Literature review on parametric design books

Mark burry-virtual gaudi, digital tectonic ---session 5 (London 2002)

Three phase of gaudi’s life

Gaudi’s entry in sagarada familia ----building tectonics emergence

Exit establishing of a framework for digital tectonics

Allow his successors to engage with the geometrical codex

Defined the architecture of “real absence”

“virtual presence “

To understand ----First understand second order geometry

Compare physical design process through modelling

Explain exploitation models through 3-d and time based modelling

Gaudi’s earlier work’s depend upon ---his eyes and presence on site

Collaboration with mason and sculptor

philosophical

Rational geometry mathematical

Practical

Gaudi known for Structural efficiency

Aesthetics

Composition in nature

Topics chapterization

1. Mathematics

2. Physical modelling

3. Analytical modelling

4. Digital modelling

Inference

This article s talked about second order geometry that gaudi uses in his final work.it also spread light on

gaudi ‘s life phase and how it has it’s own impact on architecture .

Gaudi’s entry in sagarada familia bring building tectonics into picture and his exit open the door for

digital tectonics .author also talked about real absence and virtual presence in architecture of gaudi’s.

In the end of his life span, gaudi ‘s realize that he need to share his idea to the successors in order to

complete sagarada familia . In order to understand gaudi’s principal or method author suggest four

parameters which are:

Physical modelling ,analytical modelling ,drawings, digital modelling and mathematics .

Author’s also explained the process to re-engineered gaudi’s use of ruled surface .

Otto Vs nox-session 4- Machine architecture :lars spaybreak

Self generative design As a design

As a building

Article : the science of design : Creating the artificial ---herbert a simon.--------------26/9/13

In this article , author talked about design in manner of how it related different discipline . In

introduction he is talking about natural environment and artificial science .

He is much more concerned with the process of design .the natural science concerned with how

thing are and design , concerned with how things ought to be.

He is also talking about inner and outer environment of design process.

He actually wanted to come with curriculum in science of design through various argument .by

stating the topics .he want us to understand science of design , how one can inquire it .design process

is about finding satisfactory solution rather than optimum as we can not decide ,the best but only

good or worse.

Designing solution is actually sequence of actions which leads to satisfying result.

Basically he sis looking at design from various perspective like analysis .logical search ,resource

,hierarchy etc.

Search processes is actually efforts to gathering information about problem structure and then find

solution which result into design process.

Process is concerned with finding a satisfactory result rather than optimum solution.

Shape of design and organization of the design process is essential components for theories of design

In the end author suggesting that there should be a common platform of conversation about design I

between diff discipline , so they can engage in common creative activity.

Author discuss design in terms of many layers.

Design is process to find appropriate solution and solution is the search for appropriate system which

leads toward satisfactory result not optimum and for that one need to have system which gives you

alternatives and then decide on most suitable adoptable alternatives.

Innovation and practice –reconstituting the practice and product of architecture –tom verbes-

architectural review ,Australia.

Author is talking about relation between innovation and architectural practice and how it effect

overall system which include students, professionals , institution and clients.

Digital design and production techniques bring changes in the way architectural product is designed

.it give birth to generative design process. which leads to use of digital tools which transforming

architectural practice and education.

The fusion of architectural and robotics are emerging which leads to new kind of architecture and

urban environment.

The process is give birth to paradigm shift in architectural,furniture dsign , environmental branding

and interface design technology

An internationalism is emerging because shared design platform and which leads to changes in

organization system of architectural firm.

This change also effecting norms in architectural practice and new types of organization is emerging

out.

Two kinds of models are emerging

1. Research base model –links to academic research

2. Community base model- work with local demographics constituencies

So overall innovation bring digitalization which change product, so production firm has to take new

measure to create it,which leads to change in system of manufacturing firma and the way they do also

change .this change directly effect institutions who trained the professionals .so by enlarge its chain

reaction which effect everyone in the cycle.

