LNG liquification processes

LNG PLANT1. World-wide LNG Liquefaction Plants2. Baseload LNG Plant3. LNG Complex Scheme4 Typical Cost Breakdown5. Gas Reception6. Pre Treatment7. Liquefaction8. Fractionation & LPG Recovery9. LNG Storage & LoadingJan-2008

1. Worldwide LNG Liquefaction PlantBintulu, MalaysiaBruneiArun, IndonesiaBontang, IndonesiaRasLaffan, QatarOmanDas Island, Abu DhabiWoodside, AustraliaBonny, NigeriaLibyaArzew, AlgeriaSkikda, AlgeriaKenaiExistingPlanned or ConstructionTangguh, IndonesiaSakhalin, RussiaYemenNamibiaAngolaCamisea, PeruJose, VenezuelaDamietta, EgyptTombak, IranSnohvit, NorwayQatargas, QatarExistingAtlantic, Trinidad

2. Baseload LNG Plant2.1 General ProfileProjectCountryStartCapacityTrainsLiquefactionDriverCoolingHeatingEPC ContractorYearmtpaNos.ProcessMediaMediaCamelAlgeria19640.443TEAL,CascadeStm/TSWSteamTechnip/PrichardKenaiUSA19690.952Phillips,CascadeG/TCW?Phillips/Bechtel/SWLibyaLibya19700.644APCI,MRStm/TSWSteamEsso R&E/Snam/BechtelBruneiBrunei19721.445APCI,PP+MRStm/TCWSteamJGC/ProconSkikda,Ph1Algeria19721.01TEAL,2PressureStm/TSWSteamTechnipAdgas,Tr1&2UAE19771.232APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamCCEC/BechtelBontang,A/BIndonesia19771.672APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamBechtelArun,No1-3Indonesia19781.673APCI,PP+MRF5x3SWSteamBechtelArzew,No1Algeria19781.226APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamBechtelArzew,No2Algeria19801.226APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamPullman KelloggSkikda,Ph2Algeria19801.212Prichard,PRICOStm/TSWSteamPrichard/ Pullman kelloggBuntulu,SatuMalaysia19832.533APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamJGC/KelloggBontang,C/DIndonesia19831.672APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamBechtelArun,No4&5Indonesia19841.672APCI,PP+MRF5x3SWSteamCCECArun,No6Indonesia19871.671APCI,PP+MRF5x3SWSteamJGCWoodside,Tr1-3Australia19882.433APCI,PP+MRF5x4AirHotWaterJGC/Kellogg/KaiserBontang,EIndonesia19902.31APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamCCECBontang,FIndonesia19932.31APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamCCEC/IKPTAdgas,Tr3UAE19942.31APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamCCECBuntulu,DuaMalaysia19952.653APCI,PP+MRF6+F7SW+AirSteamJGC/KelloggQatarGas,Tr1&2Qatar19972.22APCI,PP+MRF5x4SWSteamCCECBontang,GIndonesia19982.61APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamCCEC/IKPTAtlantic,Tr1Trinidad T19993.01Phillips,CascadeF5x6AirHotOilBechtelBontang,HIndonesia19992.951APCI,PP+MRStm/TSWSteamKellogg/IKPTNigeria,Tr1& 2Nigeria19992.952APCI,PP+MRF6+F7CWHotOilJGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr1&2Qatar19992.92APCI,PP+MRF7x2SW+CWSteamJGC/KelloggOman,Tr1&2Oman20003.32APCI,PP+MRF6+F7SWHTFCCEC/FWAtlantic,Tr2&3Trinidad T20023.32Phillips,CascadeF5x6AirHotOilBechtelNigeria,Tr3Nigeria20022.951APCI,PP+MRF6+F7CWHTFJGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamBuntulu,TigaMalaysia20033.872Shell,PP+MRF7+F7AirHotOilJGC/KelloggQatarGas,Tr3Qatar20034.71APCI,PP+MRF5x5SWSteamCCECRasLaffan,Tr3Qatar2004 4.71APCI,PP+MRF7x2SW+CWSteamCCECSEGas,Tr1Egypt2004 5.01APCI,PP+MRFr7x2AirHotOilJGC/Kellogg/TechnicasWoodside,Tr4Australia20044.21Shell,PP+MRF7x2AirHotWaterKellogg/JGC/Hatch/CloughAtlantic,Tr4Trinidad T2005 5.21Phillips,CascadeF5x8AirHotOilBechtelIdku,Tr1&2Egypt2005 3.62Phillips,CascadeF5x5Air?BechtelNigeria,Tr4Nigeria20054.01APCI,PP+MRF7x2AirHTFJGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr4Qatar2005 4.71APCI,PP+MRF7x2SW+CWSteamCCECDarwinAustralia20063.51Phillips,CascadeLM2500x6Air?Bechtel

