Llad Phillips1 Is Criminal Justice Just?. Llad Phillips2 Outline The Cost of the Criminal Justice System The Cost of the Criminal Justice System Equity.

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Is Criminal Justice Just?Is Criminal Justice Just?

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OutlineOutline

The Cost of the Criminal Justice SystemThe Cost of the Criminal Justice System Equity and JusticeEquity and Justice

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http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/jeeus01.htm

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The number of CJS employees almost doubled, 82-01

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Corrections Outstrips Judicial

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Nominal Dollars

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1992: Cost of Control: $93.8 Billion1993: Victim Losses: $21.5 B + $72.9 B = $94.4B ( Impact of Crime On Society lecture)Total = $188.2 Billion

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Cost to Victims in US, 1993Cost to Victims in US, 1993Offense Loss Rate Reported

OffensesDamages,Billions $

Robbery $13,000 659,757 $8.6

AutoTheft

$4,000 1,561,047 $6.2

Burglary $1,500 2,834,808 $4.3

Larceny $370 7,820,909 $2.4

Total $21.5

Source: National Institute of Justice, Victim Costs and Consequences (1996)

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Damages: US Violence, 1993Damages: US Violence, 1993

Offense Loss Rate ReportedOffenses

Damages,Billions, $

Homicide $1,191,000 24,526 $46.8

Rape $87,000 104,806 $9.1

Assault $15,000 1,135,099 $17.0

Total $72.9

Source: National Institute of Justice, Victim Costs and Consequences (1996)

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Total Cost ($188 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($94 B)Slope = -1

Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE)

TC = $188 B, 92-93

Control Costs

VictimCosts

$94 B

$94B

450

Total Cost ($188 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($94 B)Slope = -1

Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE)

If CJS were efficient, then Crime Control Technology would be:

TC = $188 B

Control Costs

VictimCosts

$94 B

$94B

CCT

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Is the US Criminal Justice System Efficient?

Is the US Criminal Justice System Efficient?

If you believe US policies are correct then the If you believe US policies are correct then the previous slide may represent 1992-93previous slide may represent 1992-93

If you think the war on drugs is wasteful, thenIf you think the war on drugs is wasteful, then

There are inefficiencies There are inefficiencies

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Policy OptionsPolicy Options

House arrest for possession of drugsHouse arrest for possession of drugs Save corrections costs: 1/3 state corrections and Save corrections costs: 1/3 state corrections and

6/10 federal = 6.81 + 1.59 = $8.4 B6/10 federal = 6.81 + 1.59 = $8.4 B DecriminalizationDecriminalization

Save federal and some local enforcement and Save federal and some local enforcement and local judicial costs as well: fed enforcement in 92: local judicial costs as well: fed enforcement in 92: 0.6*$17.4B= $10.4 B, 3/10 * ($29.659 + $10.052) 0.6*$17.4B= $10.4 B, 3/10 * ($29.659 + $10.052) = $ B 11.9, for a total additional $22.3 B= $ B 11.9, for a total additional $22.3 B

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State PrisonersState Prisoners Federal Prisons:Federal Prisons:

In 1996, Drug OffendersIn 1996, Drug Offenders accounted for 60% ofaccounted for 60% ofFederal PrisonersFederal Prisoners

Federal Spending on Drug ControlFederal Spending on Drug Control19811981 $1.5 Billion$1.5 Billion19891989 $6.7 “$6.7 “19901990 $9.8 “$9.8 “19951995 $13.0 “$13.0 “20002000 $17.9 “$17.9 “20012001 $18.1”$18.1”

Total Cost ($158 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($64 B)Slope = -1

Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE)

If CJS were efficient, then possible to save $ 30 B, and Crime Control Technology would be different since OF redefined (no drugs)

TC = $188 B

Control Costs

VictimCosts

$94 B

$64B

CCT

TC = $158 B

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Is Criminal Justice Just?Is Criminal Justice Just?

