Literature Review

Literature Review [Realising poetic ideals within Micro-Housing] David Parsons, Masters of Architecture – Honours, 2009

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[Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space: The classic look at how we experience intimate places (Beacon Press, United States, 1994)]

strangely seem to change). The chapters I find particularly interesting are 1. The House. From Cellar to Garret. The significance of the Hut, 6. Corners, and 9. The dialectics of outside and inside. This book is particularly relevant to our current design projects, and its emphasis on the qualities of home.

Bachelard references: Victor Hugo, Van Gogh, Edgar Allan Poe, Pierre-jean Jouve, Gaston Paris, Henri Bosco and Henri Bachelin.

Bachelard is cited by: Harvey, D in The condition of post modernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change, Soja, E. W in Post-modern geographies: The reassertion of space in critical social theory, Billig, M in Banal nationalism, Ingold, T in The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill and Thrift, N.J in Spatial formations.

Key words: Oneiric house, material imagination, phenomenology, perception, intimacy, memory, poetics, space, experience and home.

[Zumthor, Peter. Thinking Architecture (Birkhauser, Germany, 2006)]

Annotated Bibliography

The poetics of space describes spaces and architectural experiences as a phenomenological event, focussing primarily on the emotional, personal and felt experiences of place and space. Bachelard explores how our childhood experiences can effect how we ‘read’ spaces, thus how we behave within them. He describes how our perceptions of house and other shelters shape our thoughts, memories and dreams, and how these inturn require physical presence within our lives.

“To begin with, the corner is a haven that ensures us of the things we prize most highly – immobility. It is the sure place, the place next to my immobility. The corner is a sort of half-box, part walls, part door. It will serve as an illustration for the dialectics of inside and outside”. – Page 137

I have read this book numerous times over the past couple of years, and find it continually relevant. Each chapter resonates particular emotions and feelings, specific to my own perception of home (which

Thinking Architecture explores our sensorial perceptions of spaces and places, creating a link between individual perceptions and the architectural expression of an idea or desire. Zumthor seeks to create buildings which speak directly to our emotions, and as such the book describe not so much architectural detailing or design decisions, but explores the values we require to build a greater relationship with buildings. It is broken into a series of essays, each investigating a different architectural value, which support the idea of architecture as a process and as a relationship.

“Memories like these contain the deepest architectural experience that I know. They are the reservoirs of the architectural atmospheres and images that I explore in my work as an architect”. – Page 8.

I really enjoy reading Zumthors books, partly because they are so accessible and easy to read, but primarily because I like the way he seeks to design atmospheres, emotion and responses, instead of buildings, walls and door. Sure these are all components (vital as the

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opening paragraphs describe) of our perceptions of space, but I get the impression that Zumthor doesn’t really see them as objects and components but perhaps as more of part of the fabric (a holistic entity) that creates perceptions. Zumthor describes spaces and places from his own experiences, painting vivid mental images, allowing the reader to experience architecture through his eyes.

This book remains relevant to my design as I seek to create buildings with the level of beauty, elegance and meaning that Zumthor does. I think designing meaning into a building thus fostering an emotional response through architecture expression is one of the most powerful tools at our (as architects) disposal, and has the potential to create truly beautiful architecture.

“The strength of a good design lies in ourselves and our ability to perceive the world with both emotion and reason. A good architectural design is sensuous. A good architectural design is intelligent”. – Page 65.

Zumthor references: Joseph Beuy, Peter Zumthor (his other writings, such as ‘atmospheres’), Peter Handke, Martin Heidgger,

Zumthor is cited by: Sharr, A & Unwin, S in Heidegger’s Hut, Fortkamp, S in Body.Emotion.Archutecture and Johnson, L in Thermal Spa: Emotional Experience utilising Architectural Poetics.

Key words: Architectural atmosphere, phenomenology, beauty, thinking architecture, detailing, sensual architecture and perceptions.

