List of symbols (Only the symbols used in this book have been listed) Symbol a A c C d E E F f f g G h H I h J k k I m M P P Q q m r Rt R s S S t T Units m/s z m 2 J/kgK J/K m, mm J NW N 1/s mm m/s 2 N/mm z m J mm 4 mm 4 kgm 2 m 1 m, mm kg Nm W,kW N/m 2 ,Pa J kg/s m7s m,mm J/kgK J/mol.K m, cm, mm mm J J/K s s Englisch acceleration area specific heat capacity heat capacity diameter energy Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity force frequency deflection acceleration due to gravity modulus of rigidity or shear modulus height enthalpy second moment of an area polar second moment of an area moment of inertia radius of gyration coefficient of restitution distance, length mass moment power pressure heat mass flow volume flow radius, radius of gyration special gas constant universal gas constant displacement (vector) distance (scalar) elastic section modulus entropy time period Deutsch Beschleunigung Fla'che, Flacheninhalt spezifische Warmekapazitat Warmekapazitat Durchmesser Energie Elastizitatsmodul Kraft Frequenz Durchbiegung Fallbeschleunigung Schubmodul Hohe (allgemein) Enthalpie Flachenmoment 2.Grades Polares Flachenmoment 2.Grades Tragheitsmoment Tragheitsradius StoBzahl Abstande, Lange Masse Moment Leistung Druck Warme Massenstrom Volumenstrom Radius, Tragheitsradius spezielle Gaskonstante universelle Gaskonstante Weglange Widerstandsmoment W Entropie Zeit Periodendauer
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List of symbols (Only the symbols used in this book have been listed)
Englischaccelerationareaspecific heat capacityheat capacitydiameterenergyYoung's modulus or modulusof elasticityforcefrequencydeflectionacceleration due to gravitymodulus of rigidity orshear modulus
heightenthalpysecond moment of an areapolar second moment of anareamoment of inertiaradius of gyrationcoefficient of restitutiondistance, lengthmassmomentpowerpressureheatmass flowvolume flowradius, radius of gyrationspecial gas constantuniversal gas constantdisplacement (vector)distance (scalar)elastic section modulusentropytimeperiod
Hohe (allgemein)EnthalpieFlachenmoment 2.GradesPolares Flachenmoment2.GradesTragheitsmomentTragheitsradiusStoBzahlAbstande, LangeMasseMomentLeistungDruckWarmeMassenstromVolumenstromRadius, Tragheitsradiusspezielle Gaskonstanteuniverselle GaskonstanteWeglange
Widerstandsmoment WEntropieZeitPeriodendauer
List of symbols 219
TTuUV
V
V
V
VwWaa
fi
7
ys
C
nn6i
eK
X
MMPPPaX
9CO
NmKm/sJm/sm2/s11mm3
m/sJ11/K
1/K
1/K
111
1Ns/m2
rad°,rad°C11
110
kg/mJ
mmN/mmz
NW1°,radrad/s
twisting torqueKelvin temperatureinitial velocityinternal energyvelocitykinematic viscosityPoisson's ratiosafety factorvolumeaverage velocity of fluid flowworkcoefficient of contractioncoefficient of linearexpansioncoefficient of areal expansion
coefficient of volumeexpansionshear strainlongitudinal strainresistance number for bendsand valves in pipesefficiencydynamic viscosityangle of rotationangleCelsius temperatureisentropic exponenttube flow resistancecoefficientcoefficient of frictioncoefficient of dischargeangle of frictiondensityradius of curvaturenormal stressshear stresscoefficient of velocityangle of twistangular velocity
