8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
1/82
!"# %#&&'()*+&,+ -.+.# /&,*#0',.(
!"# 10+23+.# -4"55)
%)+&. %+."5)56( 7#8+0.9#&.
!"#"!$%%& ()!*)+,-. +/0+,1$,- 2)1 ,3- *1)./(,")#
)2 !"!#$%&' )$'*+#&'
: !"#',' ,&
%)+&. %+."5)56(
;(
-.#8"+&,# 5#"0
? @ABA -.#8"+&,# 5#"0
-3;9,..#2 ,& %+0.,+) C3)D,))9#&.5D ."# E#F3,0#9#&.'
D50 ."# 7#60## 5D
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
2/82
""
!"# ."#',' 5D -.#8"+&,# 5#"0 G+' 0#*,#G#2 +&2 +8805*#2H ;( ."# D5))5G,&6I
7+&,#) J= E5('#%05D#''50 5D %)+&. %+."5)56(!"#',' :2*,'50
75&+)2 7= 7+*,'%05D#''50 5D %)+&. %+."5)56(
%+3) K= K#,+&&%05D#''50 5D :60,43).30+) +&2 L,5)56,4+) M&6,#0,&6
N= %#.#0 E59+,%05D#''50 5D %)+&. %+."5)56(
C0#2#0,4O M= 1,)25G%05D#''50 5D %)+&. %+."5)56(K#+2 5D ."# 7#8+0.9#&. 5D %)+&. %+."5)56(
H-,6&+.30#' 5& D,)# ,& ."# 10+23+.# -4"55)
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
3/82
"""
$0+,1$(,
!"#$%&'( *%(+,$'( ,' 43).,*+.#2 4599#04,+))( 5& + 45985'.#2 '3;'.0+.# ."+.
,&4)32#' 0+G 9+.#0,+)' '34" +' '.0+GP;#22#2 "50'# 9+&30#Q "+(Q 853).0( ),..#0Q
2,'.,))#0R' 60+,&Q 450&45;'Q 45..5&'##2 "3))'Q 6(8'39Q #.4= N5985'.,&6 ,' + .G5P8"+'#
8054#'' ."+. 9+( .+O# 38 .5 ."0## G##O' 50 950# .5 4598)#.#= 730,&6 ."+. .,9#Q +
'3;'.+&.,+) +953&. 5D 20( 9+..#0 ,' )5'. +' 4+0;5& 2,5S,2#Q +995&,+Q 9#."+Q +&2
5."#0 *5)+.,)#' .5 ."# #&*,05&9#&.= :&+#05;,4 T5' D509#2 ,& ."# 45985'. 230,&6
8"+'# U 45985'.,&6 9+( 0#'3). ,& #9,'',5&' 5D 9+)525053' 6+'#' '34" +' "(2056#&
'3)D,2# +&2 *+0,53' 5."#0 '3)D30P45&.+,&,&6 459853&2'= !"#'# 459853&2' "+*# + )5G
."0#'"5)2 5D 2#.#4.,5&Q '5 ."#( 9+( ;#459# + &3,'+&4# .5 ,6";50"552' +2V+4#&. .5
93'"0559 605G,&6 0#6,5&'= U& +22,.,5& .5 ."#'# +.,*# +'8#4.'Q G+.#0 03&5DD D059
45985'.,&6 9+( +)'5 45&.+9,&+.# '30D+4# +&2 6053&2G+.#0 '388),#'=
-"50.#&,&6 50 #),9,&+.,&6 8"+'# U 45985'.,&6 9+( "#)8 0#234# '59# 5D ."#
#&*,05&9#&.+) 805;)#9' +''54,+.#2 G,." 93'"0559 45985'.,&6= U& +& #DD50. .5
+))#*,+.# '59# 5D ."# 20+G;+4O' 5D 45985'.,&6Q G# '536". .5 2#*#)58 + 93'"0559
'3;'.0+.# ."+. G53)2 &5. 0#F3,0# 8"+'# U 45985'.,&6= W# #*+)3+.#2 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0
X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
4/82
"#
93'"0559 '3;'.0+.# X-+9;#0. !de
+. da 2cG +. '8+G&,&6 4598+0#2 .5 E#95R' :)) -#+'5&e +. da 2cG +&2 !de +. B@a
2cG 805234#2 ",6"#0 (,#)2'= !0#+.9#&.' '388)#9#&.#2 G,." >+9;#0. !de X[a 2cGY +.
4+',&6Q 0#'3).#2 ,& ",6"#0 (,#)2' +&2 LM 4598+0#2 .5 >+9;#0. !fe +&2 E#95R' :))
-#+'5&e '388)#9#&. 3'#2 +. 4+',&6=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
5/82
#
/'# 5D '(&."#.,4P.(8# '8+G& X-()*+&
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
6/82
#"
,$0%- )2 ()#,-#,+
>,'. 5D C,630#' gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ,S
>,'. 5D !+;)#' gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg== S:4O&5G)#26#9#&.' ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg S,,
(456789 :; 1#+) ,&.05234.,5& gggggggggggggggggggggg B
B=B U&.05234.,5& ggggggggggggggggggggggggggg B
B=@ M45&59,4 ,9850.+&4# 5D !"#$%&'( *%(+,$'( gggggggggg @
B=Z N3).,*+.,5& ",'.50( ggggggggggggggggggggggg @
B=[ N3).,*+.,5& 9#."52' gggggggggggggggggggggg= [
B=\ h3.0,.,5&+) 0#F3,0#9#&.' ggggggggggggggggggg= \
B=d -388)#9#&.+.,5& gggggggggggggggggggggggg d
B=f M&*,05&9#&.+) ,98+4. ggggggggggggggggggggg f
B=_ E+G 9+.#0,+)' 3'#2 D50 43).,*+.,5& gggggggggggggg _
B=` -"50.#&,&6 50 #),9,&+.,&6 ."# 45985'.,&6 8054#'' gggggg `
B=BA i;V#4.,*#' ggggggggggggggggggggggggggg= BZ
(456789
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
7/82
#""
@=Z E#'3).' gggggggg=ggggggggggggggggggggg @d
@=Z=B -3;'.0+.# 8+0.,4)# ',T#' ggggggggggggggg= @d
@=Z=@ j,#)2Q ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4(Q +&2 93'"0559 ',T# gggg=g=== @f
@=[ 7,'43'',5& ggggggggggggggggggggggggggg== @_
(456789 =; U&D)3#&4# 5D &3.0,#&. '388)#9#&.+.,5& +. D,)) +&2 +. 4+',&6Q
.#98#0+.30# T5' ,& 9,&,;3&O#0' 230,&6 8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6Q
+&2 '8+G& .(8# 5& (,#)2Q ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( +&2 93'"0559 ',T# ZB
Z=B U&.05234.,5& gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ZB
Z=@
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
8/82
#"""
[=Z=B :hik: ggggggggggggggggggggggggg== \d
[=Z=@ -8+G& 0+.# ggggggggggggggggggggggg= \f
[=Z=Z -
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
9/82
"$
%"+, )2 2"D/1-+
C,6= @=B= WUN ;+)# 4"588#0 3'#2 D50 80#P4"588,&6 5D 450& '.5*#0 3'#2 D50
80#8+0+.,5& 5D 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 '3;'.0+.# gggggggggg==ggg= B_
C,6= @=@= X:Y
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
10/82
$
%"+, )2 ,$0%-+
!+;)# @=B= %+0.,4)# ',T# 0+&6# 5D 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 '3;'.0+.#' X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
11/82
$"
'5(;#+& 9#+) D50 (,#)2 +&2 ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( XLM aY 5D !- *%(+,$'(
XN058 A`A\Y gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg [Z
!+;)# Z=BA=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
12/82
$""
!+;)# [=[=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
13/82
$"""
$(E#)F%-.D-!-#,+
C,0'.Q +&2 D50#95'.Q U G53)2 ),O# .5 ."+&O 9( +2*,'50Q 70= 7+&,#) E5('#Q D50 ",'
63,2+&4#Q "#)8D3) '366#'.,5&'Q +&2 85',.,*# 0#,&D504#9#&. +&2 '38850. 5D 9( G50O= U
+9 ',&4#0#)( 60+.#D3) D50 ",' "#)8 ,& G0,.,&6 +&2 805D#'',5&+) 2#*#)589#&.=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
14/82
%
(456789 :; D8A895G HA79IJKB7HIA
:L:
"A79IJKB7HIA
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
15/82
&
:L< -BIAIMHB HM6I975AB8 I@ !,-./012 3/245.12
!"# 93'"0559 ,&23'.0( ,' *,.+) .5 ."# #45&59( 5D ."# N5995&G#+)." 5D
%#&&'()*+&,+= !"#$%&'( *%(+,$'( G+' *+)3#2 +. o__\=_ 9,)),5& D50 ."# @AA`PBA '#+'5& ,&
."# /=-= X/-7:Q @ABAY= %#&&'()*+&,+ 805234#2 d[=[a 5D ."# 93'"0559' 605G& ,& ."#
/=-= X/-7:Q @ABAY *+)3#2 +. o[Z_=` 9,)),5& ,& ."# @AA`PBA '#+'5&= N+),D50&,+ 0+&O'
'#45&2 XB[aY ,& ."# /=-= ,& .#09' 5D 93'"0559 805234.,5&Q G,." + *+)3# 5D oB_[ 9,)),5&
,& @AA`PBA= %05234.,5& 5D !- *%(+,$'( ,& @AA`PBA G+' +8805S,9+.#)( ZdA 9,)),5& O6Q
G,." +& +*#0+6# *+)3# 8#0 O6 5D o@=\f= %05234.,5& G+' 25G& Ba D059 @AA`Q ,&
+22,.,5&Q 93'"0559 *+)3# 2#40#+'#2 +;53. Za=
:L=
(KG7HN57HIA 4HC7I9O
!"#$%&'( *%(+,$'( G+' D,0'. 43).,*+.#2 +053&2 Bd\A :=7= ;( C0#&4" 605G#0'= U.