[Hill, Jonathan. Occupying Architecture: Between the Architect and the User (Routledge, United States, 1998)]

It is an interesting book as it seeks to go against current practices and almost showcases discursive behaviour, highlighting the undesigned and unplanned side of urban design and architecture. It also makes an attempt to bring art and other social factors into discussions about architecture, which I think is often overlooked.

“Los Angeles is a city of ghettos, wealthy or impoverished islands defined by their occupants and patrolled by the police, who ensure that the diverse economic and ethnic groups are isolated from each other. The freeways are the essential tool for the policing of Los Angeles. They provide routes through the metropolis so that the inhabitants of each ghetto never enter hostile territory” – Page 136.

Contributors: Jonathan Hill, Mark Cousins, Katerina Ruedi, Lesley Naa Norle Lokko, Jeremy Till, Fat, Carlos Villanueva Brandt, Muf Art and Architecture, Paul Davies, Ben Godber, Iain Borden, Pjilip Tabor and Jane Rendell.

References Include: Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean Baudrillard, Robert Venturi, Henri Lefebvre, Pierre Bourdieu and Le Corbusier.

Occupying Architecture is a collection of essays, which aim to; Investigate the relationship between the architect and the user, to redefine the relationship between the architect and architecture and to challenge the separation of the architect from the user by a reworking of the terms themselves.

“Skaters provoked a recombination of body, board and terrain, producing something at once simulative and original …. In spatial architectural terms, the modernist space of suburbia was appropriated and re-conceived as another kind of space” – Page 197.

I find this to be an excellent book. Articles of particular interest are Iain Bordens ‘Skateboarding and the creation of super-architectural space’, Jeremy Tills ‘Architecture of the impure community’ and Jonathan Hills ‘An other Architect’.

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Book is cited by: Borden, I in Skateboarding, space and the City: Architecture and the Body, Rendell, J in Gender space Architecture: An Interdisciplinary introduction, The pursuit of pleasure: Gender, space and Architecture in Regency London and Art and Architecture: A place between, Hill, J in Actions of Architecture: Architects and creative users.

Keywords: Occupying space, phenomenology, territory, appropriation, production, bodily interaction, skateboarding and spatial heirarchies.

[De Botton, Alain. The Architecture of Happiness (Penguin Books, United Kingdom, 2006)]

preferred to nestle modestly amid the dark, low, brick buildings more common to the area. Irritated by its uncertainty, I wanted to demand that it either make itself properly unobtrusive or else make the most of its height and bulk – but, in any case, that it stop straddling the line between meekness and assertion, like an adolescent who insists on taking to the stage but, once there, can only stare mutely and sullenly at the audience” – Page 215.

I particularly like De Bottons writings, and have read another two of his book and hope to read more. I find the Architecture of Happiness to be his most interesting, and relatable book and seems to always be relevant.

Understanding what others value within architecture and how they appreciate architecture has always interested me, and I continually come back to this book.

De Botton references: Santiago Calatrava, John Henning, Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, Adolf Loos, Mies van der Rohe, Andrea Palladio, John Ruskin, Karl F. Schinkel, John Wood the elder and John Wood the younger.

De Botton is cited by: M. Czepczynski in Cultural Landscapes of Post-Socialist Cities: Representation of Powers and Needs, D. Bissell in Comfortable bodies: Sedentary affects, E. Saarinen in Philosophy for managers: Reflections of a practitioner, M. Ojala in Architecture, leadership and systems intelligence and B. Kirn in The necessity of place.

Key words: Ideals, Home, happiness, architecture and beauty.

The Architecture of Happiness is a brilliant book that investigates architecture and how it can potentially make us happy. In this way it describes the importance of architecture, indentifying and illustrating the potential ways that architecture can embody good qualities, which can lead to happier inhabitants.

De Botton is an eloquent and potent author, clearly expressing the strengths of good (predominantly domestic) architecture, and supporting this with examples of when it goes wrong such as the Pessac workers houses (Pages 163-5), which embodied the qualities desired by the architect, but which didn’t meet the workers perceptions of home.

