LLQT 2505/2507 Literacy Theories and Frameworks March 2012 John Keenan [email protected]

Slide 1

LLQT 2505/2507Literacy Theories and Frameworks

March 2012

John [email protected]. Essay2. Presentation - to be done on July 18th3. Reflection2EssayFactors affecting language acquisitionShowing knowledge of:How language can be described and analysedGrammatical and lexical frameworks3000 words3Presentation10 minute presentation supported by ICTCritically assess using language acquisition theory Include sample teaching techniques for learning and teaching4Wednesday 14thBYG199

9.30-1The Psychology of Language

1.30-3The psychology of motivation

3-4.30The importance of non-verbal communicationThursday 15th BYG199

9-12.30Dealing with disability focus on dyslexia

1-2.30Guest Speaker Judith Rose Adult Learning for those with Difficulties

2.45-4.15Autism

Friday 16thBYG197

9.30-12Language Learning Strategies for ESOL and English

12.30-3.30Second Language Acquisition ESOL First Language theories revisited, EAL, tutorials and grammar workshop Eng

3.45-4.30 Shared learning First v second language

4.30-5Course Management Team meeting with course reps (sTaRs)

Saturday 17thBYG1999.30-1.30 Assignment details, progression, reflection II

Module Target: synthesise, challenge, compare, elaborate on learning theories

9Factors affecting language acquisition

How we make sense of language

How we learn (or do not learn) languageFactors affecting...

THE BRAIN DEVELOPMENTFirst Language Acquisition Dyslexia Autism

KEY LEARNING THEORIESThe Psychology of LanguageSecond Language AcquisitionLanguage Learning Strategies for ESOL and English

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME FACTORSMotivation The importance of non-verbal communicationAutism/Dyslexia/Disabled workshop

AdminWho wants to be a sTaR?Level 3

The Psychology of LanguageWhat I hope you will come away with from this session:

1. Greater understanding of what language is2. Greater understanding of first language acquisition 3. More ability to label language4. (ESOL) Compare/contrast with second language acquisition theory14

snake chuttereagle crauplion/leopard chirphyena hum

How do animals communicate?15

Purr - wants/needs/gets attentionMiaow miaow miaow- call for helpMIAOW! - I wantMia-ow (falling) - protestHiss - back off16

Flat ears and crouch - you are the bossWag tail fast- I am happySmall slow wags - what is this?Growl - go awayWhine - help!

animal language17

Species dependentBlackbird = pink pink - there is a cat nearbyChaffinch = tsee - Ive ben hurt Singing - this is my territory; I have territory so do you want to mate with me?animal language18

Screech - there is a dangerous birdchirp - there is a non-dangerous birdscreech and upright posture - there is a ground based predatoranimal language19

Rubbing chin on something - one day I will eat youLying stretched out - I am happyHalf-raised on back legs - there is danger aboutHopping in circle with tail up - I want to mate with youanimal language20

Moo - baby calf be still; baby calf come here; baby calf where are you?; Im not going in there; food has arrived Calf runs with tail on back - I have just been fed

animal language21

Nuzzle - go awayEars back - go awayNicker - helloSnort - there is trouble aboutanimal language22

Round dance - food is 50-80m away pointing in directionWaggle dance - food is further away pointing in directionDance varies by intensity according to how much and some is handed outBuzz is in dialect eg Albanian: bzzz Bengali: bhonbhon Japanese: bunbun Korean: boong-boon

animal language23

Whistle - thats unusual; I am eatingSqueak - help!animal language24

Singing - mate with meSound identifies location, age, gender etcanimal language25

What do you know?True or false?26

What is language?

What would you say language was?

an artificial system of signs and symbols, with rules Chambers cited in Harley p.827Language

form content use

28Language

form content use

phon/graphology Syntax semantics pragmaticsmorphology

Owens, p.1929SignPhonemeGraphemeMorphemeWordDenotationConnotation

GrammarSyntaxNounVerbAdverbAdjectivePrepositionArticlePragmaticsSyntagmParadigm

Who are you?

31How do we acquire language?