TorsionsmomentKelvin-TemperaturAnfangsgeschwindigkeitInnere EnergieGeschwindigkeitKinematische ViskositatPoisson-ZahlSicherheitVo lumenStromungsgeschwindigkeitArbeitKontraktionszahlLangenausdehnungs-koeffizientFlachenausdehnungs-koeffizientVolumenausdehnungs-koeffizientSchubverformungDehnungWiderstandszahl furKrummer und VentileWirkungsgradDynamische ViskositatDrehwinkelWinkelCelsius-TemperaturIsentropenexponentWiderstandszahl furRohrleitungenReibungszahl (Reibzahl)AusfluBzahlReibungswinkelDichteKrummungsradiusNormalspannungTangentialspannungGeschwindigkeitszahlVerdrehwinkelWinkelgeschwindigkeit
Vocabulary 1Englisch/Deutsch
Englischabilityabrasionabrasive particlesabrasive wheelsabruptabsorb v
absorptivityaccelerationaccessibleachieve vacquire vact vactionactuatoradaptive control
additivesadhesionadhesivesadiabaticadjacentadjust vadjusting ringor set collar
sich benehmenVerhalten, BenehmenRiemengetriebebiegenBiegeumformenBiegemomentKegelraderKnuppelBindemittelstanzenHochofenStoBSchrauben (mitMuttern)BohrstangenRandbedingung
brassbraze vor hard solder vbreakbreakdown vbreaking strengthbrittlenessbroach vbuckle vbuff vbulk deform vbuoyancybushbutt jointbutt weld v
camcantilevercarboncarbon contentcarbon steelcarburize vcarriagecarriercase hardeningsteelscast alloyscast ironcatch platescause vcavitycentre drillcentre of gravitycentre of masscentreless grinding(process)centrifugal casting(process)centroidchain drivechamberchange of phase
change of statechannelcharcoalchemical analysischemical reactionchiselchoose v
coarsecoarse graincoatingcoat vcoefficient ofrestitutioncokecollets (or colletchucks)collide vcollisioncolumncolumn and kneetype of millimgmachinescombination die sets
combine vcommutatorcompactcompare vcompel vcompensate vcomponentcomposed of vcomposite materialscompound die sets
perpendicularphysical quantitypiece part(or workpiece)pierce vpig ironpigmentspilotpin connectionspin-endedpinspitchplain bearingplain milling cutterplaneplasma cutting(process)plasticityplasticsplausibilityplungerplywoodpoint of inflectionpolar secondmoment of an areapolish v
roll vroll pinsroller bearingsrolling resistancerotate vrotationrotational motionrotorrubberrustsafety factorsamplesand coresatisfactorysawscale (formed on ametal surface)scrapscratch vscrew (see also bolt)screw joints
screw threadseam welding(process)seamless tube
second moment ofan areasectionselect vself-centering chucksense of rotationseparate vsequenceset screwsset-upshade vshaftshaft basis system
shaft to hubconnectionsshankshapesharpen vshear modulusshear strainshear stressshielded arc welding
rollenSpannstifteRollenlagerRollreibungrotieren, sich drehenRotationDrehbewegungRotor, DrehteilGummiRostSicherheitsfaktorMuster, ExemplarKernzufriedenstellendSageSchuppe,MetalloxydschichtSchrottkratzenSchraubeSchrauben-verbindungenGewindeRol lennahtschweiBen
nahtlosgezogenesRohrFlachenmoment2.GradesSchnitt, SektionauswahlenDreibackenbohrfutterSinn der RotationtrennenReihenfolgeStellschraubenAufbau, AnlageschraffierenMaschinenwellePassungssystemEinheitswelleWelle-NabeVerbindungenBohrerschaftForm, GestaltscharfenSchubmodulSchubverformungSchubspannungPulver-SchweiBen
Kerbschlag-biegeversuchKerbstifteKernKettengetriebeKettenradkinetische EnergieK la i lackKlauenkupplungenKlebstoffeKlenimeKlinker, SchlackeknabberschneidenKnetlegierungenknickenKnuppelKohlenstoffKohlenstoffinhaltKohlenstoffstahlKokskombinierenkombinierteWerkzeugeKom imitatorkompakt, festKompressorkomprimierbarKondensationKonsolfrasmachinen
Korner, KristalliteKorrosionkorrosions-bestandige Stahlckos ten g tins tigKraftKraftepaarReibungskupplungKraftstoBkratzen, KratzerKreislauf, ZyklusKreisprozesskritische Lastkritische Zahl
