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amerikuli literaturis XIX saukune, upirveles yovlisa, esaa didi saxelebi: ud-idesi poetebi – edgar alan po, emili dikin-soni da uolt uitmeni da prozaikosebi – mark tveni, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavlis“ avtori, romelSic monoba sastikad gaakri-tika; jek londoni, realisturi saTavgada-savlo prozis saxelganTqmuli avtori.
ernest heminguei(1899-1961)
Tomas vulfi(1900-1938)
rojer uiliamsi(1603-1683)
amerikuli literatura
ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი
საბრალო რიჩარდის
ალმანახი
jon vulmani(1720-1772)
გზა სიუხვისკენ
ბენჯამინ
ფრანკლინი
benjamin franklini(1713-1784)
antoni benezeti(1713-1784)
74
literatura
roca Camoyalibda prozauli stili. „amerikuli literaturis mamad“ xSirad gamocxadebuli vaSington irvingis „eskizebis wignma“ (1820) saTave daudo xan iumoristuli, xan Wkuismaswavle-bel-moralisturi narkvevebis naxevradfilosofiur, naxevradpublicistur literaturas. aq gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad aisaxa amerikelebis erovnuli niSnebi – maTi praqtikuloba, gamoyene-biTi morali da gulubryvilo, xalisiani iumori, romelic mkveTrad gansxvavdeba inglisele-bis sarkazmuli, pirquSi iumorisagan.
filip frenom pirvelad Semoitana amerikul literaturaSi bunebis siyvaruli, gamoxata Rrma erovnuli grZnobebi patriotul poemebsa da amerikelebisa da indielebis cxovrebis aR-weraSi. poetebi – Tomas dani, fic-grin haleki, jon pierponi, n.p. uilisi – sainteresoni iyvnen, rogorc winaprebi erT-erTi udidesi amerikeli poetisa, uiliam kalen braiantisa, romelmac aRmoaCina amerikuli peizaJis mSveniereba. misi poezia gvxiblavs harmoniulobiTa da stilis musikalurobiT, SeimCneva iseTi didi ingliseli poetebis gavlena, rogorebic iyvnen uiliam uordsvorTi da semuel kolriji. pirvelxarisxovani amerikeli poetebis pleadas agrZelebs henri uodsvorT longfelo, romelsac axasiaTebda msubuqi melodiuri leqsi, udidesi Txro-
Tomas jefersoni(1743-1826)
semuel adamsi(1722-1803)
patrik henri(1736-1799)
biTi talanti da nazi, humanuri grZnobebis gamowvevis unari. ralf uoldo emersoni – filoso-fosi-moralisti da, amasTan erTad, panTeisturi ganwyobebis poeti. jon grinlif uitieri um-Reroda bunebas, patriarqalur wesebs, religiur ganwyobebs; gamoCenili moRvawe iyo zangebis ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi. jeims rasel louelma ganaviTara namdvili iankis iumori, cxovrebaze jansaRi Sexeduleba da sulis simxneve. Tavis prozaul narkvevebSi didi seriozu-lobiTa da gaazrebiT udgeba cxovrebis movlenebs. oliver uendel holmsi iyo prozaikosi da poeti, keTilganwyobili da Wkuis maswavlebeli. sidnei lanie dRemde Zalian popularulia ame-rikaSi, gansakuTrebiT, mis mSobliur baltimorSi, miuxedavad xelovnurobisa da amaRlebuli tonisa bunebis aRwerebsa da lirikul leqsebSi.
sxvebisgan sruliad gamoirCeva ori udidesi amerikeli poeti – edgar alan po da uolt uit-meni. edgar po aris Rrma mistikosi, ufaqizesi sulieri ganwyobebis poeti, romelsac itacebda yvelaferi saidumlo da gamoucnobi, amave dros iyo amerikuli poeziis umTavresi virtuozi.
mark tveni(1835-1910)
emili dikensoni(1830-1886)
75
amerikuli literatura
balaxis foTlebi
76
uolt uitmeni(1819-1892)
uolt uitmeni aris yvelaze amerikeli poe-ti istoriaSi – amerikuli demokratizmis poe-turi ganxorcieleba. misi genialuri wigni „ba-laxis foTlebi“ umReris Tavisuflebasa da Za-las, sicocxlis sixarulsa da sisavses. misma Tavisufalma leqsma revolucia moaxdina Ta-namedrove leqswyobaSi.
