4/12/13 9:37 PM List of map projections - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections List of map projections From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This list/table provides an overview of the most significant map projections, including those listed on Wikipedia. It is sortable by the main fields. Inclusion in the table is subjective, as there is no definitive list of map projections. Contents 1 Table of Projections 2 Key 2.1 Type of Projection 2.2 Properties Table of Projections Projection Images Type Properties Creator Year Notes Equirectangular = equidistant cylindrical = rectangular = la carte parallélogrammatique Cylindrical Compromise Marinus of Tyre 120 AD (c.) Simplest geometry; distances along meridians are conserved. Plate carrée: special case having the equator as the standard parallel. Mercator = Wright Cylindrical Conformal Gerardus Mercator 1569 Lines of constant bearing (rhumb lines) are straight, aiding navigation. Areas inflate with latitude, becoming so extreme that the map cannot show the poles. Gauss–Krüger = Gauss conformal = (Ellipsoidal) Transverse Mercator Cylindrical Conformal Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger 1822 This transverse, ellipsoidal form of the Mercator is finite, unlike the equatorial Mercator. Forms the basis of the Universal
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4/12/13 9:37 PMList of map projections - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_map_projections
List of map projectionsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list/table provides an overview of the most significant map projections, including those listed on Wikipedia. It is sortableby the main fields. Inclusion in the table is subjective, as there is no definitive list of map projections.
Contents1 Table of Projections2 Key
2.1 Type of Projection2.2 Properties
Table of Projections
Projection Images Type Properties Creator Year Notes
Equirectangular= equidistantcylindrical= rectangular= la carteparallélogrammatique
Cylindrical Equal-area Johann HeinrichLambert 1772
Standard parallelat the equator.Aspect ratio of π(3.14). Baseprojection of thecylindrical equal-area family.
Behrmann Cylindrical Equal-area Walter Behrmann 1910
Horizontallycompressedversion of theLambertequalearea. Hasstandard parallelsat 30°N/S and anaspect ration of2.36.
Hobo-Dyer Cylindrical Equal-area Mick Dyer 2002
Horizontallycompressedversion of theLambert Equalarea. Very similarare TrystanEdwards andSmyth equalsurface (= Crasterrectangular)projections withstandard parallelsat around 37°N/S.Aspect ratio of~2.0.
Parallels areunequal inspacing and scale.No distortionalong the equator.Meridians arefourth-ordercurves.
The Times Pseudocylindrical Compromise John Muir 1965
Standard parallels45°N/S. Parallelsbased on Gallorthographic, butwith curvedmeridians.Developed forBartholomewLtd., The TimesAtlas.
Loximuthal Pseudocylindrical Karl Siemon,Waldo Tobler
1935,1966
From thedesignated centre,lines of constantbearing (rhumblines/loxodromes)are straight andhave the correctlength. Generallyasymmetric aboutthe equator.
Aitoff Pseudoazimuthal Compromise David A. Aitoff 1889
Stretching ofmodifiedequatorialazimuthalequidistant map.Boundary is 2:1
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Gnomonic Azimuthal GnonomicThales of Greece(possibly)
580 BC(c.)
All great circlesmap to straightlines. Extremedistortion farfrom the center.Shows less thanone hemisphere.
Lambertazimuthal equal-area
Azimuthal Equal-Area Johann HeinrichLambert 1772
The straight-linedistance betweenthe central pointon the map to anyother map is thesame as thestraight-line 3Ddistance throughthe globebetween the twopoints.
Map is infinite inextent with outerhemisphereinflating severely,so it is often usedas twohemispheres.Maps all smallcircles to circles,which is usefulfor planetarymapping topreserve theshapes of craters.
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Littrow Retroazimuthal Joseph JohannLittrow 1833
KeyMain article: Map_projection
The designation “deployed” means popularisers/users rather than necessarily creators. The type of projection and theproperties preserved by the projection use the following categories:
Type of Projection
Cylindrical: In standard presentation, these map regularly-spaced meridians to equally spaced vertical lines, andparallels to horizontal lines.Pseudocylindrical: In standard presentation, these map the central meridian and parallels as straight lines. Othermeridians are curves (or possibly straight from pole to equator), regularly spaced along parallels.Pseudoazimuthal: In standard presentation, pseudoazimuthal projections map the equator and central meridian toperpendicular, intersecting straight lines. They map parallels to complex curves bowing away from the equator, andmeridians to complex curves bowing in toward the central meridian. Listed here after pseudocylindrical as generallysimilar to them in shape and purpose.Conic: In standard presentation, conic (or conical) projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs ofcircles.Pseudoconical: In standard presentation, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line,other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs.Azimuthal: In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete,concentric circles. They are radially symmetrical. In any presentation (or aspect), they preserve directions from thecenter point. This means great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map.Other: Typically calculated from formula, and not based on a particular projectionPolyhedral maps: Polyhedral maps can be folded up into a polyhedral approximation to the sphere, using particularprojection to map each face with low distortion.Retroazimuthal: Direction to a fixed location B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from Ato B.
Properties
Conformal: Preserves angles locally, implying that locally shapes are not disorted.Equal Area: Areas are conserved.Compromise: Neither conformal or equal-area, but a balance intended to reduce overall distortion.Equidistant: All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in thenotes.Gnomonic: All great circles are straight lines.
1. ^ Carlos A. Furuti. Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections(http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjCon/projCon.html#EqdCon)
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2. ^ Jarke J. van Wijk. "Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections". [1] (http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/myriahedral/)3. ^ Carlos A. Furuti. "Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps". [2]
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_map_projections&oldid=545767005"Categories: Cartographic projections
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