G+' ."# D,0'. 93'"0559 43).,*+.#2 ;#D50# B`AA ."+. 2,2 &5. 50,6,&+.# ,& N",&+ XN"+&6Q
@AAdY= C+09#0' &5.,4#2 ."+. ."# 93'"0559 D03,.#2 5& D0#'")( 80#8+0#2 "50'# 9+&30#
,&543)+.#2 G,." 45)5&,T#2 9+&30#= U. G+' 50,6,&+))( 605G& 3&2#0 60##&"53'# ;#&4"#'
3&.,) D+09#0' 0#+),T#2 ."#( 453)2 805D,. 934" 950# D059 ."# 93'"0559' ."+& ."#,0
5."#0 4058' +&2 45&*#0.#2 ."#,0 "5."53'#' .5 93'"0559 "53'#' X:.O,&'Q B`f`Y= :
4598)#.# 2#'40,8.,5& 5D ."# 43).,*+.,5& 5D !- *%(+,$'( G+' G0,..#& ,& BfAf ;( ."# C0#&4"
;5.+&,'. !530D50. XE#..#GQ B`[_Y=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
16/82
'
.#98#0+.30# +&2 "39,2,.( +&2 D#G#0 +&,9+) 8#'.'=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
17/82
(
:L> (KG7HN57HIA M874IJC
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
18/82
)
9,405506+&,'9' ."+. 9+( +DD#4. 605G." 5D !- *%(+,$'( +&2 @Y 45&2,.,5&,&6 5D ."#
'3;'.0+.# '5 ."+. ,. ;#459#' '#)#4.,*# D50 ."# 605G." 5D !- *%(+,$'( +&2 D0## 5D 6+'#53'
+995&,+=
:D.#0 45985'.,&6 ,' 4598)#.#Q ."# '3;'.0+.# ,' ,&543)+.#2 G,." '8+G&= -8+G& ,'
9,S#2 ,&.5 ."# '3;'.0+.# +' ,. ,' D,))#2 ,&.5 .0+(' 50 ;#2'=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
19/82
*
4+.+)(T# ."# ;0#+O25G& 5D ),6&,& ,&.5 ',98)#0 D509'Q 805*,2,&6 D552 D50 605G,&6
9(4#),39 X!359#)+ #. +)=Q @AAAr U,(+9+ #. +)=Q B``[Y= W#,) #. +)= X@AAdY '"5G#2 ."+. ."#
+22,.,5& 5D B_[ 96 O6PB
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
20/82
+
:22,.,5&' 5D *#6#.+;)# 5,) +. '8+G&,&6 +&2 +. 4+',&6 +0# O&5G& .5 ,&40#+'#
93'"0559 (,#)2' X-4",')#0 +&2 %+..5& J0=Q B`fAQ B`fBY= U& +22,.,5&Q '##2 5,)' +&2 +&,9+)
D+.' +22#2 .5 !- *%(+,$'( 605G& 5& ;+'+) 9#2,+ +)) ,&40#+'#2 9(4#),39 605G." 0+.#
XW+02)# p -4",')#0Q B`d`Y= L( +22,&6 *#6#.+;)# 5,) +. ."# ;#6,&&,&6 5D 8"+'# UU
45985'.,&6Q +22,.,5&+) ),8,2' +0# +*+,)+;)# D50 ."# 9,405506+&,'9' .5 605G +&2 2#60+2#
."# '3;'.0+.#Q 9+O,&6 ,. 950# '#)#4.,*# D50 !- *%(+,$'( X-4",')#0 p -,&2#&Q B`d@Y=
-4",')#0 +&2 -,&2#& XB`ddY +)'5 D53&2 ."+. (,#)2' G#0# 60#+.#0 G"#& '388)#9#&. G+'
+22#2 +. 4+',&6 G,." G"5)# 6053&2 '##2' 4598+0#2 .5 '##2 5,) 9#+)'Q G"#& +22#2 +.
',9,)+0 &,.056#& 45&4#&.0+.,5&'=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
21/82
,
45985'.,&6Q +0# ."# 80,&4,8+) 9+)525053' #9,'',5&' 805234#2= -59# 5D ."#'#
#9,'',5&' "+*# *#0( )5G "39+& 2#.#4.,5& ."0#'"5)2 )#*#)'Q '5 9,&3.# F3+&.,.,#' 9+(
"+*# + )+06# ,98+4. X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
22/82
-
5D ;,5D3#)' "+' 0#'3).#2 ,& +& ,&40#+'# 5D 450& 805234.,5& +405'' ."# /=-=Q 40#+.,&6 +&
+;3&2+&4# 5D N-= N- ,' 5 5D ."# 95'. 3&2#03.,),T#2 +60,43).30+) ;(P805234.' ,& ."#
/=-=r "5G#*#0Q N- ,' 5D.#& )#D. 5& ."# D,#)2 .5 805.#4. '5,) D059 #05',5&= /',&6 5P8+''
"+0*#'.,&6Q ,& G",4" ."# 60+,& +&2 N- ,' "+0*#'.#2 +. ."# '+9# .,9#Q D+09#0' 4+& #S8#4.