am epoqis amerikel mwerlebs Soris bevri iumoristi da sati-rikosi iyo, romlebic dascinodnen TavianTi Tanamoqalaqeebis
eqscentriulobas. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura XIX saukunis amerikul literaturaSi aris mark tveni, udide-
si satirikosi, rogorc realisturi („tom soieris Tavgada-savali“, „haklberi finis Tavgadasavali“), ise fantastiku-
rikuli literatura „haklbe-ri finidan“ daibada. imdroin-deli amerikis cxovrebaze rea-listur romanebs werdnen ha-riet biCer stou, romelmac Ta-visi saxelganTqmuli romaniT „biZia Tomas qoxi“, xeli Seuwyo zangebis gaTavisuflebas; bret harti, romelmac sabadoebze momuSaveTa zneCveulebani aR-wera; naTaniel hoTorni, rome-lic XVII saukunis amerikelebze werda. am mweralTan eTnografi-uli interesi da pirvelyofili cxovrebis dramatizmi mTavari ar aris, igi, upirveles yovlisa,
amerikis prozaul literaturaSi pirvel flangze dganan romanistebi da eseistebi – va-Sington irvingi, oliver holmsi, ralf emerso-ni, jeims loueli. romanistebi asaxavdnen ro-gorc Zveli kolonistebis energiul, saqmian bu-nebas, romlebic safrTxesa da mudmivi Sromis ga-remoSi cxovrobdnen, ise Tanamedrove, ufro kul-turul iankebs. Zalian swrafad viTardeba saTavga-dasavlo literaturis Janri; amouwurav wyarod moev-lina literaturas amerikis istoria, CrdiloeTi da sam-xreTi Statebis brZola, indielebTan konfliqtebi. am mi-marTulebis udidesi warmomadgenlebi arian: jeims fenimor kuperi, romelmac msoflios gaacno wiTelkanianTa yofa, kolonis-tebis sirTuleebiTa da safrTxiT savse cxovreba; main ridi, meqsikisa da samxreT-dasavleTis cxovrebaze mZafrsiuJetiani moTxrobebis avtori; jek londoni, romelmac umRera bunebasa da kanadisa Tu aliaskis pirvelamTvisebelTa vaJkacobasa da utex suls.
bunebiT absoluturad ar hgavda amerikels, mas sruliad ar axasiaTebda amerikuli sif-xizle da movlenebisadmi saqmiani damokidebu-leba. mis Semoqmedebas mkveTrad individualu-ri xasiaTi aqvs.
edgar alan po(1809-1849)
literatura
4
jeims fenimor kuperi(1789-1851)
hariet biCer stou(1811-1896)
frensis skotficjeraldi
(1896-1940)
mxatvaria, enis ostati, daxvewili fsiqologi, romelic gadmogvcems vnebian religiurobasa da misi gmirebis xasiaTis Zalas uCveulo poeturobiTa da elvarebiT.
1900 wels gamoica Teodor draizeris pirveli romani „da keri“. male gamoCndnen e.w. „dakar-guli Taobis“ mwerlebi (romelTa siymawvile daemTxva msoflio omebs Soris periods – ernest heminguei, frensis skot ficjeraldi, hertruda staini, jon steinbeki), amerikaSi Semovida ev-ropuli modernizmic, romelsac unda mivakuTvnoT Tomas eliotis poeziac (1927 wlidan elio-ti inglisSi wavida emigraciaSi) da uiliam folkneris prozac.
axalgazrdobaSi gatacebuli iyo folkneriTa da hemingueiT. wera daiw-yo, rom ar emuSava da sabolood gaxda saxelganTqmuli mwerali-postmoder-nisti. didi saxeli moutana romanma „TeTri xmauri“, romelmac nacionaluri wignis premia miiRo 1985 wels.
jonaTan franzeni
am mweralma mkiTxveli tradiciul did romans daubruna, miuxedavad imisa, rom es axla modaSi ar aris. odnav mainc rom gavic-noT franzeni, getyviT, rom mas folkneri urCevnia hemingueis, aRfrTovanebulia to-lstoiT da eamayeba, rom nabokovi amerikeli mweralia. romanisaTvis „Sesworebebi“ fren-zenma miiRo prestiJuli nacionaluri wig-nis premia. jonaTan frenzenis umTavresi romania „ucodveloba“ – axalgazrda qalis, saxelad piuritis, odisea; piuriti ar ic-nobs mamas da daeZebs mas. am saqmeSi mas erT-droulad xelsac uwyobs da uSlis kidec in-ternet-libertarianeli andreas volfi, damoukidebeli Jurnalisti tom aberanti da paranoiduli deda anabeli.