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Los Angeles TimesLos Angeles Times

Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1 ““Garcetti Seeks to Overturn 4 Cases Tainted by Garcetti Seeks to Overturn 4 Cases Tainted by

LAPD”`LAPD”` Thursday, November 11, 1999- p. A1Thursday, November 11, 1999- p. A1

““Inmate Freed in LAPD Probe”Inmate Freed in LAPD Probe” LAPD Ramparts stationLAPD Ramparts station

• Officers Rafael Perez and Nino DurdenOfficers Rafael Perez and Nino Durden

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U.S. News and World Report: 11-9-98U.S. News and World Report: 11-9-98 ““The Wrong Men on Death Row”The Wrong Men on Death Row” 3517 inmates on death row3517 inmates on death row since 1976, 486 executionssince 1976, 486 executions 75 known cases of persons wrongly 75 known cases of persons wrongly

condemned to diecondemned to die probability about 2 per 100probability about 2 per 100

States with mistakesStates with mistakes Florida: 19Florida: 19 Illinois: 9Illinois: 9 Texas: 7Texas: 7 Georgia: 6Georgia: 6

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Gary Gaugher8 months

Rolando Cruz10 years

Perry Cobb8 years

Verneal Jimerson11 Years

Dennis Williams16 years

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Are the risks of mistakes too high?Are the risks of mistakes too high?

Three factors in wrongful convictionsThree factors in wrongful convictions perjured testimonyperjured testimony faulty eyewitness identificationfaulty eyewitness identification false confessionsfalse confessions

# 1 reason for wrongful convictions# 1 reason for wrongful convictions incompetent legal representationincompetent legal representation

in 1996 Congress stopped funding legal aid in 1996 Congress stopped funding legal aid centers in 20 statescenters in 20 states

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Questions About CrimeQuestions About Crime

Are there Inequities by Income class?Are there Inequities by Income class? for victims?for victims?

Are there ethnic or racial injustices?Are there ethnic or racial injustices? for victims?for victims? for offenders?for offenders?

Variation by Region

Controlling for why it happens

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Variation of Victimization with Class and IncomeVariation of Victimization with Class and Income The Distribution of IncomeThe Distribution of Income

California Income 1993California Income 1993 Number of tax returns by adjusted gross income Number of tax returns by adjusted gross income

(AGI) class(AGI) class

US IncomeUS Income

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Average Annual Rate of Violent Victimizations Per 1000 FemalesAverage Annual Rate of Violent Victimizations Per 1000 FemalesFamily Income Total IntimateLess than $10,000 57 20$10,000 - $14,999 47 13$15,000 - $19,999 42 11$20,000 - $29,999 38 10$30,000 - $49,999 31 5$50,000 or more 25 5

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Victimization Rates by Income ClassVictimization Rates by Income Class

Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition

California: Adjusted Gross Income, 1993 Tax Year .

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California: Number of Returns by Adjusted Gross Income, . Tax Year 1993

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CA AGI, Frequency & Cumulative FrequencyCA AGI, Frequency & Cumulative FrequencyIncome Number Frequency Cumulative

< 10,000 2727672 22.86% 22.8610-20,000 2440167 20.45% 43.31 20-30,000 1802873 15.11% 58.42

30-40,000 1305679 10.94% 69.36 -50,000 997933 8.37% 77.73 -100,000 2107160 17.66% 95.39 -150,000 323390 2.71% 98.10 -200,000 102863 0.86% 98.96 -300,000 70848 0.59% 99.55 -400,000 23982 0.20% 99.75 -500,000 11661 0.10% 99.85

-1,000,000 17172 0.14% 99.99

Distribution of Adjusted Gross Income, California .

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US Family Income 1995US Family Income 1995

Income Group Average Income

Lowest 20 % $ 8032

Second 20% $ 17916

Third 20% $ 28965

Fourth 20% $ 43930

Highest 20% $ 73058

Benchmark: Frequency Distribution for Equal .

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Equal Distribution of Income

Lorenz Curve: Equal Distribution of Income .

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Uniform Distribution of Income

Lorenz Curves: Equal and Uniform Distributions .

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20 4.240 14.260 29.980 53.295 79.9100 100

US Family Income, 1994

Lorenz Curve: United States Families, 1994 .

