMain article: Music of Long IslandSee
also: Long Island Music Hall of Fame, List of LongIslanders and
List of people from New York CityMusic on Long Island (Nassau and
Suolk) is stronglyinuenced by the proximity to New York City and by
the12 8 CULTURENikon at Jones Beach Theateryouth culture of the
suburbs. Psychedelic rock was widelypopular in the 1960s as ocks of
disaected youth trav-elled to NYC to participate in protest and the
culture ofthe time. R & B also has a history on Long Island,
espe-cially in areas close to New York City. In the late
1970sthrough the 1980s, the inuence of radio station WLIRmade Long
Island one of the rst places in the U.S. tohear and embrace
European New Wave bands such asDepeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys, and
Culture Club.In the 1990s, hip-hop became very popular with rap
pi-oneers Rakim, EPMD, and Public Enemy growing up onLong Island.
Recently, new bands have been making aname for themselves
originating from Long Island suchas Brand New, Austin Schoeel and
Envy on the Coast.Famous rock bands that originated on Long Island
includeThe Rascals, The Ramones (from Queens), Dream The-ater, Blue
yster Cult, Twisted Sister and guitar virtuososJohn Petrucci, Steve
Vai and Joe Satriani. Rock and popsinger Billy Joel grew up on Long
Island and his youthfullife there is reected in some of his
music.The Nassau Coliseum and Nikon at Jones Beach Theaterare
venues used by national touring acts as performancespaces for
concerts. Nikon at Jones Beach Theater is anoutdoor amphitheatre,
located at Jones Beach State Park.It is a popular place to
viewsummer concerts, with newaswell as classic artists performing
there during the summermonths. It hosts a large Fourth of July
reworks showevery year which lls the stands. People also park
carsalong the highway leading to the show, and others watchfrom the
nearby beaches.[66]Long Island is also known for its school music
programs.Many schools in Suolk County have distinguished mu-sic
programs, with high numbers of students who are ac-cepted into the
statewide All-State music groups, or eventhe National All-Eastern
Coast music groups. Both theSuolk County and Nassau County Music
Educators As-sociations are recognized by The National
Associationof Music Education (MENC),[67][68] and host
numerousevents, competitions, and other music-related
activities.8.2 CuisineLong Island has historically been a center
for shing andseafood.This legacy continues in the Blue Point
oyster,a now ubiquitous variety that was originally harvested onthe
Great South Bay and was the favorite oyster of QueenVictoria. Clams
are also a popular food and clam dig-ging a popular recreational
pursuit, with Manhattan clamchowder reputed to have Long Island
origins.[69]Awineryandtastingroomina1690farmhousenearStonyBrook,
New YorkOf land-based produce, Long Island duck has a historyof
national recognition since the 19th century, with fourduck farms
continuing to produce 2 million ducks a yearas of 2013.[70] Two
symbols of Long Islands duck
farm-ingheritagearetheLongIslandDucksminor-leaguebaseball team and
the Big Duck,a 1931 duck-shapedbuilding that is a historic landmark
and tourist attraction.In addition to Long Islands duck industry,
Riverheadcontains one of the largest bualo farms on the
Eastcoast.[71]Long Island is well known for its production of
alcoholicbeverages.Eastern Long Island is a signicant producerof
wines. Vineyards are most heavily concentrated onLong Islands North
Fork, which contains 38 wineries.Most of these contain tasting
rooms, which serve as pop-ular tourist attractions for visitors
from across the NewYork metropolitan area.[72] Long Island has also
becomea producer of diverse craft beers, with 15
microbreweriesexisting across Nassau and Suolk counties as of
2013.The largest of these is Blue Point Brewing Company, bestknown
for its toasted lager.[73] Long Island is also glob-ally known for
its signature cocktail, the Long Island IcedTea, which purportedly
was invented at a popular JonesBeach nightclub in the 1970s.[74]The
eateries on Long Island are largely a product of theregions local
ethnic populations. Italian cuisine is repre-sented by ubiquitous
pizzerias spread throughout the is-land, with the region hosting an
annual competition, theLong Island Pizza Festival & Bake-O.
