CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Mangosteen Pericarp Extract and Its Therapeutic Potentials Garcinia mangostana Linn, (family Guttiferae) or mangosteen, the queen of fruit, is commomly encountered in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most interesting medicinal plants because of its distinguished pharmacological activities. The fruit hull or pericarp of this plant has been used in as a Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, amoebic dysentery, skin infection, suppuration, chronic wound and Hongkong foot. (Mahabusarakum, et al., 1983) Phytochemical studies have shown that the active ingredients from mangosteen pericarp extract belong to a group of xanthones such as Ot-mangostin (formerly mangostin), (3-mangostin and y-mangostin, isomangostin, garcinone A, B, c and D, gartanin, rubraxa'nthone, etc. (Mahabusarakam, et al., 1987) The structure of xanthone ring and Its derivatives (Budavari, et al., 1996) are shown in Figure 1. Among these xanthones, Ot-mangostin is the major component of mangosteen pericarp. (Bennett and Lee, 1989) However, the differences in solvent and methods of extraction and purification may yield different combinations of xanthones in the extract. (Nakatani, et al., 2002b) Extract from mangosteen pericarp has been shown to exert antimicrobial activities against several microorganisms including bacteria, (linuma, et al., 1996; Sundaram, et al., 1983) fungus (Gopalakrishnan, Banumathi and Suresh, 1997; Sundaram, et al., 1983) and virus. (Chen, Wan and Loh, 1996) It also possesses other biological activities such as anti- inflammatory, (Nakatani, et al., 2002b, Nakatani, et al., 2002a) anti-histamine, (Chairungsrilerd, et al., 1996, Nakatani, et'al., 2002b) anti-oxidant, (Williams, et al., 1995) and anti-tumor (Moongkarndi, et al., 2004) properties.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Mangosteen Pericarp Extract and Its Therapeutic Potentials
Garcinia mangostana Linn, (family Guttiferae) or mangosteen, the queen of fruit, is
commomly encountered in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most interesting medicinal plants
because of its distinguished pharmacological activities. The fruit hull or pericarp of this
plant has been used in as a Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, amoebic
dysentery, skin infection, suppuration, chronic wound and Hongkong foot.
(Mahabusarakum, et al., 1983)
Phytochemical studies have shown that the active ingredients from mangosteen
pericarp extract belong to a group of xanthones such as Ot-mangostin (formerly
mangostin), (3-mangostin and y-mangostin, isomangostin, garcinone A, B, c and D,
gartanin, rubraxa'nthone, etc. (Mahabusarakam, et al., 1987) The structure of xanthone ring
and Its derivatives (Budavari, et al., 1996) are shown in Figure 1. Among these xanthones,
Ot-mangostin is the major component of mangosteen pericarp. (Bennett and Lee, 1989)
However, the differences in solvent and methods of extraction and purification may yield
different combinations of xanthones in the extract. (Nakatani, et al., 2002b)
Extract from mangosteen pericarp has been shown to exert antimicrobial activities
against several microorganisms including bacteria, (linuma, et al., 1996; Sundaram, et al.,
1983) fungus (Gopalakrishnan, Banumathi and Suresh, 1997; Sundaram, et al., 1983) and
virus. (Chen, Wan and Loh, 1996) It also possesses other biological activities such as anti
inflammatory, (Nakatani, et al., 2002b, Nakatani, et al., 2002a) anti-histamine,
(Chairungsrilerd, et al., 1996, Nakatani, et'al., 2002b) anti-oxidant, (Williams, et al., 1995)
and anti-tumor (Moongkarndi, et al., 2004) properties.
A. Xanthone ring
Chemical name
Molecule formula
Molecular weight
: Diphenylene ketone oxide
: C18H80 2
: 196.26 gram
B. Xanthone derivatives
(X-mangostin : r \ r 4 = A and R 2, R 3 = H
(3-mangostin : r \ r 4 = A and R 2 = Me, R 3
y-mangostin R 1 = A and R 2 = R 3 = R 4
R4 0 OH
MeO.ySrV r Rlr 3o '
■O R 2
= H
= H and Me is substituted by H
A =
OC-manaostin
Chemical name
Molecule formula
Molecular weight
Melting point
: Tetraoxygenated diprenylated xanthone
: C24H260 6
: 410.46 gram
: 181.6-182.6 ° c
Figure 1. Chemical structures of (A) xanthone ring and (ธ) xanthone derivatives: (X-
mangostin, (3-mangostin and y-mangostin. (Budavari et al., 1996)
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Xanthones from ทาangosteen pericarp extract has broad-spectrum anti-bacterial
activities against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including enteric
pathogens, (Sindermsuk and Deekijsermphong, 1989; Sundaram, et al., 1983) both
methicillin-sensitive and ทาethicillin-resistant ร. aureus, (Mahabusarakum, et al., 1983, 1986)
and mycobacterium, (Suksamrarn, et al., 2003) etc. (Table 1). Among these xanthones, ot-
mangostin appears to exert the strongest anti-bacterial activity with MIC values ranging
from 1 to 50 |Ug/ml. However, the antimicrobial effect of the extract against oral pathogens
has never been demonstrated.
Several studies have demonstrated low toxicity of ทาangosteen pericarp extract.
Xanthones isolated from mangosteen pericarps were not toxic to rats when given orally at a
dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day for up to 7 days. (Sapwarobol, 1997) When OC-
ทาangostin, a major component of the extract, was administered orally to rats at a high dose
(1.5 g/kg body weight). The finding indicated the low hepatotoxicity by slightly increases in
serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (SGPT) activities after 12 hours. These increases were much less than those
of paracetamol given at the same dose, and no change in total liver proteins was observed.
(Sornprasit, et al., 1987) เท a human clinical trial, 1.5% OC-mangostin cream was locally
applied on skin of patients with chronic ulcers for up to 3 weeks. No local irritation or side
effects were observed. (Kusuma, 2003)
Based on its various biological activities and low toxicity, mangosteen pericarp
extract has potentials for wide pharmacological applications. It has been developed in the
forms of topical cream or gel for chronic skin ulcers, (Kamjanachotdamrong, 2000; Kusuma,
2003) throat spray for upper respiratory tract infection, (Kongchunmitkul, 2002) and buccal
ทานcoadhesive film for oral ulcers. (Hiranras, 2001) This study will focus on its antimicrobial
activity against oral pathogens in dental plaque. Based on this knowledge, we can further
develop this extract in the forms of mouthrinse or local delivery drugs for chemical plaque
control.
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Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of xanthones from mangosteen pericarp extract
Bacteria References Active components MICs
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sundaram et al., OC-mangostin 12.5-50 JJ.g/ml.