London

London 1

London

London

From upper left: City of London, Tower Bridge and London Eye, Palace of Westminster

London region in the United Kingdom

Coordinates: 51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W

Sovereign state United Kingdom

Country England

Region London

Ceremonial counties City and Greater London

Districts City and 32 boroughs

Settled by Romans as Londinium, c. 43 AD

Headquarters City Hall

Government

 • Regional authority Greater London Authority

London 2

 • Regional assembly London Assembly

 • Mayor of London Boris Johnson

 • UK Parliament*London Assembly*European Parliament

74 constituencies14 constituenciesLondon constituency

Area

 • London 1,570 km2 (607 sq mi)

Elevation[1] 24 m (79 ft)

Population [2]

 • London 8,174,100

• Density 5,206/km2 (13,466/sq mi)

• Urban 8,278,251

• Metro 13,709,000

 • Demonym Londoner

 • Ethnicity(June 2009 estimates)

Time zone GMT (UTC±0)

 • Summer (DST) BST (UTC+1)

Postcode areas E, EC, N, NW, SE, SW, W, WC, BR, CM, CR, DA, EN, HA, IG, KT, RM, SM, TN, TW, UB, WD

Area code(s) 020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992

Website london.gov.uk [3]

London i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest city, urban zone andmetropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the European Union by most measures.[4] Located on the RiverThames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by theRomans, who named it Londinium.[5] London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-milemediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolisdeveloped around this core.[6] The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region[7] and the Greater Londonadministrative area,[8][9] governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[10]

London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance,healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to itsprominence.[11] It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City[12][13][14] and has the fifth- orsixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[15][16][17] London has been describedas a world cultural capital.[18][19][20][21] It is the world's most-visited city measured by international arrivals[22] andhas the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic.[23] London's 43 universities form the largestconcentration of higher education in Europe.[24] In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern SummerOlympic Games three times.[25]

London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within itsboundaries.[26] In March 2011, London had an official population of 8,174,100, making it the most populousmunicipality in the European Union,[27][28] and accounting for 12.5% of the UK population.[29] The Greater LondonUrban Area is the second-largest in the EU with a population of 8,278,251,[30] while the London metropolitan area isthe largest in the EU with an estimated total population of between 12 million[31] and 14 million.[32] London had thelargest population of any city in the world from around 1831 to 1925.[33]

London 3

London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace ofWestminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which theRoyal Observatory marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT).[34] Other famous landmarks includeBuckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, andThe Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions,including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library, Wimbledon, and 40 West Endtheatres.[35] The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.[36][37]

History

Toponymy

The name London may derive from the RiverThames

The etymology of London is uncertain.[38] It is an ancient name andcan be found in sources from the 2nd century. It is recorded c. 121 asLondinium, which points to Romano-British origin.[38] The earliestattempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey ofMonmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae.[38] This had it that the nameoriginated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken overthe city and named it Kaerlud.[39]

From 1898 it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called*Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected.[38] Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it isderived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this wasa name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained theCeltic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon;[40] this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficultylies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form*(h)lōndinion (as opposed to *londīnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that theWelsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which toreconstruct the original name.

Until 1889 the name "London" officially only applied to the City of London but since then it has also referred to theCounty of London and now Greater London.[6]

Prehistory and antiquity

In 1300 the City was still confined within theRoman walls.

Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in thearea, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans in43 AD.[41] This lasted for just seventeen years and around 61, the Icenitribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground.[42] Thenext, heavily planned incarnation of the city prospered and supersededColchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. Atits height during the 2nd century, Roman London had a population ofaround 60,000. By the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons had created anew settlement called Lundenwic over a mile (2 km) upstream fromthe old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden.[43]

It is likely that there was a harbour at the mouth of the River Fleet forfishing and trading, and this trading grew, until the city was overcome by the Vikings and forced to move east, back

to the location of the Roman Londinium, in order to use its walls for protection.[44] Viking attacks continued to increase, until 886 when Alfred the Great recaptured London and made peace with the Danish leader, Guthrum.[45]

London 4

The original Saxon city of Lundenwic became Ealdwic ("old city"), a name surviving to the present day as Aldwych,which is in the modern City of Westminster.[46]

Two recent discoveries indicate that London could be much older than previously thought. In 1999 the remains of aBronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge.[47] This bridge either crossed the Thames,or went to a (lost) island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500BC.[47] In 2010 the foundations of a largetimber structure, dated to 4500BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, South of Vauxhall Bridge.[48] The functionof the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where theRiver Effra flows into the River Thames.[48]

Middle Ages

The Lancastrian siege of London in1471 is attacked by a Yorkist sally.

With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be acapital and was effectively abandoned. However, from the 6th century, anAnglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed slightly to the west ofthe old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden and the Strand, likelyrising to a population of 10–12,000.[43] In the 9th century, London wasrepeatedly attacked by Vikings, leading to a return to the location of RomanLondinium, in order to use its walls for protection.[44] Following the unificationof England in the 10th century, London, already the country's largest city andmost important trading centre, became increasingly important as a politicalcentre, although it still faced competition from Winchester, the Anglo-Saxoncapital of England and traditional centre of the kingdom of Wessex.

In the 11th century, King Edward the Confessor refounded and rebuiltWestminster Abbey, and Westminster, a short distance upstream from London,became a favoured royal residence. From this point onward, Westminstersteadily supplanted the City of London itself as a venue for the business ofnational government.[49]

Westminster Abbey is a World Heritage Site andone of London's oldest and most important

buildings as seen in this painting (Canaletto,1749)

Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke ofNormandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finishedWestminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.[50] William constructedthe Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in Englandto be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, tointimidate the native inhabitants.[51] In 1097, William II began thebuilding of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name.The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.[52][53]

During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, whichhad hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved aroundthe country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasinglyfixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although theroyal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest inthe Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capitalin governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London,

remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own uniqueadministration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown tonearly 100,000.[54]

London 5

Disaster struck during the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population.[55]

London was the focus of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[56]

Early modern

The Great Fire of London destroyed many partsof the city in 1666.