2. Baseload LNG Plant2.1 General Profile (update)ProjectCountryStartCapacityTrainsLiquefactionDriverCoolingHeatingEPC ContractorYearmtpaNos.ProcessMediaMediaNigeria,Tr5Nigeria20064.11APCI,PP+MRF7x2AirHTFJGC/Kellogg/Technip/SnamRasLaffan,Tr5Qatar2007 4.71APCI,PP+MRF7x2SW+CWSteamCCECEquatorial Guinea Guinea2007 3.41Phillips,CascadeF5x6??Bechtel SnohvitNorway20074.11Linde MFCMotorSWHTFLinde

SakhalinRussia20084.82Shell DMRF7x2Qatar Gas IIQatar20087.82APCI,APXF9x3Nigeria,Tr6Nigeria20084.11APCI,PP+MRF7x2TangguhIndonesia20083.82APCI,PP+MRF7x2Woodside, Tr5Australia20094.21Shell,PP+MRF7x2YemenYemen20093.42APCI,PP+MRF7x2RasGas IIQatar20097.82APCI,APXF9x3

2. Baseload LNG Plant2.2 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity012345678196019701980199020002010Million Ton/YrCamelKenaiLybiaBruneiSkikdaAbu DhabiBadakArzewArunMalaysiaAustraliaAbu DhabiQatargasMalaysia DuaRas LaffanNigeriaAtlanticOmanMalaysia TigaRas Laffan ExpWoodside ExpEgypt SEGASGas Turbine DrivenSteam Turbine DrivenEgypt IdkuSnohvitElec Motor DrivenArun 6TangguhQGII

DEHYDRA-TIONMERCURYREMOVALSCRUBCOLUMNLIQUE-FACTIONTANKTANKTANKINERT GASFUEL GASSYSTEMC3 & MRREFRIGE--RANTELECT.GENERATOR NG

RAWWATERLNGLPGCONDENSATESTEAM GENERATIONWATERTREATMENTFLARE &LIQ.DISPOSALREFRIG. STORAGEFIRE PROTECTIONINSTRUMENT& SERVICE AIRCOOLINGWATERRECIEVING &METERING

ACID GASREMOVALBOGHANDLINGFRACTIO-NATIONEnd Flash gasCONDENSATERECOVERYWET /COLD/ OPERATIONAL/LIQUID /TANK/ SPARE FLARESLNG TRAIN3. LNG Complex Scheme

4. Plant Cost4.1 Typical Cost BreakdownUtility14%OffsiteFacility13%Jetty3%GasTreating7%Dehydration3%Storage& Loading22%Liquefaction36%LNG Train 48%Fractionation2%G/T, Air Cooled LNG Plant

4. Plant Cost4.2 Historical Cost of LNG Plant Robert G. Ryan et.al., Special Report LNG Evolution, Oil&Gas J July 16,2001Design Year010203040506070809010019601970198019902000BruneiMalaysiaAustraliaNigeriaRas LaffanTrinidadOman

4. Plant Cost4.3 Historical Cost of LNG Plant (update)

5. LNG Plant Projects5.1 Particulars of LNG Plant Projects

High Quality & Reliability RequiredLNG Chain (Long term contract between Seller and Buyer, LNG Ship) Large CAPEXHigh Grade Material for HP /LT conditionsMerit of ScaleFinanceCompletion ReliabilityLong-term PJ Schedule Phased Development RequiredRemote Sites

5. LNG Plant Projects 5.2 TechnologiesParticular Aspects of LNG Technology Process Licensers Limited

LNG Equipment Long Delivery Large Size Technical Complexity - Main Cryogenic Exchangers - Gas Turbines & Compressors - Liquid Expanders - LNG Tanks

Lower Investment & Operation CostsShorter Completion SchedulesHigher AvailabilityMore Environmentally Friendly 5. LNG Plant Projects 5.3 Current Requirements