Disappearance & distribution : the architect as machine interface -------------------- 27/9/13

Authors trying to pose question of definition of ‘architect ‘ and his role into this article . according to

him conventional images of architect as a singular design personalities need to change due to

increasingly group based ,collective and self-organizing formations .

The connective technology ,work organization and distributed machine process are the element which

constitute to architect’s work environment which replace traditional tools of working.

Authors said that architect’s working lives are now bound to the screen of their computers.

Networked environment not only transformed physical workspace but also effect working

environment of architect’s office .it effect physical characteristic of architect’s own space .so effect of

paradigms shift started from architect’s own space .

The networked design domain ,change designer into a virtual ,constantly adopating organization ,the

organization consists of design specialist ,technicians , managers ,documents & their associated

electronic files.

Authors also question that what building should be like but at same time, how architects ought to

work today

The tools for forming a design are soft wares , interface and scripting language . it also affecting the

teaching and learning method of architectural design and urbanism.

According to herber a simon definition of designer is following :

“ anyone who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situation into preferred ones .”

It also explain the definition of interface ,which is node between artificial {designed} and natural {pre-

existing}.

Interface is a regular of how an ‘inner’ (artificial ) environment meets it’s outer (natural) surroundings .

According to him ,architect is a cyborg ,a result of distributed design cultures.

According to h.h. Collins architect is a ‘an artificial expert’

“ An agent trained to interact with artificial symbol I highly specific way whose world view is shaped

entirely by the procedural input & output demands of machines operating as essential parts of these

new expert system.”

Today user computer interaction system is a result of these artificial expert system .

Machines that simply store various kind of knowledge transferred from their expert human user ,which

is then simply called up when needed.

Machine operating systems is essential part of these expert system ,which take procedural input and

output.

“pattern “---- a formal rhetorical device expressing design intent ---- Alexander (1979)

PATTERN - device to achieving define goals .

Alexander (1979)

Patten as a three part construct

-context

-problem

-solution

Graphic spaces – Aspects of the work of zaha hadid-patrick Schumacher -2012 -------29/12/13

Drawing is representation rather creation freedom idea is there , not think according execution point of

view

Hadid convert her 2d graphic , calligraphic to fluid spatial system , bring distortion is space , merging fish

eye perspective

Painterly techniques likes color modulations , gradient of dark to light or pointillist techniques of

dissolving object into their background use as tool for deriving concept or making new design tools

The logic of evolutionary innovation starts with mutation ---- mutation , selection , reproduction

Digital making –exploring design with computer controlled fabrication –sameer kashyap

3 phase of design ----- Design phase ---- digital system

-------design derivation ---- role of interface , scripting , programming , parametric

thinking

-------design development procedure ----manufacturing , fabrication , material system

Ar peter eisneman –architecture review ----- 1/1/14

Pioneer in computer aided design

Architecture as syntax : conception of form as an index a signal notation

Cardboard architecture

Architecture and building are not same

“The real architecture” exists in drawings

“ The real architecture “ exists outside drawings

Drawing is a way of thinking

DDA ----------2/1/14

2) language of computation

Computer aided design ---the art of developing virtual representation of design

Computation ----medium

Computer , software ,internet the support of art, design ,

& other facilities that essential communications, entertainment

Rely on calculations education .

What computational medium do???

Design Subjected to structural ,environment ,acoustic calculations.

Give more solution

Wide range of engineering calculations

Computational design has 3 elements

Design representations---- digital tool , material information

Computational media ----- interface

Strategies for authoring & interacting

Bim modelling ----- marriage of the automated drawing board & bills of quantities

Computational media ---- is defined here as the environment in which the design representation

live

Repetition , transformation , patterning are hallmarks of computational design

Sense of laying and sense of sequence

In nature --- the start form is different from the end form .

We practice form based design using code whereas nature practices code based design resulting

in form

Design computation involves three types of space

1. Parametric space

2. Geometric space

3. Performance space

“ optimization “ is the search for a solution within constrain

“algorithmic architecture” is form authored by external algorithms with no direct relevance to

the design –except to determine the aesthetics of it

Computational design is not about programming .it is more about understanding design as an

information model that you shape through the design process .

