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F i e l d W o r k R e p o r t
Topic
Subject:
Power Generation and Transmission (EE-306)
Supervisor:
Engr. Tuaheed ur Rehman
Submitted By:
Muhammad Asad KhanMubashir hussainDanial waheed
D e p a r t m e n t o f E l e c t r i c a l
E n g i n e e r i n g
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preface
The purpose of this report is to establish clear and consistent guidelines for live-line
work. The term live-line maintenance, as used in this manual, includes maintenance
activities using the hot stick or the bare hand technique. Live-line maintenance is a
procedural activity and does not include such activities as switching, climbing
inspection, conductor stringing, etc. These guidelines and live-line work procedures
supplement the requirements of Westerns PSSM, and therefore shall be complied with
by Westerns operation and maintenance (O&M) employees performing work on
energized transmission lines and energized equipment in Western facilities. In the event
of a conflict between the requirements contained in this report and those contained in the
PSSM,the PSSM shall prevail until the conflict can be resolved.
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Acknowledgement
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Engr.tauheed ur rehman for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also
for their support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member ofNTDC for their
kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry persons for giving me
such attention and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and
people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
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Live line working
In electrical engineering, live-line working is the maintenance of electrical equipment,
often operating at high voltage, while the equipment is energized. The first techniques for
live-line working were developed in the early years of the 20th century, and both
equipment and work methods were later refined to deal with increasingly higher voltages.
In the 1960s, methods were developed in the laboratory to enable field workers to come
into direct contact with high voltage lines. Such methods can be applied to enable safe
work at the highest transmission voltages.
Requirements for working liveIt is the responsibility of the Agency to determine and establish the requirements which
allow qualified individuals to work on energized OCS equipment. It is the responsibility
of each qualified person to adhere to the requirements of the Agency, and to ensure all
proper precautions are being followed. The following topics should be addressed whenestablishing the requirements for work live:
1. Work limits/approach boundaries2. Clearances for live line work3. Appropriate PPE for live line work4. Special tools for live line work5. Special work equipment for live line work6. Qualifying employees for live line work7. Recommended live line work practices
In addition the agency should consider the following when establishing the requirements
for live line work:
1. An agency wide safety policy and or procedure2. OCS Maintenance and inspection procedures3. Minimum design requirements for insulation of the OCS
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Recommendations
1.1.Work /approach limitsThe Agency should establish working distances or approach limits for all employees, not
just employees who work on the OCS. These work limits will establish how close an
employee is allowed to get to the OCS while it is energized. In general, this is
accomplished by defining employees as qualified or un- qualified to work on or near
energized OCS equipment. Unless an employee has been qualified by the agency to
work on or near energized equipment, they should be classified as un-qualified.
Work or approach limits are measured between the closest part of the employee or
tool/material in an out reached position and the energized OCS. Working on near
energized OCS should be accomplished in the most effective and safe manner aspossible.
1.1.1. Recommended work clearances for un-qualified employees
The recommended work limit or approach distance for un-qualified employees working
near a dc OCS rated at a nominal voltage of 1500 V or less this distance is 3.05 M (10-
0).
1.1.2. Recommended work clearances for qualified employees
The recommended work limit or approach distance for qualified employees working near,
but not on, a dc OCS rated at a nominal voltage of 1500 V or less this distance is 0.66 M
(2-2).
1.2.Recommended live line work clearancesLive line work clearances are measured between an energized apparatuses and a ground
source. Live line clearances define where live line maintenance can be performed. It is
recommended that two sets of live line clearance be defined. Normal live line clearances
define where qualified employees can follow normal live line procedures to do live line
work. Restricted live line clearances defines areas where restricted clearance provisions
must be followed in order to work the line live, or alternatively, live line work is
prohibited.
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It is the Agencys responsibility to determine the minimum clearances. The
recommended minimum clearance between an energized apparatuses and a ground source
for Normal Live Line Work is 4-0.
Restricted live line clearances are areas where the minimum clearance for normal live
line maintenance can not be maintained. Some examples include; clearances to tunnel of
overhead bridges, station canopies, and other structures. Working on energized OCS
with in a restricted clearance area requires additional provisions. Work should be
prohibited in restricted clearances zones unless employees are qualified to work within
restricted clearance areas and appropriate measures are employed to mitigate the
additional risk.
