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Literary/Rhetorical Terms
bstract: an abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research
ad hominem: directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellet or reason
adage: a saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language
allegory: a story in which people, things and events have another meaning
alliteration: repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables
allusion: indirect reference to another text or historic event
ambiguity: a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations
anachronism: a person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era
analogy: an extended comparison between two seemingly disimilar things
anaphora: the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses
anecdote: a short account of an interesting event
annotation: explanatory or critical notes added to a text
antagonist: a character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist, produces tension or conflict
antecedent: the noun to which a later pronoun refers
antimetabole: the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast
antithesis: parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas
aphorism: a short, astute statement of a general truth
Apollonian: in contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualties of human nature and behavior
apostrophe: a locution that addresses a person or personified thing not present
appositive: a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun
arch: characterized by clever or sly humor, often saucy, playful and somewhat irreverent
archaic diction: the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language
archetype: an abstract or ideal conception of a type
argument: a statement put forth and supported by evidence
Aristotelian triangle: a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience
assertion: an emphatic statement; declaration
assonance: the repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words in prose or poetry
assumption: a belief or statement taken for granted without proof
asyndeton: leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses
attitude: the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone
audience: one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
authority: a reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge
bard: a poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment
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bathos: insincere or overdone sentimentality
belle-lettres: a French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general
bias: prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue
bibliography: a list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a particular subject
bombast: inflated, pretentious language
burlesque: a work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation
cacophony: grating, inharmonious sounds
canon: the considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied
caricature: a grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things
carpe diem: literally, "seize the day"
circumlocution: literally, "talking around" a subject
cite: identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source
claim: an assertion, usually supported by evidence
classic: a highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time
classical, classicism: deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture
clause: a group of words containing a subject and its verb that may or may not be a complete sentence
climax: the high point, or turning point, of a story or play
close reading: a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and
structural elements of a text
colloquial/ism: an informal or conversational use of language
common ground: shared beliefs, values, or positions
comparision and contrast: a mode of discourse in which two or more things are compared and contrasted
complex sentences: a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
conceit: a witty or ingenious thought
concession: a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding
concrete detail: a highly specific, particular, often real, actual or tangible detail; opposite of abstract
connotation: that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)
consonance: the repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a unit of speech or writing
context: words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning
coordination: grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but
counterargument: a challenge to a position; an opposing argument
credible: worthy of belief; trustworthy
critique: an analysis or assessment of a thing or situation for the purpose of determining its nature, its limitations, and its conformity to a set of
standards
cumulative sentence: an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail
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cynic: one who expects and observes nothing but the worst of human conduct
de'nouement: the resolution that occurs at the end of a narrative or drama, real or imagined
declarative sentence: a sentence that makes a statement
deductive reasoning: a method of reasoning by which specific definitions, conclusions, and theorems are drawn from general principals
denotation: the literal meaning of a word; its dicitionary definition
descriptive detail: graphic, exact, and accurate presentation of the characteristics of a person, place or thing
deus ex machina: in literature, the use of an artifical device or gimmick to solve a problem
dialectal journal: a double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column
diction: word choice
didactic: having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner
digression: the use of material unrelated to the subject of a work
Dionysian: as distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses
documentation: bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece or writing
dramatic irony: a circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character
elegiac: mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone
elegy: a poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of someone of something of value
ellipsis: the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable
elliptical construction: a sentence containing a deliberate omission of words
empathy: a feeling of association or identification with an object or person
epic: a narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero
epigram: a brief witty statement
epithet: an adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality or a person or thing
eponymous: a term for the title character of a work of literature
ethos: a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
euphemism: a figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness
euphony: pleasing, harmonious sounds
exegesis: a detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of prose or poetry
explication: the interpretation or analysis of a text
explication of text: explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used
expose: a piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings
exposition: the background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose of an essay or other work
extended metaphor: a series of comparisons between two unlike objects
fable: a short tale often with nonhuman chacters from which a useful lesson may be drawn
facts: information that is true or demonstrable
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fallacy, fallacious reasoning: an incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information
fantasy: a story containing unreal, imaginary features
farce: a comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose
figurative language: the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect
figure of speech: an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning
fragment: a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence
frame: a structure that provides a premise or setting for a narrative or other discourse
genre: a term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay
harangue: a forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade
homily: a lecture or sermon on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior
hortatory: urging, or strongly encouraging
hubris: excessive pride that often affects tone
humanism: a belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity
hyperbole: exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis
idyll: a lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place
imagery: vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses
imperative sentence: a sentence that requests or commands
indirect quotation: a rendering of a quotation in which actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased
inductive reasoning: a method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization
inference: a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data
invective: a direct verbal assault; a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something
inversion: a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject
irony: a contradition between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and results
irony: a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and results
juxtaposition: placement of two things side by side for emphasis
kenning: a device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities
lampoon: a mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation
litotes: a form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity
logos: a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
loose sentence: a sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences. The main idea of the sentence is presented first and is
then followed by one or more subordinate clauses
lyrical prose: personal, reflective prose that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject
malapropism: a confused use of words in which the appropriate word is replaced by one with a similar soud but inappropriate meaning
maxim: a saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth
melodrama: a literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response
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metaphor: a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison
metaphysical: a term describing poetry that uses elaborate conceits, expresses the complexities of love and life, and is highly intellectual
metonymy: use of an aspect of something to represent the whole
Middle English: the language spoken in England roughly between 1150 and 1500 A.D.
mock epic: a parody of traditional epic from
mock solemnity: feigned or deliberately artificial seriousness, often for satirical purposes
mode: the general form, patterm, and manner of expression of a piece of discourse
modifier: a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause
montage: a quick succession of images or impressions used to express an idea
mood: the emotional tone or prevailing atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse. In grammar, mood refers to the intent of a particular
sentence.
