Literary Terms etc.

Literary Terms etc.

Literary Terms etc.Student Generated Slide Shows from Mr. Batchellers 7th Period AP Lang./Comp. Class Period 7By lena maitkova & Andie Riffer

Movements

A Literary MovementA notable change in direction within the literary world

Literary Movements include all of the following: Romanticism, Pre-Raphaelitism, Transcendentalism, Naturalism and many more.

Romanticism-this movement stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience

Pre-Raphaelitism-to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo.

Transcendentalism-began as a protest against the general state of culture and society, Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition,

Naturalism-a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment3Artistic MovementsThe adoption of a new style for a set period of time, typically within visual art, but it can apply to literature or architecture.-baroque- exemplified by drama and granduerSurreal-features elements of surprise and unexpected juxtapositionsCubism-pioneered by Picasso, revolutionized art

NeoclassicismIt draws upon ancient Greek or Roman culture and art.After Baroque styleDominant during mid 18th to end of 19th century

Magical RealismContains magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in otherwise realistic or normal settingsFirst used by Franz Roh[magical realism] is like a polite way of saying you write fantasy Terry Pritchett

DeconstructionInvolves close reading of texts in order to demonstrate that, rather than being an unified whole, any given text has irreconcilably contradictory meanings.

Basically any book contradicts itself

Miscellaneous

By Steve and Brian

Epiphanyepiphany a sudden, intuitive perception of or insight into the reality or essential meaning of something, usually initiated by some simple, homely, or commonplace occurrence or experience.After Traveling to India and witnessing the way the people live, Jordan had an epiphany.After attending a Lil Wayne concert, T-Pain had an epiphany realizing his true calling was being a singer, not a rapper.

Personapersona - a person's perceived or evident personality, as that of a well-known official, actor, or celebrity; personal image; public role.In The Great Gatsby, Nicks persona was very observational and non-judgmental.

Denotation/ ConnotationDenotation: The literal meaning of a wordConnotation: The secondary meaning associated with a wordAlthough the denotation of home is a place of residence, the connotation of home can be a place of warmth and comfort.

Audience

Au di ence: The person(s) reading a text, listening to a speaker, or watching a performanceIt is important to consider ones audience when writing to further get your point across and shed new light on their original thoughts.Pink Floyd performs in front of rock-n-roll loving audiences across the world who also look for a chill time.

Purpose/IntentPur pose: The Reason for writing or doing something. It is the point that a writer is trying to get across through the work; the meaning or significance of the actionWhy do you think I have this gun? Im gunna shoot you kitty, then Im gunna shoot myself. Brian (He hates cats)Forms & GenresLorraine HsiaoMichelle Mah

Modes of Discourse

MOD: How writing is developed.NarrationRelating a story of eventEx: The Great Gatsby, personal stories Exposition to inform, analyze, explain, defineEx: TERM PAPER, Wikipedia entries, textbook

15Modes of Discourse-cont

DescriptionWhat things are like according to the 5 sensesEx: Valley of Ashes PersuasionTo convince through logic, a.k.a argumentativeEx: Trials, ethos, pathos, logos

Volta

What occurs when someone is thinking about homework.

I should start my term paperBUT, there is facebook.

VoltaA turn of thought, usually indicated by BUT, AND YET, YET etc.In a Petrarchan Sonnet it usually occurs between the octet and the sestet. In a Shakespearean Sonnet it usually occurs between the 12th and the 13th line.

Parable

A short story that teaches a moral.Vs. FableFable: use animal, plants, or forces of nature

EX: Parables told by JesusP.S. Parables can be about religious morals.

Our Parable

A bamboo is too straight and firm, so if a strong wind blows the bamboo will break. In contrast a wheat stock is flexible and sways with the wind. A wheat stock will not break in the wind.

Moral: People have to be flexible in their behavior

VSMOCK heroicWritten in a heroic poetry format to mock an non-heroic subject.

Ex: Canterbury Tales, the Nuns priest taleThe tale about the chicken.

Melodrama~

Exaggerated emotions, characters, sense of maidenhood and scheming villainy Ex: Pygmalion(1775) by RousseauEx: Sweeny Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1842)

STYLISTIC DEVICESJackie ChungBenita LinWhat are stylistic devices?The use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literary work

Verisimilitude The quality of appearing trueEx: A teenager goes somewhere without the permission of her parents and tells her parents that she was at the library. By adding creative details about what happened at the library with add verisimilitude to the teenagers story.25ChiasmusA literary scheme in which the author presents words or concepts in a certain order, then repeats in reversed orderEx: I lead the life I love; I love the life I lead.Ex: Naked I rose from the earth; to the grave I fall clothed.

