Live Microbial Bionematicides IR-4 Western Region Biopesticide Training Workshop Fort Collins, Colorado April 25 - 26, 2017 Michael B. Dimock Certis USA
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Live Microbial Bionematicides
IR-4 Western Region Biopesticide Training Workshop
Fort Collins, Colorado April 25 - 26, 2017
Michael B. Dimock Certis USA
Bacteria • Bacillus firmus • Pasteuria spp.
Nematophagous Fungi • Purpureocillium lilacinum
(formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus)
Live Microbial Bionematicides
Live Microbial Bionematicides Bacillus firmus
Modes of Action: PGPR that protects from nematodes through:
• Colonization of rhizoplane (physical barrier) • Degradation of root exudates (interferes with host finding) • Producing phytohormones (growth promotion) • Enzymatic degradation of eggs and J1-J2 larvae
Juvenile Meloidogyne damaged by B. firmus.
Bayer CropScience • B. firmus I-1582
From AgroGreen (Israel)
• VOTiVO FS (seed treatment) Broad crop labeling for many nematodes Also available as premix with insecticide
• Nortica 10WP (turf) Cyst, lance, lesion, ring, root knot sheath, spiral, sting & stunt nematodes
Products (Bayer):
Pasteuria spp. Live Microbial Bionematicides
Mode of Action: • Specific, obligate endoparasites
of nematodes. • Endospores attach to cuticle,
form “infection peg,” proliferates within host.
• New endospores released into soil when host cadaver disintegrates.
Pasteuria penetrans attached to and germinating on Meloidogyne. Bird et al. (2003). Int. J. Parasitol. 33: 1269 - 1276.
Products (Syngenta):
• Clariva pn - seed treatment Pasteuria nishizawae Pn1 Soybean, sugar beet cyst nematodes Premix with fungicide also available
• Naviva ST - seed treatment Pasteuria sp. Ph3 Reniform nematode in cotton, soy, vegetables, cucurbits, & floriculture
• NewPro - spray/chemigation Pasteuria usgae Bl1 + Pasteuria sp. Ph3 Lance & sting nematodes in turf (Bermudagrass & St. Augustine grass)
Purpureocillium lilacinum Live Microbial Bionematicides
Mode of Action: • Generalist mycoparasite of nematodes. • Fungal infection (mycosis), production of chitinases and proteases. • Particularly effective vs. eggs in cysts and galls.
P. Lüth (Prophyta/Bayer CropScience) R. Holland, Macquarie Univ (Australia)
(Enlarged below)
Purified conidia
Spore germination
Lesion nematode killed by PL251
Hyphae penetrating Meloidogyne egg
Products (Bayer): • MeloCon, BioAct, NemOut
P. lilacinus strain 251 (from Prophyta) Formulations: WG, WP; liquid (DC) in development Broad crop and nematode labeling
Live Microbial Bionematicides Effect on Beneficial Nematodes?
3rd stage infective juvenile (dauer stage) of Steinernema carpocapsae
R. Gaugler (Rutgers University)
Bacillus firmus • Close association with plant roots
provides niche separation from free-living nematodes.
Pasteuria spp. • Extreme host specificity - Spores
don’t attach to nonhost nematodes.
Purpureocillium lilacinum • Studies show no effect on EPNs • Protective sheath - barrier to infection. • Other mechanisms (e.g. avoidance)?
Background: Entomopathogenic nematodes • Steinernema & Heterorhabditis
• Free living IJ is only stage that occurs outside the insect host.
• Cuticle from previous molt retained as protective sheath.
Protective sheath
Live Microbial Bionematicides
Active ingredients Products
Fungicides Bacillus subtilis QST713 Serenade Fosetyl-Al Aliette Metalaxyl Ridomil PCNB Terrachlor Propamocarb-HCL Tattoo, Previcur Trichoderma harzianum RootShield
Insecticides & nematicides Aldicarb Temik Bifenthrin Talstar, Capture Cadusafos Rugby Carbofuran Furadan Ethoprop Mocap Fenamiphos Nemacur Fipronil Regent Fosthiazate Nemathorin Furfural Multiguard Imidacloprid Admire, others Oxamyl Vydate Terbufos Counter
Herbicides EPTC Eptam Metolachlor Dual, Bicep Metribuzin Sencor
MeloCon/BioAct Compatibility No significant effect on spore germination or colony growth:
Active Ingredients Products
Azoxystrobin Amistar, Heritage, Quadris
Chlorothalonil Bravo, Daconil, Echo, etc.
Mancozeb Dithane
Propiconazole Tilt, Banner MAXX
Tebuconazole Folicur
Fungicides that inhibit spore germination and/or colony growth:
Application efficiency may be enhanced by inclusion of a soil wetting agent to help the spores penetrate soil into the root zone.
Live Microbial Bionematicides Storage Recommendations
Active Product Storage
B. firmus VOTiVo FS Cool & dry
Nortica WP Cool & dry
Pasteuria spp.
Clariva pn 32 -100°F
Naviva ST Refrigerate (4°C)
NewPro 20 - 22°C
P. lilacinus MeloCon/BioAct Refrigerate (35-40°F) or freeze
Seed treatment slurries - do not hold > 72 hours Spray/chemigation - do not hold mix > 24 hours
Considerations for Use
Influenced by of mode of action • Association with plant roots • Parasitism of nematodes
Annual vs. perennial crops
Persistence in soil/rhizosphere
Effects of soil temperature
Effects of soil type
Live Microbial Bionematicides
Effect of soil temperature on persistence of PL251 spores in loamy sand (Rumbos 2005).
Timing of applications
Considerations for Use Live Microbial Bionematicides
Seed treatment
Banded vs. broadcast
Method of incorporation • Tillage/shank injection • Drip chemigation • “Watering in” • Soil penetrant/wetting agent?
Delivery to site of activity Iowa State Univ.
Considerations for Use
Nematode biology Ecto- vs. endoparasite
Migratory vs. sedentary
Cysts, root galls
Live Microbial Bionematicides
Univ. of Kentucky
USDA-ARS
Female
Egg mass
Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines)
J. Eisenback, Virginia Tech (Bugwood.org)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.)
Considerations for Use
Evaluation methods Soil nematode counts Root galls or other damage Plant growth & vigor Yield effects
Live Microbial Bionematicides
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