“It was as though the aesthetics of a post-war seaside bungalow had been applied to the dimensions of a skyscraper, resulting in a building which was unsure whether it wished to be seen from Hampstead or

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[Salomon, Shay. Little House on a Small Planet: Simple Homes, Cosy Retreats, and Energy Efficient Possibilities (The Lions Press, United States, 2006)]

of natural buildings: the old rules don’t count, the numbers don’t count. It all has to do with the feelings, attitude, spirit. Things that you cant quantify”. – Page 51.

I find this book to be both thoroughly enjoyable and very informative. It nice to have the stories of both why and how people live in these homes, which are two notions that I have identified as important in my research. In addition this book describes not just buildings, but a whole way of life and philosophy. It challenges the normal, and prompts readers to reconsider their current lifestyle practices and values.

Salomon references: Solomon does not really reference theorists, instead referencing the individuals, partners and families which live in these tiny homes.

Salomon is cited by: M. Paetz in Reconsidering Density: Alternatives for New Zealand.

Key words: Alternative living, alternative construction, Micro-Housing, experience, hand-made, sustainable living and design, energy efficiency, green, freedom and escape.

[Johnson, Stephen. Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software (Scribner, United States, 2001)]

Little House on a Small Planet is a storied collection of tiny homes, describing both the homes and the people and stories behind these little dwellings. It is broken into three sections; Reduce (determining need and designing new homes), Rethink (remodelling existing housing and living better right where you are) and relax (the less tangible outer and inner forces that shape our experience of domestic environment) which work together to build a strong argument for and describe how to live a more sustainable life through micro-housing.

“How many square feet?! Lanto’s voice trembles in mock disbelief as he repeats my question, and then continues, ‘What do you guess?’ People guess 300, 500 square feet, but how are you going to measure? From where are you going to measure? The inside of walls? The outside? This isn’t a box, so you can’t measure it as a box. Well, if you superimposed circles on it…., I started to interject. ‘there isn’t a Cartesian form in it’, he insists. ‘You see, this is the whole issue

Emergence investigates and explains the nature and qualities of bottom-up information systems and their applications. It explains their relevance to today’s society and their differences from top-down systems. Bottom-up systems are found naturally, such as within the social structure of ant colonies, and have many useful applications, such as in voice recognition algorithms and responsive computer games.

“….sidewalks are important not because they provide an environmentally sound alternative to freewaysm(though that is also the case) nor because walking is better exercise than driving (though that too is the case) nor because there’s something quaintly old-fashioned about pedestrian-centered towns (that is more a matter of fashion than empirical evidence). In fact, there’s nothing about the physical existence of sidewalks that matters to Jacobs. What matters is that they are the primary conduit for the flow of information between city residents. Neighbors learn from each other because they pass each other – and each other’s stores and dwellings – on

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the sidewalk. Sidewalks allow relatively high –bandwidth communication between total strangers, and they mix large numbers of individuals in random configurations. Without the sidewalks, cities would be like ants without a sense of smell, or a colony with too few worker ants. Sidewalks provide both the right kind and the right number of local interactions, They are the gap junctions of city life”. – Page 94.

I have found this book very interesting, relating to multiple fields that interest me, but in particular the inherent intelligence (and subsequent elegance) of simple group behaviours.

Johnson references: Jane Jacobs, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Deborah Gordon, Manuel De Landa and Norbert Wiener.

Johnson is cited by: Hannigan, J.A in Environmental sociology, Rheingold, H in Smart Mobs: The next social revolution, Norman, D.A in Emotional Design: Why we love (or hate) everyday things. Among many more.

Key words: Emergence, Bottom-up systems, mould simulation, swarm logic and intelligence, ants, organised complexity, behaviour, hierarchies and neighbourhoods.

[Walker, Lester. A Little House of my own: 47 grand designs for 47 tiny Houses (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, United States, 2000)]

A little house of my own (originally published as Tiny Houses) is a collection of tiny house, described in plan, section, photo and text. They are grouped into eight categories; tiny historic houses, tiny houses that move, tiny prefabricated houses, tiny paper and cloth houses, tiny houses as art, tiny special-use houses, tiny roadside houses and tiny houses for the wilderness.