Stream of consciousnessDescriptions that allow the reader to understand a characters thoughts and feelings (their stream of conscious)Ex: Thus do I ever make my fool my purse.For I mine own gained knowledge should profaneIf I would time expend with such a snipeBut for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor,And it is thought abroad that 'twixt my sheetsHe's done my office. I know not if 't be true,But I, for mere suspicion in that kind,Will do as if for surety. He holds me well.The better shall my purpose work on him.(Othello, Act I, scene iii) - IagoDetail/imageryimagery = sensory detail that uses figurative language that involve the 5 senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, hearing)Gustatory imagery involves the sense of taste.Ex: The little girl started to cry when she felt the zesty red peppers leave a spicy sensation in her mouth.Ex: Accidentally eating a cup of yogurt over two weeks old, Ace couldnt get the dry sour milk taste out of his mouth for the next month.LitotesA form of understatement which uses negation in order to emphasize the oppositeEx: She was not a little cross. (meaning: She was very cross.)Ex: That wasnt too bad. (meaning: That was pretty good.)

Figures of SpeechCreated by Mr. Jordan Klein and Ms. Nikkie SedaghatMetonymy One word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated toMetonymy is contrasted with metaphor. Both figures substitute one term for another. Metaphor example: That man is a pig.Metonymy example: The White House supports the bill.

Metaphor ex. (using pig instead of unhygienic person. An unhygienic person is like a pig, but there is no contiguity between the two).

Metonymy example: The White House supports the bill (using The White House instead of the President. The President is not like The White House, but there is connection between them

31Conceit"excessive prideExtended metaphor with a complex logic that governs an entire poem or poetic passage. Ex. Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?".Aside from its common usage, signifying "excessive pride", in literary terms, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs an entire poem or poetic passage.

32EpithetAn epithet is a descriptive word or series of words that replace the name of a person or thing.One of the most popular examples of using epithets in literature is in Homers epic novel The Odyssey.Some examples include Grey-eyed Athene and the wine-dark sea.Euphemism A euphemism occurs when one substitutes a more agreeable and less offensive expression in place of an expression that might offend someone.An example might be if we refer to Brians grandpa as chronologically advanced or a senior citizen, instead of just old. Likewise, we refer to sex as intercourse.Synecdochefigure of speech in which a part stands for a whole, an individual stands for a class, or a material stands for a thing. For example, saying that Washington made a statement actually means that the President said something. Washington represents the larger executive branch.Saying Brazil won the soccer match actually means their team did. A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part stands for a whole, an individual stands for a class, or a material stands for a thing. For example, saying that Washington made a statement actually means that the President said something. Washington represents the larger executive branch.Saying Brazil won the soccer match actually means their team did.

35Logical FallaciesJoon Ha Lee and Kristin Charles

Red HerringA "red herring" argument is one which diverts the audience from the issue in question through the introduction of an unrelated issue

In other words, 1) Topic X is under debate. 2) Topic Z is brought up with the appearance of being related to topic X, when it is actually irrelevant. 3) Topic X is forgottenSlippery SlopeThe slippery slope argument claims that some occurrence must unavoidably ensue from another with no support for the certainty of the event in question.

Event A has occurred, therefore Event B will occur, which causes Event C and Event D etc. until the conclusion is reached that Event A will cause Event Z. EquivocationAn argument in which the same word is used with two different meanings

Example: A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.

Post Hoc Event A occurs before Event B, so Event A must be the cause of event B

Example: Joon Ha goes out in cold weather without a scarf. A week later, he catches a cold. His mother logically concludes that going out without a scarf caused his coldBlack or White (AKA Either/or)A false dilemma fallacy that unjustly presents only two choices to the audience

This attempts to force the audience to accept a conclusion on the grounds that the other seems outrageously wrong

Example: You either support our president, or youre on the side of the terroristsBy:Michael Albert

Sound DevicesA word or a group of words that imitate the sound that is being described

Euphony

Sound that is pleasant to the ears,

To Autumn by John Keats

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; Harsh discord of sounds; unpleasant to the ear

Jabberwocky by Lewis Caroll 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.CacophonyPun Word play that suggests more than one meaning; double meaning

Show me a piano falling down a mineshaft and Ill show you A-flat minor.