.5 '## 0#.30&' D059 N- 5D 38 .5 oBB@ 8#0 +40# 5& + &5P.,)) D,#)2 X:.4",&'5& p K#..,&"+3'Q
@AAZY= N300#&.)(Q N- ,' ;#,&6 3'#2 D50 805234.,5& 5D "#9,P4#))3)5',4 #."+&5) +&2 +' +
0+G 9+.#0,+) ,& 93'"0559 45985'. 5& +. )#+'. 5 93'"0559 D+09 ,& %#&&'()*+&,+=
:LU
+4I978AHAV I9 8GHMHA57HAV 748 BIM6IC7HAV 69IB8CC
!"# 5;V#4.,*#' 5D +;;0#*,+.#2 45985'.,&6 +0# .5 5*#0459# ."# #9,'',5& 5D
5;V#4.,5&+;)# 5250' +&2 .5 45&'#0*# 20( 9+..#0Q 9+O,&6 950# #DD,4,#&. 3'# 5D 0+G
9+.#0,+)'= L(8+'',&6 8"+'# U 45985'.,&6 G53)2 20+'.,4+))( 2#40#+'# +&+#05;,4
D#09#&.+.,5&Q ."# 4+3'# 5D ."# 9+V50,.( 5D 3&8)#+'+&. 5250' #9,..#2 D059 45985'.= U&
+22,.,5&Q 2#40#+',&6 45985'.,&6 230+.,5& G53)2 45&'#0*# 0+G 9+.#0,+)'Q ."3'
,9805*,&6 93'"0559 (,#)2 8#0 O6 5D 0+G 9+.#0,+)Q +&2 ,&40#+',&6 605G#0 805D,.'=
-,&4# ."# 2#*#)589#&. 5D ."# .G5P8"+'#Q '"50. 9#."52 5D 45985'.,&6 ;( -,&2#&
+&2 K+3'#0 XB`\AYQ 45985'.,&6 .,9# "+' ;##& ',6&,D,4+&.)( 0#234#2= K5G#*#0Q ."#
'"50.# .G5P8"+'# 9#."52 5D 45985'.,&6 '.,)) 0#F3,0#' +. )#+'. .G5 .5 ."0## G##O' .5
4598)#.#= 730,&6 .",' .,9#Q + '3;'.+&.,+) +953&. 5D 20( G#,6". 5D 0+G 9+.#0,+)' X38 .5
[AaY ,' )5'. .5 ."# #&*,05&9#&. ,& ."# D509 5D 6+'#' '34" +' +995&,+ +&2 Ni@= !"#
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
23/82
%.
0#9+,&,&6 20( 9+..#0 +&2 805.#,&'Q D+.'Q +&2 4+0;5"(20+.#' +''54,+.#2 G,."
9,405506+&,'9' ,& ."# 45985'. G,)) )+.#0 ;#459# &3.0,.,5& D50 !- *%(+,$'(= C5))5G,&6
."# 2#*#)589#&. 5D .G5P8"+'# 45985'.,&6Q 9+&( 0#'#+04"#0' X!,))Q B`d@r
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
24/82
%%
2,'43''#2 .G5 9#."52' 5D 0+8,2 45985'.,&6 &+9#2 >=N=!= +&2 K=N=!= X>5GcK,6"
N5&.05))#2 !#98#0+.30#Y= !"#'# 9#."52' G#0# ,&.05234#2 ,& +..#98. .5 '"50.#& ."#
45985'.,&6 8054#'' ;( 45&.05)),&6 45985'. .#98#0+.30#' .5 #DD,4,#&.)( 45985'. ."#
93'"0559 '3;'.0+.#= 7#0,OS #. +)= XB``A;Y '366#'.#2 + 9,&,9+) 8"+'# U 45985'.,&6 5D
Z=Z 2+(' G53)2 ;# 0#F3,0#2 .5 805*,2# + '3,.+;)# '3;'.0+.# D50 !- *%(+,$'( 3',&6
45&*#&.,5&+) 9+.#0,+)'= K5G#*#0Q .",' 9#."52 G+' *#0 +258.#2 4599#04,+))(=
:&5."#0 +*#&3# .5 9,&,9,T# 45985'.,&6 230+.,5& ,' .5 #S8)5,. 9,405506+&,'9'
,& ."# '3;'.0+.# ."+. 4+& "#)8 ,98+0. '#)#4.,*,.(= !"# 80#'#&4# 5D ."#0958",),4 D3&6, ,&
93'"0559 45985'. ,' ,9850.+&. ,& 80595.,&6 605G." 5D 93'"0559 9(4#),39 +&2
93'"0559 (,#)2 X-.0++.'9+ p -+9'5&Q B``Zr -.0++.'9+ #. +)=Q B``[Y= !"#0958",),4
D3&6, +0# 4+8+;)# 5D 605G,&6 +. .#98#0+.30#' #S4##2,&6 [A N XN0,'+&Q B`fZY +&2 +0#
8+0.,43)+0)( ,9850.+&. ,& ."# )+.#0 '.+6#' 5D 8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6 ;( "#)8,&6 .5 4)#+0 ."#
45985'. 5D +995&,+ XE5'' p K+00,'Q B`_ZY +&2 9+O# ,. '#)#4.,*# D50 !- *%(+,$'( 605G."=
105G." 5D 9,405506+&,'9'Q '8#4,D,4+))( ."#0958",),4 D3&6, ,98+0.' '#)#4.,*,.( .5 ."#
'3;'.0+.# +&2 ,&",;,.' ."# 605G." 5D 9,405506+&,'9' ."+. 9+( 4598#.# G,." !- *%(+,$'(=
i 8+0.,43)+0 ."#0958",),4 D3&63' 45995&)( ,'5)+.#2 D059 93'"0559 45985'. ,'
=&
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
25/82
%&
5D !- *%(+,$'( 9(4#),39 ,' 85',.,*#)( +DD#4.#2 G"#& ."#0958",)#' +0# 80#'#&. ,& ."#
45985'. X-.0++.'9+ #. +)=Q B``[r -+&4"#T p E5('#Q @AA`r N5#))5PN+'.,))5 #. +)Q @AA`Y=
U&40#+'#2 Ni@ 9+( ;# 0#'85&',;)# D50 .",' 5;'#0*+.,5& ',&4# ."#0# "+*# ;##& &5 605G."
80595.,&6 459853&2' ,'5)+.#2 D059 ."#'# ."#0958",),4 D3&6, +',2# D059 ,&40#+'#2 Ni@=
K5G#*#0Q !- *%(+,$'( 9(4#),39 "+' ;##& '"5G& .5 0#8)+4# 2,',&.#60+.#2 =-
4>3$0,+>
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
26/82
%'
'3;'.0+.#= !"#& ."# '3;'.0+.# 9+( ;# '8+G &509+))( +' 2#95&'.0+.#2 ;( -+&4"#T
+&2 E5('# X@AA`Q -+&4"#T #. +)=Q @AA_Y= !"# 9#4"+&,'9' 5D =- 4>3$0,+>3$0,+>
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
27/82
%(
'8+G&,&6Q +&2 4+',&6 5& 93'"0559 (,#)2Q LMQ +&2 93'"0559 ',T#= !"# D,&+) 4"+8.#0
0#850.' 5& ."# #DD#4.' 5D '8+G& .(8# +&2 -
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
28/82
%)
(456789
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
29/82
%*
805D,.'= !"#0#D50#Q +).#0&+.,*# '3;'.0+.#'Q 80#8+0#2 ,& + G+( ."+. 45&'#0*#' 0+G
9+.#0,+)' +&2 ."+. 0#F3,0#' )#'' 45985'.,&6Q +0# 5D 8+0.,43)+0 ,&.#0#'. .5 605G#0' G"5
'.0,*# .5 0#234# ."#,0 ,&83.'=
-,&4# 93'"0559 43).,*+.,5& ;#6+&Q &39#053' +..#98.' "+*# ;##& 9+2# .5
'"50.#& ."# 45985'.,&6 8054#''= U& B`\AQ -,&2#& +&2 K+3'#0 2#*#)58#2 ."# '"50.