Not all of the projects are houses, however they each capture a certain element or idea which is specific to small buildings. There is an essence of purity and necessity, which runs through these projects.

“ ….. to take hammer in hand and build themselves a little dream. It seems to me that one of the great thrills in life is to inhabit a building that one has built oneself. A little house of my own was to be the answer for those who wanted this experience” – Page 14.

This book has some lovely examples of tiny houses, and the way they are organised makes for interesting comparisons. I do however find it limited in the descriptions it provides of how the spaces feel, which is something I am very interested in and want to research further yet this does not detract from the quality of the projects selected.

Additionally I wish to note that none of the projects are greater than 325 square feet, and that the inclusion of technical drawings separates this book from many others that too focus on small buildings.

Walker references: The home owners/designers, other articles by himself, Robert Anderson, D. C. Beard, Elizabeth Gaynor, Fiske Kimball, Shelter Publications and David Stiles.

Key words: Tiny House, architecture, designs, beauty, transportable homes, prefabricated houses, technical drawings, shelters, cottages and hideaways.

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How can micro-housing be invested with poetics to engage and enrich the users’ senses and experience?

Microhousing is defined as the miniaturising of home, reducing our spatial requirements to the bare minimum. There are many timely factors which contribute to our need to down-size, including the economic, social and environmental costs of a large house and the degradation and numbing of our sense and perceptions through material living.

Current architectural discourses concerning Micro-Housing focuses on its empirical aspects and its tangible benefits such as the potential for energy savings, instead of perhaps the more potent, intangible benefits, such as residential wellbeing and happiness.

Poetics have been widely used as a descriptive tool; however the capacity of poetics to influence architectural design has not been fully realised. There is the potential to connect the physicality of architecture with the thoughts, memories, dreams and stories that poetics evokes within its users.

Gaston Bachelard in the poetics of space describes how inquiries focused on the house must realise the importance and relevance of space as an intimate and poetic experience.

“For our house is our corner of the world. As has often been said, it is our first universe, a real cosmos in every sense of the world. If we look at it intimately, the humblest dwelling has beauty” [Bachelard, 1994, Page: 4].

Bachelard describes the physicality of houses as welcoming and adapting to the complexities of habitation and how the act of inhabiting and experiencing allows the house to transcend its physical boundaries, recreating it as a receptacle of experiences, and as the embodiment of poetic ideals. “With a single poetic detail, the imagination confronts us with a new world. From then on, the detail takes precedence over the panorama, and a simple image, if it is new, will open up an entire world” [Bachelard, 1994, Page: 134].

In today’s commercially orientated society our fundamental perceptions take a secondary role to our technological intuitions. Our lives are dominated by routines, processes and devices, which divide our attentions and distance us from the real. Engagement drifts from the sensorial and authentic to the simulated and unconscious, stunting our perceptions, numbing our senses and as Stephen Holl states “making us passive receivers of vacuous messages” [Holl, 2006, Page: 41]. In the light of this diminished experience, our constructed world together with the physical objects we deem necessary to surround

Literature Review

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ourselves, become vague abstractions of their true nature lacking the requisite bilinear dialogue, which unveils their true nature.

Architectural phenomenology links built form, human perceptions and experience.

Brentano explains a duality inherent in phenomenology, whereby physical phenomena engages our outer perception while mental phenomena involves our inner perception. Empirically a structure could be appreciated purely as a physical-spatial entity, but a deeper relationship requires an understanding of it underlying meaning.

“The challenge for architecture is to stimulate both inner and outer perception; to heighten phenomenal experience while simultaneously expressing meaning; and to develop this duality in response to the particularities of site and circumstance” [Holl, 2006, Page: 42].

Perceptions are both evoked and imposed by architecture through the users experience. Action become responses and responses can be either felt or guided through spatial interactions. Architectures role becomes that of a guiding agent, awakening our senses, perceptions and bodies through its spatial poetics.