Misuse of a word, especially by confusion with a word with a similar sound

Hes a wolf in cheap Clothing

MalapropismLanguage TermsMichael ChoiJin JooARCHAISMOld-fashioned or obsolete use of a word, phrase, or usage Sometimes used to invoke ancient styles of writingEXAMPLESThou instead of YouGrand Old Party instead of RepublicansAutomobile instead of car

CIRCUMLOCUTIONUsing an unnecessarily large number of words to express an ideaLiterally, speaking around somethingEXAMPLESYour room is so dirty, how do you live in it? as opposed to Clean your room!Im so cold, and you look so warm in your jacket, as opposed to Give me your jacket.

INVECTIVEA harsh or reproachful accusation.The word vector is math language for an arrow; thus, an invective is a pointed comment.EXAMPLESBrian Khorshad doesnt know how to write Highlights articles.Mr. Guidetti is too mean and crotchety to be our principal.

PLATITUDEA small truth/saying that has been used so much that it has lost its meaning.Basically, its a clich.EXAMPLESHaste makes waste.Two heads are better than one.A rolling stone gathers no moss.Do unto others as you would have others do to you.

PANEGYRICFormal public speech of praiseIt comes from the Greek word for fit for a general assembly.EXAMPLESRonald Reagan gave a panegyric praising Gorbachevs movement for reform.The panegyric given at the benefit highlighted the employees perspicacity and hard work.

Tone WordsMichelle Jang Frances ChueyOrnate

Elaborate, Flashy, showy, or florid in style or manner; flowery. Over elaborate; using many literary expressions.

Example: If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away. - The Great GatsbySardonic Disdainfully or ironically humorous; scornful and mocking.

Example: I do not want people to be very agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them a great deal. Jane Austen (in a letter to her sister)Brash Lacking restraint and discernment tactlessaggressively self-assertive

Example: That's the difference between me and the rest of the world! Happiness isn't good enough for me! I demand euphoria!Calvin (From Calvin and Hobbes)Urbane Sophisticated Characterized by tact and propriety Polished, refined, svelte

Example: "facedor seemed to facethe whole world, then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor". The Great GatsbyLugubrious Mournful, dismal, or gloomy, especially to an exaggerated or ludicrous degree.

Example: Love never dies a natural death. It dies because we don't know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. Anais NinPERSUASIVE DEVICESPresented by Oxana ErmolovaINDUCTION/DEDUCTIONInduction: facts are determined by repeated observations. Deduction: facts are determined by combining existing statements (premises).Induction: All observed crows are black. Therefore: All crows are black. Deduction: No reptiles have fur and all snakes are reptiles. Therefore: no snakes have fur.

DefinedExamplesINFERENCEThe act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be trueA type of deductive reasoning1. All mortals die. 2. All men are mortals. The inference would be that all men die.

DefinitionExampleSYLLOGISMA form of inference consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.Major Premise: Socrates is a man Minor Premise: All men are mortalConclusion: Socrates is mortalDefinitionExampleMAJOR PREMISEA statement in a syllogism that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be derived.

DefinitionExampleMajor Premise: Socrates is a man Minor Premise: All men are mortalConclusion: Socrates is mortalMINOR PREMISEThe additional statement in a syllogism that is assumed to be true and that can be used to formulate a conclusion.DefinitionExampleMajor Premise: Socrates is a man Minor Premise: All men are mortalConclusion: Socrates is mortalRhetorical DevicesBy: Joseph CohanAndPaul SongRepetition / AnaphoraGreek: carrying back; emphasizing words by repeating them at the beginnings of neighboring clausesIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! William Shakespeare, King John, II, i

PacingSentence variety, progression, and speed of flow of a piece of writing. Often using sentence variety to avoid monotony and to create good coherence.Falstaff, in debate with good friend Prince Hal, the future King of England:Prince Hal:If sack and sugar be a fault,God help the wicked! if to be old and merry be asin, then many an old host that I know is damned: ifto be fat be to be hated, then Pharaohs lean kineare to be loved. No, my good lord; banish Peto,banish Bardolph, banish Poins: but for sweet JackFalstaff, kind Jack Falstaff, true Jack Falstaff,valiant Jack Falstaff, and therefore more valiant,being, as he is, old Jack Falstaff, banish not himthy Harrys company, banish not him thy Harryscompany: banish plump Jack, and banish all the world.Falstaff:I do. I will. - Shakespeares Henry IV, Part 1 (II iv)

AnathemaSomething that is very distasteful

"Let anyone be accursed who has no love for the Lord. Our Lord, come! (I Cor. 16:22)." The Bible

InversionNormal word order: subject + verb + complement. Inversion: When the verb, modifier, or complement comes first.(To emphasize the element which comes first more than the subject.)In a green room by a crackling fire sat an old lady in a rocking chair.Aphorism / EpigramGreek: definition; an original thought, spoken or written in a brief and easily memorable form.Lost time is never found again. Benjamin Franklin That which does not destroy us makes us stronger. Friedrich Nietzsche

Narrative DevicesBy Sara HendelProtagonist/AntagonistProtagonist = main characterAntagonist = opposition of protagonistIn The Crucible, John Proctor is the protagonist and Abigail Williams is the antagonist.VS

Flat/RoundFlat = two-dimensional, dont change throughout storyRound = complex, develop Becky Sharp from Vanity Fair is a round character, whereas Mrs. Joe from Great Expectations is a flat character.

