Literature overview Gender in value chains Input for pre-meeting 24 th June 2010.

Literature overviewGender in value chainsInput for pre-meeting 24th June 2010

Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.kit.nl

Authors

Bringing gender in value chains

Concepts

Approach

Tools

Cases

VC approach

Gender approach

Gaps/questions/challenges


VC ApproachKey authors: Gereffi, Humphrey and Schmitz, Kaplinsky, Gibbon, Ponte, Barrientos, etc.

Key concepts: value chain governance, value chain coordination, upgrading, etc.

‘Broadening’ the VC approach: inclusion, pro-poor, beyond inter-firm (including state and others), livelihood analysis, Global Production Networks, embeddedness, etc.


GenderKey authors:

Key concepts:

‘Narrowing down’ the gender approach?


Linking gender and value chains-Linking human rights to political economy: understanding unequal rights and unequal power relations (cf.)-Linking social justice and value chain framework: pro-poor value chain development (cf. KIT)-Making VC tools gender sensitive (cf. Mayoux, APF, Cordaid)

Tension:market orientation vs. right-based approach


VC Concepts: examples

1. Upgrading as a chain actor: smallholders become crop specialists with clear market orientation2. Adding value through vertical integration: Smallholders move into joint processing and marketing in order to add value3. Developing chain partnerships: Smallholders build long-term alliances with buyers that are centered on shared interests and mutual growth.4. Developing ownership over the chain: The farmers try to build direct linkages with consumer markets (KIT et al, 2006).

Chain governance

Ch

ain

activ

ities

CHAIN PARTNER

CHAIN CO-OWNER

ACTIVITY INTEGRATOR

CHAIN ACTOR

1

2 4

3

Chain empowerment strategies


Gender concepts: an example

Gendered Employment and the gender pyramid of codes: (A) Regulation and provision of formal conditions of employment; (B) Regulation and provision of employment and related benefits; (C) Non-employment related benefits and social provision supporting reproductive work (Barrientos et al 2003:1516)



Emerging framework APFVertical integration

into chain What activities do women and men in the chain do? What benefits do women and men gain?

Horizontal integration into chain

Who determines the conditions under which these activities are done and benefits are gained and distributed?

Gender dynamics in household and

community

How do changes in the first two dimensions affect the gender division of labour, assets and decision-making within the household?

How do the changes in the first two dimensions affect the gender dynamics within the community?

I nstitutional context: rules, norms and

values

Which economic, political and social factors enable or constrain women’s empowerment on the other three dimensions?

How do changes in the first two dimensions influence the institutional context?


Gender in value chainsAuthors • Catherin Dolan • Stephanie Barrientos • Anne Tallontire• Lone Riisgaard• Sarah Lyon • Linda Mayoux• Maria Hart• …Kabeer

Institutes• Danish Institute for International Studies (Rijsgaard, Bolwig, Ponte,

Halberg, du Toit)• Institute for Development Studies at Sussex


What do they write about?

Barrientos: Labour & globalization, Agribusiness, Ethical Trade, Global Value Chains

Dolan: Trade & Governance patterns

Lyon: Fair Trade, Ethical Trade

Mayoux: Participatory action learning, Gender & micro finance, Gender & enterprise, Gender & entrepreneurship

Riisgaard: Global value Chains and Standards, Standards and labour and gender

Tallontire: Fair Trade, Governance issues, Partnerships

Kabeer:


Articles (some examples)Riisgaard, (2007) What’s in it for Labour? Private Social Standards in the cut flower industries of Kenya and Tanzania. Motivation: GVC land Private Social standards little attention for labour agency

Lyon. S., Aranda Bezaury. J., and Mutersbaugh, T (2009) Gender equity in fair-trade-organic coffee producer organizations: Cases from Mesoamerica. Motivation: Value chain approach should be extended into households and communities. And need for understanding uneven women-union participation across communities

Bolwig. S., Ponte. S., du Toit. A., Riisgaard. L., and Halber, N. (2008) Integrating poverty, gender and environmental concerns into value chain analysis, a conceptual framework and lessons for action research. Motivation: developing an approach that combines local dynamics with the broader political economy and transnational linkages.