vladimir nabokovi(1899-1977)
mario piuzo(1920-1999)
jeims bolduini(1924-1987)
81
don delilos mTavari romanebia „TeTri xmauri“ da „saswo-ri“. SevCerdeT am ukanasknelze, radgan esaa wigni „Svid wamze, ro-melmac xerxemalSi gadatexa amerika“ – kenedis mkvlelobaze. wignSi moTxrobilia li harvi osvaldze, centraluri sadazver-vo samsaxuris agentebze, romlebic kenedize yalb Tavdasxmas gegmavdnen da arqivist nikolas brenCze, romelic swavlobs am mkvlelobas.
„TeTri xmauri“ satiruli Txrobaa hitlermcodneobis pro-fesorze, romelsac saSinlad eSinia sikvdilisa da imis, rom mas amxelen mis „samecniero“ saganSi. delilos samiznea televizia, religia, supermarketebi da a.S.
amerikuli literatura
kormak makarti (dab.1933)
kormak makarti
upirveles yovlisa, cnobilia, rogorc avtori wignisa „moxucebis adgili aq ar aris“. kacma rom Tqvas, makartis xSirad ganixilaven Tanamedroveobis mTavar amerikel mwerlad da xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc folkneris memkvidres. romanisaTvis „gza“ miiRo puliceris premia. ro-mani „cxenebi, cxenebi“ dajildovda nacionaluri wignis premiiTa da kritikosebis nacionalu-ri wignis premiiT.
misi mTavari wignia „sisxliani meridiani“ – im ymawvili kacis sastiki istoria, romelic aSS-meqsikis sazRvarze moqmedi TavzexelaRebuli borotmoqmedebis bandaSi moxvda. omi yvelas: in-dielebis, meqsikelebis, reinjerebis, erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg. pirquSi romani Zaladobis bune-baze.
`cxenebi, cxenebi“ – romani axalgazrda kovboize, romelic dasavleT texasidan meqsikaSi ga-iqca babuis gardacvalebis Semdeg. wigni dakacebasa da sulis gamocdaze.
misi mTavari romania „daundobeli ava-zakebis stumroba“ – gmirebis siymawvile da-emTxva pank-rokis dabadebas, dRes ki isini ormocze metisa arian. warmatebuli prodi-useri da Seumdgari pank-rokeri beni sala-zari Tavis srbolas agrZelebs rok-musikis wreze, magram dro gmirebs arc erTi nabijiT ar CamorCeba. daiwyeb am saocar wigns da ver mowydebi, mixvdebi, rom cxovreba yvelas erTnairad ar eqceva, magram yvelani vcdi-lobT, gavuZloT dros da SevinarCunoT sa-kuTari Tavis imedi. imasac Cawvdebi, rom cxovreba raRac ufro metia, vidre keTild-Reoba, msoflio saxeli an amerikuli ocne-ba.
pinConis mTavari romania „Tandayolili manki“: amerika adrian 1970-ianebSi, hipis warsulis mqone deteqtivi dok sportelo eZebs yofil sayvarelsa da mis mdidar Tay-vanismcemels. klasikuri dapirispireba autsaiderisa sistemasTan.
tomas pinConi
pinConis sayvareli Temebia entropia, pa-ranoia, SeTqmulebis Teoria, sistemasTan dapirispireba. Zlierad imoqmeda postmo-dernizmsa da kiberpankur romanze. sxvaTa Soris, puliceris premia ar misces, „cisar-tyela“ kiTxvisTvis gamousadegar da uxams wignad miiCnies. rac Seexeba nacionalur wignis premias, pinConi gadacemas ar daswre-bia da Tavis nacvlad estradis komikosi gagzavna.
esaa kaci, romelmac dawera „mizidulo-bis cisartyela“. es wigni sakmarisia, rom misma avtorma Tavi daimkvidros maradiso-baSi.
„mizidulobis cisartyela“ – misi rTu-li siuJeti raketa fau-2-is nomer 00000-is „Savi yuTis“ Ziebazea agebuli. „cisartyela“ XX saukunis yvelaze rTul postmodernis-tul romanad iTvleba.