Grasshopper window ---parametric space

Rhino window ----performance space

Difference between engineering design problem and creative design problem:

The mapping between design parameters & performance parameters are

known

In creative design problem mapping is non computable –design representation

is not available .

Genetic modelling is a way of creating design representation to facilitate design exploration , in

our case within cad environment

Building genetic model is about capturing the geometric spirit of objects and not about creating

shells

Earlier stage of genetic modeling is like rough sketching

Generative design application is also about exploring the out edges of the design space –where

interesting possibilities lies.

Design is a search

A mature representation of design

A representation of design space (mostly parametric )

A desirable answer ( stated in terms of performance )

Design space is about representing design data

Design is the process through which uncertainty is reduced

Parametric modelling genetic modelling

Created to explore parametric variation more sophisticated version of

Of a design the same design representation

Representation by varying the but capable of exploring a much

Driving dimension of the design larger region of the design

Space .

Structured in a way which help

To facilitate the human driven

Generative design process.

In revit when we edit window family ---it’s parametric variation

But in performance space it linked with wall so combination of wall and window is genetic

modelling

Automated design process ---------- human –driven design process

One approach to design is to search for the design with good marks

Other approach is to search for the good designs by discarding bad ones

Setting fitness rules

In computational design we need to think not in terms of a design instances but in terms of

regions or in design space ---that are expanded & constructed during design development .

Optimization Exploration

-shoots toward targets -uses filter to narrow the

-definition of a desirable end state feasible region

To run an optimization process -you don’t need process

-end up with singular solution -end up with multiple choice

Genetic algorithms provide fitness values

Genrative design exploration by parametric generative systems in architecture –ipek gursel

dino

Parametric tools are algorithmic based

Gero 1994: two main areas in the development of CAD

1. The representation & production of the geometry & topology of designed objects .

2. The representation & use of knowledge to support or carry synthesis of design

Generative design : allow the formation of complex composition , formal & a conceptual through the

implementation of a simple set of operations & parameters .

Parametric design act as a generative & analytical method during design exploration

(design as an activity )----- design has dual sharing -------- (design as an artifact )

Generative system : is a shift from the modeling of a designed “ object “ to modeling of the

design’s logic ( leach ,2009)

Peter eisenman : used analogue transformational rules in architectural design synthesis .

Four elements of generative process.

1. The start condition and parameters ( Input)

2. A generative mechanism ( rules , algorithms etc)

3. The act of generations of the variants (output)

4. The selection of the best variant

Generative system --- a production system rather a representation construct .

Generative system Linguistic ---- grammar based formalism -->> result in shape grammar

Biological ------ takes nature & complex living organisms as a precedent

& applies it principles in the derivation & transformation of

architectural form

(shea 2004,oxman 2006,arida 2004)

Argument of paper : parametric design as third class generative systems

Due to their algorithmic foundation & potential to expand design exploration through parameters .

Parametric systems are principally based on algorithmic principles.

“ An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that aim to fulfill a clearly defined purpose in a finite

number of steps.”

Three basic control instruction : for algorithm ( chang ,2003)

1. Sequence ( executing instruction in order )

2. Selection ( choosing which instruction to execute based on conditional if then

statements )

3. Iteration ( repeating instruction in a linearly or recursively )

Parametric design subcategory of algorithmic design

“Parametric system emphasize the explicit & direct manipulation of the parameter values in order

to induce a change on the design artifact.”

Difference between algorithmic & parametric design .