1.3.Recommended PPE for live line workThe agency should establish requirements for PPE when performing maintenance on
energized OCS equipment. Personal protective equipment which is selected should
conform to all applicable safety standards as outlined by ANSI, ASTM, NFPA, and
OSHA.
Suggested personal protective equipment which should be considered for qualified
employees performing live line work includes; Fire resistant clothing, eye protection, fire
resistant fall protection harness, fire resistance reflective safety vest, hard toe footprotection, electrical protective gloves, sleeves, and nonconductive hard hat.
The agency should establish guidelines for the proper use and care of all PPE. In
addition guidelines should be established for when different pieces of PE is required to be
worn.
1.3.1. Electrical protective gloves and sleevesElectrical protective gloves consist of a flexible rubber glove with gauntlet and a soft
pliable leather glove that is worn over the rubber glove to protect it against punctures or
abrasions. Electrical protective gloves are marked with ANSI/ASTM classifications,
classifications are based on the Maximum Use Voltage. Electrical protective gloves must
be electrically tested and certified at their voltage class before initial use. Electrical
protective gloves must be electrically tested periodically in accordance with the USA
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Standard Specification for Rubber Protective Equipment for Electrical Workers. It is
recommended that an outside testing agency do all testing of gloves and sleeves. The
Agency should establish a minimum and maximum period between tests.
In addition to the electrical test, is recommended that Agency establish guidelines for
testing prior to each use. These guidelines should include testing rubber gloves and
sleeves for punctures and cuts. Inspecting leather gloves for wear, cuts etc. Gloves and
sleeves should not be used if visual inspection proves them to be defective.
1.4.Special tools for live line workThe American National Standards Institute, American Society for Testing and Materials
& Occupational Safety and Health Administration have a number of standards which
describe the requirements for testing tools and apparatus used to perform maintenance on
the OCS. Agencies should observe these standards as they apply to the safety of the
users of the equipment. The equipment to which these standards apply is:
Hot Sticks
High Voltage Gloves and Sleeves
conductive suit
Roop tester
Rubber Line Hoses
Capstan hoist
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Hot stick
In the electric power distribution industry, a hot stickis an insulatedpole, usually made
offiberglass, used by electric utility workers when engaged onlive-line working on
energized high-voltage electric power lines, to protect them from electric shock.Depending on the tool attached to the end of the hot stick, it is possible to test for voltage,
tighten nuts and bolts, apply tie wires (twisted lengths of ductile wire which fasten the
running cable to its supporting insulators), open and close switches, replace fuses, lay
insulating sleeves on wires, and perform various other tasks while not exposing the crew
to a large risk ofelectric shock.[1]
Hot sticks are made in different lengths, from a few feet long up to telescoping types of
30 feet length. Because the fiberglass provides electrical insulation, the hot stick allows
utility workers to perform operations on power lines safely without de-energizing them or
while the state of the power line is not yet known. This is essential because certain
operations (such as opening or closing combination fuse/switches) must occasionally be
performed on an energized line. Additionally, after a fault occurs, the exact state of a line
may not be certain; in this case, for reasons of crew safety, the utility workers must treat
the line as though it were energized until it can be proven that it is not and safety ground
cables can be applied to the line (so that the line is guaranteed to
remain grounded/earthed while maintenance is performed upon it). If power tools are
fitted to the end of the hot stick, they are usually powered hydraulically rather than
electrically because, like the fiberglass of the hot stick, the hydraulic fluid is also a good
insulator. The hydraulic power is commonly supplied from the bucket truck(cherry
pickeroraerial work platform) supporting the workers.
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High Voltage Gloves and Sleeves
Rubber insulating gloves are amongthe most important articles of personal protection for
electrical workers.Incorporating high dielectric and physicalstrength, flexibility anddurability, Salisbury rubber insulating gloves have earned thereputation for superior
performancemeeting and exceeding the requirementsof current ASTM D120
specifications and IEC EN60903 Standards.Salisbury rubber insulating gloves
aremanufactured by dipping porcelain forms into a tank of liquefied rubber. The thin
layer of rubber which results is allowed to dry and the process is repeated until the
required thickness is reached. Depending on the voltage class of the glove, this dipping-
drying-dipping cycle may need to be repeated over 30 times. After the desired thickness
is achieved, the gloves are allowed to dry. Once dry, they are cut to length, the
reinforcing bead is rolled, and the ASTM label and manufacturing information is applied
along with any additional permanent marking that may be requested. The gloves arecured in an autoclave under steam pressure and heat. After curing, the gloves are visually
inspected. Gloves with visual imperfections are rejected. The gloves are then given a
halogenation treatment (chlorination) to increase the comfort and wearability.