“…. Only architecture can simultaneously awaken all the senses – all the complexities of perception” [Holl, 2006, Page: 41].

The physical nature of Architecture engages us, evoking responses with the sensations and impressions it imparts upon us. This generative event underlies Architectural intent. It is through the process of experience that individual perceptions meet the logic of pre-existing concepts, providing an unplanned and unique understanding of architecture. “The passage of time; light, shadow and transparency; colour phenomena, texture, material and detail all participate in the complete experience of architecture” [Holl, 2006, Page: 41].

Micro-Housing acknowledges this connection, “reducing it [the home] to a human scale with which we can interact more readily” [Richardson & Dietrich, 2001, Page: 09]. Thus Micro-Housing heightens the intimate, and emphasises experiences. Spaces become deeper in meaning, embodying increased thoughts, memories, dreams and stories, which Barry Lopez identifies as a fundamental element of spatial engagement [Lopez, 1996, Page: 3], and which can be appreciated as a poetical phenomena.

However, contemporary architecture has been perceptually and sensually dulled by the values imposed upon it by modern society;

“where modern conditions of production prevail, all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation” [Debord, 1967, Page: 01].

Debord describes how within this society, the definitions of human realization have been degraded, initially from being into having and then from having to appearing. The home has been corrupted to a mere representation; the material and “graphic proof of our social status” [Salomon, 2006, Page: 03].

Microhousing combats this degradation, and is removed from the ideological characteristics of materialism and idealism, being primarily concerned with the process of being as opposed to the act of appearing. It cannot be measured empirically;

“the old rules don’t count, the numbers don’t count. It all has to do with feelings, attitude, spirit. Things that you cant quantify” [Salomon, 2006, Page: 51].

Microhousing is stripped of redundant space, providing only what we require to live happily and comfortably. As a result spaces are used more often and users gain a deeper understanding of, and relationship with, their homes.

“It may be more important now to enter into an ethical and reciprocal relationship with everything around us than to continue to work toward the sort of control of the physical world that, until recently, we aspired to” [Lopez, 1996, Page: 04].

It is the intimacy and poetics that small homes create that promotes residential participation and activates

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the senses. It brings people together and nurtures relationships, fostering wellbeing and happiness. Poetics allow us to dream and imagine, activating our minds within the terrain of our bodies. “It is my belief that a human imagination is shaped by the architecture it encounters at an early age” [Lopez, 1996, Page 01].

Unlike Microhousing, discourses concerning poetics primarily focus on its psychological effects and its ability to reinform our perceptions. Poetics reveals the hidden experiences of space, the unpredicted and unplanned within the constructed. “The great function of poetry is to give us back the situations of our dreams” [Bachelard, 2006, Page: 15]. It creates a spatial phenomenon that presents alternative experiences of space, recreating architecture as a product of the mind.

This notion underlies the concept of phenomenology, whereby;

“existence does not stem from the antecedents, from the physical and social environment; instead it moves out towards them and sustains them” [Merleau-Ponty, 1962, Page: IX]

Hence our experiences cannot be define by the physical and social environments [outer perception] alone, it requires a personal consciousness [inner perception], which forms the world around us.

This give-and-take relationship enriches and involves [Zumthor, 2006, Page: 07], providing an outcome that is both intimate and poetic. Our consciousness activates the physicality of architecture, awakening our senses and enriching our experience.

Microhousing emphasises this relationship, promoting interaction with our physical environment.

Little House on a Small Planet [Salomon, 2006] investigates Microhousing and describes how it can be applied in today’s society to “revitalise our selves, our communities, our homes and our planet” [Salomon, 2006, Page: IX].

The approach challenges reader to examine their lives; reduce their physical requirements, rethink their way of life and ultimately relax, enjoying a “simpler and happier home” [Salomon, 2006, Page: XI] as the result.

Examples and stories of people who have made the transition from large homes to small homes and live happier and fuller lives for it prompts us to consider the spatial implications and requirements of our own lives.

