Literature and Language. Family Members Adela/21111110/ 1 2 3 Kevin/211111104/ 4 Mango/21111112/ Winnie/21111119

Literature and Language

Family Members

Adela/21111110/

1

2

3

Kevin/211111104/4

Mango/21111112/

Winnie/21111119/

Germanic LGermanic Languagesanguages

Latin literLatin literatureature

Romance LRomance Languagesanguages LiteratureLiterature

of the Middle Ages

Germanic Germanic languageslanguages Germanic Germanic languageslanguages

—— a sub-branch Indo-European (IE) language family

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Dark blue:Countries where a Germanic language is the first language of the majority of the populationLight blue:Countries where a Germanic language is an official but not primary language

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Ancestor, Morphology and classification

• Common ancestor——Proto-Germanic (C

ommon Germanic).

• Most widely spoken——English and Ger

man

• East Germanic languages(extinct)

• North Germanic languages

• West Germanic languages

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Characteristics(7kinds)

• Large numbers of vowels.

• A change known as Germanic umlaut.

• A large class of verbs that use a dental suffix

• The use of so-called strong and weak adjectives

• Grimm's Law

• Some words with etymologies.

• The sound change known as Verner's Law.

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Writing

• many Germanic languages use a variety of accent marks and extra letters, including umlauts, the ß (Eszett), IJ, Ø, Æ, Å, Ä, Ü, Ö, Ð, Ȝ, and the Latinized runes Þ and Ƿ (with its Latin counterpart W).

• In print, German used to be prevalently set in blackletter typefaces (e.g. fraktur or schwabacher) until the 1940s, whereas Kurrent and since the early 20th century Sütterlin was used for German handwriting.

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The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe

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Contemporary Germanic languages and main dialect groups

Latin languages Latin languages

—— the Middle Ages

Latin literature

essays

histories

poems

plays ……

Written in Latin language

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Latin literature in the Middle Ages

Pagan Latin literature showed a final burst of vitality in the

late 200s and 400s.

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historyAmmianus Marcellinus

poetryAusonius andRutilius Claudius Namatianus

oratoryQuintus Aurelius Symmachus

The Mosella by Ausonius demonstrated a modernism of feeling that indicates the end of classical literature as such.

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Ammianus Marcellinus

*he wrote in Latin a history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople *Res Gestae (Rerum gestarum Libri XXXI) A copy of the Res Gestae from 1533

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Ausonius*Epigramata de diversis rebus*Ephemeris*Parentalia.*Epitaphia*Caesares. *Ordo urbium nobiliumm

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Rutilius Claudius Namatianus

*Nostos: Il ritorno (A movie was produced in 2004, based on Namatianus's work.)

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*Nine books of letters *Panegyrics *Fragments of various oration

Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

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Meanwhile* Other men laid the foundations of Christian

Latin literature during the 300s and 400s.

* They included the church fathers Augustine of Hippoo, Jeromee, and Ambrosee, and the first great Christian poet, Prudentiuss.

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*Confessions of St. Augustine*City of God*On Christian Doctrine

Augustine of Hippo

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*The Vulgate* De viris illustribus* Chronicon

Gerome

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*De fide ad Gratianum *Augustum *De Officiis Ministrorum *De Spiritu Sancto *Ambrosiaster

Ambrose

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Prudentius

*Liber Cathemerinon*Apotheosis*Libri contra Symmachum

Romance languagesRomance languages

—— Part of a series on Indo-European topics

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Details:Details:•Brief introduction•Origins•Linguistic features•Modern status

Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution

legend:green – Spanish; blue – French; orange– Portuguese; yellow – Italian;red – RomanianOriginally Southern Europe and parts of Northern Africa; now also most Originally Southern Europe and parts of Northern Africa; now also most of America. Official languages of half the countries in Africa and parts of of America. Official languages of half the countries in Africa and parts of Oceania.Oceania.

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Brief IntroductionBrief IntroductionLinguistic classificationLinguistic classification:Indo-EuropeanIndo-European//ItalicItalic////RomancRomancee

SubdivisionsSubdivisions:: Western Romance(or Italo-Western)Western Romance(or Italo-Western) Eastern RomanceEastern Romance SardinianSardinian

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Brief IntroductionBrief Introduction

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Brief IntroductionBrief Introduction• Classification and related languages

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Origins:Origins:• Romance languages are the continuation of Vulgar Latin, the

popular sociolect of Latin spoken by soldiers, settlers and merchants of the Roman Empire.

• During the Empire's decline, influenced by Portugal, Spain and France, which lasted for about 2 centuries.

• The phonology , morphology , and lexicon of all Romance languages are overwhelmingly evolved forms of Vulgar Latin.

• There are some notable differences between today's Romance languages and their Roman ancestor.

ⅠⅠ..Romance languages have lost the Romance languages have lost the declensdeclensiionon systemsystemⅡⅡ..SVO sentence structureSVO sentence structureⅢⅢ..extensive use of prepositionsextensive use of prepositions

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Linguistic features:Linguistic features:• Romance languages are moderately inflecting.

• A fairly strict subject–verb–object word order.

• In general, nouns, adjectives and determiners inflect only according to grammatical gender and grammatical number.

• Most Romance languages are null subject languages.

• All Romance languages have two articles ——definite and indefinite.