Nobody knows

32Infans - not speaking

33Brain decides on which stimuli to attend toGestalt Theory

Jessica, age 4:Say that again. I didnt hear you. I was listening to my toastOwens, 2001: flyleaf

34

Wernickes - sees imagesMotor function, moving hands etcBrocas area encodes speechSpeech productioncontrols eyecontextmemory36Pp12-13 How the Special Needs Brain Learns

Pp12-13 How the Special Needs Brain Learns

30,000 neurons fit on the end of a pin

A neuron has tens of thousands of branches dendritesNeurons are connected by a synapseThe dendrites receive electrical impulses from other neuronsA neuron can transmit 2,500 impulses per second

Sousa, 2001: 11

100,000 neurons per square millimetre an average pixel on the screen is representing some five million neurons and 22km of axons

Kenning P (2008) What Advertisers Can and Cannot Do with Neuroscience. International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27, No. 3. Pp 472-3

40the neurons of the newborn are relatively unorganised and unspecified. Over time, the child begins to construct auditory maps from the phonemes heard in the environment. Sounds must be heard thousands of times before neurons are assigned. Eventually, different clusters of neurons will respond to each phoneme, firing when that phoneme is heard. Owens, 2001: 134

41Schemas

the rare and beautiful anota shook its feathers and took flight Greene p.34

42a robin is a robina robin is a birda robin is an animala robin is a fisha robin has a red breasta robin has wingsa robin has lungs

True False timed431. a robin is a robin 2. a robin has a red breast 3. a robin is a bird 4. a robin has wings 5. a robin is an animal 6. a robin is a fish7. a robin has lungs

44as new stimuli are received, the person..tries to fit this information into existing schemes Owens, 2001: 13745What else is in the schemas for the following?ThymeTescoPizza HutoakRobert De NiroKatie PriceParisSony

46

WashoeNimthe cognitive abilities of apes are broadly similar to that of very young children Harley p5147

ElizaMen are all alike (word alike triggers clarification)IN WHAT WAYtheyre always bugging us about something (word something triggers need for specific)CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE well, my boyfriend made me come here (unsure so repeated back with different word order)YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HEREHe says Im depressed too much of the time (negative word triggers sympathy)I AM SORRY TO HEAR THAT YOU ARE DEPRESSED Its true that I am unhappy (second negative word triggers solution repsonse)DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPYI need help, that much is certain (vague terms triggers clarification)WHAT WOULD IT MEAN IF YOU GOT SOME HELPPerhaps I could learn to get along with my mother(predetermined response to word mother)TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY

Can computers talkIs this language?49Two mothers Mother 1 Anna child Patricia. Mother 2 Liz, child CharlieOut shoppingCarrying bags

Weekly conversation at Caf Nerro every weekM - meC - Caf Nerro womanC can I get you anything to drink?Ma large latte pleaseCstaying in or taking out?Mstaying inCany cakes or pastries?Ma blueberry muffin/apricot croissantCthat will be 5.20. Have you got a loyalty card?MnoCwould you like one?MnoCsugar is on the table thereMthankyou51Pragmaticscontext

it was found that the eel was on the orangeit was found that the eel was on the axleit was found that the eel was on the fishing rodit was found that the eel was on the table52Matthew: JohnMe: MatthewMa: footyMe: yupMa: 7Me: see you there53

Drugs are badThe governmentPosters

Teenagers

Drugs are coolMusic

Lasswell et al, 194855

Osgood and Schramm, 195456Theories of language..57

How do we understand?

58

My name is.

I believe language59

My name is.

I believe language60

My name is.

I believe language61

My name is.

I believe language62

My name is.

I believe language63

My name is.

I believe language64

My name is.

I believe language65

My name is.

I believe language66Jean Piaget

sensorimotor intelligence - up to 2 year old capable of symbolic thought Owens, 137 language is a tool - like an object, we learn to uselanguage is not a specific faculty, its just a social/cognitive process like any other cognitive-schemata

67-4 months - 0

Even when in the womb a child may be able to distinguish sounds since the organs of the ear appear to be formed about five months after conception. It is possible, for example, that a baby learns the rhythm of its mothers speech while still in the womb Blake and Moorhead, 1993: p.3068The Examiner: 1-6 months

responds to human voicedistinguishes soundscoos vowel soundsturns head to voiceresponds vocally to voicebabblessmiles at speakerresponds to namevaries prosodyplays peepodiscriminate phonemes owens 152suckingrooting -finger into cheekblinking at flashing lightcryingcoughingsneezing

69The Experimenter: 6-12 months

recognises some words inc nameimitates soundslearns noFollows simple cues such as bye bye701-2 years

goes from 4-300 word vocabularymakes short incomplete sentencesprepositions (in, on etc)pronounsverb endings (s, ed, ing)determiner noun - e.g. my teddy, noun-verb - e.g. teddy goesverb indirect noun - e.g. look there adjective noun - e.g. red car