commutatorcompactcompressorcompressiblecondensationcolumn and knee typemillimg machinescontinuity equation
contourgranulesshot or grit blasting(process)grains, crystallitescorrosioncorrosion resistantsteelscost-effectiveforcecouplefriction clutchesimpulsescratchcyclecyclic processcritical loadcritical value
latent heat of fusionwrought ironforge vlubricating greaseslubricantslubricationworm and worm geardie (for threadcutting)tool nosecompensationpunch clearancepress toolshigh speed steelssectionintersectionmethod of sectionsshade vobliquescrew (see also bolt)screw joints
bolts (with nuts)
spanner,wrench (american)scrapshrink vmodulus of rigidityshear stressshear strainscale (formed on ametal surface)protect vinert gas weldingprocessimpair vfiller metalfine grained weldingsteelsradial drillingmachinescentre of gravityfloat voscillate v,swing vlateral
240 Vocabulary 2
Senkschraubesich benehmensich nahernsich verschlechternSicherheitsfaktorsichernSicherungsringeSicherungsscheibesichtbarsinkenSinn der RotationsinternSinusfunktion
transfer of heatheat resistant steelsthermoform vlubrication freebearingwater-tightpathdistance (scalar)path measurementanneal vsoft solder vshaft to hubconnectionswavelengthaxial locking devicesproject vpiece part(or workpiece)work resttool pathcompensationtoolstool holderLathe tool holdercarriagetool length
korrekturWerkzeugstahleWertWiderstandWiderstands-momentWiderstands-preBschweiBenwiedergewinnenwiederholenWiederverwertungWinkelWinkel-geschwindigkeitWinkel-StirnfraserWirbelstromWirkleistungWirklinie der Kraft
wirksamWirkungWirkungsgradwirtschaftlichWolframWolfram-Inertgas-SchweiBenwiinschenswertZahigkeitZahnraderZahnrad-schaltgetriebeZah n riemengetriebeZahnstangen-getriebeZentrierbohrerZentrierspitzeZerlegung vonKraftenzerreifienzerstorenzerstreuenziehenzufriedenstellendzuganglichZugfestigkeit
ZusatzgerateZusatzstoffeZustandZustand der RuheZustandsanderungZustandsgleichungZuverlassigkeitZweck, AbsichtzwingenZylinderZylinderblockzylindrisch senken
attachmentsadditivesstatestate of restchange of stateequation of statereliabilitypurposecompel vcylindercylinder blockcounterbore v
Index
Aacceleration 20adaptive control for CNCmachines 186additives 94,95adhesive bonding 145adhesives 145adiabatic 98adiabatic work 105allowable stress 53alloy 73aluminium and its alloys85angular impulse 32angular motion 24angular velocity 24annealing 75anodizing of aluminium86apparent weight 37austenite 65automatic lathes 170axial load 63axial locking devices134axle types 132
bronze 83buckling 51buckling of columns63buffing 176bulk deformationprocesses 193buoyancy 37butt or upset welding152
Ccantilever 59, 63capstan and turret lathes169carburizing 76Carnot cycle 116case hardening 76cast iron 81
grey or lamellar castiron 81hard cast iron 82malleable cast iron 81nodular cast iron 81white cast iron 81
casting of metals 199Celsius scale 100cement 89cemented carbides 89cementite 73centre of gravity 14centre of mass 14centrifugal casting 202centroid 14, 58ceramic materials 88chain drives 137changes of state of anideal gas 112channel 53chemical analysis 96chemical conversioncoatings 214clamping devices 156clamps 162clutches 136CNC machine drives 177