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Roop tester
The Hi-TestRope Testeris designed to test hot line ropes, slings and straps for dielectric
integrity at the time and location they are being used. Ropes with diameters ranging from3/8" diameter (9.5 mm) to 1-1/2" diameter (38 mm) can be tested along with slings and
straps of various sizes.
Rope Tester Features Continuously test any length of rope or straps
Dielectric condition is displayed by green (good) or red (bad) LED's
Powered by an 8VDC rechargeable battery
Audible buzzer sounds if defective sections of rope is found
Small, portable and easy-to-use
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Rubber Line Hoses
Rubber insulating line hose (RILH) is a portable safety device designed to cover exposed
energized power lines and protect workers from incidental contact. Insulating line hose
comes in various configurations and shapes. Its purpose is to completely cover line or
equipment to which it is applied.
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Conductive suits
Born of a need to let the lineman get closer to his work, the clothing is bonded to the
conductor, placing the lineman within the field of electricity, not as a conductor himselfbut insulated products (ladders, platforms, etc.), and allows him to work with his hand on
the conductor hardware. Thus, transmission line maintenance efficiency and effectiveness
are advanced without endangering the lineman and without interrupting customer service.
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Capstan hoist
It can be used for hoisting rails and brackets, driving chain falls, pulling electrical wires
and cables through conduit and a myriad of other chores. This lightweight powerful
worker mounts just about anywhere. It has 1,000 lbs. capacity at 40 FPM on 120V single
phase current.This versatile 1,000 lb. capstan is the perfect partner for overhead and
underground lifting and pulling applications. The unit is small and lightweight, making it
perfect for use in remote and limited access areas.
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These items should be tested and inspected daily before each use if used daily. All
rubber protective materials should be stored in a dry environment unfolded. If any defect
is found while inspecting the protective equipment, the immediate supervisor should be
notified and the equipment taken out of service.
An inspection and testing program should be established by the agency. All requiredinspection and testing should be provided by an independent laboratory. A log, which
details the testing performed on the equipment, should be established by the agency and
should be in addition to the test information provided by the test laboratory.
1.5.Special work equipment for live line work
Insulating Aerial equipment
1.6.Qualifying employees for live line work
Employees doing live line work on the OCS should have satisfactorily completed a
formal training course of instruction and practice. Records should be maintained that
include training and work experience in the areas that they are expected to perform.
Qualified employees should be re examined periodically to determine the adequacy of theworkers knowledge of the rules and procedures, their ability to use tools and techniques
Methods
In general, there are three methods of live-line working which help workers avoid the
considerable hazards of live line working. In various ways, they all serve to prevent
current flowing from the live equipment through the worker.
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Hot stick or Live Line Tool
Hot sticks are used in live line work by having the worker remain at a specified distance
from the live parts and carry out the work by means of an insulating stick. Tools can be
attached to the stick, allowing work to be performed with the worker himself safely away
from the live conductors.
Insulating Gloves or Rubber Gloves
A live line worker is electrically protected by insulating gloves and other insulating
equipment, and carries out the work in direct mechanical contact with live parts.
Barehand or Potential
The barehanded approach has a live line worker performing the work in direct electriccontact with live parts. Before contact, the worker's body is raised to the same electric
potential as the live parts, and then held there by electric connection, while maintaining
suitable isolation from the surroundings which are at different potentials, like the ground,
other people or trees. Because the worker and the work are at the same potential, no
current flows through the worker.
Unearthed or De-energized
Some organizations additionally consider working on unearthed de-energised equipment
to be another form of live-line working. This is because the line might become
inadvertently charged (e.g. through a back-charged transformer), orinductively
coupled from an adjacent in-service line. To prevent this, the line is first grounded via aclamp known as a bond or drain earth. Once this is in place, further work is not
considered to be live-line working.