CAD tools parametric modelling

-single state design -allows for the divergence of the design

-aim is to representation of the final space

-design form -explore many variants of the same

Model

For performative performative principles can encoded in the parametric model

Design exploration

Use of external performance simulations tools with parametric model---plug\

In like (diva)

Designers needs to resolve parametric schema prior to form exploration

The performative parameters

For performative design early stage the avira stadium in Dublin ,ireland

Exploration implementation (single model shared between architect &

Engineer )

Detail design the façade of the kilden performing arts

Stage implementation center in Kristian sand , norway

Design representation analog drawings ,sketches ,physical reality ,composition,

& electronic models contextual,congruency

Constructability

Symbolic physical or mathematical

Description

Related to performance as

Heat transfer ,light ,sound

Parametric system as a tool Distribution

To mediator between this two

Grasshopper symbolic the schema is based on directed graph data structure

Rhino analog Where graph nodes are geometric components or

Parameters the edges are the paths of the one-

Directional data transfer

Design has always been parametric & the algorithmic

Parametric logic is not exclusive to computational tools.

Bill howard , design of university center building in Cambridge

Used informal parametric constructive logic

Early gap between 2 realm (during gaudi period )

Form material structure

Finding

Process

Digital system filling this gap

Gaudi sagarada familia lack of digital system taking more time&

Cost Is higher

John utzon Sydney opera house

Benefit of -eliminate the need for physical modeling trial & error strategies

Computation in form optimization

-increase the efficiency of design analysis

-synthesis with increased precision of form & details.

According to aish and woodburry --- parameterization

“increase complexity of both designer task & interface as designers must model not only the artifact

being designed , but a conceptual structure that guides variation .”

Parametric design system different from other generative system

:--- they allow a stepwise control over the form during the design process.

Parametric manipulation of form performance driven design process

Rapid cycling of performance analysis

Design synthesis as an integrated process

Analog method Digital method

-workshop model making -make same in 3d environment

-john utzon :symbolic representation

-gaudi -by making mathmetical model

-peter eisenman -3d print

-make fabrication drawing using same

Where u start (main driver ) system

Avira stadium ,kilden

Performaing art center

As tools interface

Material

Constrain related to end product

Scripting ,digital tools fabrication, assembly , on site execution

Case study : author’s own application structure

1. Art precedent analysis

2. Grasshopper script analysis

3. Final grasshopper script & iteration

4. Fabrication method & issue

5. Rhino fabrication files

6. Final physical model

Structural stability and morphogenesis (reno thom) 21/1/14

Use of analytic

Quantitative model depend upon

Continuous function

Soft architecture machines -------> Nicholas Negroponte

Potential of computers

1. Computer as designer

2. Computer as a per to the novice with a self interest

3. Computer as a physical environment that knows

“towards the performative in architecture “----- banko kolarevic

At urban scale urban space “smooth “ (blend In )

Architecture

Urban landmarks ( stand out)

“architecture as performance art “

The engagement of the eye and the body that makes architecture performative

Architecture’s spatial presence and materiality

Performative skin

Architecture

Skin+structure semi-monocoque & monocoque structures.

Two approach geometry imposed upon material “static (Romanesque ) relation –form

matter “

geometry emerged from the “dynamic relation-material force

material “(gothic)

Lars spuybroek’s “analog computing “---- use of threads dipped into liquids

Mark goulthrope -the fluid synergies of form & material

-appearance & performance

Lars spuybroek -architecture & engineering

Bernhard franken conceptual elements of their work

Environmental performance elements light

Sound or movement

Heat

Energy

1. Form oriented or cultural frank gehry, greg lynn

Performance oriented

2. Environmental performance Thomas Herzog, glenn murcutt

Oriented

3. Not formalist or foster,grimshow,piano ,sauerbruch & hutton,

Environmentalist jourda & perraudin

An evolutionary architecture – john frazer 22/1/14

Evolutionary model require following

A genetic code script

Rules for the development of the code

Mapping of the code to a virtual model

The nature of the environment for the development of the model

The criteria for selection

Concept : the process driven

Form –generating rules ---consist of process

Complex forms & technologies evolved hierarchically from simple forms & technologies