London in 1806

During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift toProtestantism, with much of London passing from church to privateownership.[57] The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed andundressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, foruse by well-to-do wearers chiefly in the interior of the continent. Butthe tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyondthe seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and theMediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps;any ship passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from Englandwere likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of theNetherlands to English shipping in January 1565 there at once ensued astrong outburst of commercial activity.[58] The Royal Exchange wasfounded.[59] Mercantilism grew and monopoly trading companies suchas the East India Company were established, with trade expanding tothe New World. London became the principal North Sea port, withmigrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose froman estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.[57]

In the 16th century William Shakespeare and his contemporaries livedin London at a time of hostility to the development of the theatre. Bythe end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still very compact.There was an assassination attempt on James I in Westminster, through the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November1605.[60] London was plagued by disease in the early 17th century,[61] culminating in the Great Plague of1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population.[62]

The Great Fire of London broke out in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the city and quickly swept through the woodenbuildings.[63] Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke[64][65][66] as Surveyor ofLondon.[67] In 1708 Christopher Wren's masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral was completed. During the Georgian eranew districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; and new bridges over the Thames encouraged development inSouth London. In the east, the Port of London expanded downstream.In 1762 George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century,London was dogged by crime and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.[68]

In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death,[69] and women and children were hanged for pettytheft.[70] Over 74 per cent of children born in London died before they were five.[71] The coffeehouse became apopular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widelyavailable; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.According to Samuel Johnson:

You find no man, at all intellectual, who is willing to leave London. No, Sir, when a man is tired of London,he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson, 1777[72]

London 6

Late modern and contemporary

British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914

A bombed out London street during the Blitz ofWorld War II

London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925.[73]

London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics,[74]

claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866.[75] Rising trafficcongestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban railnetwork. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructureexpansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it wasabolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out ofthose areas of the counties surrounding the capital . The Blitz and otherbombing by the German Luftwaffe during World War II killed over30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and otherbuildings across London. Immediately after the war, the 1948 SummerOlympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time whenthe city had barely recovered from the war.

In 1951 the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank. The GreatSmog of 1952 led to the Clean Air Act 1956, which ended the"pea-souper" fogs for which London had been notorious. From the1940s onwards, London became home to a large number ofimmigrants, largely from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica,India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, making London one of the mostdiverse cities in Europe.

Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for theworldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelseaand Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundarieswere expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racialinequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot. Greater London's population declined steadily in the decadesafter World War II, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principalports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focusfor regeneration as the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a majorinternational financial centre during the 1980s.

The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea. TheGreater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world withouta central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater LondonAuthority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridgewere constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city tostage the Olympic Games three times.[76]

Government

Local governmentThe administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities.[77] The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, who scrutinise the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject his budget

London 7

proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the current mayor is Boris Johnson. Themayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011.[78]

The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation.[79] They areresponsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection.Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combinedrevenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over 22 billion ₤ (14.7 billion ₤ for theboroughs and 7.4 billion ₤ for the GLA)[80]

Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Force,overseen by the Metropolitan Police Authority. The City of London has its own police force – the City of LondonPolice.[81] The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail and LondonUnderground services.[82]

The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire andEmergency Planning Authority and is the third-largest fire service in the world.[83] National Health Serviceambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free at the point ofuse emergency ambulance service in the world.[84] The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction withthe LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the RiverThames.[85][86]

National governmentLondon is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom, which is located around the Palace of Westminster.Many government departments are located close to Parliament, particularly along Whitehall, including the PrimeMinister's residence at 10 Downing Street.[87] The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother ofParliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright)[88] because it has been themodel for most other parliamentary systems, and its Acts have created many other parliaments.

Geography

ScopeGreater London is the top-level administrative subdivision covering London. The small, ancient City of London at itscore once contained the whole settlement, but as the urban area grew the City Corporation resisted attempts toamalgamate it with its suburbs, causing "London" to be defined in a number ways for different purposes; and thesituation was once open to legal debate.[89] Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town,within which 'LONDON' forms part of postal addresses.[90][91]

Satellite view of London

The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar insize to Greater London, although some outer districts are omitted andsome places just outside are included. The area within the orbital M25motorway is normally what is referred to as 'London'.[92] and theGreater London boundary has been aligned to it in places.[93]

Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan GreenBelt,[94] although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary inplaces, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area.Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt.[95] Greater London issplit for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London.[96] Thecity is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an

London 8

Map of central London

informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of thenominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the originalEleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Squareand Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W.[97]

Status

Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminsterhave city status and both the City of London and the remainder ofGreater London are the ceremonial counties.[98] The current area ofGreater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essexand Hertfordshire.[99] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never beengranted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[100]

Its position was formed through constitutional convention, making its status as de facto capital a part of the UK'sunwritten constitution. The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminsterdeveloped in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal court, and thus the politicalcapital of the nation.[101] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this contextknown as London.[7]

Topography

Primrose Hill.

Greater London covers an area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi),an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a populationdensity of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760 /sq mi). Alarger area, referred to as the London Metropolitan Region or theLondon Metropolitan Agglomeration covers an area of 8,382 squarekilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 12,653,500 and apopulation density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre(3,900 /sq mi).[102] Modern London stands on the Thames, its primarygeographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley isa floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. TheThames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached fivetimes their present width.[103]

Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flowunderground. The Thames is a tidal river, and London is vulnerable to flooding.[104] The threat has increased overtime due to a slow but continuous rise in high water level by the slow 'tilting' of Britain (up in the north and down inthe south) caused by post-glacial rebound.[105]

In 1974, a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to dealwith this threat. While the barrier is expected to function as designed until roughly 2070, concepts for its futureenlargement or redesign are already being discussed.[106]

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ClimateLondon has a temperate oceanic climate, similar to much of southern Britain. Despite its reputation as being a rainycity, London receives less precipitation in a year than Rome at 834 mm (32.8 in), or Bordeaux at 923 mm(36.3 in).[107] Winters are generally chilly to cold with frost usually occurring in the suburbs on average twice aweek from November to March. Snow usually occurs about 4 or 5 times a year mostly from December to February.Snowfall during March and April is rare but does occur every 2–3 years. Winter temperatures seldom fall below −4°C (24.8 °F) or rise above 14 °C (57.2 °F). During the winter of 2010, London experienced its lowest temperature onrecord (−14 °C (6.8 °F)) in Northolt and the heaviest snow seen for almost two decades, a huge strain on the city'stransport infrastructure. Temperature extremes for all sites in the London area range from 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) at Kewduring August 2003, (which has been proposed to be the UK's highest 'accurate' temperature)[108] down to −16.1 °C(3 °F) at Northolt during January 1962.[109] Temperature's of below −20 °C (−4 °F) have been noted prior to the 20thcentury, but the accuracy cannot be validated.Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot, the heat being boosted by the urban heat island effect making thecentre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. London's summer average is 24 °C(75.2 °F). On average there are 7 days a year above 30 °C (86 °F) and 2 days a year above 32 °C (89.6 °F).Temperatures of 26 °C (80 °F) usually occur on a weekly basis from mid- June to late August.During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86 °F) and 2 consecutive dayswhere temperatures soared up to 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Rain generally occurson around 2 out of 10 summer days. Spring and Autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. On 1 October 2011,the air temperature attained 30 °C (86 °F) and in April 2011 it reached 28 °C (82.4 °F). However in recent years bothof these months have also had snowfall. Temperature extremes range from −10 °C (14 °F) to 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).