9#."52 5D 45985'.,&6= !",' 9#."52Q 45&','.,&6 5D '#8+0+.# +&2 2,'.,&4. 8"+'# U +&2
8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6Q 0#234#2 ."# 230+.,5& 5D 45985'.,&6 ;( ."0## G##O'Q ;3. ."#
8054#'' '.,)) 0#F3,0#' ZP[ G##O' D50 4598)#.,5&= -#*#0+) +..#98.' "+*# ;##& 9+2# .5
'"50.#& ."# 45985'.,&6 8054#'' #*#& D30."#0 X!,))Q B`d@r
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
30/82
%+
2#8#&2,&6 5& ."# 2#60## 5D 9,)),&6Q 9+( "+*# )5G ;3)O 2#&',.( 4598+0#2 .5 4599#04,+)
93'"0559 45985'.= -3DD,4,#&. ;3)O 2#&',.( ,' ,9850.+&. ,& 502#0 .5 5;.+,& ",6"
93'"0559 (,#)2' 5& + 6,*#& '30D+4# +0#+ X8#0 9@YX#S80#''#2 +' O6c9@Y= U& 502#0 .5
,&40#+'# ;3)O 2#&',.( .5 +4",#*# + ",6"#0 (,#)2 5D 93'"0559' +&2 ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4(
X(,#)2 ;+'#2 5& 45985'. 20( 9+..#0 +&2 #S80#''#2 +' + 8#04#&.+6#YQ 450& '.5*#0
0#F3,0#' 9,)),&6 .5 0#234# 8+0.,4)# ',T# 5D ."# D,&,'"#2 '3;'.0+.#=
!"# 5;V#4.,*# 5D ."# 0#'#+04" 80#'#&.#2 ,& .",' 4"+8.#0 ,' .5 #S8+&2 385&
+0'5& :60,43).30+) E#'#+04" N#&.#0Q !"# %#&&'()*+&,+ -.+.# /&,*#0',.(Q
E54O -80,&6'Q %: +&2 '.50#2 ,&2550' 3&.,) ,. G+' 3'#2 X38 .5 5 (#+0Y= %3)*#0,T#2
),9#'.5 X10+(95&.Q >.2=YQ "(20+.#2 ),9# Xh+.,5&+) 1(8'39 N5=YQ +&2 9+&6+'#
'3)D+.# X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
31/82
%,
+;50+.50(Q !"# %#&&'()*+&,+ -.+.# /&,*#0',.( 3',&6 + '#0,#' 5D ',#*#' .5 2#.#09,
8+0.,4)# ',T#' +44502,&6 .5 ."# !#'.
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
32/82
%-
C,630# @=@= :=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
33/82
&.
C,630# @=Z= X:Y W#..,&6 +&2 9,S,&6 5D 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
34/82
&%
C,630# @=[= X:Y KiLi W+.#0 !#98 %05 *@ 2+.+)566#0= XLY >54+.,5& 5D KiLi 2+.+ )566#0'G,.",& 9,&,;3&O#0=
."# ;+'# 5D ."# 9,&,;3&O#0= :. D,)),&6Q ."# D+& G+' '#. .5 03& _ 9,&c"Q 5 9,& 8#0 03&Q
+. fP_ 9,& ,&.#0*+)'=
:. ."# ;#6,&&,&6 5D 8"+'# UUQ 45985'. .#98#0+.30#' G#0# +8805S,9+.#)( B_P@A
qN= :,0 .#98#0+.30#' G#0# '#. +. Z\ qN +&2 +,0D)5G G+' 9+,&.+, +. +8805S,9+.#)( B
9,& #*#0( BA 9,&= %#+O "#+.,&6 544300#2 +8805S,9+.#)( Zd " +D.#0 D,)),&6 ."#
9,&,;3&O#0'= :. .",' .,9#Q +,0 .#98#0+.30#' G#0# 0+,'#2 .5 dA qN D50 8+'.#30,T+.,5& ;(
,&V#4.,&6 D3)) '.#+9 ,&.5 ."# 8"+'# UU 0559= :,0D)5G G+' ,&40#+'#2 ;( 58#0+.,&6 D+&' B@P
B\ 9,&c" X@PZ 9,& ,&.#0*+)' #*#0( BA 9,&Y .5 #&'30# ."# #&.,0# 45&.#&.' 5D ."#
9,&,;3&O#0 0#+4"#2 dA qN= i&4# +)) N"+9#)#5& .#98#0+.30# 805;#' 0#6,'.#0#2 dA qN 50
$
0
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
35/82
&&
",6"#0Q .,9,&6 ;#6+& D50 8+'.#30,T+.,5& +&2 45&.,&3#2 D50 @ "= :. ."# #&2 5D ."#
8+'.#30,T+.,5& 4(4)#Q +,0 .#98#0+.30#' G#0# )5G#0#2 .5 \Z qN +&2 +,0D)5G G+' 2#40#+'#2
.5 _ 9,&c" XZ 9,& ,&.#0*+)' #*#0( BA 9,&Y .5 +))5G ')5G 455),&6 5D '3;'.0+.#= :,0D)5G
G+' +2V3'.#2 +' #2#2 .5 5;.+,& 45985'. .#98#0+.30#' 5D \ZP\[ qN +D.#0
8+'.#30,T+.,5&= N5985'. .#98#0+.30#' G#0# 2#40#+'#2 ;( 2#40#+',&6 +,0 .#98#0+.30#
+&2 +))5G,&6 ."# D+& .5 03& 60+23+))(Q ;3. 2,2 &5. 2058 ;#)5G [d qN= N5&2,.,5&,&6 5D ."#
'3;'.0+.# +. ."#'# .#98#0+.30#' +))5G#2 D50 +995&,+ 4)#+0,&6 +&2 605G." 5D
."#0958",),4 506+&,'9' ."536". .5 ;# ,9850.+&. D50 805234,&6 + '#)#4.,*# '3;'.0+.#=
i& 2+( dQ '.#+9 G+' .30 5DD +&2 D0#'" +,0 G+' ,&V#4.#2 ,&.5 ."# 0559= C+&' G#0#
2,'45&.#2 D059 ."# .,9#0 +&2 +))5G#2 .5 03& D3)) .,9# .5 455) ."# '3;'.0+.# .5 ;#)5G
@dN D50 '8+G&,&6 ."# D5))5G,&6 2+(= :D.#0 8"+'# UUP5&)( 45985'.,&6Q +4.,&59(4#.#
605G." X]D,0#PD+&6^Y G+' *,',;)# ."0536"53. ."# '3;'.0+.# XC,6= @=\Y -3;'.0+.#' G#0#
0#95*#2 D059 9,&,;3&O#0' +&2 8054#''#2 ."0536" + 9#4"+&,4+) .30 .5 "5956#&,T#
+&2 D30."#0 455) ."# 9+.#0,+)=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
36/82
&'
C,630# @=\=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
37/82
&(
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
38/82
&)
C,630# @=d= X:Y
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
39/82
&*
C,630# @=f= +;50+.50(
.5 '#8+0+.# ."# '3;'.0+.#Q 8+0.,4)# ',T#' 5D +)) ."0##
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
40/82
&+
99 8+0.,4)# ',T# 4)+''= f`=`a 5D 8+0.,4)#' 805234#2 3',&6 ."# 9#2,39 '40##& XB=@f 49Y
G#0# bZ 99=
!+;)# @=B= %+0.,4)# ',T# 0+&6# 5D 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 '3;'.0+.#' X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