moral: a brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature
motif: a phrase, idea, or event that through repition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse
muse: (n.) one of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts; the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer. (v.) To reflectdeeply; to ponder
myth: an imaginary story that has become an accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group or society
narrative: a from of verse or prose that tells a story
naturalism: a term often used as a synonym for realism; also a view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic
nominalization: turning a verb or adjective into a noun
non sequitur: a statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before
objective: of or relating to facts and reality, as opposed to private and personal feelings and attitudes
occasion: an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing
ode: a lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject
Old English: the Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D. in what is now Great Britain
omniscient narrator: an all-knowing, usually third-person narrator
onomatopoeia: the use of words whose tone suggests their meaning
oxymoron: a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms
pacing: the relative speed that combines two contradictory terms
parable: a story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question
paradox: a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true
paradox: a statement that seems contradicotry but is actually true
parallel structure: a similar grammatical structure within a sentence or within a paragraph
paraphrase: a version of a text put into simplier, everyday words
parody: a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule
pastoral: a work of literature dealing with rural life
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pathetic fallacy: faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects
pathos: a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical
appeals (see ethos and logos)
pedantic: narrowly academic instead of broad and humane; excessively petty and meticulous
periodic sentence: a sentence that builds towards, and ends with the main clause
persona: the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing
personification: assigning human characteristics to inanimate objects
plot: the interrelationship among the evnts in a story
point of view: any of several possible vantage points; omniscient, limited to that of a single character, and limited to that of several characters
polemic: an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion
polysyndeton: the deliberative use of a series of conjunctions
predicate: the part of a sentence that is not the grammatical subject
premise; major, minor: two parts of a syllogism
pronoun: a word used to replace a noun or noun phrase
propaganda: a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information
prose: any discourse that is not poetry
proverb: a short pithy statement of a general truth, one that condenses common experience into memorable form
pseudonym: a false name or alias used by writers
pulp fiction: novels written for mass consumption, often emphasizing exciting and titillating plots
pun: a humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings
purpose: one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing
realism: the depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect
rebuttal, refutation: the part of discourse wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and answered
reiteration: repetitin of an idea using different words, often for emphasis or other effect
repetition: reuse of the same words, phrases, or ideas for rhetorical effect, usually to emphasize a point
retraction: the withdrawal of a previously stated idea or opinion
rhetoric: the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"
rhetorical mode: patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description,
comparision and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplificaiton, classifcation and division, process analysis, and argumentation
rhetorical modes: patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; include but are not limited to narration, description,
comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definiton, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation
rhetorical question: a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer
rhetorical stance: language that conveys a speaker's attitude or opinion with regard to a particular subject
rhetorical triangle: a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience
rhyme: the repitition of similar sounds at regualar intervals, used mostly in poetry but not unheard of in prose
rhythm: the pattern of stressed amd unstressed syllables that make up speech and writing
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romance: an extanded narrative abput improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places
sarcasm: a sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks
satire: an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it
scheme: a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect
sentence structure: the arrangement of the parts of a sentence
sentence variety: using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect
sentiment: a synonym for view of feeling; also a refined and tender emotion in literature
sentimental: a term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience
setting: the background to a story
simile: a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things
simple sentence: a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause
source: a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information
speaker: a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing
straw man: a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position
stream of consciousness: a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind
style: the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of works and figures of speech
stylistic devices: a general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and all other elements that contribute to the "style" or
manner of a given piece of discourse
subject: in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing
subject complement: the name of a grammatical unit that is comprised of predicate moninatives and predicate adjectives
subjective: of or relating to private and personal feelings and attitudes as opposed to facts and reality
subordinate clause: created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause
subordination: the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence
subtext: the implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of an essay or other work
syllogism: a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise
symbolism: the use of one subject to evoke ideas and associations not literally part of the original object
synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part
syntax: sentence structure
synthesize: combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex
theme: the main thought expressed by a work
thesis: the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer
thesis statement: a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit
tone: the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience
topic sentence: a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the
work's thesis
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tragedy: a form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and by a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish
transition: a stylistic device used to create a link between ideas
trope: artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech
understatement: lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect
verbal irony: a discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words
verisimilitude: similar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is
verse: a synonym for poetry; also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry
whimsy: an object, device, or creation that is fanciful or rooted in unreality
wit: the quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness
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AP Vocab
abash: [vt] to destroy (someone's) confidence; to shame, humiliate, humble, abase, degrade
aberration: a departure from what is proper, right, expected, or normal, a lapse from a sound mental state
abeyance: [n] a state of being temporarily inactive, suspended, or set aside
abortive: failing to accomplish an intended aim or purpose
abstruse: hard to understand
ad hoc: for a special purpose, improvised, concerning this
adjunct: something added to something else as helpful or useful but not essential; added or connected in a subordinate or auxiliary capacity
aegis: a shield or breastplate, made of goat skin
affinity: [n] a natural attraction to a person, thing, or activity, a relationship, connection
ambivalent: [adj] having opposite and conflicting feelings, torn, mixed in feelings
apprise: to give notice to, to tell, to inform of, to make someone aware
auspicious: [adj] propitious, promising, encouraging, favored by fortune, likely to turn out well, boding good things
bane: the source or cause of death, destruction, or ruin
bathos: grossly insincere or exaggerated sentimentally, trite material presented in an elevated tone, the lowest phase
beleaguer: [v] to set upon from all side; to surround with an army
bellwether: the male sheep that leads the flock to the slaughterhouse, a leader, indicator of trends
bibulous: fond of drinking alcohol, absorbent
bilious: [adj] peevish or irritable, sickeningly unpleasant
bilk: to defraud; cheat out of something valuable
bruit: to spread news, reports, or unsubstantiated rumors
cantankerous: ill-tempered, quarrelsome, difficult to get along with, grumpy
caprice: [n] whim, vagary; a sudden unpredictable change of one's mind; the tendency to change one's mind w/o apparent/adequate reason
carte blanche: [n] full freedom or authority to act at one's own disgression
casuistry: deceptive, over subtle, or false reasoning, the determination of right and wrong in specific questions of conduct by the application of
general ethical principles
cataclysm: [n] a disaster, tragedy, a sudden, violet, or devastating upheaval
caterwaul: to howl or screech like a cat
chimerical: imaginary, absurd, wildly fantastic, or improbably
cognate: [adj] closely related to origin, essential nature, or function
commensurate: [adj] equal in size, extent, or duration, or importance, proportionate, measurable by the same standards
congenial: [adj] pleasant, agreeable; well-suited, compatible
contumelious: insolent or rude in speech or behavior, insultingly, abusive, humiliating
corollary: [n] a proposition that follows one already proven, a natural consequence or result
corpulent: having a large, bulky body
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corroborate: to confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding
cul-de-sac: [n] a blind alley or dead end street, any situation in which further progress is impossible, an impasse
de facto: actually existing or in effect, although not legally required of sanctioned, in reality, actually
debauch: [v] to seduce or corrupt, to lead away from duties [n] an uninhibited spree or party
denizen: a person who regularly frequents a place
depredation: the act of preying upon or plundering
deracinate: to pull up from the roots, to root out, to uproot, or dislocate, to eliminate all traces of
derring-do: [n] valor or heroism, daring deeds or exploits (often used to poke fun at false heroics)
diaphanous: [adj] very sheer and light, almost completely transparent
dictum: a formal pronouncement from an authoritative source
discursive: digressing from subject to subject; fluid and expansive rather than formulaic or abbreviated; related to discourse
divination: [n] the art or act of predicting the future or discovery hidden knowledge
edifice: [n] building, especially one of large size/imposing appearance; any large, complex system/organization
effete: weak, lacking wholesome vigor or energy, having lost character, vitality, or strength; worn out or exhausted, sterile or unable to produce,
out of date
eleemosynary: charitable; dependent upon or supported by charity; derived from or provided by charity
elixir: [n] a potion once thought capable of curing all ills and maintaining life indefinitely.