Climate data for London (Greenwich)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high°C (°F)

18.5(65.3)

19.7(67.5)

25.3(77.5)

29.8(85.6)

32.8(91)

35.6(96.1)

36.5(97.7)

38.5(101.3)

35.4(95.7)

29.9(85.8)

21.1(70)

17.7(63.9)

38.5(101.3)

Average high°C (°F)

8.3(46.9)

8.5(47.3)

11.4(52.5)

14.2(57.6)

17.7(63.9)

20.7(69.3)

23.2(73.8)

22.9(73.2)

20.1(68.2)

15.6(60.1)

11.4(52.5)

8.6(47.5)

15.2(59.4)

Average low°C (°F)

2.6(36.7)

2.4(36.3)

4.1(39.4)

5.4(41.7)

8.4(47.1)

13.2(55.8)

14.2(57.6)

14.0(57.2)

11.2(52.2)

8.3(46.9)

5.1(41.2)

2.8(37)

7.5(45.5)

Record low°C (°F)

−10(14)

−9(15.8)

−8(17.6)

−2(28.4)

−1(30.2)

5.0(41)

7.0(44.6)

6.0(42.8)

3.0(37.4)

−4(24.8)

−5(23)

−7(19.4)

−10(14)

Precipitationmm (inches)

51.6(2.031)

38.2(1.504)

40.5(1.594)

45.0(1.772)

46.5(1.831)

47.3(1.862)

41.1(1.618)

51.6(2.031)

50.4(1.984)

68.8(2.709)

58.0(2.283)

53.0(2.087)

591.8(23.299)

% humidity 91 89 91 90 92 92 93 95 96 95 93 91 92.3

Avg. rainydays (≥ 1.0

mm)

10.8 8.5 9.6 9.4 9.0 8.3 8.0 7.6 8.5 10.7 10.1 9.9 110.4

Avg. snowydays

4 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 16

Meanmonthlysunshine

hours

49.9 71.4 107.1 159.8 181.2 181.0 192.1 195.1 138.9 108.1 58.5 37.4 1,480.5

Source #1: Record highs and lows from BBC Weather,[110] except August and February maximum from Met Office[111] [112]

Source #2: All other data from Met Office,[113] except for humidity and snow data which are from NOAA[114]

London 10

Districts

The City of London and the 32 London boroughs

1.1. City of London2.2. City of Westminster3.3. Kensington and Chelsea4.4. Hammersmith and Fulham5.5. Wandsworth6.6. Lambeth7.7. Southwark8.8. Tower Hamlets9.9. Hackney10.10. Islington11.11. Camden12.12. Brent13.13. Ealing14.14. Hounslow15.15. Richmond16.16. Kingston17.17. Merton

1.1. Sutton2.2. Croydon3.3. Bromley4.4. Lewisham5.5. Greenwich6.6. Bexley7.7. Havering8.8. Barking and Dagenham9.9. Redbridge10.10. Newham11.11. Waltham Forest12.12. Haringey13.13. Enfield14.14. Barnet15.15. Harrow16.16. Hillingdon

London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Bloomsbury, Mayfair, Wembleyand Whitechapel. These are either informal designations, reflect the names of villages that have been absorbed bysprawl, or are superseded administrative units such as parishes or former boroughs.Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character,but without current official boundaries. Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs inaddition to the ancient City of London.[115][116] The City of London is the main financial district[117] and CanaryWharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub, in the Docklands to the east.The West End is London's main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.[118] West London includesexpensive residential areas where properties can sell for tens of millions of pounds.[119] The average price forproperties in Kensington and Chelsea is £894,000 with similar average outlay in most of central London.[120]

The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well asfor being one of the poorest areas in London.[121] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's earlyindustrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the ThamesGateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which is being developed into the Olympic Park forthe 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.[121]

Architecture

London 11

The Tower, with Tower Bridge built 800 yearslater on the River Thames.

30 St Mary Axe, also known as theGherkin, towers over St Andrew

Undershaft

London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particulararchitectural style, partly due to their varying ages. Many grand housesand public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructedfrom Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just westof the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashedbuildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of Londonand a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, forexample, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldestsurviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c. 1515.[122]

Wren's late 17th century churches and the financial institutions of the18th and 19th centuries such as the Royal Exchange and the Bank ofEngland, to the early 20th century Old Bailey and the 1960s BarbicanEstate form part of the varied architectural heritage.

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Three icons; Big Ben clock tower with a redtelephone box and London double-decker bus

infront

The disused, but soon to be rejuvenated, 1939 Battersea Power Stationby the river in the southwest is a local landmark, while some railwaytermini are excellent examples of Victorian architecture, most notablySt. Pancras and Paddington.[123] The density of London varies, withhigh employment density in the central area, high residential densitiesin inner London and lower densities in Outer London.

The Monument in the City of London provides views of thesurrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London,which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at thenorth and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royalconnections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall inKensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument inTrafalgar Square, one of the focal points of the city centre. Olderbuildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow Londonstock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated withcarvings and white plaster mouldings.[124]

Buckingham Palace is the official residence ofthe British monarch

In the dense areas, most of the concentration is achieved with medium-and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe,Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are usuallyfound in the two financial districts, the City of London and CanaryWharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it wouldobstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historicbuildings. Nevertheless there are a number of very tall skyscrapers tobe found in central London (see Tall buildings in London), includingthe 72-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in Europe.

Other notable modern buildings include City Hall in Southwark withits distinctive oval shape,[125] and the British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross. What was formerly theMillennium Dome, located by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now used as an entertainment venue calledThe O2 Arena.