41/82
&,
!+;)# @=@= !"# #DD#4. 5D '3;'.0+.# 8+0.,4)# ',T# 5& 93'"0559 (,#)2Q ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( XLM aYQ+&2 93'"0559 ',T# XN058 A`A[Y=
-3;'.0+.# 8+0.,4)# ',T#X'40##& ',T#Y
j,#)2 XO6c9@Y: LM XaY: :*6= -,T# X6Y
-9+)) XA=d[Y B@=@_ + \`=_ + BB=_ +
+06# XB=`BY [=`\ 4 @[=B 4 BB=d +: j,#)2'Q LMQ +&2 +*#0+6# 93'"0559 ',T# D5))5G#2 ;( ."# '+9# )#..#0 G,.",& ."# '+9# 4058 +&245)39& +0# &5. ',6&,D,4+&.)( 2,DD#0#&. +44502,&6 .5 ."# !3O#(Pn0+9#0 "5'.)( ',6&,D,4+&.2,DD#0#&4# X: l A=A\Y=
.HCBKCCHIA
K,6"#'. 93'"0559 (,#)2' 2#8#&2 5& + D3))( 45)5&,T#2 '3;'.0+.# G,." ."# +;,),.(
5D ."# 93'"0559 9(4#),39 .5 #S.0+4. &3.0,#&.' D059 ."# '3;'.0+.#= !"# +;,),.( 5D !-
*%(+,$'( .5 3'# &3.0,#&.' ,& ."# '3;'.0+.# 9+( ;# 2#8#&2#&. 5& ."# 8+0.,4)# ',T# 5D ."#
'3;'.0+.#= -9+))#0 8+0.,4)# ',T#' 9+( +))5G D50 950# #S.#&',*# 9(4#),+) 45)5&,T+.,5&
23# .5 60#+.#0 5*#0+)) 8+0.,4)# '30D+4# +0#+= -9+))#0 '3;'.0+.# 8+0.,4)# ',T#'Q ,& .30& )#+2
.5 + 950# 4598+4. '3;'.0+.# '5 ."+. ",6"#0 20( G#,6".' 4+& ;# D,))#2 ,&.5 45&.+,' 5D
',9,)+0 ',T#=
N598+0#2 .5 4599#04,+) 93'"0559 45985'.Q
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
42/82
&-
O6c9Z Xh5;)# +&2 1+T#Q B``dY= L3)O 2#&',.,#' 5D ."# '3;'.0+.#' 3'#2 ,& .",' '.32( G#0#
&5. 9#+'30#2r "5G#*#0Q 9+S,939 '3;'.0+.# ."+. 453)2 ;# D,))#2 ,&.5 ."# 9,&,P;3&O#0
XB 9ZY G+' +;53. Z@A O6Q +8805S,9+.#)( 5P"+)D ."# ;3)O 2#&',.( 5D 45&*#&.,5&+)
93'"0559 45985'.'=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
43/82
'.
0#'3).,&6 ,& 2#40#+'#2 +,0 D)5G ."0536"53. ."# '3;'.0+.#= u"+&6 #. +)= X@AA@Y +)'5
0#850.#2 ."+. 5('.#0 93'"0559 9(4#),39 60#G D+'.#0Q +8805S,9+.#)( \ 2+(' D+'.#0Q 5&
6053&2 '.0+G 4598+0#2 .5 4"588#2 '.0+G=
U& 502#0 .5 5;.+,& ;3)O 2#&',.,#' ."+. 4598+0# D+*50+;)( G,." 4599#04,+)
45985'.'Q 450& '.5*#0 9+( "+*# .5 ;# 9,))#2 3',&6 + '40##& '9+))#0 ."+& A=d[ 49Q
O##8,&6 ,& 9,&2 ."+. 93'"0559 (,#)2 +&2 LM 9+( 2#40#+'# +' 8+0.,4)# ',T# ;#459#' .55
'9+))= C30."#0 #S8#0,9#&.' G53)2 ;# "#)8D3) .5 2#.#09, 58.,9+) 8+0.,4)# ',T# +&2
;3)O 2#&',.( D50
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
44/82
'%
(456789 =; "A@GK8AB8 I@ AK79H8A7 CK66G8M8A757HIA 57 @HGG 5AJ 57 B5CHAV\
78M68957K98 ]IA8C HA MHAHXKA`89C JK9HAV 645C8 "" BIM6IC7HAV\ 5AJ C65TA 7O68
IA OH8GJ\ XHIGIVHB5G 8@@HBH8ABO 5AJ MKC49IIM CH]8
=L: "A79IJKB7HIA
W# "+*# 2#95&'.0+.#2 ."+. 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
45/82
'&
%0#*,53' 0#'#+04" 5& '388)#9#&.,&6 45&*#&.,5&+) 45985'. +. 4+',&6 "+' )#+2 .5
,9805*#9#&.' ,& 93'"0559 (,#)2' X-,&2#& p -4",')#0Q B`d@Q B`ddY= K5G#*#0Q ',9,)+0
G50O "+' &5. ;##& 25 D50
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
46/82
''
0#F3,0#2 D50 '8+G& 03&= -(&."#.,4 '8+G&' X-()*+& +9;#0. -8##2'8+G&eY +0#
0#4#&. ,&.05234.,5&' ,&.5 ."# 93'"0559 ,&23'.0(= !"#( 45&.+,& &5 60+,& '34" +' 0(# 50
9,))#.r ,&'.#+2Q ."#( 3'# *+0,53' 9,S.30#' 5D +60,43).30+) ;(805234.' X'34" +' 5+. "3))'
+&2 8+8#0Y +&2 *#09,43),.# .5 805234# '8+G&= -(&."#.,4 '8+G&' 805*,2# +& +2*+&.+6#
D50 93'"0559 43).,*+.,5& ,& .G5 G+('I ."#( #),9,&+.# + 85.#&.,+) D552 '5304# XD0##
4+0;5"(20+.#'Y D50 4598#.,.50 D3&6, '34" +' 8$%&>,63$0# '88-Q +&2 ."# 934" '9+))#0
8,#4#' 80#'#&. 950# 85,&.' 5D ,&543)+.,5& X%iUY G"#& 9,S#2 ,&.5 93'"0559 45985'.=
U&40#+'#2 %iU )#+2 .5 950# 0+8,2 45)5&,T+.,5& 5D ."# '3;'.0+.#Q 0#234,&6 .,9# #2#2
D50 '8+G& 03& +&2 +)'5 2#40#+',&6 ."# .,9# G,&25G D50 8$%&>,63$0# '88= +&2 5."#0
4598#.,.50 D3&6, .5 ;#459# #'.+;),'"#2 X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
47/82
'(
=L< !874IJC
=L
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
48/82
')
8#0 .0#+.9#&.= N058 A`AZ 45&.+, .G5 '3;'.0+.# .(8#'Q ."0## .#98#0+.30# T5' ,&
."# '3;'.0+.# G,.",& + 9,&,;3&O#0 230,&6 8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6Q +&2 .G5 '388)#9#&.
)#*#)' +. 4+',&6= N058 A`A\ G+' + 4598)#.#)( 0+&259,T#2 Z S Z D+4.50,+) 2#',6& G,."
D530 0#8),4+.#' 8#0 .0#+.9#&.= !"#0# G#0# ."0## '3;'.0+.# .(8#' +&2 ."0## '388)#9#&.'
+. 4+',&6= N058 A`Ad G+' + 4598)#.#)( 0+&259,T#2 Z S @ S Z D+4.50,+) 2#',6& G,." &,
0#8),4+.#' 8#0 .0#+.9#&.= !"#0# G#0# ."0## '3;'.0+.# .(8#'Q .G5 '8+G& .(8#'Q +&2 ."0##
'388)#9#&.' +. 4+',&6= :& +&+)(',' 5D *+0,+&4# G+' 45&234.#2 .5 2#.#09, )#*#) 5D
',6&,D,4+&4# +&2 9#+&' G#0# '#8+0+.#2 3',&6 !3O#(Pn0+9#0 K5'.)( ',6&,D,4+&.