eminence: [n] high station, rank, or repute; outstanding reputation, distinction, reown; high elevation; title of honor for cardinals
emolument: [n] payment, profit derived from an office or employment, a fee or salary
empathy: a sympathetic understanding of or identification with the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of someone or something else
ensconce: comfortably and firmly in position
ephemeral: lasting a very short time
epicure: a person who cultivates a refined taste in food and wine
epitomize: to be a perfect example
euphonious: pleasing to the ear
explicit: [adj] fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated; leaving nothing merely implied, unequivocal, definite and unreserved in expression;
having sexual acts or nudity clearly depicted
fait accompli: an accomplished fact
fastidious: [adj] excessively careful in regard to details, meticulous
folderol: [n] foolish talk, ideas or procedures; nonsense, a trifle
gambol: [v] to jump or skip playfully, to frolic
gamut: [n] an entire range or series
harbinger: a portent, herland, one that tells us something is coming, to indicate the approach of
hedonism: the belief that the attainment of pleasure in life's cheir aim, devotion to or pursuit of pleasure
hegemony: [n] predominant influence exercised by one nation over another; aggression or expansionism by large nations in an effort to achieve
world domination
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hidebound: narrow-minded and rigid, especially in opinions or prejudices, stubbornly and unthinkingly conservative
hoi polloi: [n] the common people, the masses
iconoclastic: attacking or seeking to over through popular or traditional beliefs, ideas, or institution
ignominy: [n] shame, disgrace; dishonor
imbibe: [v] to drink
imbue: [v] to instill feelings, opinions, etc., profoundly
immure: [v] to close or confine within walls, to imprison, to seclude, or isolate
in medias res: in or into the middle of the plot
incendiary: [adj] tending to arouse strife, inflammatory, pertaining to a criminal setting on fire of property. [n] a person who stirs up strife, an
agitator
inchoate: [adj] just beginning, not fully shaped or formed
incredulous: [adj] skeptical, doubtful, unwilling or unable to believe; showing disbelief; [adj] gullible, too willing to believe
indict: [vt] to charge (one) with committing a crime; to accuse, castigate
ineffable: [adj] not expressable in words, too great or too sacred to be uttered
inquiry: [n] seeking or requesting for truth, information, or knowledge, and investigation, as into an incident
insouciant: [adj] carefree, happy-go-lucky, blithely indifferent or unconcerned
internecine: mutually destructive, characterized by great slaughter and bloodshed
lachrymose: suggestive of or tending to cause tears
lackluster: lacking brillance/vitality; dull
laconic: expressing much in few words
lampoon: a harsh satire, usually directed against a person or institution; to make the subject of a ____, to ridicule
lexicon: a dictionary of language, the special vocabulary of a person, group, or subject
lucubration: [n] laborious study or thought, especially at night, the result of such work
maladroit: lacking skill or dexterity; lacking tact, perfection, or judgement
malcontent: dissatisified with or in open defiance of prevailing conditions; person who's _____
malleable: [adj] moldable, shapeable, adaptable, capable of being shaped by hammering or pressure
maudlin: excessively or effusively sentimental
melee: a confused struggle, a violent free for all
mellifluous: flowing sweetly, smoothly; honeyed
microcosm: [n] a group or system viewed as a model of a larger group or system
mien: [n] demeanor, air, manner, deportment, or bearing; the affect created by one's behavior & appearance
mnemonic: [adj] relating to or designed to assist the memory. [n] a device to aid the memory
modulate: the change or vary the intensity or pitch; to temper or soften; to regulate or adjust
morass: a patch of soft, wet grounds, a swamp, a quagmire; a confusing situation in which one is entrapped as in quicksand
nepotism: unethical favoritism to or excessive patronage of ones relative
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noisome: offensive to the senses; disgusting, foul smelling, noxious, harmful
obfuscate: to render obscure, unclear, or unintelligible
obloquy: [n] public abuse indicating strong disapproval or censure, the strong disgrace resulting from such treating
obsequies: [n] funeral rites or ceremonies
panache: [n] a confident and stylish manner; a strikingly elaborate or colorful display
pander: to cater to or provide satisfaction for low tastes or vices of other; in law, to sell/distribute by pandering; person who panders, pimp
parameter: [n] determining or characteristic element; a factor that shaped the total outcome, a limit, a boundary.
peccadillo: a minor sin or offence, a trifling fault or shortcoming
penitent: [adj] repentant, contrite, remorseful, sorry for having sinned & seeking atonement; [n] person who confess sin & submit to penance
peremptory: [adj] leaving no opportunity for denial/refusal, imperative dictatorial, decisive, authoritative
persona: [n] the outward character or role that a person assumes
philippic: [n] a bitter verbal attack
philistine: [adj] lacking in hostile to or smugly indifferent to cultural and artistic values or refinements
physiognomy: [n] "science" of determining a person's character from physical features of his/her face/body; a person's face, when used as an index
to his/her character
pice de rsistance: an outstanding accomplishment, the best part of something excellent, the main dish of a meal, incident, or item
polarize: to break one group into two separate, opposing, groups (polar opposites)
poltroon: a base, coward; characterized by complete cowardice
portentous: foreshadowing an event to come, having future significance
premise: [n] a basis stated or assumed on which reasoning proceed; a proposition supporting a conclusion; a tract of land including its buildings [v]
to set forth beforehand as by way of introduction or explanation
prescience: knowledge of events or actions before they happen, foresight.
progenitor: [n] ancestor; precursor, that which originates something & serves as a model
proselyte: a convert, disciple
prowess: skill or expertise in a particular activity or field
prurient: having or inspiring an excessive interest in sexual matters
pundit: [n] a learned person, one who gives authoritative opinions.
purport: [v] to claim/profess; to present appearance of being; to convey, express, or imply;
[n] the meaning, import/sense; purpose/intention
quid pro quo: something given in exchange for something else
raillery: banter, good natured teasing or ridicule
refractory: [adj] stubborn, intractable, difficult to manage, not responsive to treatment or cure
rejoinder: [n] an answer to a reply, a quick reply (especially a witty or critical one) to a question or remark
remand: to send or order back, in law, to send back to jail or to lower court
repudiate: [v] to reject as having no authority or binding force, to cast off or disown
rescind: to cancel, repeal, annul, make void
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retribution: [n] vengeance, revenge, payback, justice, requital or evil acts; in theology, the distribution of rewards
risible: [adj] pertaining to laughter, able to or inclined to laugh, laughable
sacrosanct: [adj] very sacred, extremely holy, inviolable, set apart or immure from questioning or attack
salubrious: conductive to health or well-being; wholesome
sanguine: [adj] having a ruddy complexion, of a naturally cheerful, or confident, or optimistic outlook.
saturnalian: characterized by wild, riotous, enrestrained partying, revelry, or licentiousness
savoir-faire: [n] the ability to say and do the right thing in any situation, social incompetence, tact
semantics: [n] the study of meaning, the meaning or interpretation of meaning, word, or sentence
sojourn: [n] temp. stay;
[vi] to stay somewhere temp.
solecism: [n] a nonstandard or ungrammatical usage; a breach of manners or etiquette, faux-pas, gaffe; any error, improperly, or inconsistency
superfluous: [adj] excessive, extra, unnecessary, being more than what is needed
supine: laying flat on one's back; lethargic, lazy
symptomatic: [adj] typical or characteristic being or concerned with a system or a disease
syndrome: a group of symptoms or signs that collectively characterize or indicate a disease, disorder or abnorality
tacit: [adj] understood without fully being said, implied, implicit
tendentious: [adj] intended to promote a particular point of view, doctrine, or cause; biased or partisan
touchstone: a means of testing worth or genuiness
traumatic: emotionally distressing, causing lasting and substantial psychological damage
urbane: reflecting elegance and sophistication
vacuous: having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence
verisimilitude: [n] the state of being life like, appearing to be true, real, likely, or probable
vicissitude: [n] a change, variation, or alteration, successive, changing phases, "ups and downs"
vitiate: to spoil or impair the quality of something
vivify: [v] to give life to; animate; to enlighten, brighten
volte-face: [n] an about face, a complete turn around, or reversal. 180.