London 13

Parks and gardens

Aerial view of Hyde Park

The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the RoyalParks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens at thewestern edge of central London, and Regent's Park on the northernedge.[126] Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldestscientific zoo, and is located near the tourist attraction of MadameTussauds Wax Museum.[127][128]

Closer to central London are the smaller Royal Parks of Green Parkand St. James's Park.[129] Hyde Park in particular is popular for sportsand sometimes hosts open-air concerts. A number of large parks lieoutside the city centre, including the remaining Royal Parks ofGreenwich Park to the south-east[130] and Bushy Park and RichmondPark (the largest) to the south-west,[131][132] as well as Victoria Park,London to the east. Primrose Hill to the north of Regent's Park is apopular spot to view the city skyline.

Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath ofNorth London.[133] This incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summermonths where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoythe music, scenery and fireworks.[134]

Demography

2001 United Kingdom Census[135]

Country of birth Population

United Kingdom 5,230,155

India 172,162

Republic of Ireland 157,285

Bangladesh 84,565

Jamaica 80,319

Nigeria 68,907

Pakistan 66,658

Kenya 66,311

Sri Lanka 49,932

Ghana 46,513

Cyprus 45,888

South Africa 45,506

United States 44,622

Australia 41,488

Germany 39,818

Turkey 39,128

Italy 38,694

France 38,130

London 14

Somalia 33,831

Uganda 32,082

New Zealand 27,494

2010 ONS estimates[136]

Country of birth Population

India 263,000

Poland 122,000

Bangladesh 121,000

Republic of Ireland 115,000

Nigeria 93,000

With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world until overtakenby New York in 1925. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the SecondWorld War. There were an estimated 7,556,900 official residents in Greater London as of mid-2007.[137]

However, London's continuous urban area extends beyond the borders of Greater London and was home to8,278,251 people in 2001,[30] while its wider metropolitan area has a population of between 12 and 14 milliondepending on the definition used.[31][32] According to Eurostat, London is the most populous city and metropolitanarea of the European Union and the second most populous in Europe (or third if Istanbul is included). During theperiod 1991–2001 a net 726,000 immigrants arrived in London.[138]

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 4,542 inhabitants persquare kilometre (11,760 /sq mi),[139] more than ten times that of any other British region.[140] In terms ofpopulation, London is the 25th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. It is also ranked 4thin the world in number of billionaires (United States Dollars) residing in the city.[141] London ranks as one of themost expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.[142]

Ethnic groupsAccording to the Office for National Statistics, based on 2009 estimates, 69.7 per cent of the 7,753,600 inhabitants ofLondon were White, with 59.5 per cent White British, 2.2 per cent White Irish and 8.0 per cent classified as OtherWhite. Some 13.2 per cent are of South Asian descent, with Indians making up 6.2 per cent of London's population,followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis at 2.8 per cent and 2.2 per cent respectively. 2.0 per cent are categorised as"Other Asian". 10.1 per cent of London's population are Black, with around 5.3 per cent being Black African, 4.0 percent as Black Caribbean and 0.8 per cent as "Other Black". 3.5 per cent of Londoners are of mixed race; 1.8 per centare Chinese; and 1.7 per cent belong to another ethnic group.[143]

Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools.[144]

However, White children represent 62 per cent of London's 1,498,700 population aged 0 to 15 as of 2009 estimatesfrom the Office for National Statistics, with 55.7 per cent of the population aged 0 to 15 being White British, 0.7 percent being White Irish and 5.6 per cent being from other EU White backgrounds.[145] In January 2005, a survey ofLondon's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and more than 50non-indigenous communities which have a population of more than 10,000 in London.[146] Figures from the Officefor National Statistics show that, as of 2010, London's foreign-born population is 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from1,630,000 in 1997.

London 15

The 2001 census showed that 27.1 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK.[147] The tableto the right shows the 20 most common foreign countries of birth of London residents in 2001, the date of the lastpublished UK Census.[135] A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parentsserving in the British Armed Forces in Germany.[148] Estimates produced by the Office for National Statisticsindicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were thoseborn in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.[136]

Religion

Religion in London (2001 census)

Religion Percent

Christian 58.2%

No religion 15.8%

Religion not stated 8.7%

Muslim 8.5%

Hindu 4.1%

Jewish 2.1%

Sikh 1.5%

Buddhist 0.8%

Other 0.2%

The majority of Londoners – 58.2 per cent – identify themselves as Christians.[149] This is followed by those of noreligion (15.8 per cent), Muslims (8.5 per cent), Hindus (4.1 per cent), Jews (2.1 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent),Buddhists (0.8 per cent) and other (0.2 per cent), though 8.7 per cent of people did not answer this question in the2001 Census.[149]

London has traditionally been Christian, and has a large number of churches, particularly in the City of London. Thewell-known St Paul's Cathedral in the City and Southwark Cathedral south of the river are Anglican administrativecentres,[150] while the Archbishop of Canterbury, principal bishop of the Church of England and worldwideAnglican Communion, has his main residence at Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth.[151]

Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey.[152] The Abbey is notto be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, which is the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England andWales.[153] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is very low within the Anglican denomination.Church attendance continues on a long, slow, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics.[154]

London 16

St Paul's Cathedral

London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewishcommunities. Many Muslims live in Tower Hamlets and Newham; themost important Muslim edifice is London Central Mosque on the edgeof Regent's Park.[155] Following the oil boom, increasing numbers ofwealthy Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves aroundMayfair and Knightsbridge in west London.[156][157] London is hometo the largest mosque in western Europe, the Baitul Futuh Mosque, ofthe Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. London's large Hindu communityis found in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latterof which is home to one of Europe's largest Hindu temples, NeasdenTemple.[158] London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. Sikhcommunities are located in East and West London, which is also hometo the largest Sikh temple in the world outside India.[159]

The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore,Golders Green, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has thelargest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also inLondon) in 1998.[160] The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growingsignificance of devolved London Government.[161]

Economy

The City of London is one of the world's largestfinancial centres alongside New York

City.[12][14]

London generates approximately 20 per cent of the UK's GDP[162] (or$446 billion in 2005); while the economy of the London metropolitanarea—the largest in Europe—generates approximately 30 per cent ofthe UK's GDP (or an estimated $669 billion in 2005).[163] London isone of the pre-eminent financial centres of the world and vies withNew York City as the most important location for internationalfinance.[164][165]

London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it alarge contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007.

London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Currently, over 85% (3.2 million) of theemployed population of greater London works in the services industries. Due to its prominent global role, London'seconomy has been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. The City of London estimates that 70,000 jobs infinance will be cut within a year.[166] The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange,and Lloyd's of London insurance market.