2,DD#0#&4# X +bA=A\Y XJ
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
49/82
'*
'8+G&,&6= -3;'.0+.# G+' ."0536"P'8+G X>+9;#0. `ABQ B=da GcGYQ '388)#9#&.#2
X>+9;#0. !deQ B@a 2cGY +&2 8)+4#2 ,&.5 )+06# X@@=\ S Bf=\ S @@=_ 49Y ;,&'= -3;'.0+.#'
G#0# 4598+4.#2 G,." + "(20+3),4 80#'' ,& )+06# ;,&' ."#& 8)+4#2 ,& + 805234.,5& 0559
+. ."#
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
50/82
'+
'3;'.0+.#' G#0# '3;V#4.#2 .5 8"+'# UUP5&)( 45985'.,&6= -3;'.0+.#' G#0# 8054#''#2
."0536" + 9#4"+&,4+) .30 D50 "5956#&,T+.,5& +&2 ."0536"P'8+G X>+9;#0. `ABQ
B=da GcGY +&2 '388)#9#&.#2 X>+9;#0. !deQ da 2cGY= >+06# ;,&' G#0# 8)+4#2 ,& +
805234.,5& 0559 +. ."# +9;#0.
`ABY G+' +88),#2 +&2 ;,&' G#0# 8)+4#2 ,& + 805234.,5& 0559 +. `AP`\a 0#)+.,*#
"39,2,.(= !"# 4+',&6 )+(#0 G+' G+.#0#2 2+,)( G,." + 05'#PD+4# "5'# +..+4"9#&. .5
9+,&.+,& +2#F3+.# 95,'.30# D50 93'"0559 805234.,5&=
C50 N058 A`AdQ ."0## '3;'.0+.#' G#0# D5093)+.#2 +&2 45&','.#2 5D BY +9;#0. !deQ da 2cGYQ 8)+4#2 ,&.5 )+06# ;,&' +&2 9#4"+&,4+))( 4598+4.#2 3',&6 +
"(20+3),4 80#''= L,&' G#0# 8)+4#2 ,& + 805234.,5& 0559 +. ."# +9;#0.
`ABeY G+' +88),#2 +&2 ;,&' G#0# 8)+4#2 ,& + 805234.,5& 0559 +. `AP`\a 0#)+.,*#
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
51/82
',
"39,2,.(= !"# 4+',&6 )+(#0 G+' G+.#0#2 2+,)( G,." + 05'#PD+4# "5'# +..+4"9#&. .5
9+,&.+,& +2#F3+.# 95,'.30# D50 93'"0559 805234.,5&=
=L 359N8C7HAV 5AJ J8789MHA57HIA I@ OH8GJ\ XHIGIVHB5G 8@@HBH8ABO 5AJ CH]8
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
52/82
'-
'388)#9#&.#2 G,." 2,'.,))#0R' 60+,& XBAa 2cGY +. D,)) +&2 '#)#4.#2 D059 ."# 9,22)#
]T5^ ,& ."# 9,&,;3&O#0 +&2 '388)#9#&.#2 G,." \a X2cGY E#95R' :)) -#+'5&e +.
4+',&6 X!+;)# Z=ZY= >5G#'. (,#)2' XA=B O6c9@Y +&2 LM XA=ZaY G#0# 5;.+, D059
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
53/82
(.
!+;)# Z=Z= MDD#4.' 5D 2,'.,))#0R' 60+,& +22#2 +. D,))Q .#98#0+.30# T5 5D '3;'.0+.# G,.",& 9,&,P;3&O#0 +&2 '388)#9#&. +22#2 +. 4+',&6 5& (,#)2 +&2 ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( XLM aY 5D !- *%(+,$'(=
!0.= h5= -388)#9#&. !#98#0+.30# u5L E#95R'e v
4+',&6 Xa 2cGY
j,#)2 XO6c9@YN LM XaYN
B h5 K \ _=B ;4 Z_=` ;@ h5 K BA B=d 2# f=@ 42Z h5 < \ B\=A + d[=Z +[ h5 < BA _=Z ;4 ZZ=` ;\ h5 > \ f=@ 4 @`=[ ;d h5 > BA A=[ # B=\ 2f 71: K \ B@=d +; \`=f +_ 71 K BA \=` 42 @d=d ;4` 71 < \ Bf=B + fA=Z +
BA 71 < BA B=f 2# d=d 42BB 71 > \ \=d 42 @@=f ;4B@ 71 > BA A=B # A=Z 2
:
71 l 2,'.,))#0R' 60+,&Q +22#2 +. D,))=L K l ",6"Q < l 9,22)#Q > l )5G=N
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
54/82
(%
4+',&6 0#'3).#2 ,& ",6"#0 (,#)2' XBA=` O6c9@Y +&2 LM' X[f=\aY ."+& ."5'# '388)#9#&.#2
G,." BAa X2cGY E#95R'e +. 4+',&6 XZ=A O6c9@Q B@=faQ 0#'8#4.,*#)(Y X!+;)# Z=\Y=
!+;)# Z=[=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
55/82
(&
!+;)# Z=d= -3;'.0+.# .(8# +&2 95,'.30# +&2 &,.056#& 45&.#&.' +. D,))Q '8+G&,&6 +&2 4+',&6 D509,))#2 450& '.5*#0 X-7=
!"# ",6"#'. (,#)2' XB[=A O6c9@Y +&2 LM XfB=daY G#0# 5;'#0*#2 D059 +9;#0. !de X[a 2cGY +.