CNC machine operation178tool changing systems forCNC machines 184work changing systemsfor CNC machine 184CNC machines 177coating of surfaces 211coefficient of restitution34cold deformationprocesses 193collinear impact 32column with one fixedand one free end 65column with one fixedend and one pinconnected end 66column with two fixedends 66components 12composite materials 92composition of forces 11,25compression moulding215compression stress 48, 63computer aidedprogramming 192concrete 89conservation of angularmomentum 32conservation of energy27,62conservation of mass 41conservation ofmomentum 28continuity equation 41continuous path control182continuously variablespeed drives 142control modes for CNCmachines 181copper and its alloys 82copper-based bearingalloys 87
electric arc welding 148electron beammicroanalysis 97electron beam welding151electroplating 211energy 27enthalpy 109entropy 109entropy of the universe109equation of state 102equilibrium 9, 13, 14,47,49Euler's formula 64, 65extrusion of metals 194extrusion of plastics 215
fatigue 54, 71, 77, 78fatigue tests 97ferrite 73fibre reinforced materials92fillers 94, 95first law ofthermodynamics 105first moment of an area 56fits 121, 123, 124fixtures 162flame hardening 76floating bodies 37fluid dynamics 39fluids 35flux (soldering) 146force 9, 47, 103forging 196forming by bending208fracture 47, 70free body 47, 59
friction 15,26friction in belts 18friction in pulleys 18friction in screws 17furnaces 72fusion 110fusion welding 147
tangential force 31,32tapping 162temperature 98tempering 73tensile stress 48, 52tensile test 58testing of materials 71, 95thermal cutting 206thermal efficiency 108thermal equilibrium 98thermal expansion 101thermal spraying 212thermodynamiccoordinates 98thermodynamicequilibrium 102thermodynamic systems102thermoforming of plastics215
248 Index
thermoplastics 90thermosetting plastics 91tin and its alloys 84titanium and its alloys 86tolerance 121tool holders 185tool length compensation190tool magazines 185tool nose compensation190tool path compensation190tool wear 154torque 67torsion 67total pressure 43toughness 70, 75,transfer of energy 103transverse force 48transverse load 54, 60transverse loading 60triangle of forces 11trimming 204triple point of water 100tungsten electrode process150turbulent flow 41types of interpolation 182
Abscherbeanspruchung51Abscherspannung 49Allgemeine Stahle79Aluminium undAluminium Legierungen85Anderung derAggregatzustande 110Anlassen 75Anorganische Uberzttge213Antriebe der CNCMaschinen 182Arbeit der Gewichtskraft26Arbeitsweise einer CNCMaschine 178Arten des Gleichgewichts14Aufkohlen 76Auftrieb 37AusfluB aus einem Gefa'B43AutogenesBrennschneiden 205Axen 132Axial-Rillenkugellager141
Passungen 121Passungsarten 124Plasmaschneiden 207Poisson's Zahl 50Polieren 176Prinzip von Archimedes37Programmieren von CNCMaschinen 187Punktschweipen 152
zZahnrader 141Zahnrad-Stufengetriebe142Zement 89Zerlegen von Kraften 11Zerspanvorgange 154Ziegelsteine 88Ziehen 194Zink und Zink-Legierungen 84Zinn und Zinn-Legierungen 64Zinnbronze 83Zugbeanspruchung 51Zugversuch 95zulassige Spannung 53Zusammensetzenvon Kraften 11Zusatzstoffe 94Zustand eines Systems 98Zustandsa'nderungen einesidealen Gases 113Zustandsgleichungen 102zweiter Hauptsatz 107
BibiliographyThis is only a small selection from the large number of books available inEnglish. New editions of these books are published frequently and it is verydifficult to keep track of these changes. For this reason, the edition number andyear of publication are not given below.