Over half of the UK's top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies havetheir headquarters in central London. Over 70 per cent of the FTSE 100 are located within London's metropolitanarea, and 75 per cent of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London.[167]

London 17

Canary Wharf is a major business and financialcentre and is home to some of the UK's tallest

buildings

Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated inLondon and the media distribution industry is London's second mostcompetitive sector.[168] The BBC is a significant employer, while otherbroadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many nationalnewspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre andin 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world,with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.[169] The Port of London isthe second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnesof cargo each year.[170]

London has five major business districts: the City, Westminster,Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. Oneway to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had27 million m2 of office space in 2001, and the City contains the most space, with 8 million m2 of office space.London has some of the highest real estate prices in the world.[171][172]

Tourism

The Natural History Museum

London is a popular centre for tourism, one of its prime industries, employing theequivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003,[173] while annual expenditureby tourists is around £15 billion.[174] London attracts over 14 millioninternational visitors per year, making it Europe's most visited city.[175] Londonattracts 27 million overnight-stay visitors every year.[176] In 2010 the tenmost-visited attractions in London were:[177]

1.1. British Museum2.2. Tate Modern3.3. National Gallery4.4. Natural History Museum5.5. London Eye6.6. Science Museum7.7. Victoria and Albert Museum8.8. Madame Tussauds9.9. National Maritime Museum10.10. Tower of London

London 18

Transport

A black London taxi, also known as a hackney carriage.

Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administeredby the Mayor of London,[178] however the mayor's financialcontrol does not extend to the longer distance rail network thatenters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for somelocal lines, which now form the London Overground network,adding to the existing responsibility for the LondonUnderground, trams and buses. The public transport networkis administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one ofthe most extensive in the world. Cycling is an increasinglypopular way to get around London. The London CyclingCampaign lobbies for better provision.[179]

The lines that formed the London Underground, as well astrams and buses, became part of an integrated transport system in 1933 when the London Passenger Transport Board(LPTB) or London Transport was created. Transport for London (TfL), is now the statutory corporation responsiblefor most aspects of the transport system in Greater London, and is run by a board and a commissioner appointed bythe Mayor of London.[180]

Air

Heathrow (Terminal 5 pictured) is the busiestairport in the world for international

traffic.[181][182]

London is a major international air transport hub with the largest cityairspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in theirname, but most traffic passes through six of these. London HeathrowAirport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the worldfor international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier,British Airways.[183] In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened.[184]

There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal however thesewere cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.[185] InSeptember 2011 a personal rapid transit system was opened atHeathrow to connect to a nearby car park.[186]

Similar traffic, with the addition of some low-cost short-haul flights, is also handled at Gatwick Airport, locatedsouth of London in West Sussex.[187]

Stansted Airport, situated north east of London in Essex, is the main UK hub for Ryanair and Luton Airport to thenorth of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for low-cost short-haul flights.[188][189] London City Airport, thesmallest and most central airport, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haulscheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic.[190]

London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for low-costshort-haul flights. It recently went through a large redevelopment project including a brand new terminal, extendedrunway and a new railway station offering fast links into the capital. EasyJet currently have a base at the airport.

London 19

Buses and trams

The red double-decker bus is an iconic symbol ofLondon

London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24hours a day, with 8,000 buses, 700 bus routes, and over 6 millionpassenger journeys made every weekday. In 2003, the network had anestimated 1.5 billion commuter trips per annum, more than theUnderground.[191] Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year.London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world[192]

and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearingand visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wereintroduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are internationallyrecognised, and are a trademark of London transport along with blackcabs and the Tube.[193][194]

London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink, based in Croydon in South London. The network has 39stops, three routes and carried 26.5 million people in 2008. Since June 2008 Transport for London has completelyowned Tramlink and plans to spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades and capacity enhancements.Since April 2009 all trams have been refurbished.[195]

CyclingCycling in London has enjoyed a renaissance since the turn of the Millennium. Cyclists enjoy a cheaper, and oftenquicker, way around town than those by public transport or car, and the launch of the Barclays Cycle Hire scheme inJuly 2010 has been successful and generally well received.

PortFrom being the largest port in the world, the Port of London is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom,handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.[170] Most of this actually passes through the Port of Tilbury, outsidethe boundary of Greater London.

Rail

The London Underground is the world's oldestand second-longest rapid transit system

The London Underground — all of which is now commonly referredto as the Tube, though originally this designation referred only to thedeep-level lines, as distinct from the sub-surface lines — is theoldest,[36] and second longest[37] metro system in the world, datingfrom 1863. The system serves 270 stations[196] and was formed fromseveral private companies, including the world's first undergroundelectric line, the City and South London Railway.[197]

Over three million journeys are made every day on the Undergroundnetwork, over 1 billion each year.[198] An investment programme isattempting to address congestion and reliability problems, including£7 billion (€10 billion) of improvements planned for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[199] London has been commendedas the city with the best public transport.[200] The Docklands Light Railway, which opened in 1987, is a second,more local metro system using smaller and lighter tram-type vehicles which serve Docklands and Greenwich.

There is an extensive above-ground suburban railway network, particularly in South London, which has fewer Underground lines. London houses Britain's busiest station – Waterloo with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year. The stations have services to South

London 20

East and South West London, and also parts of South East and South West England.[201][202] Most rail linesterminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations with the exception of the Thameslinktrains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[203]

Since 2007 high-speed Eurostar trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, and Brussels. Journey times toParis and Brussels of two-and-a-quarter hours and one hour 50 minutes respectively make London closer tocontinental Europe than the rest of Britain by virtue of the High Speed 1 rail link to the Channel Tunnel[204] whilethe first high speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[205]

Roads

The A102, near Greenwich. This was one of theonly routes proposed in the Ringways Plan within

Inner London to be built.

Although the majority of journeys involving central London are madeby public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ringroad (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (inthe suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside thebuilt-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busyradial routes—but very few motorways penetrate into inner London.The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 195.5 km(121.5 mi) long.[206] The A1 and M1 connect London to Edinburgh,Leeds and Newcastle.