• The phonology of most Romance languages is of moderate size with few unusual phonemes.

• Word accent is of the stress and is free.

• Verbs are inflected according to a complex morphology.

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Modern statusModern status::• Four important changes:• Sardinian language

Romanian languageRomanian language

ItalianItalian

Iberian Peninsula languageIberian Peninsula language

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Modern statusModern status::• Romance languages, twentieth centurRomance languages, twentieth centuryy

Number of native speakers of each Romance language, as fractions of the total 690 million690 million.The Romance language most widely spoken natively today is SpanisSpanishh

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Modern statusModern status::• The remaining Romance languages survive mostly a

s spoken languages for informal contact.• There are many indistinguishable dialects in Roman

ce language which makes it difficult to learn.• In the late 20th and early 21st century, some measures

has been done to protect them and recover their prestige and lost rights. Yet it is unclear whether these political changes will be enough to reverse the decline of minority Romance languages.

LiteratureLiterature of the Middle Ages

LiteratureLiterature of the Middle Ages

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Literature of the Middle Ages

• Medieval literature—— all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages.

• Language——Latin

• Anonymity

• Style

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style• Religious

• Secular

• Women's literature

• Allegory

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Secular

The first page of Beowulf

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Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies

ReferencesRomance language:Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988). The Romance Languages.

London: Routledge.

Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Price, Glanville (1971). The French language: present and past. Edward Arnold.

Lapesa, Rafael (1981). Historia de la Lengua Española. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.

Devoto, Giacomo; Giacomelli, Gabriella (2002). I Dialetti delle Regioni d'Italia (3rd ed.). Milano: RCS Libri (Tascabili Bompiani).

Williams, Edwin B. (1968). From Latin to Portuguese, Historical Phonology and Morphology of the Portuguese Language (2nd ed.). University of Pennsylvania.

Latin language:Allen, William Sidney (2004). Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jenks, Paul Rockwell (1911). A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools. New York: D.C. Heath & Co.

Sihler, Andrew L (2008). New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. New York: Oxford University Press.

Waquet, Françoise; Howe, John (Translator) (2003). Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Verso.

ReferencesGermantic language:König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (1994). The Germanic la

nguages. London: Routledge.

Helfenstein, James (1870). A comparative grammar of the Teutonic languages. London: MacMillan and Co.

Wright, Joseph C. (1919). Grammar of the Gothic language. London: Oxford University Press.

Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and its closest relatives. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</ref>

Waterman, John C. (1976). A history of the German language. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press.

Wright, Joseph (1906). An Old High German primer, 2nd edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Ringe, Don (2006). A linguistic history of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Literature:Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the “Rise of the West”: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–445 (416, table 1)

creation：

poetrypoetrya song

Le Papillon

ODE TO THE WEST WIND

Le PapillonLe Papillon• It's a French song that was used i

n the famous movie Le Papillon directed by Philippe Muyl.

• A girl named was an orphan and adopted by a neighbour. She likes asking questions on matter whom she is talking with. The song is the dialogue between the girl and grandpa.

Pourquoi les poules pondent des oeufs? 为什么鸡会下蛋？ Pour que les oeufs fassent des poules. 因为蛋都变成小鸡Pourquoi les amoureux s\'\'embrassent? 为什么情侣要亲吻？C\'\'est pour que les pigeons roucoulent. 因为鸽子们咕咕叫Pourquoi les jolies fleurs se fanent? 为什么漂亮的花会凋谢？Parce que ca fait partie du charme. 因为那是游戏的一部分Pourquoi le diable et le bon Dieu? 为什么会有魔鬼又会有上帝？C\'\'est pour faire parler les curieux. 是为了让好奇的人有话可说Pourquoi le feu brule le bois? 为什么木头会在火里燃烧？C\'\'est pour bien rechauffer nos coeurs or.是为了我们像毛毯一样的

暖Pourquoi la mer se retire? 为什么大海会有低潮？C\'\'est pour qu\'\'on lui dise "Encore."是为了让人们说：再来点Pourquoi le soleil disparait? 为什么太阳会消失？Pour l\'\'autre partie du decor. 为了地球另一边的装饰Pourquoi le diable et le bon Dieu? 为什么会有魔鬼又会有上帝？C\'\'est pour faire parler les curieux. 是为了让好奇的人有话可说Pourquoi le loup mange l\'\'agneau? 为什么狼要吃小羊？Parce qu\'\'il faut bien se nourrir. 因为他们也要吃东西Pourquoi le lievre et la tortue? 为什么是乌龟和兔子跑？Parce que rien ne sert de courir. 因为光跑没什么用Pourquoi les anges ont-ils des ailes? 为什么天使会有翅膀？Pour nous faire croire au Pere Noel. 为了让我们相信有圣诞老人Pourquoi le diable et le bon Dieu? 为什么会有魔鬼又会有上帝 ? C\'\'est pour faire parler les curieux. 是为了让好奇的人有话可说

ODE TO THE WEST WIND (V)

Shelly • Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:• What if my leaves are falling like its own!• The tumult of thy mighty harmonies• Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,• Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit

fierce,• My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!• Drive my dead thoughts over the universe• Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!• And, by the q of this verse,• Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth• Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!• Be through my lips to unawakened Earth• The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,• If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

THANK YOUTHANK YOU!!

Do you Have any question?Do you Have any question?