71Emily, age 2 -monologue, alone talking to doll (baby)baby no in night cause baby cryingbaby in mightbaby in mightmy baby no in my carmy baby in mybaby no eat supper in in in thisno eat broccoli noso my baby have dinnerthen baby get sickbaby no eat dinnerbroccoli broccoli soup cabbage carrotsno baby sleepingso why baby eatthen baby get sickEmmy no eat dinnerbroccoli soup causeno baby sleepingbaby sleeping all nightNelson, 1989: p.158 cited in Blake and Moorhead, 1993: p.46

723-5 years

300 to 1200 wordsrecounts storiesunderstands questions about the environment90% grammar acquisitionasks many, many questions

73Age 6

24,000 word reception2,600 vocabulary

74Age 8

talks a lotbrags a lotcompares75Age 12

50,000 word receptive vocabularyadult-like76Crying Cooing Babbling Intonation Patterns 1-word utterances 2-word utterances Questions and negatives Rare or complex constructions Mature speechStages of Language Development77Me immature speech next 6First speech is 4 months or 18 months average of 10 months Sounds to know that gpgpgpgpgp is not a sound and gop is Over-generalise see the moon then from that point on all that shines in th sky is the moon ME ERICS QUA duck on water so cup has it in and teddy eye is shiny. Ba is bath, bath is hot so stove is hot. Mummy but mug is mummys ME REACH whole sentence FRENDS FIRST CBEEBIES create children practise different sounds and play with words Naming- obvious but bye bye First use nouns as proper nouns then may extend themsodada can embarrassingly be all men Mama lost in supermarket Mama poit at mothers shoe Holophrases single word sentences like car go bus hearing the sound of a car is the same as abus HERE THAT BRUMMIE OO BLOIMY ARR LETTER GET FROM BIN!!! R CROSSWORD Initially nouns verbs and adjectives The toy is on the table=toy table tends to be noun and noun when born a baby has the vocal tract of a nonhuman mammal, after 3 months the voice box moves to the throat and pharynx develops letting the tongue move hen babbling playing with the equipkmentinfants first words are objects they see food vehicles people, then actions - up open the modifiers - al gone then routines yes no bye bye initially the child will say ball and look at it but whether itthey want it or they just notice it is done by the tonemamae + reach star shake head understanding comes before use relatinal words like changes in time and spaceSo what the child first ubnderstands hell produce Babies can recognise words at 6 months Learn by labelling neko japnese for cat but no way of knowing what it is Children get parentese simple grammar the dog wants water say it slower and exaggerate the tone higher pitch God japanese wan wan Pee pee shee shee Choo choo bu bu car in japaneseuh-oh no more CARTOON ABOUT BABY WORDS P[INKER P261WATER TOWER PINKER NEARLY HOME SAID TH MOTHER AND EWHEN AR FROM HOME SAID NEARLY HOME AND LABELED THE TOWER AS NEARLY HOME generalise - ERICS BAG NAPPY BOWL CAN AND ATRAINER - OVER EXTEND 2-7 GOES FROM 200 WORDS TO 50000 AND UNDERSTANDING 100000 METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS LANGUAGE AS AN OBJECT CONVERSATION TURN TAKING - ME AND TOM WHERE ARE YOU GOING DON;T LEAN ON THAT DOOR YOU;LKL BREAK IT NO METALINGUISTIC COMETENCE RTRAIN IS A LONG WORD AND TIDY IS A DIFFCICULT WORD CURIOUS INCIDENT CBEEBIES PIAGETPIAGET SENSORIMOTOR 0-2 SENSE MANIPULATEB OBJECTS, 18-24 MENTAL IMAGERY AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE PREOPERATIONAL 2-7 RELATIONSHIP OF TIME AND PERFEPTION, CONCRETE OPERATION 7-11 CONVERSATIONS BUT ON OBJECTS AND IMMEDIATE PRESENT; FOMMRAL OPERATIONS 11-15 ABSTRACT FORMAL RELATIONSHIPS AND HYPOTHESES 1-4 MONTHS DIFFERENTIATE BAH AND PAH BABBLING UNIVERSAL 15 COUNTRIES 12 CONSONANTS WERE 95% WHILE OTHER 12 - 5% DEAF BABAIES BABBLE NEUROLOIGCL IMPRINTING DUCK MOVE