A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city(the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostlycancelled in the early 1970s. In 2003, a congestion charge wasintroduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £10 perday to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of congested central London.[207][208] Motorists who areresidents of the defined zone can buy a vastly reduced season pass which is renewed monthly and is cheaper than acorresponding bus fare.[209] London is notorious for its traffic congestion, with the M25 motorway the busiest stretchin the country. The average speed of a car in the rush hour is 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h).[210] London government initiallyanticipated the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people,reduce traffic by 10 to 15 percent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 percent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30percent.[211] Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on aweekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – this is a 35-percent reduction of vehicles driven per day.[212]

Education

Tertiary education

University College London

London is a major centre of higher education teaching and research andits 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education inEurope.[24] In 2008/09 it had a higher education student population ofaround 412,000 (approximately 17 per cent of the UK total), of whomaround 287,000 were registered for undergraduate degrees and 118,000were studying at postgraduate level.[213] In 2008/09 there were around97,150 international students in London, approximately 25 per cent ofall international students in the UK.[213]

London 21

A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2012 QS World University Rankings,University College London (UCL) is ranked 4th in the world, Imperial College London 6th, and King's CollegeLondon 26th.[214] The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social scienceinstitution for both teaching and research.[215] The London Business School is considered one of the world's leadingbusiness schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times.[216]

With 125,000 students, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in Europe.[217] Itincludes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL –and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art,Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, theLondon School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music,the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and AfricanStudies.[218] Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award theirown degrees.There are a number of universities in London which are outside of the University of London system, includingBrunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London MetropolitanUniversity (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London),[219] London South Bank University,Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communicationand the performing arts in Europe),[220] University of East London, the University of West London and theUniversity of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London – Regent's College,Richmond University and Schiller International University.

The front façade of the Royal College of Music

London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The LondonSchool of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King'sCollege London School of Medicine (the largest medical school inEurope), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical Schooland St George's, University of London – and has a large number ofaffiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedicalresearch, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres arebased in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partnersand UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).[221] There are anumber of business schools in London, including Cass BusinessSchool (part of City University London), ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial CollegeBusiness School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts educationinstitutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, the London Contemporary Dance School, RADA,the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban.

London 22

Primary and secondary educationThe majority of primary and secondary schools in London are state schools and are controlled by the Londonboroughs, although there are also a number of private schools in London, including old and famous schools such asthe City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, University College School, Highgate School and WestminsterSchool.

Culture

AccentThe London accent long ago acquired the Cockney label, and was similar to many accents of the South East ofEngland. The accent of a 21st century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongstthe under 30s however is some fusion of Cockney, Received Pronunciation, and a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, inparticular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE).[222]

Leisure and entertainment

Piccadilly Circus

Within the City of Westminster, the entertainment district of the WestEnd has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and worldfilm premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronicadvertisements.[223] London's theatre district is here, as are manycinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatowndistrict (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an areahousing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew LloydWebber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre sincethe late 20th century.[224] The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, EnglishNational Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based inLondon and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal AlbertHall as well as touring the country.[225]

Harrods in Knightsbridge

Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from theAngel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the UnitedKingdom.[226] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping streetnearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UnitedKingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and departmentstores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store.[227] Knightsbridge,home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the southwest.

London is home to designers Vivienne Westwood, Galliano, Stella McCartney,Manolo Blahnik, and Jimmy Choo among others; its renowned art and fashionschools make it an international centre of fashion alongside Paris, Milan andNew York. London offers a great variety of cuisine as a result of its ethnicallydiverse population. Gastronomic centres include the Bangladeshi restaurants of

Brick Lane and the Chinese food restaurants of Chinatown.[228]

There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display atthe London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August BankHoliday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the

annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British

London 23

armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.[229]

Literature, film and television

Keats House, where Keats wrote his Ode to aNightingale. The village of Hampstead has

historically been a literary centre in London.

London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literarycentres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (sincethe early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated withthe city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness accountof the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy,snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been amajor influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, andVirginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literaryfigures of the 20th century.[230]

Sherlock Holmes Museum, Baker Street, London, bearingthe number 221B

The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-centuryCanterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London –specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. WilliamShakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working inLondon; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there,and some of his work—most notably his play TheAlchemist—was set in the city.[230] A Journal of the PlagueYear (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the eventsof the 1665 Great Plague.[230] Later important depictions ofLondon from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens'novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmesstories.[230] Modern writers pervasively influenced by the cityinclude Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London,

and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.

London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects andpost-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London.[231] London hasbeen the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Peter Pan (1953), The Ladykillers (1955), The 101Dalmatians (1961), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Secrets & Lies (1996),Notting Hill (1999), Match Point (2005), V For Vendetta (2005) and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of FleetStreet (2008). London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, TheFountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London, including thepopular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.

London 24

Museums and art galleries

The British Museum

London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions,many of which are free of admission charges and are major touristattractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to beestablished was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753.Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens and thenational library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from aroundthe globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house theBritish national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies aprominent position in Trafalgar Square. In the latter half of the 19thcentury the locale of South Kensington was developed as"Albertopolis", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major nationalmuseums are located there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum andthe Science Museum. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of theNational Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.

Music

The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musicalevents

London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of theworld and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI, as wellas countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city isalso home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the BarbicanArts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra),Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal AlbertHall (The Proms).[225] London's two main opera houses are the RoyalOpera House and the Coliseum Theatre.[225] The UK's largest pipeorgan can be found at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significantinstruments are found at the cathedrals and major churches. Several

conservatoires are located within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School ofMusic and Drama and Trinity College of Music.

Abbey Road Studios, 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, Cityof Westminster, London

London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts,including large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arenaand the O2 Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such asBrixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and theShepherd's Bush Empire.[225] Several music festivals,including the Wireless Festival, are held in London. The cityis home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and theAbbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many oftheir hits. In the 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups likeElton John, David Bowie, Queen, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens,Ian Dury and the Blockheads, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones,The Who, Electric Light Orchestra, Madness, The Jam, TheSmall Faces, Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, The Police, The Cure, Cream, Phil Collins and Sade, tookthe world by storm, deriving their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.[232]

London 25

London was instrumental in the development of punk music,[233] with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash,[232]

and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene includeGeorge Michael, Bananarama, Bush, East 17, Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, TheProdigy, The Libertines, Babyshambles, Bloc Party, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse andAdele.[234][235][236] London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass,dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass.Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London andthe rest of the UK.

Sports

Centre Court at the All England Club hosting aWimbledon Championships match in 2010.

London has hosted the Summer Olympics three times: in 1908, 1948,and 2012.[237][238] London was chosen in July 2005 to host the 2012Olympics and Paralympics, making it the first city to host the modernGames three times.[25] London was also the host of the British EmpireGames in 1934.[239] London will host the 2017 World Championshipsin Athletics.[240]

Wembley Stadium viewed from Wembley Way

London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen Leaguefootball clubs, including six in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea,Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Tottenham Hotspur, and West HamUnited.[241]

London also has four rugby union teams in the Aviva Premiership(London Irish, Saracens, Wasps and Harlequins), although only theHarlequins play in London (all the other three now play outsideGreater London, although Saracens still play within the M25).[242] Theother two professional rugby union teams in the city are seconddivision clubs London Welsh and London Scottish, that play homematches in the city. The city has other very traditional rugby union clubs, famously Richmond F.C., Rosslyn ParkF.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C..