Articles continued

Charman A. (2008) Empowering women through livelihoods orientated agricultural service provision: a consideration of evidence from southern Africa. Motivation: framing improvements in women’s livelihoods of participatory and bottom-up approaches.

Lyon, S. (2008) We want to be equal to them: Fair-trade coffee certification and gender equity within organizations. Motivation: analysis of understudied gendered dimensions of fair-trade coffee networks and certification practices.


Some observations•Articles from value chain perspective focus on extending GVC to gender, environment and the excluded•Articles from a gender perspective apply the gender concept to all sorts of ‘ networks and systems’


ApproachesValue chain perspectiveSolidaridad (2009). Position paper Gender equity and Sustainable value chains. Framework guiding Solidaridad to intervene in value chains and the inclusion of women. Concepts used: Pyramid of Change and empowerment of women. Gender Iceberg (Barrientos, Dolan, Tallontire, 2003)

Gender perspectiveQuisumbing. A and Pandolfelli. L Promising Approaches to Address the Needs of Poor Female Farmers. IFPRIStrategies for channeling resources to female farmers to boost their agricultural productivity

Agro-eco (2008) Gender Learning and Sharing. Final program report on mainstreaming gender equity in all activities of EPOPA program to empower women.


Tools/manuals

Leading Institutes International Labour Organization IFAD

Examples Mayoux. L, and Mackie. G (2007) Making the strongest link. A practical guide to mainstreaming gender analysis in value chain development. Motivation: Despite gender mainstreaming policies and commitments value chain development has failed to integrate gender analysis

Mayoux. L, and Harl., M (2009) Gender and rural microfinance: Reaching and empowering women. IFADMotivation: Need for understanding the ways different financial products and services affect women and men from different backgrounds and within various contexts


Centre for Skills development (2009) Training for Rural Development: Agricultural and Enterprise Skills for Women Smallholders Motivation: women majority of agricultural sector. Face productivity constraints and access to skill straining.

International Labour Office (2006) Women’s Entrepreneurship Development, Capacity building guide, Development Cooperation Ireland.

Dulon., G. (2009) Gender in Value Chains, Manual for Gender Mainstreaming. Cordaid and CepacMotivation: contributing to the incorporation of gender mainstreaming in programmes for Local Economic Development

Examples (continued)


Concepts applied•Enterprise Development Framework •Gender •Community learning, learning within groups, training for women etc. •Local Economic Development


Cases

Institutions/ NGO’sVECO & FemuprocanUSAIDOxfamIFAD


Examples

Value chain perspective

Veco (2009) Analisis de la Cadena de Hortalizas en Terrabona y Dario, Nicaragua, bajo un enfoque de genero Motivation:

USAID Peru (2007) A pro-poor analysis of the artichoke value chain in Peru Motivation: need for pro-poor value chain

Gender issues in small-scale production in value chain work of Oxfam NovibMotivation: need for examining existing evidence of pro-active gender approach in small-scale production of cash crops.


Examples continued

Gender perspectiveSpieldoch., A, (2007) A row to Hoe, Gender impact of Trade Liberalization on our Food System, Agricultural Markets and Women’s Human Rights. Friedrich Ebert StiftungMotivation: unequal distribution of globalization; feminization of poverty Tierra Nueva, Fumdec and OXFAM (2008) Diagnostico de la competitividad Territorial y Empresarial y Estrategias para el empoderamiento economico a Mujeres Rurales Lideresas de UCA Tierra Nueva Motivation: study into the possibilities for women in different sectors in Nicaragua to improve their position in the general institutional environment.


Vigneri, M. and Holmes, R. (2009) When being more productive still doesn’t pay: gender inequality and socio-economic constraints in Ghana’s cocoa sector. IFADMotivation: exploring how increasing women's access to productive resources can support their empowerment.


ConceptsGenderValue chainSen approach (entitlements/ access to) Sustainable developmentEmpowerment


GAPS/questions/challenges

1. Conceptual2. Strategies3. Tools4. Cases

Literature overview Gender in value chains Input for pre-meeting 24 th June 2010.

Documents

value chain governance

value chain framework

value chain coordination

gender concepts

gender approach

chain partnerships

gender tallontire

gender enterprise