Hot stick
Hot-stick working appeared in the second decade of the 20th century, when insulating
poles made from baked wood were used for tasks such as replacing fuses, replacing post
insulators, and transferring lines onto temporary supports. The sticks enabled the linemen
to carry out the work without infringing minimum clearance distances from live
equipment. As experience with the techniques developed, then the operating voltages at
which the work was performed increased. With the advent offibre glasspoles in the late
1950s, which neither split nor soaked up rainwater, utilities were prepared to carry outhot-stick working to their highest operating voltages, perhaps 765 kV
]
Tools, such as hooks orsocket wrenches can be mounted at the end of the pole. More
sophisticated poles can accept pneumatically- or hydraulically-driven power tools which
allow, for example, bolts to be unscrewed remotely. A rotary wire brush allows a
terminal to be scoured clean before a connection is made. However, a worker's dexterity
is naturally reduced when operating tools at the end of a pole that is several metres long.
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Insulating glove or Rubber Glove working
Usually applied for work above 1kV ac 1.5kV dc The primary classes are: Class 1 - phase
to phase working voltage 7.5kV Class 2 - phase to phase working voltage 17kV Class 3 -
phase to phase working voltage 26.5kV Class 4 - phase to phase working voltage 36kV
Gloves protect the worker from exposure to the live part being worked upon sometimesreferred to as the 1st point of contact; the point where current would enter the body
should an inadvertent contact be made. Covers of insulating material such as blankets and
linehose are employed in rubber glove working to protect the worker from exposure to a
part at a different potential sometimes referred to as the 2nd point of contact; the point
where current would leave the body should an inadvertent contact be made.
Bare hand
Bare-hand, or potential working involves placing the worker in direct electrical contact
with an energized overhead line. The worker might work alongside the lines, from a
platform that is suspended from them, or may sit or stand directly on the line itself. In all
cases, the worker's body is maintained at the same voltage as the line. It is imperative thatthe worker maintain appropriate and adequate limits of approach to any part at a different
potential.
The first procedures for barehand working were developed in 1960 by Harold L. Rorden,
a high-voltage engineer forAmerican Electric PowerTechniques were further refined
following field and laboratory tests.
There are a number of ways in which the worker can access the live parts:
The worker can access from a specialist type of mobile elevating work platform
(MEWP) termed an insulating aerial device (IAD) which has a boom of insulating
material and which all conductive parts at the platform end are bonded together.There are other requirements for safe working such as gradient control devices, a
means of preventing a vacuum in the hydraulic lines, etc.
The worker can stand on an insulating ladder which is maneuvered to the line by
means of non conductive rope.
The worker is lowered from a helicopter and transfers himself to the line.
The worker is brought alongside the wire in a hovering helicopter and works from
that position.
As the lineman approaches the wire, an arc will form between them as the worker is
charged. Although this arc carries no more than a few microamps, it is debilitating, and
the worker must immediately bond himself electrically to the line to prevent furtherarcing. A worker may use a conducting wand during the approach to first make the
connection. Once on the line, the worker is safe from shock as both the lineman and the
wire are at the same electric potential and no current passes through his body. This is the
same principle that allows birds to safely alight on power lines]
When the work is completed, the process is reversed to remove the worker safely from
the wire. Barehand working provides the lineman with greater dexterity than the hot stick
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method, and may be the preferred option if conditions permit it. With this
technique, insulator strings, conductor spacers and vibration dampers can be replaced, or
lines spliced, without any loss of supply
The strong electric field surrounding charged equipment is enough to drive a current of
approximately 15 A for each kVm1
through a human body. To prevent this, hot-hand
workers are usually required to wear a Faraday suit. This is a set of overalls made from or
woven throughout with conducting fibers. The suit is in effect a wearable Faraday cage,
which equalizes the potential over the body, and ensures there is no through-tissue
current. Conducting gloves, even conducting socks, are also necessary, leaving only the
face uncovered.
There is little practical upper voltage limit for hot-hand working, and it has been
successfully performed at some of the highest transmission operating voltages in the
world, such as the Russian1150 kV system.
1.7.General Precautions1) Live Line maintenance should not be started when if the threat of lightning is
present
2) The automatic re-closure of breakers feeding the line section should be madeinoperable while live line maintenance is being performed.
3) All work equipment and insulating tools should be inspected for defects beforework begins.
4) Proper PPE should be worn when performing live line work5) Care should be taken to maintain proper clearances when using conductive
materials.
6) When working on energized conductors, care should be taken to make sure theconductor does not flash over to adjacent objects located along the line.
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