VSFrame StoryA story that sets up the telling of other stories within itCanterbury Tales and The Thousand and One Nights are both frame stories.

Rising Action/Falling ActionRising action = suspense-builder up to climaxFalling action = shows the effects of the climaxIn Macbeth, Lady Macbeths goading speeches are part of the rising action, and Macbeths many murders after Duncans are part of the falling action.

Deus Ex Machinaa person or thing that appears or is introduced suddenly and unexpectedly and provides a contrived solution to an apparently insoluble difficultyIn the Dark Night, Batman can easily find Joker with a computer that can spy on every phone. Where did this computer come from?

Methods of Development By Yasemin Bulut and Nicole Kim ANALOGY DefinitionA form of reasoning in which one thing is inferred to be similar to another thing in a certain respect, on the basis of the known similarities between the things in other respects. Example: Pupils are more like oysters than sausages. The job of teaching is not to stuff them and then seal them up, but to help them open and reveal the riches within. There are pearls in each of us, if only we knew how to cultivate them with ardor and persistence. -Sydney J. Harris, What True Education Should Do, 1964

EXTENDED METAPHORDefinition comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.

EXAMPLE: Hope is the thing with feathersThat perches in the soul,And sings the tune--without the words,And never stops at all,

"And sweetest in the gale is heard;And sore must be the stormThat could abash the little birdThat kept so many warm.

"I've heard it in the chillest land,And on the strangest sea;Yet, never, in extremity,It asked a crumb of me."(Emily Dickinson)

CLASSIFICATIONDefinition A method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer arranges people, objects, or ideas with shared characteristics into classes or groups.

Example: "The English-speaking world may be divided into (1) those who neither know nor care what a split infinitive is; (2) those who do not know, but care very much; (3) those who know and condemn; (4) those who know and approve; (5) those who know and distinguish.- H.W. Fowler and Ernest Gowers, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage

PROCESS ANALYSIS Definition A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something.Example: "Breaking in a new baseball glove is a time-honored spring ritual for pros and amateurs alike. To prepare your glove, you will need a pint of linseed oil, a baseball or softball, and a heavy string. Because the process can be messy, you should work outdoors, in the basement, or in the bathroom--certainly not over the carpet in the living room. Begin by smearing the linseed oil all over the glove, especially in the palm. Then take the baseball and pound it into the glove for at least 20 minutes to form a pocket. Now, wedge the ball in the pocket, tie heavy string around the glove, and let it sit for a week. - Frank Capella, "How to Break in a New Baseball Glove"Description:to tell or depict in words; to give an account of

Chronological: in the order of timeOrder of ImportanceSpatial: logical progression in relation to spaceWriters use description to inform and to promote a dominant impression.Chronological orderFirst, there was an egg. A week later, the egg became a tadpole. Then the tadpole became the frog.

Order of ImportanceChristina tripped in the hallway while everyone stood watching. Worse yet, she sat on chocolate pudding in the cafeteria. But she was most humiliated when her hair caught on fire.

Spatial order

The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

Diction WordsBy Zach CarrikerEffusiveeffusive adjective 1. unduly demonstrative; lacking reserve: effusive greetings; an effusive person. 2. pouring out; overflowing.Example: The effusive lady cried at the slightest upset.

CiceronianCiceronianadjective 1. in the style of Cicero: characterized by melodious language, clarity, and forcefulness of presentation: Ciceronian invective. Example: The professors speech was ciceronian and graceful.

Colloquialcolloquial adjective 1. characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal. 2. involving or using conversation.Example: His colloquial speech was inappropriate for the business meeting.Lambentlambent adjective 1. running or moving lightly over a surface: lambent tongues of flame. 2. dealing lightly and gracefully with a subject; brilliantly playful: lambent wit. 3. softly bright or radiant: a lambent light. His Lambent attitude at the funeral shocked others.

Succinctsuccinct adjective 1. expressed in few words; concise; terse. 2. characterized by conciseness or verbal brevity. 3. compressed into a small area, scope, or compass.Due to time constraints, the teacher had to give a succinct lecture