List of Important Abbreviations A- Interface Interface between the BSS and the MSC, manages the allocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs and mobility management A-bis BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS ACELP Algebraic CELP (with special codebook, see CELP) ACR Absolute Category Rating ADPCM Adaptive Differential PCM (with adaptive prediction and quantization) AHr,dt Attenuation Range Receiving, Double Talk AHs,dt Attenuation Range Sending, Double Talk AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate coding APC Adaptive Predictive Coding (also “block-ADPCM”) APP A-Posteriori Probability ATC Adaptive Transform Coding A-ter: BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a TRC ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BB-RELP Base-Band (i.e., low-frequency band) RELP (see RELP) BER Bit Error Rate BFH Bad Frame Handling BFI Bad Frame Indication BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station C/I Co-channel interference CCR Comparison Category Rating CELP Code-Excited Linear Predictor/Prediction COVQ Channel-Optimized Vector Quantization CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel-State Information DCR Degradation Category Rating
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List of Important Abbreviations978-0-387-30441...HR Half-Rate system (with half the original GSM data rate and less quality) HVXC Harmonic Vector-eXcited Coding(aHC/VQcombinaztion,
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List of ImportantAbbreviations
A- Interface Interface between the BSS and the MSC, manages theallocation of suitable radio resources to the MSs andmobility management
A-bis BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTSACELP Algebraic CELP (with special codebook, see CELP)ACR Absolute Category RatingADPCM Adaptive Differential PCM (with adaptive prediction and
quantization)AHr,dt Attenuation Range Receiving, Double TalkAHs,dt Attenuation Range Sending, Double TalkAMR Adaptive Multi-Rate codingAPC Adaptive Predictive Coding (also “block-ADPCM”)APP A-Posteriori ProbabilityATC Adaptive Transform CodingA-ter: BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a TRCATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBB-RELP Base-Band (i.e., low-frequency band) RELP (see RELP)BER Bit Error RateBFH Bad Frame HandlingBFI Bad Frame IndicationBSC Base Station ControllerBTS Base Transceiver StationC/I Co-channel interferenceCCR Comparison Category RatingCELP Code-Excited Linear Predictor/PredictionCOVQ Channel-Optimized Vector QuantizationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCSI Channel-State InformationDCR Degradation Category Rating
928 List of Important Abbreviations
DCT Discrete Cosine TransformationDFT Discrete Fourier TransformationDSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTX Discontinuous TransmissionD-value Relationship between direct sound field sensitivity and diffuse sound
field sensitivityEDGE Enhanced Data-rate for GSM Evolution (an add-on to GSM)EFR Enhanced Full-Rate system (with the original GSM data rate and
better quality)EMBE Enhanced MBE (see MBE)ETSI European Telecommunication Standardization InstitutioneXCELP Extended CELP (with classified codebooks, see CELP)FER Frame Error RateFIR Finite (-length) Impulse Response (also “non-recursive”) filterFR Full-Rate system �= the first standard GSM speech coding at 13 kb/s�GSM Global System for Mobile communicationHC Harmonic Coding �= SM with a frequency grid, see SM�HR Half-Rate system (with half the original GSM data rate and less
quality)HVXC Harmonic Vector-eXcited Coding ( a HC / VQ combinaztion, see HC,
CELP, VQ)IMBE Improved MBE (see MBE)IP Internet ProtocolISCD Iterative Source-Channel DecodingISO International Standardization OrganizationITU International Telecommunication Union (formerly: CCITT, Conseil
Consultative de la Telephonie et Telegraphie)JLR Junction Loudness RatingLMS Least Mean Squares (algorithm)LP Linear Prediction
�= linear estimation of a new sample from n past samples�LPC Linear Predictive Coding (used generally for the filter inside all
predictive coders or specifically for the LP-based VOCODER)LSF Line Spectral Frequencies �= transformed LPC coefficients�LTP Long-Term Prediction (with a large lag in the order of a “pitch”