4+',&6 X!+;)# Z=_Y= :405'' +)) .0#+.9#&.'Q (,#)2 2,2 &5. 2,DD#0 G,." 0#6+02 .5 '3;'.0+.#
.(8#Q "5G#*#0 G# 5;'#0*#2 (,#)2 2,DD#0#&4#' D50 ,&2,*,23+) ;0#+O' X!+;)# Z=`Y=
-3;'.0+.# .(8# 2,2 &5. +DD#4. LM X!+;)# Z=`Y= >+9;#0. !de 6+*# ."# ;#'. (,#)2' XBB=`
O6c9@Y +&2 LM XdA=`aY G"#& 3'#2 +)5 +. 4+',&6 X!+;)# Z=BAY= E#95R' :)) -#+'5&e
'388)#9#&.Q G"#& 3'#2 +)5 +. 4+',&6Q 0#'3).#2 ,& )5G#0 (,#)2' +&2 LM 4598+0#2 .5
>+9;#0. !de +&2 + \AI\A 9,S.30# 5D !de +&2 E#95R'e= j,#)2' D059 '3;'.0+.#'
'388)#9#&.#2 G,." + \AI\A 9,S.30# 5D E#95R'e +&2 !de +. 4+',&6 G#0# &5. ',6&,D,4+&.)(
2,DD#0#&. D059 #,."#0 5D ."# '388)#9#&.' G"#& 3'#2 +)5 X!+;)# Z=BAY= >+9;#0. !deQ
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
56/82
('
G"#& 3'#2 +)5Q 0#'3).#2 ,& ",6"#0 (,#)2' ."+& E#95R'e +)5 D50 .5.+) (,#)2 +&2 +))
;0#+O' #S4#8. ."# .",02 ;0#+O X!+;)# Z=BAY=
!+;)# Z=_= MDD#4.' 5D 6053&2 '5(;#+&' +&2 '5(;#+& 9#+) +22#2 +. D,)) .5 9,))#2 450& '.5*#0 +&2'388)#9#&. .(8# +. 4+',&6 Xa 2cGY 5& (,#)2Q ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( XLM aYQ +&2 93'"0559 ',T#D50 !- *%(+,$'( XN058 A`A\Y=
!0.=h5=
-388)#9#&.+. D,)),&6:
E#95R'e +.4+',&6L
!de +. 4+',&6L j,#)2XO6c9@YN
LM XaYN -,T# X6YN
B h5 [ A BB=@ ;4 \f=B ;4 BZ=Z +@ h5 A [ `=\ 4 [_=f 4 B@=[ +;Z h5 @ @ BA=\ ;4 \Z=` ;4 B@=f +;[ 1- [ A `=[ 4 [f=_ 4 B@=_ +;\ 1- A [ B[=A + fB=d + B@=[ +;
d 1- @ @ BB=B ;4 \d=` ;4 BZ=f +f -< [ A d=\ 2 ZZ=Z 2 BB=f ;_ -< A [ B@=@ +; d@=Z +; B@=d +;` -< @ @ BA=@ ;4 \@=Z ;4 BZ=B +;
: 1- l 1053&2 -5(;#+&Q _=Bd O6 50 -< l -5(;#+&
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
57/82
((
!+;)# Z=BA= +9;#0. !de B@ BB=` + f=\ + Z=_ + A=d + dA=` +
E#95R'e B@ `=A ; \=[ ; Z=A ; A=d + [d=B ;
!de s E#95R'e B@ BA=d +; d=d +; Z=@ ; A=_ + \[=Z +;
: -388)#9#&. +22#2 +. [ a 2cG= !de s E#95R'e l \AI\A 9,S.30#=L
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
58/82
()
!+;)# Z=BB -3;'.0+.# .(8#Q 95,'.30# 45&.#&. +&2 .5.+) &,.056#& +. D,)) +&2 +. '8+G&,&6 D50 N058A`Ad=
: -7=
K,6"#'. 93'"0559 (,#)2' X@Z=d O6c9@Y G#0# 5;.+, D059
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
59/82
(*
9,))#. '8+G& X!+;)# Z=BZY= :*#0+6# ',T# 2,2 &5. 2,DD#0 ',6&,D,4+&.)( D50 95'. 5D ."#
.0#+.9#&.' X!+;)# Z=BZY=
!+;)# Z=BZ= MDD#4.' 5D +22,&6 45..5&'##2 9#+) +&2 2,'.,))#0R' 60+,& +. D,))Q '8+G& .(8#Q+&2 '388)#9#&. .(8# +. 4+',&6 Xa2cGY 5& (,#)2Q ;,5)56,4+) #DD,4,#&4( XLM aYQ +&2 93'"0559',T# D50 !- *%(+,$'( XN058 A`AdY=
!0.= h5= -388)#9#&.+. C,)):
-8+G&.(8#L
-388)#9#&.+. 4+',&6N
j,#)2 XO6c9@Y7 LM XaY7 -,T#X6Y7
B h5
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
60/82
(+
-(&."#.,4P.(8#
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
61/82
(,
>L> .HCBKCCHIA
!"# +22,.,5& 5D 2,'.,))#0R' 60+,&Q 45..5&'##2 9#+) +&2 6053&2 '5(;#+& .5
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
62/82
(-
!#98#0+.30# T5' #S,'.#2 ,& '3;'.0+.# G,.",& 9,&,;3&O#0' '3;V#4.#2 .5 8"+'#
UUP5&)( 45985'.,&6= W# +..#98.#2 .5 #),9,&+.# ."#'# T5' ,& '3;'#F3#&. #S8#0,9#&.'
;( +,9,&6 D50 45&','.#&. .#98#0+.30#' X;( +2V3'.,&6 +,0D)5GY ."0536"53. ."# '3;'.0+.#
230,&6 8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6= :)'5Q +)) '3;'.0+.#' G#0# 8054#''#2 ."0536" + 9#4"+&,4+)
.30 +D.#0 8"+'# UUP5&)( 45985'.,&6 .5 #&'30# ."+. '3;'.0+.# G+' "5956#&,T#2=
!"#'# .#98#0+.30# T5' #S,'. 80,9+0,)( ;#4+3'# 530 9,&,;3&O#0 '#.P38 G+' &5.
2#',6 '8#4,D,4+))( D50 8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6Q ;3. 0+."#0 + 952,D,#2 8"+'# U 45985'.,&6
.5 #),9,&+.# 5250' X%#44",+Q @AAAY= /85& '4+),&6 38 ,& + .3&) 2#',6 '8#4,D,4+))( D50
8"+'# UU 45985'.,&6Q ."#'# T5' 9+( ;# ,&',6&,D,4+&. 50 &5&P#S,'.#&.=
-(&."#.,4 '8+G& 0#'3).#2 ,& ",6"#0 (,#)2' +&2 LM 4598+0#2 .5 9,))#.P.(8#
'8+G&= !",' ,' 95'. ),O#)( 23# .5 ,&40#+'#2 %iU ,& ."# '3;'.0+.#= -3;'.0+.# +88#+0#2
950# 0+8,2)( 45)5&,T#2 ;( ."# '(&."#.,4 '8+G& 4598+0#2 .5 9,))#.P.(8# '8+G&= W# 2,2
&5. 5;'#0*# 45&.+9,&+.,5& ,& #,."#0 .0#+.9#&.Q ;3. ."+. ,' &5. .5 '+( ."+. ."# '(&."#.,4
'8+G& 2,2 &5. 5DD#0 950# 805.#4.,5& +6+,&'. '34" 2,'#+'#' +' 60##& 95)2= U&D)3#&4# 5D
'(&."#.,4 '8+G& 0+.# ,' 0#850.#2 ,& N"+8.#0 [=
-8+G& +&2 '388)#9#&. .(8# +&2 0+.# 3'#2 D50 93'"0559 805234.,5& +0# 4034,+)
.5 ."# 8#0D509+&4# +&2 0#'3).,&6 (,#)2' +&2 LM 5D ."# '3;'.0+.#= /85& 2#*#)58,&6 +
G '3;'.0+.# '34" +'
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
63/82
).
93'"0559 '3;'.0+.#Q ."# 3'# 5D
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
64/82
)%
(456789 >; ,48 HA@GK8AB8 I@ C68A7 MKC49IIM CKXC79578 5JJH7HIA 7I MHGG8J BI9A
C7IN89 BIM6IC7 5AJ C65TA 9578 IA MKC49IIM OH8GJ\ XHIGIVHB5G 8@@HBH8ABO\ 5AJ CH]8
>L: "A79IJKB7HIA
105G#0' "+*# '536". ;#D,4,+) 3'#' D50 '8#&. 93'"0559 '3;'.0+.# X-
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
65/82
)&
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
66/82
)'
>L< !874IJC
>LL
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
67/82
)(
!"# %#&&'()*+&,+ -.+.# /&,*#0',.(= !",' 4058 G+' 2#',6 +' + Z S @ D+4.50,+) ,& +
4598)#.#)( 0+&259,T#2 2#',6& G,." ',S 0#8),4+.#' 8#0 .0#+.9#&.= !"# #S8#0,9#&.
45&.+, ."0## '3;'.0+.# D5093)+' +&2 .G5 '8+G& 0+.#'= L
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
68/82
))
!+;)# [=B= %#04#&.+6#' 5D *+0,53' ,&60#2,#&.' ,& ."0## D5093)+' 5D 8"+'# UUP5&)( '3;'.0+.#' D50
N058 BAAB;=
U&60#2,#&. :
C5093)+ N- -,9#
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPaLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPB _f=\ A BB=B B=Z@ fA=A @@=[ d=@ B=AZ \A=\ [_=B A=f A=_
: N- l 450& '.5*#0Q -
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
69/82
)*
>L 359N8C7HAV 5AJ J8789MHA57HIA I@ OH8GJ\ XHIGIVHB5G 8@@HBH8ABO 5AJ MKC49IIM
CH]8
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
70/82
)+
!+;)# [=@= %05;+;,),.,#' m . D059 +&+)(',' 5D *+0,+&4# D50 '8+G& 0+.# +&2 +22,.,5& 5D '8#&.93'"0559 '3;'.0+.# X-
>L=L< +65TA 9578
: ",6"#0 '8+G& 0+.# XB=\aY 0#'3).#2 ,& ,&40#+'#2 (,#)2' X!+;)# [=[Y=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
71/82
),
!+;)# [=[=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
72/82
)-
>L> .HCBKCCHIA
-(&."#.,4 X
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
73/82
*.