Jewish cuisine islikewise represented by delicatessens and bagel
stores.8.3 Sports 138.3 SportsSee also: Sports in New YorkThe New
York Mets baseball team plays at Citi FieldBarclays Center, home of
the Brooklyn Nets and New York Is-landers in Brooklynin Flushing
Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. Their for-mer stadium, Shea Stadium
was also home for the NewYork Jets football team from 1964 until
1983. The newstadium is designed with an exterior faade and main
en-try rotunda inspired by Ebbets Field. The New YorkMets had
planned to move their Double-A farm team toLong Island, as part of
the ambitious but now-defunctplan for Nassau county called The
Lighthouse Project.The Brooklyn Cyclones are a minor league
baseball team,aliated with the New York Mets. The Cyclones playat
MCU Park just o the boardwalk on Coney Islandin Brooklyn. An
articial turf baseball complex namedBaseball Heaven is located in
Yaphank.The Barclays Center, a new sports arena, business,
andresidential complex built partly on a platform over theAtlantic
Yards at Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, is the cur-rent home of the
Brooklyn Nets basketball team and theNew York Islanders hockey
team.The move from NewJersey in the summer of 2012 marked the
return to LongIsland for the Nets franchise, which played at Nassau
Vet-erans Memorial Coliseum from 1972 to 1977. The Is-landers
played at Nassau Coliseum from their 1972 in-ception through
2015.Long Island has a wide variety of golf courses that spanall
over. One of the most famous is the public BethpageBlack Course
that has hosted multiple U.S. Open's aswell as The Barclays with
the most recent during the year2012.Long Island has a professional
soccer club, the New YorkCosmos, who play in the Division 2 North
American Soc-cer League at James M. Shuart Stadium in
Hempstead.Queens also hosts one of the four tennis grand slams,
theUS Open. Every August (September, in Olympic years)the best
tennis players in the world travel to Long Islandto play the
championships, which is held in the USTACiti Field, home of the New
York Mets in QueensNational Tennis Center, located adjacent to Citi
Field inFlushing Meadows Park. The complex also contains thebiggest
tennis stadium in the world, the Arthur Ashe Sta-dium.The Stony
Brook Seawolves during their 2012 homecoming gameEbbets Field,
which stood in Brooklyn from 1913 to1957,
wasthehomeoftheBrooklynDodgersbase-ball team, who moved to
California after the 1957 Ma-jor League Baseball season to become
the Los Ange-les Dodgers.The Dodgers won several National
Leaguepennants in the 1940s and 1950s, losing several times inthe
World Seriesoften called Subway Seriesto theirBronx rivals, the New
York Yankees. The Dodgers wontheir lone championship in Brooklyn in
the 1955 WorldSeries versus the Yankees.Long Island has been a hot
spot for outdoor lacrosseat the youth and college level,which made
way for aMajor League Lacrosse team in 2001, the Long
IslandLizards. The Lizards play at Mitchel Athletic Complexin
Uniondale.The New York Dragons of the Arena Football Leaguealso
played their home games at Nassau Coliseum. LongIsland has also
been at the forefront of Semi-Professionalfootball. The Empire
State Demon Knights[75] of the FiveStar Football League have called
Long Island their homesince they relinquished the name Kings County
Wolfpackand moved to Suolk County.Long Island is also home to the
Long Island Ducks minorleague baseball team of the Atlantic League.
Their sta-14 10 REFERENCESPreparing for a horse race at Belmont
Park, home of the BelmontStakes, nal leg of the Triple Crowndium,
Bethpage Ballpark, is located in Central Islip. Thetwo main rugby
teams are the Long Island RFC in EastMeadow and the Suolk Bull
Moose in Stony Brook.Another category of sporting events popular in
this re-gion are Firematic Racing events, involving many
localVolunteer re departments.Bethpage Ballpark, home of the Long
Island Ducks minor leaguebaseball teamLong Island also has two
horse racing tracks, AqueductRacetrack in Ozone Park, Queens and
Belmont Parkon the Queens/Nassau border in Elmont, home of
theBelmont Stakes. The longest dirt Thoroughbred race-course in the
world is located in the Nassau County com-munity of Elmont at
Belmont Park.Long Island is home to numerous famous athletes,
in-cluding Hall of Famers Jim Brown, Julius Erving, JohnMackey,
Whitey Ford, Nick Drahos, and Carl Yastrzem-ski.
OthersincludeGoldMedalistsSueBird, SarahHughesandDerrickAdkins,
D'BrickashawFerguson,Billy Donovan, Larry Brown, Rick Pitino, John
McEn-roe, Jumbo Elliott, Mick Foley, Zack Ryder, Matt Serra,Boomer
Esiason, Vinny Testaverde, Craig Biggio, FrankCatalanotto, Greg
Sacks, Rob Burnett, Steve Park, FrankViola, Chris Weidman, Marques
Colston and SpeedyClaxton. Several current
NHLPlayerssuchasVan-couver Canucks Christopher Higgins and Matt
Gilroy,Nashville Predators Eric Nystrom, Toronto Maple LeafMike
Komisarek, and Pittsburgh Penguin Rob Scuderiwere all born and/or
raised on Long Island. Both Komis-arek and Higgins played on the
same Suolk CountyHockey League team at an early age, and later
played onthe Montreal Canadiens together. Nick Drahos was anAll
Scholastic and All Long Island honoree at LawrenceHigh School,
Nassau Co. in 1936 and 1937, and a 2-timeUnanimous National College
All-American in the yearsof 1939 and 1940 at Cornell University.9
See alsoGeography of New York CityList of Long Islanders, famous
residents of Nassauand SuolkList of people from New York City,
including fa-mous residents of Brooklyn and QueensList of
references to Long Island places in popularcultureList of lms shot
on Long IslandTimeline of town creation in Downstate New YorkLong
Island (proposed state)List of Long Island recreational
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demonknightsfootball.com11 External linksMedia related to Long
Island at Wikimedia Com-monsLong Island travel guide from
Wikivoyage"Long Island". The American Cyclopdia. 1879.1712 Text and
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