DEFINITIONBOD/BDPBCE

FRONT END DESIGNLICENSORS DESIGN FEED PACKAGEEPC COST ESTIMATE(10%) EPC BIDDING PROPOSAL EVALUATION

IMPLEMENTATION PROC. CRITICAL ITEMSSITE PREPARATION EPCSTART UP

1st year2nd year3rd year4th year6th year7th year5. LNG Plant Projects5.4 Typical Schedule

PigReceiverSlugCatcherStabilizerFeed GasCondensateFeed Gas&Condensate(TwoPhase)6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment 6.1 Slug Catcher & StabilizerFeed GasSeparatorRecoveryCompressor

Feed GasInlet SeparatorMetering SkidBoosterCompressorAfterCoolerMetering SkidFInlet SeparatorMetering SkidInlet SeparatorFFBoosterCompressorAfterCoolerBoosterCompressorAfterCoolerTo LNGTrain6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment6.2 Metering & Feed Gas Compression

Feed GasAbsorberRegeneratorSweet GasAcid Gas to DownstreamLean AmineRich Amine6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment 6.3 Acid Gas Removal Scheme

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment 6.4 Comparison of Solvents MEA MDEASulfinol (Benfield)H2S CO2Mercaptans Partial PartialDegradation COSNo CO2NoCO2 CS2CS2H2Sselect XQdutylargelargesmallsmallAdsorptionchem. chem. chem. chem. physic.

Water DehydratorRegenerationGas HeaterRecycle GasCompressorWet GasDry GasPropane Refrigerant

6. Gas Reception & Pre Treatment 6.5 Dehydrator

7. Liquefaction7.1 Process ClassificationExternal Refrigerant type Cascade Mixed Refrigerant Process (MR Process) - Single MR - Dual MR - C3 Pre-cooled Self-refrigerant Process Expander Process Nitrogen Cycle (Peak-shaving & On-board)

7. Liquefaction 7.2 Existing ProcessSingle MR Process (PRICO)TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)CASCADE Process (Phillips)C3 Pre-cooled MR Process (APCI, Shell)

7.2.1 Single MR (PRICO)

RefrigerantInterCoolerInter StageScrubberInter StagePumpRefrigerantCompressorRefrigerantCondenserPumpHigh Pressure RefrigerantLow Pressure RefrigerantRefrigerantHeat ExchangerTreated Feed GasHeavy LiquidSeparatorHeavy Liquidto ProcessingLNGTo StorageGASTECH 1998

7.2.2 TEALARC Dual MR (Technip)RefrigerantHeat ExchangerFractionatorsLNGto StorageC2+RefrigerantHeat ExchangerTreated Feed GasPre-refrigerationCycleLiquefaction CycleMixed RefrigerantMixedRefrigerantby LNG9 1989

Refrigerant HeatExchangerRefrigerant HeatExchangerTreated Feed GasLNG to StorageShip and Tank VaporFuel GasAfter CoolerAfter CoolerAfterCoolerC3CompressorC2=CompressorC1CompressorC3 Surge DrumC2= Surge DrumC2+to Fractionationby GASTECH 19967.2.3 Cascade Process (Phillips)

FractionationC3Pre-coolingN2RejectMP C3HP C3LPC3HPC3MPC3HHPC3LNGto StorageFuel GasScrub ColumnLPGMixedRefrigerantC3CompressorMRCompressorRefrigerantHeatExchangerCondensateLPC3LPGTreatedFeed Gas7.2.4 Propane Pre-cooled MR (APCI)

Temperature (C)Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)PropaneEthyleneMethane7.2.5 Cooling Curve of Cascade Process

Temperature (C)Enthalpy difference (kcal/mol)C3 CycleMR Cycle7.2.6 Cooling Curve of C3 Pre-cooled MR

7. Liquefaction 7.3 New Process Dual MR Process (Shell) Liqeufin Process (Axens) MFC Process (Linde) AP-X Process (APCI)

7.3.1 Dual MR Process (Shell)MixedRefrigerantMR CompressorSpool woundHeat Exchangersby LNG12 1998MixedRefrigerantCompressorRefrigerantHeatExchangerN2RejectLNGto StorageFuel GasFractionationScrub ColumnLPGCondensateLPGTreatedFeed Gas

7.3.2 Liquefin Dual MR (IFP-Axens)RefrigerantHeat ExchangerTreated Feed GasLNGto StorageFuel GasMR2CompressorsMR 1CompressorsInterCoolerAfterCoolerAfterCoolerExpanderby GASTECH 1998