1. Avallone and Baumeister : Marks' Standard Handbook for MechanicalEngineers (McGraw-Hill)
Vol II: Dynamics (John Wiley)7. Beer and Johnston: Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics,
Dynamics (McGraw-Hill)8. Beer and Johnston: Mechanics of Materials (McGraw-Hill)9. Riley and Sturges: Statics and Mechanics of materials (John Wiley)10. Shames: Mechanics of Fluids (McGraw-Hill)11. Young, Munson and Okiishi: A Brief Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
(John Wiley)12. Oertel: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Vieweg)13. Degarmo, Black and Kohser : Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
(John Wiley)14. Schey: Introduction to Manufacturing Processes (McGraw-Hill)15. Wark: Thermodynamics (McGraw-Hill)16. Moran and Shapiro: Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
(John Wiley)17. Zemansky and Dittman: Heat and Thermodynamics (McGraw-Hill)18. Schigley, Mischke and Budynas: Mechanical Engineering Design
(McGraw-Hill)19. Collins, Staab and Busby: Design of Machine Elements and Machines
(John Wiley)20. Krar and Oswald: Technology of Machine Tools (McGraw-Hill)21. Thyer: Computer Numerical Control of Machine Tools (Industrial Press)22. Kief and Waters: Computer Numerical Control (McGraw-Hill)23. Bollinger and Duffle: Computer Control of Machines and Processes
(Addison- Wesley)24. Krar and Gill: CNC Technology and Programming (McGraw-Hill)25. Kalpakjian: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology
(Addison-Wesley)26. Kalkapjian: Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials
(Addison-Wesley)
254
Appendix 1
Alternate word forms in EnglishEnglish is a language that is used and spoken all over the world, with theconsequence that english words can be found in many other languages. On theother hand, english has also acquired words from other languages, like forexample "Guru" or "Mantra" from Sanskrit, and "Angst" or "Eigenfunktion"from german. With increasing globalization, it is possible that many regionalforms of english may be created in the future, similar to that of americanenglish, which can be considered to be a regional form of english.In this book the british kind of english has been used, and as is well known, theword forms are closer to the latin than the word forms used in american english.Readers who use american textbooks may want to know something about thedifference between british and american word forms, and also about thedifference between the british and american pronounciation of a given word.The difference in most cases is small, and examples are given below to illustratea few cases where a difference does exist. Those interested in knowing more,should refer to the dictionaries mentioned below.A few examples of differences in spelling
• Some words which end in "we" like stabilise can also be written asstabilize. The word form stabilise is more commonly used in Britain .
• Words ending in "o«r" in british english like vapour and colour arewritten in american english as vapor and color.
• The word centre in british english is written as center in americanenglish.
• In some cases the singular forms are the same, while the plural formmay be different. Examples are singular forms like radius and indexwhich are the same in british and american english. These have theplural forms radii and indices in british english (following the latinplural forms), while the american forms are radiuses and indexes.
Differences in technical termsIn most cases the British and American technical terms are the same. Only inrare cases is there an outright difference. A few cases are quoted below.
• The hand tool which is called a spanner (Schliissel) in british englishis termed a wrench in american english.
• The measuring device gauge (Lehre) in british english is written gagein american english. Both forms are pronounced in the same way.
• The measuring devices called slip gauges (Endmasse) in britishenglish are called gage blocks in american english.
• The fuel used in automobiles called petrol (Benzene) in britishenglish is called gasoline or gas in american english.
Alternate word forms in English 255
• The word car (Auto) is normally used for a motorized vehicle inbritish English. This word is less used in american english, where theword automobile is more common.
• The word engine (Motor) is used in british english for mechanicaldevices (or drives) which convert the energy of a fuel into mechanicalenergy. Common examples are the internal combustion engine, thesteam engine and the jet engine. In american english, the word motoris more commonly used for the engine of an automobile, althoughwords like jet engine and steam engine are used in the same way asin british english. The word engine is only applicable to mechanicaldevices and should not be used for electric motors.
• Abbreviations like AC (alternating current - Wechselstrom), DC(direct current - Gleichstrom) and rpm (revolutions per minute-Drehzahl ) are sometimes differently written like for example A.C,D.C or r.p.m. However I think that the abbreviations AC, DC andrpm are the ones that are most frequently used.
I would advice all those interested in improving their English to use anEnglish/English Dictionary. A good example is the
"Oxford Reference Dictionary"
(published by the Oxford University Press) which gives long explanations foreach word, and considers many aspects of each given word like its origin,alternate forms, synonyms, etc.
Even more helpful may be one of the new electronic dictionaries on CD-ROM,like for example the
"Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary on CD-ROM"
(published by the Cambridge University Press)
This dictionary gives the written word forms in both British and AmericanEnglish. The reader can also (by using a series of mouse clicks) listen to theBritish and American pronounciations of the words, and can record his (or her)own pronounciation of a word, and replay it.
This dictionary is full of other helpful features, like the different meanings ofwords, examples of sentences using the words, common errors made by users,related words, synonyms, exercises and many other features that are toonumerous to mention here. I would whole-heartedly recommend such adictionary, because I think it is not expensive and is excellent value for money.