;#459,&6 ,&40#+',&6)( '.0,4. G,." 0#6+02 .5 G+'.# 805234.,5& +&2 2,'85'+)= N300#&.
0#'#+04" ,' ;#,&6 45&234.#2 X2,'#+'# '3880#'',5& 5& C0+'#0 C,0 +&2 +0.,))#0( D3&63'
'3880#'',5&Q 75& 7+*,'Q 8#0'5&+) 45993&,4+.,5&Y 5& ."# 3'# 5D D0#'" -
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
74/82
*%
(456789 ?; +KMM59O 5AJ 2K7K98 FI9`
?L: +KMM59O
E#'3).' 80#'#&.#2 "#0# +0# 45&','.#&. G,."
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
75/82
*&
;# 23# ."# 8+0.,43)+0 .0#+.9#&. +&2c50 .5 ,98058#0 9+&+6#9#&. 80+4.,4#' X"39,2,.(Q
G+.#0,&6Q Ni@Y ."0536"53. 805234.,5&=
?L< 2K7K98 TI9`
:22,.,5&+) 0#'#+04" ,&*5)*,&6 '388)#9#&.+.,5& 80,50 .5 8"+'# UUP5&)(
45985'.,&6 '"53)2 ;# 45&234.#2 .5 ,9805*# ."# ;+'+) '3;'.0+.# D5093)+ 2#'40,;#2
"#0#= %#0"+8' 9,S.30#' 5D '#*#0+) +60,43).30+) ;(805234.' 453)2 ;# ,&450850+.#2 .5
805*,2# +2#F3+.# &3.0,#&.' .5 ."# 93'"0559=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
76/82
*'
U& 502#0 D50 + G '3;'.0+.# .5 ;#459# +258.#2 ;( ."# ,&23'.0(Q ."#0# #2' .5
;# + 2#D,&,.# +2*+&.+6# D50 ,.' 3'#= :& #45&59,4 +&+)(',' '"53)2 ;# 25 .5 2#.#09,
."# 45'. '+*,&6'Q ,D +&(Q ."+.
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
77/82
*(
18@898AB8C
:+;50+.50(= -3;45&.0+4.50 E#850.P\BAPZZ_`Z=
:.O#(Q %=!=Q +&2 W552Q 7=:= B`_Z= :& #)#4.05& 9,405'458# '.32( 5D G"#+. '.0+G
45985'.#2 +' + '3;'.0+.# D50 ."# 43).,*+.,5& 5D ."# #2,;)# 93'"0559 X !"#$%&'(
*%(+,$'(Y= J= :88)= L+4.= \\I@`ZPZA[=
:.O,&'Q C=N= B`f`= >+&29+0O' ,& 43).30+) 80+4.,4#'= = @AAd=
M*+)3+.,&6 &5&P45985'.#2 60+,& '3;'.,.3.#' D50 ."# 805234.,5& 5D !"#$%&'(
*%(+,$'( +&2 !"#$%&'( */#A3% 93'"0559'= :-:LM
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
78/82
*)
N5#))5PN+'.,))5Q 3$0,+>%/'0 +&2
'388)#9#&.#2 +. 4+',&6 G,." 805.#,&P0,4" '388)#9#&.'= L,50#'530= !#4"=
BAAI[[__P[[`@=
N0,'+&Q M=k= B`fZ= N300#&. 45&4#8.' 5D ."#0958",),'9 +&2 ."# ."#0958",),4 D3&6,=
= K+08'.#0= @AAd= /'# 5D 93'"0559 45985'. .5 '3880#''
+0.,))#0( D3&6,= J= M&*= K50.= @[I@B@P@B\
7#0,OSQ %=J=>=Q i8 2#& N+98Q K=J==J=>=7=Q +&2 k56#)'Q
1=7= B``A;= L,59+'' +&2 ;,5)56,4+) +4.,*,.( 230,&6 ."# 805234.,5& 5D 45985'.
3'#2 +' + '3;'.0+.# ,& 93'"0559 43).,*+.,5&= :88)= M&*= +;50+.50,#'=
K3+&6Q K=J=Q E+9+'G+9(Q -Q :)P7+V+&,Q WQ !'4",0Q /Q +&2 N+,0&405''Q E=:= @AA`= MDD#4.
5D ;,59+'' '8#4,#' +&2 8)+&. ',T# 5& 4#))3)5',4 #."+&5)I + 4598+0+.,*# 8054#''
+&2 #45&59,4 +&+)(','= L,59+'' +&2 L,5#(= ZZI @Z@P@Z`=
K3"&O#Q W= +&2 -#&6;3'4"Q E=*= B`d_= N"+98,6&5&+&;+3 +3D &,4". O5985'.,#0.#9
hw"0'3;'.0+.=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
79/82
**
U,(+9+Q n=Q -.5Q L=:=Q +&2 3$0,+>%/'0 5& +6+0 9#2,+=
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
80/82
*+
E+&2)#Q %=M= +&2 C)#66Q %=L= B`_\= !"# #DD#4. 5D 230+.,5& 5D 45985'.,&6 5& 45985'.
2#&',.( +&2 (,#)2 5D 93'"0559'= -4,= K50.= @fI@BPZB=
E+&2)#Q %=M= +&2 K+(#'Q W=:= B`f@= %0560#'' ,& #S8#0,9#&.+.,5& 5& ."# #DD,4,#&4( 5D
45985'.,&6 +&2 45985'.= =N=Q +&2 W3#'.Q %=J= B`_@= -8+G&,&6 .5 4+',&6 ,& 4599#04,+)
93'"0559 805234.,5&= %#&& -.+.# K+&2;55O D50 N599#04,+)
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
81/82
*,
-4",')#0Q >=N= +&2 %+..5& J0=Q !=1= B`fA= -.,93)+.,5& 5D 93'"0559 (,#)2 ;(
'388)#9#&.,&6 G,." *#6#.+;)# 5,)' ;#D50# 8"+'# UU 5D 45985'.,&6= J= :9#0= K50.=
-4,= `\I\`\P\`f=
-4",')#0Q >=N= +&2 -,&2#&Q J=W= B`dd= h3.0,#&. '388)#9#&.+.,5& 5D 93'"0559 45985'.
+. 4+',&6Q *#6#.+;)# 5,)'= N+&= J= L5.= [[IBAdZPBAd`=
-4",')#0Q >=N= +&2 -,&2#&Q J=W= B`d@= h3.0,#&. '388)#9#&.+.,5& 5D 93'"0559 45985'.
+. 4+',&6= =J=>=7= B``[= M45)56( 5D ."#0958",),4 D3&6, ,& 93'"0559 45985'.Q
G,." #98"+',' 5& =&
8/17/2019 Loehr Thesis
82/82
/&,.#2 -.+.#' 7#8+0.9#&. 5D :60,43).30# X/-7:YQ @ABA= =J=>=7= +&2 k+& E5#'.#)Q :=J=J= @AA[= !"# 43).,*+.,5& 5D ."# ;3..5&
93'"0559Q !"#$%&'( *%(+,$'( ,& ."# h#."#0)+&2'I + '344#''D3) ,&23'.0(= E#*=