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Source: US Statistical Abstract

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Figure . Lorenz Curve and Gini Index=Pink Area/0.5

Equal:Gini = 0Unequal: Gini =1

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US Household Income Gini Index, 1972-2003

0.39

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http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h04.html

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http://www.leftbusinessobserver.com/Gini_supplement.html

Households includes singles and unrelateds

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Why is Income Distributed So Unevenly?Why is Income Distributed So Unevenly? Labor Income is Unevenly DistributedLabor Income is Unevenly Distributed Part-time workPart-time work

less than 50 weeks per yearless than 50 weeks per year less than 36 hours per weekless than 36 hours per week

Lorenz Curves: US Famiy Income, 1970, 1980, 1994 . .

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US Family Income: Lorenz Curves .

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Trends in Shares of US Family Income .

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Trends In US Median Family Income, 1994 $ .

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Victimization Rates by Income ClassVictimization Rates by Income Class

Income Class Burglary Rate* RobberyRate†

-$7500 86 97,500-9,999 60 7

10,000-14,999 67 515,000-24,999 59 525,000-29,999 54 530,000-49,999 58 4

50,000- 56 3 * Per 1000 Households † Per 1,000 Persons

Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition

Lorenz Curves For Robbery and Burglary Victims .

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HValue

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%Zoned

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Housing Value

% Zoned forLots > 25,000 Sq. Ft.

Census Tracts in Towns in the Boston Area

Public Goods and Private GoodsPublic Goods and Private Goods

Private GoodsPrivate Goods consumption uses them upconsumption uses them up

what you eat is not available to nourish otherswhat you eat is not available to nourish others

Public GoodsPublic Goods consumption does not use them upconsumption does not use them up

national defensenational defense safe streetssafe streets educated citizenryeducated citizenry

PublicGoods

Private Goods

Optimal Mix

Too Few Public Goods

Slope of the Production PossibilityFrontier:Marginal Cost of Public Goods÷ Marginal Cost of Private Goods

How Much Government Should There Be?What is the right mix of public goods and private goods?

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Poverty in the USPoverty in the US US Government Definition of PovertyUS Government Definition of Poverty

Subsistence wage: $17603 in 2000Subsistence wage: $17603 in 2000 a non-farm family of foura non-farm family of four cost of inexpensive but nutritious food times 3cost of inexpensive but nutritious food times 3

• assume food is 1/3 of budgetassume food is 1/3 of budget

Trends in PovertyTrends in Poverty Incidence of PovertyIncidence of Poverty

elderlyelderly children/families headed by single womenchildren/families headed by single women ruralrural

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Poverty in the United StatesPoverty in the United States

Economic IssuesEconomic Issues Political IssuesPolitical Issues Social IssuesSocial Issues

changing behaviorschanging behaviors marriage trendsmarriage trends divorce trendsdivorce trends births out of wedlockbirths out of wedlock

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Poverty Trends: 1959-2000

US Census Bureau: Poverty in the United States: 2000

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Poverty and Female Heads of Households

US Census Bureau: Poverty in the United States: 2000

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Poverty and Youth

Lab 10: Children, Poverty, and Politics

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Child Poverty

Poverty in the States ….”

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US Families Headed By Women in Percent .

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US Marrige Rates Per 1000 Population, . Unmarried Women 15-44 Years Old

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Wall Street Journal, Feb. 5, 1996Wall Street Journal, Feb. 5, 1996 Population as a WholePopulation as a Whole

Blacks: 12%Blacks: 12% Drug UsersDrug Users

Blacks: 13%Blacks: 13% Arrested for Drug PossessionArrested for Drug Possession

Blacks: 35%Blacks: 35% Conviction for Drug PossessionConviction for Drug Possession

Blacks: 59%Blacks: 59% Prison SentencePrison Sentence

Blacks: 74 %Blacks: 74 %

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Racial Equity in SentencingRacial Equity in Sentencing

Stephen P. Klein, Susan Turner, Stephen P. Klein, Susan Turner,

Joan PetersiliaJoan Petersilia

Rand Study, Feb. 1988Rand Study, Feb. 1988

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Business cycles and Racial Disparities in Punishment

Business cycles and Racial Disparities in Punishment

Samuel L. Myers and William SabolSamuel L. Myers and William Sabol

Contemporary Policy IssuesContemporary Policy Issues

October 1987October 1987

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Income Frequency Distributions: Equal, . Normal, Exponential (AGI), Uniform

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Cumulative Income Distributions: Equal, Normal, Exponential (AGI), Uniform

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