waggish: fond of making jokes, characteristic of a joker, playfully humorous or droll
clat: [n] dazzling or conspicuous success or acclaim, great brilliance (of performance or achievement)
Abrogate: to repeal, to set aside, to nullify
Abscond: to leave quickly and secretively
Accolade: award or honor, high praise
Adjure: to command or urge solemnly and earnestly
Aggrieve: to distress, to mistreat
Ameliorate: to make better, to ease or improve
Anathema: something or someone loathed or intensely disliked
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Ancillary: subsidiary, subordinate
Antipodal: situated on opposite sides of the earth, or being exactly opposite
Apostasy: abandonment of a loyalty or religion
Assignation: a secret meeting, a tryst, or something assigned
Bandy: to toss back and forth, to exchange, to use in a glib way
Bathos: a transition from the illustrious to the commonplace, overdone pathos, triteness
Bilious: ill-tempered, cranky, angry
Bivouac: temporary encampment
Bumptious: pushy, conceited, noisily self-assertive
Byzantine: extremely intricate or complicated in structure
Cabal: a secret group of conspirators, a clique
Calumny: slander, deliberate false statements
Cavil: to quibble, to raise trivial objections
Comport: to behave
Concomitant: accompanying, attending, going along with
Conflagration: a large, disastrous fire
Coterie: an intimate group of people with a common interest
Decimate: to kill or destroy a large part of something
Depredate: to prey upon, to plunder with violence if necessary
Determinism: a philosophy that says things are determined in ways that are out of human hands
Dichotomy: division into two often contradictory parts
Dissipate: to break up, to squander, to indulge excessively in sensual pleasure
Draconian: severe, exceedingly harsh
Effete: exhausted, lost vitality, over-refined
Enervate: to weaken, to sap the strength
Ennui: boredom, listlessness, lack of interest
Ensconce: to settle in snugly, to hide in a secure place
Erudite: scholarly, deeply learned, well read
Feckless: lacking responsibility, ineffective
Feral: wild, like an wild animal, savage
Fetter: to impede, retrain, hamper
Flagellate: to whip, or to punish as if by whipping
Foment: to stir up, to incite
Forswear: retract, renounce or recant
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Gestalt: a structure whose parts cannot stand alone
Gesticulate: to gesture, especially when speaking
Gird: to invest with authority, to brace
Histrionic: overly dramatic, theatrical, deliberately affected
Ignominious: disgraceful, dishonorable
Impecunious: without money, penniless
Implacable: not capable of being appeased or mollified
Impugn: to attack the integrity of something
Inchoate: just beginning, not organized or orderly, incomplete
Iniquitous: evil, unjust
Insouciant: nonchalant, lighthearted, unconcerned
Intransigent: uncompromising, stubborn
Inveterate: habitual, deeply rooted or established
Juggernaut: a massive, unstoppable object
Lassitude: a weariness, listlessness, a state of lethargy
Libidinous: lustful, lascivious
Machination: scheming activity for an evil purpose
Malfeasance: an illegal actespecially by a public official
Martinet: one who adheres strictly to the rules
Mendacious: dishonest, deceitful
Myopia: nearsightendness, lacking foresight
Nave: charmingly gullible
Nepotism: showing favoritism to friends or family, as in granting positions in jobs or politics
Nihilism: the belief that there are no values or morals in the universe, that existence is senseless or useless
Noisome: harmful, unwholesome, stinking, putrid
Obdurate: stubborn
Obsequious: fawning, subservient, servile
Onerous: burdensome, oppressive, troublesome
Onus: burden, blame, obligation
Opprobrious: damning, extremely critical, disgraceful
Panacea: a remedy that cures everything
Paradigm: a model or example
Philistine: a smugly insensitive and ignorant person who has no knowledge of intellectual or artistic objects
Phlegmatic: calm, indifferent, not easily aroused
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Plebeian: common, vulgar, low class
Pluralism: a society in which distinct groups function together but retain their identities
Portent: an omen, a sign nor something coming, a foreshadowing
Probity: honesty, uprightness
Prurient: lascivious, have lustful thoughts or desires
Punctilious: meticulously attentive to detail, exacting
Recidivism: the act of repeating an offense
Redoubtable: formidable, fearsome, deserving of respect
Remuneration: payment, recompense
Rife: widespread, abounding, occurring frequently
Ruminate: to muse upon
Sallow: sickly, greenish-yellow
Saturnine: sullen, gloomy, depressed
Sententious: preachy, pompous, using wise sayings excessively
Slatternly: squalid, slovenly, foul, unclean
Somnolent: drowsy, sleepy
Spate: a sudden outburst
Stalwart: unwavering, robust, sturdily built
Tendentious: advancing a point of view, biased
Timorous: fearful, easily frightened
Umbrage: displeasure or resentment
Vagary: a whim, an unpredictable action
Venerate: to honor, to worship, to respect
Veracious: truthful, honest
Vitriolic: corrosive, biting, bitterly scathing
Wont: custom, habit
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Literary Criticism Terms
ABSENCE A felt lack of a particular quality,
particularly as that quality is called to
mind by other values in the text. In
deconstruction, the gap that is left after
the meanings implied in the text are
deconstructed; silence.
ABSOLUTIST Having a strictly defined sense of values
that are not open to question.
ADVERSARIAL A controversy in which two sides are opposed
with opposite and irreconcilable differences.
AESTHETIC DISTANCE A term from Hans Robert Jauss's reception
theory designating the distance between the
reader's expectations about a work (from the
horizon of expectations) and the work's
actual ability to fulfill these expectations.
AFFILIATION Having a connection, especially between two
theories.
AGENCY The power by which a particular individual,
group, or text could act, or the mode or
means of action.
AGENDA A program or plan for using one's theory to
arrive at a particular pre-determined
conclusion, usually for purposes that are
seen as political. Critics have agendas for
their projects.
AGON Contestatory or conflictual.
AHISTORICAL Denoting universal or ideal qualities; the
idea that a literary work transcends or
exists outside of its historical context. A
formalist reading attempts to be ahistorical.
ALEATORY Depending on chance or having a random
character.
ANALEPTIC Restorative or stimulating.
ANTI-COLONIAL Writing which attempts to resist the forces
of colonization.
ANTIHEGEMONIC A force of resistance to a dominant ideology
or power, with an attempt to weaken or call
into question that power.
ANTISYSTEMIC In opposition to a particular system or
theoretical stance.
APORIA A moment of undecidability in a text
(Lentricchia); a kind of gap in the meaning,
particularly as a part of deconstruction.
APPARATUS The methodological structure of a particular
theory.
APPROPRIATION Taking something over and using it for one's
own ends, particularly when one theory takes
over parts of another theory.
ARCHITECTONIC Relating to the scientific systemization of
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knowledge; relating to architecture. "All
the values of actual life and culture are
arranged around the basic architectonic
points of the actual world of the performed
act or deed" (Bakhtin, 54).
ART A signification system in which an audience
is expected to evaluate and respond to
individual works (structures, constructions)
according to a formal set of criteria
determined within the system. This
signification system (aesthetics) is bound
within and interdependent with other systems
(culture, language, etc.), but at the same
time contains its own logic, axioms,
hypotheses, definitions, terms, etc., which
go to make up the set of criteria used
(though the criteria may change according to
time, culture, viewer, and so on). A "work
of art" is an object, structure, or concept
that an artist, critic, or any person
choosing to operate from within this
aesthetic signification system chooses to
evaluate or respond to according to the
principles operating within the system,
making the object, structure, or concept a
subject of the aesthetic response.
AUTHORITY Having control or power or assumed or real
dominance.
AUTOELIC Bringing oneself forth.
AXIOMATICS General principles or initial hypotheses,
self-evident or universally recognized
truths.
BINARY OPPOSITION A dialectical relation in which there are two
units: a thing and its opposite or its
negative. The two opposing forces are
binaries. In Hegelian dialectics, a force
may generate an opposite or negative.
BOUNDARY That set of points which a theory marks out
for itself as the extreme limit of its
discursive reach or the sum total of the
negative oppositions that are generated by
qualities that lie at the center of the
theory; see also margins and centers.