LNGto StorageFuel GasRefrigerantHeatExchangerRefrigerantHeat ExchangerRefrigerantHeat ExchangerSub-cooling CycleLiquefactionCyclePre-cooling CycleTreated Feed GasEnd Flash7.3.3 Mixed Fluid Cascade (LINDE)

7.3.4 AP-XTM Process (APCI)Propane Pre-coolHeat ExchangersFeedGasNitrogen Gas ExpanderNitrogen CompressorNitrogen Cold-boxCoil WoundSub-cool Heat ExchangerCoil WoundMCHEMR CompressorPropane Pre-cool Compressor

7. Liquefaction 7.4 Evolution of LNG Train Capacity012345678196019701980199020002010Million Ton/YrCamelKenaiLybiaBruneiSkikdaAbu DhabiBadakArzewArunMalaysiaAustraliaAbu DhabiQatargasMalaysia DuaRas LaffanNigeriaAtlanticOmanMalaysia TigaRas Laffan ExpWoodside ExpEgypt SEGASGas Turbine DrivenSteam Turbine DrivenEgypt IdkuSnohvitElec Motor DrivenArun 6TangguhQGII

7. Liquefaction 7.5 Driver for Refrigerant CompressorPlant Capacity (MTPA)First Single Shaft GT Application0.005.0010.0015.0020.0025.0019641970197719801984198919931995199820002003Gas TurbineSteam Turbine

7. Liquefaction 7.6 Compressor & Driver Configuration Large Size Gas Turbine Application of Three Frame 7s or Frame 9s Combined Cycle Increase Plant Efficiency Large Size Compressor Limitation of Suction Volume Parallel Configuration of Refrigerant Compressor Train in Liquefaction Train Relaxed by New Liquefaction Process Motor Drive Future Possible Option

7. Liquefaction 7.7 Train Size & Driver ConfigurationBefore 19901990 - 19992000 - 2005

Near Future (3 or 4) x F5F7 + F6 2 x F7

3 x F7or 2 x F9or 3 x F9or Motor Drive1.6 - 2.53.03.9 - 4.8

6.0 7.8G/TConfiguration PlantCapacity

7. Liquefaction 7.8 Driver Type vs. Efficiency Type

Steam Turbine 60 kg/cm2G 440 deg. CSteam Turbine 105 kg/cm2G 510 deg. CGas Turbine for Industrial UseCombined Cycle (G/T for Industrial Use)Gas Turbine for AircraftCombined Cycle (G/T for Aircraft) Efficiency %

25.3 28.5 27 31 33.5 33.4 39

7. Liquefaction 7.9 Cooling MediumAir CoolingSea Water CoolingInvestment costCheapExpensive(sea water intake & required high quality material) CorrosionNoYesProblem(lower availability) TemperatureHighLow(larger refrig.(smaller refrig.compressorcompressorpower)power)

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.1 Simple LPG Re-injection SystemTreatedFeed GasC4C3C2LiquefactionMCHE SectionC1RefrigerantStorageLNGScrubColumnDemethanizerDeethanizerDepropanizerDebutanizerC5+To Condensate Storage

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.2 Associated LPG RecoveryTreatedFeed GasC2C3C4LiquefactionMCHE SectionC1RefrigerantStorageLNGScrubColumnDemethanizerDeethanizerDepropanizerDebutanizerC5+To Condensate StorageLPG Storage

8. Fractionation and LPG Recovery 8.3 Combined LPG ExtractionGas Re-injectionC3, C4 and HeavierSweet Feed GasStabilization & TreatingLNGC3C4CondensateResidue GasScrub Column OvhdLPG FractionationLPG ExtractionNGL ExtractionLPG Extraction UnitPre-CoolingLNGLiquefactionMCHE SectionMaximize LPG Recovery

9. LNG Storage and Loading9.1 ConfigurationLNG RundownTCPCTo FuelBOGFrom LoadingJettyLNGTo LoadingJettyBOG CompressorSuction DrumLNG Tank

9. LNG Storage and Loading 9.2 LNG TankOne of Critical Equipment in Cost and ScheduleRecent Technological Trend Type : Full Containment Size : Greater than 140,000 m3 Number : MinimizedPossible Application of Single Containment Site location : Sufficient Safe distance Risk Assessment : Allowable Option

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