78Brain size% of adultBirth - 256 months - 5012 months - 7024 months - 805 years - 9012 years - 100

79Chomsky

Pinker - a visiting Martian would surely conclude that aside their mutually unintelligible vocabularies, Earthlings speak a single language Pinker, 1994: p.232 cited in Harley, p.100Universals - syntax, semantics, phonology, creation

Child: Nobody dont like me(Mother: No, say nobody likes meChild: nobody dont like me) X 8Mother: No, now listen carefully: say nobody likes meChild: Oh! Nobody dont likes me

The child, at this point in its learning grammar, was clearly not ready to use the single negativeSuch examples suggest that language acquisition is more a matter of maturation than imitation Crystal, 1992: p.234

80mama isnt a boy he a girlthats right

ask Jabbe if the boy who is unhappy is watching Mickey Mousesay turtursay tletlesay turtlekurka

8118-24 months - grammar explosion Colourless green ideas sleep furiously ChomskyJaberwocky82This sentence is all wrong to us and a child could see that it doesnt make sensebetween 18 months and 28 months the brain grows from 300g to 1kg nothing elses changes, same parents, no need to talk and as there is no need to stand up, children still do as chomsky himself said, colourless green ideas sleep furiously and I will add furthermore vorsprung durch technikjabberwocky makes sense even though the words dont suggesting tht what is innate is structure syntax innately we know we cant go car car car car and make sense and and and and noun phraseobject/person words around it to clarify what this is expected actionWhat is innate?1. sounds2. deep structure of noun and verb phrases3. hypothesise and create

83

84Syntactic blocks are what Tarzan struggled with. He could only do noun, noun. The rest of the sentence ver, adjective, adverb determiner etc he could not put together and stangely, that is right. ISABELLA 6 WHEN DISCOVERED 7 SPOOKE LIKE PEERS VICTOR FOUND WILD 11/12 VERY FEW WORDS GENIE TIED TO CHAIR AT 20 MONTHS NO SYNTAX FATHER HIT STICK FATHER HIT GENIE SUGGETSING YOUNG

Syntactic Blocks

BOOKGIVESA SLEEPSNILEBOYGIRL STUDENTTHEMALEVOLENCETO ORGANISEA SLAVERY PARSNIP SEETHE85Do a sentence more than 3 wordsTHE BOY (GIRL/STUDENT) GIVES A BOOK (PARSNIP) TO A GIRL (BOY/STUDENT)ARTICLE NOUN TRANSITIVE VERB ARTICLE NOUN TRANSITIVE VERB PREPOSITION NOUN86HOPE ITS RIGHT LIKE MATHS NEVER SURE N=HOW USEFUL IT IS TO LEANR WATCH CHINESE STUDNETS NOUN PHRASESVERB PHRASESThe father-of-fourteen, thrice-married, Malvern-based blind prisoner Jesus won Saturdays rollover lottery 14 million jackpot wept87These are innatechildren are born to bulk together sections of words naturally

noun phrases - somebody womthing what they look like, their namesa noun phrase can have an optional determiner a noun and an optional prepositional phraseverb can consist of aa verb, a noun phrae and an optional prepositional phraseprepoisiotns with in out neardeterminer a the one, twoverb phrase - what happened what they did details

what is a noun phrase optional determine one two the noun optional adjective to describe it, optional phrase to give details

the prinsoner who was 23 years old living in a caravan in the Malvern hills happily with his third wife Julie and their 12 childrenand keep going and we register it equaly you can have a 1 wod noun phrase such as the shortest sentence in the bible - jesus wept but the brain distinguishes the noun, th verb and all around it was do clicksThe pretty girl in my class can sing and dance beautifully88The pretty girl in my class can sing and dance beautifullyA ADJ N PRE PRON N AUX V V CON V ADV89Sentence labellingroundnounverbprepositionadjectiveadverb91A round of drinks nounto round a corner verbround the houseadjective round balladverb all year round

way is a noundestrcution is a noun

read pinker quote about nouny thingsVygotsky

speech and thought separate up to 3 years old3 onwards speech and thought interdependent and thought becomes verbal. Thought is shaped by language.thought is inner speech and it needs words

92Whorf

Language determines thought - linguistic determinism -language determines how we thinkfigure 3.7 p.83 language and thought Harley

Newspeak: This statement could not have been sustained by reasoned argument because the necessary words were not available Appendix 1984 cited in Harley p.80

93Halliday

function first what is it that the child is making the speech sound do for her/him?