CANONIZE To make a work of art part of a set of good
or pure or worthy works that everyone should
react to as being good or worth knowing
about.
CARNIVALESQUE Contravening expected social, ideological,
and traditional norms using different voices
as a subversive move (from Bakhtinian
dialogics).
CARNIVALIZATION From Bakhtinian dialogics, a linking, within
a discourse, such as a novel, of different,
disparate qualities, such as the sacred and
the profane, the high and the low, formal and
informal, and so on.
CATACHRESIS An improper use of words or misapplied term;
a "metaphor without an adequate literal
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referent" (Spivak).
CATHECT To concentrate psychic energy on a particular
person, thing, or idea.
CLOSURE A completion, a bringing together of open or
unreconciled themes, ideas, and images in a
text.
CODED A process in which a set of meanings may be
inscribed or written within a text or
discourse, though such meanings may not by
obvious or visible at first.
COMMODITY A Marxist conception that a thing or a person
or an idea may be turned into an object of
commercial exchange and thus subject to the
rules of capitalism. "Turning art into a
commodity leads to a valorization of concepts
that insists [sic] on its form as closed, on
its aspect as finished or polished product. .
. . True art resists commodification by
resisting this closure" (Godzich 44).
COMPLICITOUS Being a partner in some wrong-doing.
CONFIGURATION A pattern of images, ideas, or meanings.
CONJUNCTURAL Occurring together.
CONTAINMENT A process by which a potentially resistive or
confrontational or contestatory statement or
meaning is weakened or held in by other
factors.
CONTEXT The environment in which a discourse or a
section of a discourse occurs.
CONTINGENCY A pattern or set of meanings which limits or
controls another meaning pattern.
CONTRAPUNTAL Finding alternative viewpoints, used to
describe the critical approach of Edward Said
(and others): "Said, in other words, offers
a set of alternatives and at the same time
legitimates the most attractive alternative
of all for intellectuals: the image of the
non-dogmatic critic, who has not succumbed to
hermeticism, unstoppably generating
alternative images of intellectuals,
intellectual practice, and the social order
images whose value is determined
competitively in a battle for authority"
(Bove, 223).
CONVERSATION A dialogic relationship in a discourse
between two or more speakers.
CRISIS A point at which a paradigm or other
structure might seem to break down.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT Using a number of different techniques and
approaches in order to solve a particular
problem in a literary text.
CRITIQUE A statement of critical evaluation.
CULTURAL REPRESENTATION The creation of an image of a culture
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that
contains elements of key features of that
culture.
CULTURAL PRODUCTION The concept that a work of art is a product
of a
particular culture at a particular time, and
is influenced by such factors as publication
variables (price, market, editorial
policies), review policies, audience
awareness and expectations, etc.
DECENTER To undermine the usual hierarchy of a
dominant system by showing that its center
may hold only a relative, not a fixed point,
or that the center may be exchanged with a
place on the margins.
DECOLONIZATION The attempt to cleanse a particular culture
or its cultural productions of the influence
of a colonial culture.
DEDIFFERENTIATION The loss of a specialized form.
DEFAMILIARIZATION The process which occurs to make a
previously
known and accepted image, meaning, or idea
seem strange and unsuitable, to lose its
familiar nature.
DEFER To put off assigning meaning or value to an
item or concept until a larger framework or
system is completed. As in deconstruction
the larger framework is never completely
fixed, there will an ongoing deference of
meaning. Deference is conjoined, by Derrida,
with difference to create the concept of
diffrance, a constant play of meaning that
never reaches closure.
DEHISTORICIZE To deny that ideas and beliefs are "specific
to a particular time, place, or social group"
(Eagleton 59).
DEIXIS Indicating or pointing; deictic. "Deixis is
the linguistic mechanism that permits the
articulation of all of these distinctions
between the here and the there, the now and
the then, the we and the you. It establishes
the existence of an 'out there' that is not
an 'over here,' and thus it is fundamental to
the critical enterprise" (Godzich 166).
DELEGITIMATION To question or negate the legitimacy of a
particular position, usually by questioning
or contesting its underlying assumptions.
DENATURALIZE To make something which seems natural and
universal strange or incoherent by exposing
its devices, to defamiliarize.
DEPLOY To use, as one might use parts of a theory.
DEVALUATE To undervalue or lessen the value of a
particular text or theoretical position.
DIALECTIC The development which arises from the
resolution of contradictions inherent in a
particular aspect of reality (Hegel).
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DIALOGICS A system of literary analysis developed by
Mikhail Bakhtin emphasizing that meaning
develops from the interplay of different
voices in the text polyvalence. Dialogical
voices in a novel represent multiple and
unmerged voices.
DIEGESIS "The spatial and temporal universe in which a
story unfolds, the linguistic actualization
of linguistic structures" (Riffaterre).
DIFFERENCE The idea, from deconstruction, that the
meaning of a term derives primarily from the
differences between it and other terms.
DISCOURSE The actual use of language between particular
human subjects for the production of specific
effects (Eagleton 9).
DISCURSIVE Related to the particular discourse in which
the element under study is found.
DISCURSIVE SPACE The area in which a discourse takes place,
bounded by actual space or by an ideological
limit.
DISINTERESTEDNESS The concept that a work of art can proceed to
give pleasure without seeming to speak to any
particular ideological or cultural
requirements.
DISPLACEMENT The substitution of one set of theories or
ideas by another set, in distinction to a
development or evolution of ideas.
DOMAIN The area in which a particular discourse may
take place.
DOMINANCE The control that one particular ideology or
set of meanings may have over other
ideologies or ways of thinking.
DYSTOPIC An anti-utopic vision, in which the future is
seen only in negative terms often used to
comment on unfavorable qualities in
contemporary life.
CRITURE FMININE The new language of the female Other which
deliberately ruptures binary systems of
synchronic and diachronic oppression.
EFFACE To erase or to make one unaware of a thing.
ELITE One group that is assumed to have higher
powers of intelligence, cultural awareness,
or power.
EMERGING Coming forth, generally after a period of
oppression.
EMPLOTMENT The creation of a narrative plot.
EMPOWERMENT The gaining of economic, political, or
cultural power by a group or individual
previously oppressed.
ENABLEMENT Finding the power to express or develop a
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particular potential.
ENGAGE To come into contact with for the purpose of
changing, challenging, or otherwise altering
a set of ideas or principles that might
previously have been in control.
ENUNCIATIVE Spoken or pronounced publicly.
EPISTEMOLOGY The study of ways of knowing, the theory of
the nature and limits of knowledge. "What
gives this model such persuasive power is its
way of translating spatial or perceptual
metaphors into a semblance of epistemological
rigor" (Norris, 37).
ESSENTIALIST The idea that ideas, words, or meanings have
an actual reality which may be discovered.
ETHNICIST A reading or placement of ideas into a
specific ethnic context.
EXCHANGE The concept that there is a transference
between two subjects or a subject and an
object of some value.
EXHAUSTION The end result of studying for a Ph.D. in
literature; the point at which a particular
literary genre or critical theory has found
all possible explorations for its purposes.
EXPRESSIVIST The theory that a work of art is the direct
expression of qualities in the mind or
imagination of the artist and bears marks of
his or her personality, intentions, feelings,
etc.
FETISHIZED To create a sense that a material object, an
idea, a person, an institution, a work of
art, etc., may have magical or extraordinary
powers.
FORMALIST A system of theory which emphasizes that
meanings are found directly in the text, with
little input from the reader, and little hope
of finding there traces of the author or the
culture.