Microhousing means less cleaning, less maintenance, less anxiety, less stress and a smaller mortgage. It allows residents to focus on the more important aspects of life, and allows more time for enjoyment. Many examples describe how a smaller house and smaller mortgage allows residents to work less, and enjoy more time at home with their children [Salomon, 2006, Page: 193], while other describe the value of a smaller home as a retreat, a space of escape which Bachelard also describes in The Poetics of Space.

Bachelard discusses the role of the corner as an intimate space of departure, whereby;

“every corner in a house, every angle in a room, every inch of secluded space in which we like to hide, or withdraw into ourselves, is a symbol of solitude for the imagination” [Bachelard, 2006, Page: 136].

The corner represents the spatial density of Microhousing, whereby physical simplicity gives way to psychological complexity. Paolo Soleri states that “society functions poorly when it sprawls” [Salomon, 2006, Page: 161]. Microhousing can also be understood in this way, whereby functions work better when grouped, layered and overlapped. “Values become condensed and enriched in miniature” [Bachelard, 2006, Page: 150]

Microhousing presents an opportunity to live within oneself. It creates an architecture of self through poetics and the memories, stories and emotion it activates.

Labs-Ehlert identifies an objects poetic quality as the core of its inner beauty, with its outer beauty described as the measure of things, their proportions and their material [Zumthor, 2006, Page: 09].

Understanding how we appreciate beauty within architecture creates poetical knowledge, acknowledging the significance of sensual experiences and interactions.

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Microhousing is a sustainable and enriching approach to our domestic requirements. Its intimacy prompts awareness and appreciation of the physical, which inturn heightens our psychological responses.

A phenomenological interaction emphasises the potency of poetics in the perception and experience of architecture and establish the need for exploration into its potentials as a design tool.

Poetics has the potential to create beautiful buildings that speak directly to our senses. It can provide a deeper, enriching, felt response to the physicality of architecture and acknowledges the role of Microhousing as a receptacle for richer and fuller lives.

In this research I will be literally living with and seeking examples of poetics in a building of less than 15m2, gaining an understanding of how poetics can be embodied in Microhousing to enrich our senses and experience.

David Parsons.

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Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space: The classic look at how we experience intimate places (Beacon Press, United States, 1994)

De Botton, Alain. Status Anxiety (Penguin Books, United Kingdom, 2005)

De Botton, Alain. The Architecture of Happiness (Penguin Books, United kingdom, 2006)

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle [Available at: http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/16%5D (Accessed: 29/07/2009), Originally published in 1967]

Hill, Jonathan. Occupying Architecture: Between the Architect and the User (Routledge, United Kingdom, 1998)

Holl, S. Pallasmaa, J & Perez-Gomez A. Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture (William Stout Publishers, United States, 2006)

Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Netherlands, 1982)

Johnson, Steven. Emergence: The connected lives of ants, brains, cities and software (Scribner Press, United States, 2001).

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space (Blackwell, United States, 1991)

Lopez, Barry. A Literature of Place [Available at: http://arts.envirolink.org/literary_arts/BarryLopez_LitofPlace.html (Accessed: 18/08/2009)]

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception (Reprint (original 1962): Routledge, Untied Kingdom, 2002)

Richardson, P & Dietrich, L. XS: Big Ideas, Small Buildings (Thames & Hudson, United Kingdom, 2001)

Salomon, Shay. Little House on a Small Planet: Simple Homes, Cozy Retreats, and Energy Efficient Possibilities (The Lyons Press, United States, 2006)

Walker, Lester. A little house of my own: 47 grand designs for 47 tiny houses (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, United States, 2000)

Zumthor, Peter. Atmospheres (Birkhauser, Germany, 2006)

Zumthor, Peter. Thinking Architecture (Birkhauser, Germany, 2006)

Cover Page: : Valdez in Salomon, 2006, Page: 96 Page 6: Atmospheres, Zumthor, 2006, Page: 62.

References

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