There are currently three professional rugby league clubs in London – London Broncos who play in the EuropeanSuper League at The Stoop and the Championship One side the London Skolars (based in Wood Green, LondonBorough of Haringey) Hemel Stags based in Hemel Hempstead, north of London will play in the Championship Onefrom 2013.From 1924, the original Wembley Stadium was the home of the English national football team, and served as thevenue for the FA Cup final as well as rugby league's Challenge Cup final.[243] The new Wembley Stadium servesexactly the same purposes and has a capacity of 90,000.[244] Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is thenational rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 84,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.[245]

Cricket in London is served by two Test cricket grounds Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) in St John's Wood[246]

and the Oval (home of Surrey C.C.C.) in Kennington.[247] Lord's has hosted four finals of the Cricket World Cup. One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon.[248] Other key events are the annual mass-participation

London 26

London Marathon which sees some 35,000 runners attempt a 26.2 miles (42.2 km) course around the city,[249] andthe Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake.[250]

The London Commuter Belt contains many internationally recognised golf courses such as, among others,Wentworth Golf Club and Sunningdale Golf Club.

Twin citiesThere are 46 other places on six continents named after London.[251] As well as London's twinning, the Londonboroughs have twinnings with parts of other cities across the world. The Greater London Authority has twinningarrangements with:• Bogotá, Colombia• La Paz, Bolivia• Arequipa, Peru• Berlin, Germany[252]

• Delhi, India[253]

• Johannesburg, South Africa[254]

• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia• Kuwait City, Kuwait• Moscow, Russia[252]

• New York City, United States[255]

• Oslo, Norway• Sylhet, Bangladesh• Shanghai, China[256]

• Seoul, South Korea• Tehran, IranThe following cities have a friendship agreement with London:• Algiers, Algeria• Baku, Azerbaijan• Beijing, China[257]

• Bucharest, Romania• Buenos Aires, Argentina• Delhi, India[253]

• Dhaka, Bangladesh[258]

• Istanbul, Turkey• Los Angeles, United States[259]

• Mumbai, India• Paris, France[260]

• Podgorica, Montenegro• Rome, Italy• Sofia, Bulgaria• Tokyo, Japan• Zagreb, Croatia

London 27

Notes[1] (online) London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) (http:/ / www.

wunderground. com/ global/ stations/ 03772. html). The Weather Underground, Inc.. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5yo0HaAk7)from the original on 19 May 2011. . Retrieved 6 June 2008.

[2] http:/ / www. ons. gov. uk/ ons/ rel/ mro/ news-release/ census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712. html

[3] http:/ / www. london. gov. uk/[4] According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone which uses conurbations and areas of high population

as its definition. A ranking of population within municipal boundaries places London first. However, the University of Avignon in Franceclaims that Paris is first and London second when including the whole urban area and hinterland, that is the outlying cities as well.

[5] "Roman" (http:/ / classic-web. archive. org/ web/ 20080622181424/ http:/ / www. museumoflondon. org. uk/ English/ EventsExhibitions/Permanent/ RomanLondon. htm). The Museum of London. . Retrieved 7 June 2008.

[6][6] Mills 2001, p. 140[7] "Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London" (http:/ / www. gos. gov. uk/ gol/ factgol/ London/ ?a=42496). Office for

National Statistics. . Retrieved 4 May 2008.[8] Elcock, Howard (1994). Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities. Routledge. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-415-10167-7.[9] See also: Independent city#National capitals.[10] Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). Politics UK. Pearson Education. p. 868. ISBN 978-1-4058-2411-8.[11] "Global Power City Index 2009" (http:/ / www. mori-m-foundation. or. jp/ english/ research/ project/ 6/ pdf/ GPCI2009_English. pdf).

Institute for Urban Strategies – The Mori Memorial Foundation. . Retrieved 14 December 2010.[12] "Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008" (http:/ / www. mastercard. com/ us/ company/ en/ insights/ pdfs/ 2008/

MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008. pdf). Mastercard. .[13] "Global Financial Centres 9" (http:/ / zyen. com/ PDF/ GFCI 10. pdf). Z/Yen. 2011. .[14] ""World's Most Economically Powerful Cities"." (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 07/ 15/

economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities. html). Forbes. 15 July 2008. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5yo0LhcwS) fromthe original on 19 May 2011. . Retrieved 3 October 2010.

[15][15] Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes ofthe areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output. London and Paris are currently of broadly similar sizein terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is defined as having the fifth- and sixth-largestcity GDP in the world. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$751.8billion in 2010, compared to US$764.2 billion for Paris, making them respectively the sixth- and fifth-largest in the world. A report byPricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$565billion in 2008, compared to US$564 billion for Paris, making them respectively the fifth- and sixth-largest in the world. The McKinseyGlobal Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris, whilst thePricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris.

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References

Bibliography• Ackroyd, Peter (2001). London: The Biography. London: Vintage. p. 880. ISBN 978-0-09-942258-7.• Mills, David (2001). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280106-7.

OCLC 45406491.

External links• British Pathé (http:/ / www. britishpathe. com/ workspace. php?id=2449& delete_record=75105/ ) Digitalised

archive containing hundreds of films of 20th century London• London (http:/ / www. british-history. ac. uk/ place. aspx?region=1) in British History Online, with links to

numerous authoritative online sources• VisitLondon.com (http:/ / www. visitlondon. com/ ) – Official London Tourism site• Museum of London Group Portal – Home (http:/ / www. museumoflondon. org. uk/ )• Transport for London (http:/ / www. tfl. gov. uk/ ) (TfL) – city transport authority• Map of Early Modern London (http:/ / mapoflondon. uvic. ca/ ) Historical Map & Encyclopaedia of Shakespeare's

London. Scholarly• London.gov.uk – Official site for the government of London by the Greater London Authority covering the Office

of Mayor of London and the London Assembly (http:/ / www. london. gov. uk/ )• Geographic data related to London (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 175342) at

OpenStreetMap

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Article Sources and ContributorsLondon  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=525671326  Contributors: $yD!, (, 09pvidal, 118d, 12 Basti, 1297, 12kgirres, 1524gf86d3sf546, 1exec1, 205ywmpq, 22dragon22burn, 2812, 2D, 334a, 3dspex, 6nike9, 80.255, A bit iffy, A little insignificant, A. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 40