GAPS Points in a text or discourse in which there
is a silence something unsaid which might
be inserted by the reader or in which two
ideas are juxtaposed but not connected.
GENDERING Assigning a gender specificity to a
particular element of culture or pattern of
behavior or theme, idea, or image.
GENEALOGY An attempt to trace the history of an idea by
looking at the role of that idea in a
culture, the ways it influences other
cultural forms, and the traces that it
leaves.
GROUNDED Based upon a set of theories or principles.
GYNESIS The French feminist theory that looks to
undermine dualism in thought and culture,
believing that the Other, the female, must be
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resituated not in opposition but within, to
open the unconscious (Alice Jardine), destroy
polarity and balance, and explore new thought
modes employing chaos, flux, playfulness,
jouissance (Mellor). Anglo-Americans
critique French feminists as apolitical;
French feminists see Anglo-Americans as co-
opted by the repressive structures they fight
against.
GYNOCRITICISM The Anglo-American feminist theory that
women
read and write differently than men because
of their biological differences and the
cultural construction of gender, and the
critic is to define the differences located
in biographical experiences and cultural
ideologies the condition the behavior and
modes of discourse open to women (Showalter).
It finds anger at patriarchal oppression but
positive values in the community,
cooperation, self-sacrifice, and care, and it
has a definite political agenda (Mellors).
HEGEMONY The way a governing power wins consent to its
rule from those it subjugates, or the ways it
coerces those it rules (Eagleton citing
Gramsci 112). Having complete control over a
system or a structure. A hegemonic discourse
is a language that orders and organize the
things that it talks about.
HERMENEUTICS The study of interpretation and systems of
interpretation. "Hence the seductive power
of any theory that promises to reconcile
these disjunct dimensions, to provide an all-
embracing hermeneutic model" (Norris 39).
HETEROGLOSSIA Having many written or spoken voices; the
intertextuality of different discourses under
the main ideology of the work.
HISTORICAL MOMENT A point in a particular culture at a
particular time when one or more than one
forces may be seen empowered or dominant.
HISTORICITY Finding a historical occasion for a
particular ideology or event.
HOLISTIC Having to do with the whole meaning, work,
ideology, etc.
HOMOLOGOUS Having the same value, structure, or
function.
HORIZON OF EXPECTATION From Hans Robert Jauss's reception
theory
(Rezeptionasthetik), the "sum total of
reactions, prejudgments, and verbal and other
behavior that greet a work upon its
appearance" (Godzich, 40-41).
HYPOGRAM A semantic or other pattern which calls
attention to itself.
HYPOTAXIS A dependent or subordinate relationship of
clauses or ideas.
IDEOLOGY A pattern of beliefs held by a group of
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people, usually assumed to be the dominant
group, which beliefs may or may not have a
basis in reality, may or may not be
questioned by those who hold the beliefs, and
may or may not be propagated as "truths"
through representation or misrepresentation.
According to Althusser, ideology is "the
imaginary relationship of individuals to
their real conditions of existence" but at
the same time, "an ideology always exists in
an apparatus, and its practice, or
practices." Thus, "What is represented in
ideology is therefore not the system of the
real relations which govern the existence of
individuals, but the imaginary relation of
those individuals to the real relations in
which they live." For Lukacs, the "true
bearers of ideology in art are the very
forms, rather than abstractable content, of
the work itself" (Eagleton).
IDIOLECT One's individual mode of speaking.
INDETERMINACY The idea that within a text, there are
meanings that cannot be determined;
indeterminacy may focus more on the text,
undecidability on the reader.
INFRASTRUCTURES Structures within the body of the text,
discourse, or ideology that are specific to
it and serve to organize it and direct its
processes.
INSCRIBE To write, either physically or
metaphorically, especially with reference to
theories such as deconstruction which are
concerned with emphasizing the distinct
nature of the act of writing.
INSCRIPTION The "non-cognitive, material dimension of
language at the level of the letter, 'prior'
even, say, to its phenomenal presence in the
syllable or the word" (de Man). "Art, then,
is for Adorno at the inscription of social
conflicts, unfree and subject to ideological
control" (Godzich 43).
INSTITUTION A formally or informally organized unit
within society that has as its purpose the
accomplishment of a given set of goals or
objectives. Institutions tend to run on
their own inertia even when the goals are
accomplished or changed. "This is the
decisive proposition for modernity: language
is the originally instituting institution; it
provides the framework within which the
practice of the subject will be that of a
self-positing of the Self in language"
(Godzich 142).
INTERPELLATE To question formally, or to cause within the
reader formal questioning and interaction
with a text. "All ideology hails or
interpellates concrete individuals as
concrete subjects, by the functioning of the
category of the subject" (Althusser).
INTERPRETATIVE COMMUNITY That body within a larger culture or
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community which shares a set of assumptions,
terminologies, reading strategies, and
ideologies, who are assumed to be reading a
text in more or less the same ways with the
same results, or for whom the text was
assumed to be written, with the assumption
that they would read the text in a
particular, more or less fixed way.
INTERROGATION A questioning of the methods and assumptions
of a theory.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY The idea that individuals always exist in a
relationship with other individuals, with the
medium of language as mediating their
relationships. "For Kant, the fact that the
individual could not experience the object as
it was in itself required the postulation of
another dimension among individuals:
intersubjectivity" (Godzich, 46).
ITERABILITY Repeatability; capable of or performing
repetition.
LEGITIMATION "The process by which a ruling power comes to
secure from its subjects at least tacit
consent to its authority" (Eagleton 54).
LIBERAL HUMANISM A concept from the Enlightenment that
proposes that individualism is of a high
value and that rationalism and reason will
provide a means to work out problems.
LOCALIZED Confined to a particular area, said of a
culture or an interpretation.
LOCATE To situate, to place a particular idea within
a particular context.
LOGOCENTRISM A theory or proposition that language is at
the center of all things; a kind of extreme
nominalism. "To treat logocentrism as an
epoch, in the wake of Heidigger and
Nietzsche, is to still hold out for a
possibility of undeceived language" (Godzich,
188).
MAGISTERIAL Used pejoratively: Assuming the role as a
master; having inside knowledge. "Said or
any other magisterial intellectual modifies
and perpetuates one central component of
humanism: the sublime role of the leading
even if adversarial intellectual whose work
is able both to shake the order of forces and
make possible a new accommodation" (Bove,
31).
MARGINAL Existing at the edges of an authoritatively
or hegemonically defined structure,
institution, or culture, either by choice (as
from a desire to resist the structure or
institution) or not, as when the institution
or culture consigns individuals or groups to
the edges, with correspondingly fewer rewards
from the dominant group.
MARGINALIZATION The process of putting an individual or a
group at the margins and denying them access
to the main benefits that the dominant group
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has under its control.
MEDIATING Creating a relationship between two
individuals, groups, texts, etc., with the
purpose of gaining something new by this
connection.
MEDIATION The outcome of the act of creating a
relationship between two different things
where no relationship might normally exist.
Mediation creates a flow of meaning between
objects.
METALEPSIS A reversal.
METONYMY The use of a part to represent the whole
(eg., I saw two skirts coming down the
street). This is compared to metaphor, which
finds an identity between two unlike objects.
Metonymy is seen to be a mark of the novel,
especially the realistic novel, and metaphor
a mark of poetry.
MISE EN ABYME "A mini-narrative encapsulating the narrative
that contains it, a specularity, a mirroring
of text by subtext reminiscent of the
Romantic conceit of the oak tree potential
within the acorn" (Riffaterre).