The Functions of Language

instrumental - I wantregulatory - do itinteractional - hellopersonal - uniqueness thats funnyheuristic - explore environment whats thatimaginative - lets pretend lion in the gardeninformative - Ive got 9-18 months Halliday 197594Skinner

language is behaviourreinforcement/negative reinforcementlook at the environment to explain the language use

95Wittgenstein

Language is a gameGames have rulesWe learn the rulesBut, language cannot express thought. Thought and experience are obscureSilence is the only response to complex ideas

96Choose an example of a learnerIdentify a problem s/he has with languageLabel the problem using linguistic termsExplain at what point in development the problem may have arisen

97

Crying Cooing Babbling Intonation Patterns 1-word utterances 2-word utterances Questions and negatives Rare or complex constructions Mature speech
1. Sounds
0

6-8 months

8-12 months

1 year

2 years

2.25 years

5 years

10 years
Stages of Language Development

Me immature speech next 6First speech is 4 months or 18 months average of 10 months Sounds to know that gpgpgpgpgp is not a sound and gop is Over-generalise see the moon then from that point on all that shines in th sky is the moon ME ERICS QUA duck on water so cup has it in and teddy eye is shiny. Ba is bath, bath is hot so stove is hot. Mummy but mug is mummys ME REACH whole sentence FRENDS FIRST CBEEBIES create children practise different sounds and play with words Naming- obvious but bye bye First use nouns as proper nouns then may extend themsodada can embarrassingly be all men Mama lost in supermarket Mama poit at mothers shoe Holophrases single word sentences like car go bus hearing the sound of a car is the same as abus HERE THAT BRUMMIE OO BLOIMY ARR LETTER GET FROM BIN!!! R CROSSWORD Initially nouns verbs and adjectives The toy is on the table=toy table tends to be noun and noun when born a baby has the vocal tract of a nonhuman mammal, after 3 months the voice box moves to the throat and pharynx develops letting the tongue move hen babbling playing with the equipkmentinfants first words are objects they see food vehicles people, then actions - up open the modifiers - al gone then routines yes no bye bye initially the child will say ball and look at it but whether itthey want it or they just notice it is done by the tonemamae + reach star shake head understanding comes before use relatinal words like changes in time and spaceSo what the child first ubnderstands hell produce Babies can recognise words at 6 months Learn by labelling neko japnese for cat but no way of knowing what it is Children get parentese simple grammar the dog wants water say it slower and exaggerate the tone higher pitch God japanese wan wan Pee pee shee shee Choo choo bu bu car in japaneseuh-oh no more CARTOON ABOUT BABY WORDS P[INKER P261WATER TOWER PINKER NEARLY HOME SAID TH MOTHER AND EWHEN AR FROM HOME SAID NEARLY HOME AND LABELED THE TOWER AS NEARLY HOME generalise - ERICS BAG NAPPY BOWL CAN AND ATRAINER - OVER EXTEND 2-7 GOES FROM 200 WORDS TO 50000 AND UNDERSTANDING 100000 METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS LANGUAGE AS AN OBJECT CONVERSATION TURN TAKING - ME AND TOM WHERE ARE YOU GOING DON;T LEAN ON THAT DOOR YOU;LKL BREAK IT NO METALINGUISTIC COMETENCE RTRAIN IS A LONG WORD AND TIDY IS A DIFFCICULT WORD CURIOUS INCIDENT CBEEBIES PIAGETPIAGET SENSORIMOTOR 0-2 SENSE MANIPULATEB OBJECTS, 18-24 MENTAL IMAGERY AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE PREOPERATIONAL 2-7 RELATIONSHIP OF TIME AND PERFEPTION, CONCRETE OPERATION 7-11 CONVERSATIONS BUT ON OBJECTS AND IMMEDIATE PRESENT; FOMMRAL OPERATIONS 11-15 ABSTRACT FORMAL RELATIONSHIPS AND HYPOTHESES 1-4 MONTHS DIFFERENTIATE BAH AND PAH BABBLING UNIVERSAL 15 COUNTRIES 12 CONSONANTS WERE 95% WHILE OTHER 12 - 5% DEAF BABAIES BABBLE NEUROLOIGCL IMPRINTING DUCK MOVE