Vernacular the prototyping & replaced by computer modelling &

Architecture feedback expressed simulation

The main structure of the evolutionary program based on following classifier

An environment system

A development system

An evaluation module

A genetic algorithm

A graphic output mapping procedure

Architectural genetic ‘universal state space modeler’ or ‘iso spatial model’

Search space

The data structure consists of a field of dimensionless logical points in a regular geometrical

Array

Each point carries following information

-location & relation to other points

-details of it’s properties ,Including a parameterized

-geometrical description of any form

A history of how it come to be where & what it is

Machine play the role of the mass of imitators

-natural selection has tactics ---but no strategy

-evolutionary architecture exhibit metabolism

Otto VS NOX Natural forms –architectural forms—rainer barthel

Frei otto focus create space using the smallest possible amount of material

Produce adoptable,lightweight architecture

Construction ---something artificially crated and assembled

Form finding process specific set of conditions

Autonomous following law of nature

Formation

Process give rise to visible forms & construction under experimental

Conditions

Tent construction the shape of the membrane surface

The type of support

Membrane construction largely defined by edges and up & down points

Pneumatics construction membranes support by air pressure not by mast

Air as the load bearing element

Session -6 Le ricolais Vs reiser 23/1/14

Le ricolais : “ matter , materials , constructional system ,structural configuration , space and

place

Material materials

System

Forces

Space

Material behavior interaction among vectors: have a force and a

Directionality that shape

Organize ,produce variation in field

Fronts: are singular features produced

By dynamics in the field

Force

Geometry : as an instrument linked to materiality

Solid stat architecture -------Jesse reiser

Media based architecture

Two model of media

1. Approach : no material constrain ------using free form ----> use media for that

2. Approach : media assumes a sublimated or classically decorative position within the

enframing operation of building

-concept of “ the design of building a “ dead husk”

-jean nouvel’s bibliotheque national --------> use of media as a decorative element

3. Approach : mixing of traditional architectural practices with emerging notions of complexity

Robert Le ricolai’s “ search for the indestructible idea “

Trusses patented by warren , long , prattt & howe

Le ricolais -1935 , idea of “iso-flex” ( iso-equal , flex-bend)

Or two way corrugated sheet

“iso-trophy “ -(tropus-turn)

All materials receive their isotropy from the directionality from their process of production

,both human & natural

Construction system receive it’s isotropies ,space & time from the mode of its production

Inertia : measure the element s resistance to deformation

Beams, column ,strut ,tie –one dimensional element

One axis is more resistant to deformation

Arch ,suspension cable---one dimensional –---act in two dimensional plane

Wall,floor,slab ,membrane –two dimension ---two dimensional plane

Vault ,cylindrical shell---two dimension—curved in three dimension

Domes ,domical shells –doubly curved with positive Gaussian curvature

Hyperboloid of revolution ---doubly curved with negative Gaussian curvature

La-ricolais: corrugated stress skins

-the concept of space frames

-“father of space structure “

Session -7 Fuller Vs decoi

Buckminister fuller : interested in how a surface could mimic the sensitivity of the human skin.letting in

Light & porosity allowing it to operate as an animated smart surface .

Fuller thinking about surface & structure lie in cartography –a flat graphic means of analysis

“garden of eden”

Joseph Paxton : labor intensive system of venetian blind

“precise indeterminacy “:--- Amanda reeser & Ashley Schafer

PRAXIS—mark goulthrpe technology ---- a mental assimilation of the new fundamental cognitive

shift

Open-ended creative processing --alloplastic

Eisenman’s uniform plasticity

The media/ cultural theorist friedrich killer has explored the effects of digitization of

information

The miran gallery/the glaphyros apartment –robotically carved wood

Parametric offer the possibility to build variance into a system

Modelling

To model relations such that shifting the parameters crates variability

Effect of digital ------- not a communication tool

-----not an enhanced technical efficiency

It is a release within our consciousness of a new cognitive quality

Bernard cache , kao oast –erhuis , greg lynn , tom kavoc –architects using new digital tools.