MISE EN SCENE The stage space in which the action of a play
or a movie takes place, together with the
properties within that space; the physical
environment of the play or movie.
MISPRISION Misapprehension or misreading. Often used in
deconstruction.
MISREADING Bloom says that all readings are misreadings:
a recognition that when you read a text there
is always an interaction between you and the
text which will affect you and the your
interpretation. Strong misreadings open
bold, new interpretations; weak misreadings
only serve to capture and canonize the text
in limited structures.
MOMENT A key point within the text which a critic
can isolate as a center for interpretive
activity; the moment is related to the type
of theoretical approach. "What matters most,
in Adorn's view, is that each individual
analysis bring out the fundamentally critical
moment in the artefact, whereby it stands in
opposition to, and negates, the order and
ideology of its society" (Godzich 44).
MONOLOGICAL Having one single voice, or representing one
single ideological stance or perspective,
often used in opposition to the Bakhtinian
dialogical. In a monological form, all the
characters' voices are subordinated to the
voice of the author.
MOVES The process of applying critical or
theoretical procedures or methods to a text
in order to further the process of the
argument.
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MYSTIFICATION By looking at a text in a deconstructive way,
you may turn a certainty into an uncertainty.
This opens a space in the text and
recuperates the text for the reader.
NARRATIVE MOMENT That point in a narrative when a number of
issues and events take a major turn or change
or find momentary or complete closure.
NARRATIVE SPACE The setting or physical context in which the
work takes place. The narrative space may or
may not coincide with the actual space that
the writer may claim for the story (eg.,
Dickens's London in David Copperfield may be
different than the actual London).
NARRATIVIZE To turn something into a narrative
especially to take an historical event (the
Gulf War) and treat it as an unfolding story
(cops vs. robbers).
NATURALIZATION Making something purely fictional or mystical
seem real in opposition to denaturalization
or defamiliarization, in which the real is
made to seem unreal or exceptional.
NEGOTIATION A relationship that is worked out between a
reader and a text or characters within a
text, in which meaning (especially) is not
imposed by one on the other, but arises from
an interaction.
NEUTRALIZE To take a critical argument that makes a
strong assertion and undermine it by showing
that the premises of the argument are
incorrect.
NOMINALIST A philosophical idea beginning in the late
Middle Ages that believes names are merely
conventional something everyone agrees on
and not indicative of any higher reality
behind the names. This is in distinction to
Realism, Platonism or Idealism, which assumes
that there is a reality, especially a higher
reality, connected with names. Nominalism is
to Realism as Materialism is to Idealism.
Deconstruction can be seen as an extreme form
of nominalism.
NORMATIVE Making something conform to external norms or
standards or patterns, as a normative reading
of a work is a canonical reading. "It
[writing] opposes principles of
classification and is against normative rules
upheld by so many institutions that live off
them without any qualms" (Godzich 26).
NUANCE To make a thing more complex, more finely
tuned according to the standards and methods
of a theory. "Jauss's response was more
nuanced and addressed criticism from both
sides . . . " (Godzich 42).
OBJECTIFICATION "The moment of empathizing is always followed
by the moment of objectification, that is, a
placing outside oneself of the individuality
understood through empathizing, a separating
of it from oneself, a return into oneself"
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(Bakhtin 14).
OCCASION A moment for critical or theoretical inquiry.
ONTOLOGY The study of ultimate being and universal
truths. "The question does not make any
sense, for it presupposes an ontological
answer" (Godzich 28).
OPACIFICATION Making something that seemed clear opaque or
cloudy. "It [theory which seeks difference]
attempts to render visible all the language
that has been erased by the imperatives of
transparency, thus becoming a labor of
opacification, of restoring opacity where it
has been glossed over" (Godzich 26).
OPPOSITIONAL Attempting to resist a dominant theory or
practice, as in an oppositional pedagogy.
For Foucault, even the "leading oppositional
discourses, Marxism and psychoanalysis, do
not constitute break within the history of
power, but . . . completions of
impulses . . . already pervading culture"
(Bove, 225).
OTHER A notion from the psychology of Jacques Lacan
that we project negative feelings or fears
from within ourselves onto our images of
other people, creating a view of that other
person or group of people as being totally
opposite to ourselves.
PARABASIS "A gesture of address that suddenly confronts
the audience of a representation with the
framework of its performance"; "the author's
intrusion that disrupts the fictional
illusion" (de Man). Schlegel defines irony
as "permanent parabasis."
PARADIGM The way a discipline studies its subject,
including methods, theories, facts,
hypotheses, instrumentation, standards,
systems of knowledge production and
dissemination, and so on. "This essay . . .
examines a paradigmatic shift in the nature
of pleasure and its consequences for our
conception of art that occurred between the
Enlightenment and Romanticism" (Godzich 49).
PARADIGMATIC Relationships between words based on
similarities in sound, meaning, and so on, as
compared to syntagmatic relations based on
grammar.
PARALEPTIC Calling attention to a thing by stating its
omission, for example, "not to mention his
rudeness" (which is thereby mentioned and
emphasized).
PARATAXIS The coordinate relationship of clauses or
ideas that do not have connectives.
PATRIARCHAL Having to do with the idea that males
dominate in society.
PERFORMATIVE Language which attempts to get something
done, as opposed to constative language
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(Austin).
PHENOMENAL Existing in reality, directly apprehendable
by sense. The phenomenal aspects of language
are its sound and apparent formal structure.
POLYSEMOUS Having many meanings; a layered text with
many levels of meaning is polysemous and
there may be intertextual interweavings of
meaning. "With respect to the conceptual
system which establishes the organic unity of
the text, the discovery textual polysemy
takes on the form of an irruption which is
unexplainable" (Godzich, 178).
POST-ANTI-COLONIAL Theories which recognize the limits of anti-
colonial writing.
POSTCOLONIAL After a period of colonization. Postcolonial
literature is written when a colony achieves
freedom.
POSTMODERN A trend in modern art in which the creator
de-emphasizes the mimetic and defamiliarizes
the traditional generic forms. The work of
art calls attention to itself as artificially
constructed and claims itself to be a work of
art and only a work of art without denying
that art may have a function as social
comment. Often the structural seams of the
work are left visible and even highlighted
and commented upon (in architecture, the
first postmodern form, structural supports
may not be hidden; a novelist may comment on
the plot being created). Postmodern (Po Mo)
works often re-use earlier forms of the
genre, but do not try to integrate them with
one another; rather, they are dealt with
playfully.
POSTURE A particular critical or theoretical stand.
PRACTICE The employment of theory.
PRAXIS Employing theory and critical methods in a
particular way. The indissolubility of
action and significance (Eagleton re Marx
73).
PRIVILEGED Given a higher value than would be granted in
the normal course of events; assigning a high
value within a particular critical or
theoretical or ideological system. "What is
at issue here is the high valuation of
artistic creativity vested in privileged
poetic tropes, especially metaphor and
symbol" (Norris, 28).
PROBLEMATIC "A particular organization of categories
which at any given historical moment
constitutes the limits of what we are able to
utter and conceive" (Eagleton 137).
PROBLEMATIZE To concentrate on an issue or point or moment
in a text which seems to be easily resolved
and show that it is not easily resolved.
PROSOPOPEIA Impersonation of an imagined or removed
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speaker; personification.
PRODUCTION The cultural, historical, and physical
elements that create a text's material being
in the world.
PROJECT The methods and intentions of a particular
critic or theorist.
READING A process of interpretation in which all
parts of a text are made to fit one pattern.