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:London collage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London_collage.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: TE-Collage_London.png:derivative work: Sceptre (talk)File:London (European Parliament constituency).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London_(European_Parliament_constituency).svg  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Barryob at en.wikipediaImage:Speakerlink.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Woodstone. Original uploader wasWoodstone at en.wikipediaFile:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London_Thames_Sunset_panorama_-_Feb_2008.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:Map of London, 1300.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_London,_1300.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:GrandioseFile:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siege_of_London_(MS_1168).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown, possibly JeanSpifameFile:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westminster_Abbey_by_Canaletto,_1749.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Diiscool, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Man vyi, Saperaud, 1 anonymous editsFile:Great Fire London.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Great_Fire_London.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bishonen, Cnyborg, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Manvyi, McGeddon, PsychoMessiah, Siebrand, Thib Phil, 8 anonymous editsFile:1806 Mogg Pocket or Case Map of London, England - Geographicus - London-mogg-1806.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1806_Mogg_Pocket_or_Case_Map_of_London,_England_-_Geographicus_-_London-mogg-1806.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Ermanon, WereSpielChequersFile:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_recruits_August_1914_Q53234.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AnRo0002, Ardfern, Docu, Gsl, IxK85, Jarry1250, Man vyi, Rcbutcher, Romary, SoLandoFile:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LondonBombedWWII_full.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US GovernmentFile:London, United Kingdom.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London,_United_Kingdom.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aresceo, OxymanFile:Open street map central london.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Open_street_map_central_london.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: MRSCFile:Primrose Hill Panorama, London - April 2011.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Primrose_Hill_Panorama,_London_-_April_2011.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffImage:London-boroughs.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London-boroughs.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: NotscottImage:Tower of london from swissre.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tower_of_london_from_swissre.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original photo byWjfox2005, rotated and contrast enhanced by User:ArpingstoneFile:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:30_St_Mary_Axe_from_Leadenhall_Street.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Aurelien Guichard from London, United KingdomFile:London Big Ben Phone box.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:London_Big_Ben_Phone_box.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: , [email protected]:Buckingham Palace, London - April 2009.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buckingham_Palace,_London_-_April_2009.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aerial_view_of_Hyde_Park.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Hyde_Park_from_the_air.jpg: Ben Leto derivative work: BaldBorisFile:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MifterFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Ireland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Jamaica.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anime Addict AA, Boricuaeddie, Bruce1ee,Davepape, Duduziq, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, KBarnett, Kilom691, Klemen Kocjancic, Kounoupidi, Körnerbrötchen, Ludger1961, Mattes, Nishkid64, Odder, Reisio, SKopp, Sarang, TheEvil IP address, Wknight94, 29 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Nigeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:JhsFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Kenya.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Pumbaa80File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Ghana.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, Cycn, Fry1989, Henswick, Homo lupus,Indolences, Jarekt, Klemen Kocjancic, Magasjukur2, Neq00, OAlexander, SKopp, ThomasPusch, Threecharlie, Torstein, Zscout370, 5 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Cyprus.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Vzb83File:Flag of South Africa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos,BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15,Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, Sarang, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 35 anonymous editsFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Turkey.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Benbennick (original author)File:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Somalia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see upload historyFile:Flag of Uganda.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:NightstallionFile:Flag of New Zealand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, ArriaBelli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic, Mamndassan, Mattes,Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, Tabasco, Transparent Blue, Väsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 37 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Poland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:St Paul's Cathedral, London, England - Jan 2010.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Paul's_Cathedral,_London,_England_-_Jan_2010.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:City of London skyline from London City Hall - Oct 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:City_of_London_skyline_from_London_City_Hall_-_Oct_2008.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:Canary-wharf-one.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Eleassar, Emijrp, 1 anonymous editsFile:Natural History Museum 001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Natural_History_Museum_001.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Valérie75

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 41

File:Black London Cab.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Black_London_Cab.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Jimmy BarrettFile:Heathrow T5.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Heathrow_T5.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Warren RohnerFile:Routemaster bus alongside new bus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Routemaster_bus_alongside_new_bus.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Lancaster Gate tube.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lancaster_Gate_tube.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:tompagenet (Tom Page)File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rush_hour_on_the_A102_-_geograph.org.uk_-_205323.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic  Contributors: Stephen CravenFile:University College London -quadrant-11Sept2006 (1).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:University_College_London_-quadrant-11Sept2006_(1).jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Steve Cadman from London, U.K.File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_College_of_Music_-_April_2007.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: DiliffFile:The Ballet of Change- Piccadilly Circus, London.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ballet_of_Change-_Piccadilly_Circus,_London.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Paul AthertonFile:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harrods_at_Night,_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: DiliffFile:Keats House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Keats_House.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Cj1340 (talk). Original uploader was Cj1340 aten.wikipediaFile:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sherlock_Holmes_Museum.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Anders Thirsgaard RasmussenFile:British Museum from NE 2.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Ham, J.delanoy, JMCC1, JayWalsh, Look2See1, MartinD, Nyttend, Oxyman, Wutsje, 1 anonymous editsFile:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Royal_Albert_Hall_Crop,_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Royal_Albert_Hall,_London_-_Nov_2012.jpg: Diliff derivative work: DiliffFile:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Abbey_Rd_Studios.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Misterweiss at en.wikipediaFile:Centre Court roof.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Centre_Court_roof.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors: Albert LeeFile:Wembley Stadium, illuminated.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wembley_Stadium,_illuminated.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Rob from United KingdomFile:Flag of Colombia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Bolivia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Peru.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Peru.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:DbenbennFile:Flag of Malaysia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Achim1999, Ah Cong Strike, AnonMoos,Arteyu, Avala, Cycn, DarknessVisitor, Duduziq, Er Komandante, Fibonacci, Fred J, Fry1989, Herbythyme, Homo lupus, Juiced lemon, Klemen Kocjancic, Ludger1961, Morio, Nick, Reisio,Rocket000, SKopp, Sarang, Tryphon, VAIO HK, Zscout370, 白 布 飘 扬, 20 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Kuwait.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370File:Flag of Norway.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DbenbennFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Iran.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iran.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Algeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKopp and othersFile:Flag of Romania.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AdiJapanFile:Flag of Argentina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Government of Argentina (vector graphics byDbenbenn)File:Flag of Montenegro.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: B1mbo,FroztbyteFile:Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Croatia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83,Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament)File:Openstreetmap logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Openstreetmap_logo.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:OpenStreetMap

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