RECEPTION The way a reader or a group of readers
receive a particular text, including the
reasons for their reactions to it and the way
it affects readers.
RECONTEXTUALIZATION After a thing is taken out of a particular
context, putting it into a new context in
order to reinterpret it.
RECUPERATIVE Recovering or remaking something that was
previously disregarded seem new and
important. "Echo can thus be transformed
from a symptom of loss into the force of
recuperation but always on the
understanding that recuperation does not look
backward but advances cumulatively" (Godzich
30).
REFLEXIVE Something which turns back on itself
(Barthes).
REGISTER In discourse theory, the way diction, syntax,
and other linguistic features go to create a
particular tone or feel or intention for a
part of a text.
REPRODUCE To recreate in a text the dominant forces in
a culture.
RESISTANCE A force which is put in opposition to a
dominant force, by direct or indirect means.
It might be claimed that direct resistance
(as in a dialectic) is co-opted by the
system, since the system defines the forms
which resistance might take. "This
resistance [of theory to a system] is not
determined by a negation. It results from a
calculated distanciation from identity"
(Godzich 30).
RETERRITORIALIZATION To put a thing back into its territory.
ROOM The area in which critical or theoretical
discourse can operate.
RUPTURE A moment in a text when there are
irreconcilable meanings or events that cannot
be brought together into a smooth meaning.
SELF-REFLEXIVITY Referring to itself and awareness of itself,
usually said of a text which calls attention
to itself as a text. Postmodern work is
often self-reflexive.
SIGNIFICATION The process of connecting a meaning with a
particular sign, usually a word.
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SIGNIFIED The object or idea that is purported to be
represented by a particular sign. In one
what, the signified can be seen as the object
or thing itself; in another way, it could be
that space that is created in terms of
difference from other signifieds.
SIGNIFIER The sign, such as a spoken or written word,
which is taken to represent a particular
signified, or object or idea.
SILENCE An emptiness that occurs when a text refuses,
as a result of a conscious or unconscious,
purposeful or non-purposeful decision by the
creator of the text to mention a particular
object or quality, but when there are
elements in the text that force us to
recognize that that particular thing is not
being mentioned. An excellent example of
silence is
SITUATE To place a text or theory or idea within a
particular context, and to examine it from
that point of view.
SOLIPSISM The theory that the self can be aware of
nothing but its own experience.
SPACE The bounded area in which something takes
place, such as a narrative space, a critical
space, usually referring to a place in which
the boundaries are purposefully set by the
artist, critic, or theorist.
SPECIALISM The confinement of a theory or critical
analysis to one particular set of procedures or
one particular point of view.
STANCE The position one adopts vis a vis a
particular issue or topic under discussion or
contestation.
STRATEGIES Methodological tactics for dealing with a
particular critical or theoretical problem or
issue.
SUBALTERN Having a lower rank or position, especially
in terms of existing in a role of being
dominated or subject to authority, as being a
woman or a member of a colonized or
previously colonized nation.
SUBJECT According to Althusser, an individual is
always a reaction to and in an ideology:
"there is no ideology except by the subject
and for subjects," while we all "are always
already subjects." The ideology
"interpellates individuals as subjects" and
at the same the individual himself or herself
always exists only in the subject, and thus
"individuals are always-already subjects."
SUBJECT-CONSTITUTING A discourse in which the topic of the
discourse or
the person speaking or the person spoken to
is created by that discourse.
SUBLATE "In Hegelian dialectics, negativity is the
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movement of the concept toward its 'other,'
and a necessary stage in the passage to
Aufhebung, the overcoming or sublation of the
initial concept" (Godzich, 44-45).
SUBSTANTIALIST Based on the assumption that there is a true
reality or identity to the thing being
discussed, such as a universalist or realist
might propose.
SUBVERT To undermine fixed or unquestioned
assumptions usually associated with a
particular ideology. "There are, according
to de Man, rhetorical forces at work in this
passage which effectively resist and subvert
that claim" (Norris, 50).
SURFACE The words themselves that make up a text,
together with their prosaic, everyday
meanings.
SUTURE A point in the text at which two divergent
meanings may be joined together.
SYNTAGMATIC Relationships between words which occur by
virtue of the syntactic context of the words,
as compared to paradigmatic relations (other
words that are like that word).
TACTIC The employment of a critical or theoretical
procedure to accomplish one part of a larger
position.
TELEOLOGICAL Finding within natural processes evidence of
a purpose related to the structure of the
whole system.
TEXT A combination of operations within a work
resulting in continuous, creative,
constructive activities, that could be
influenced by many stands.
TRACE A kind of clue showing the presence of an
idea, even when its actual appearance cannot
be seen. "In our effort to define things, we
look for origins
TRANSCENDENTAL Reaching beyond the everyday world to an
assumed higher reality.
TRANSFORMATIVE The act or process that occurs to change the
whole being of a subject to an Other which
might or might not be a part of this subject.
TRANSHISTORICAL Meanings or elements of a culture which are
said to be beyond the influence of the
particular time and place in which they may
be found; universal or essential.
TROPE The use of an artistic construction of a
typical form, such as metaphor, simile, or
metonymy.
UNDECIDABILITY The idea that within a work there may be
meanings that cannot be resolved either
within the work or within the reader, whether
by means of reason and logic, historical
analysis, critical method, or subjective
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interpretation. Compare indeterminacy.
UNGROUNDED Not based on a particular theoretical
approach.
UNIVERSALIZATION The idea that ideas and ideals may be true
for all people at all times.
UTTERANCE "A link in the chain of speech communication,
which cannot be broken off from the preceding
links that determine it both from within and
without giving rise within it to unmediated
responsive reactions and dialogic
reverberations" (Bakhtin). According to
Bakhtin, "the utterance is constructed while
taking into account possible responsive
reactions for whose sake, in essence, it is
actually created."
VALORIZE To treat a thing as being of higher worth
than it might otherwise deserve, generally
not because of valuable qualities in the
thing itself, but rather because it serves
some other agenda.
VERISIMILITUDE Seeming to be "true to life" or lifelike.
According to Riffaterre, fictional
verisimilitude can take two forms: a
"conformity with ideological models" or
"consecution rather than in the mimesis
superimposed on it" a kind of motivation in
the "visible coherence in the sequence of
causes and effects." They assume "two
[parallel] signifying chains" that create the
narrative and descriptive sequences. "The
former privileges the mimesis, a sign system
seemingly based on the referentiality of its
components" ie, words refer. "The latter
privileges the narrative sequentiality that
is entirely within the text's boundaries."
But R. argues that "exterior referentiality
is but an illusion" in that "verbal
representations in the text refer to verbal
givens borrowed from the sociolect" and that
these exist in the text, explicitly or
implicitly "as presuppositions." "Thus the
narrative sequence and its diegetic
implementation (the mimesis) are both
intratextual, since both are derivations from
a given that selects simultaneously the
abstract structure that serves as a model for
the narrative sequence and the representation
that will first actualize that structure and
make it visible and readable. The reader can
neither perceive nor decode the one without
the other, since the narrative structural
invariant must be actualized, and it is the
diegetic sequence that performs this function
by transforming it into coherent variants."
VICTIMIZATION The result of an act of oppression by a
dominant culture or ideology. In traditional
terms, the dominant group is at the center,
the victims are marginalized. In current
theories, the victims become the center, the
dominant forces marginalized.
VOICE The idea of a speaking consciousness.
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VOLITIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE Decisions are never completely free
or determined but rather rest upon an
interconnected set of factors, none of which
are, themselves, solely determinant (Murphy).