period)MBE Multi-Band Excitation (of an LP filter)Mops Mega (i.e., million) Operations per SecondMOS Mean Opinion ScoreMOS-LQO Mean Opinion Score, Listening Quality ObjectiveMPE Multi-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a general
time grid)MPEG Moving-Picture Expert Group (also standardizing speech and audio
systems)MSC Mobile Switching Center
List of Important Abbreviations 929
MSE Mean-Square ErrorNLMS Normalized Least Mean Squares (algorithm)NLP Non Linear ProcessorOLR Overall Loudness RatingPCM Pulse-Code Modulation
(= analog-to-digital conversion, with linear or possiblynon-linear quantization)
PLMN Public Land Mobile RadioPSD Power spectral densityPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkR Rating Factor, used in the E-model for transmission planningRELP Residual (signal)-Excited Linear PredictorRLR Receiving Loudness RatingRLS Recursive Least Squares (algorithm)RPE Regular-Pulse Excitation (with a reduced number of entries on a regular
time grid)SBC Sub-Band CodingSIRP Spherically Invariant Random ProcessSISO Soft-In/Soft-OutSLR Sending Loudness RatingSM Sinusoidal Modeling (of signals by sums of general sinusoids)SNR Signal-to-Noise (power) Ratio (usually on a log. scale, in dB)SOVA Soft-Output Viterbi AlgorithmTC Transform CodingTDM Time Division MultiplexTELR Talker Echo Loudness RatingTELRdt Talker Echo Loudness Rating, Double TalkTRC Transcoder ControllerUEP Unequal Error ProtectionUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication SystemVAD Voice Activity DetectionVOCODER Voice CODER with parametric speech description and synthesisVoIP Voice over Internet ProtocolVQ Vector Quantization (also “block quantization”)WB Wide-Band (speech, with ∼7 kHz bandwidth rather than 3.5 kHz)
Zebra finch, 1894, 1896–1892Zech’s logarithm, 92Zero padding, 99, 138, 474Z-network, 109Zone of silence, 1454Z-transform, 54–56, 60, 367Zwicker model of loudness, 254,
257Zwicker’s and Terhardt’s formula,
235Zwislocki’s theory, 1192–1193
Cumulative Contents
Editor Biographies vEditorial Board viiPreface ixAcknowledgments xiContributors xvii
PART I ACOUSTIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 11 Signals and Systems 3
1 Temporal Signal Classification 42 System Definition and Classification 12
2 Acoustic Data Acquisition 171 Electronic Noise 172 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 193 Anti-aliasing Filters 224 Basic Digital Signal Calibration 245 Multichannel System Calibration 286 Data Validation and Diagnostic Techniques Summary 31
3 Spectral Analysis and Correlation 331 Introduction 332 The Fourier Transform and Variants 353 Practical FFT Analysis 404 Spectral Analysis Using Filters 435 Correlation Functions 446 Time–Frequency Analysis 47
1932 Cumulative Contents
4 The FF T and Tone Identification 531 Introduction 532 The FFT (and DFT) 543 Leakage 554 Windows 575 Estimation of Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase 596 Applications 62
14 Signal Processing in Hearing Aids 2051 Basic Approach to the Rehabilitation of Hearing Deficiencies 2052 Factors of Hearing Impairment and Rehabilitation Strategies 2063 Limitations of Current Rehabilitation Strategies 2094 Conclusions 209
PART III PSYCHOACOUSTICS 21315 Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation
to Long-Term Sounds 2151 Introduction 2152 Methods for Psychoacoustics 216
1934 Cumulative Contents
3 Information Processing along the Temporal Stream –The Method of Continuous Judgment by Category 220
4 Information Processing in Hearing – Summary 226
16 Masking and Critical Bands 2291 Introduction 2292 Description of Masking Effects 2303 Critical Bands in Psychoacoustical Experiments 2334 Approximations of Auditory Filter Bandwidth 2345 Limits of the Critical Band Concept 2366 Modeling Auditory Masking 2387 Conclusions 238
17 Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception 2411 Introduction 2412 Basic Issues 2413 Pitch of Tonal Stimuli 2444 Pitch of Random Stimuli 248
18 Calculation of Loudness for Normaland Hearing-Impaired Listeners 2511 Introduction 2512 Model 2543 Conclusions 260
19 Psychoacoustical Roughness 2631 Introduction 2632 Roughness in Dependence of Signal Parameters 2643 Roughness Calculation 265
PART IV MUSICAL ACOUSTICS 27520 Automatic Music Transcription 277
1 Introduction 2772 Musical Sounds and F0 Estimation 2783 Auditory Model-Based Multiple-F0 Analysis 2814 Sound Separation Using Sinusoidal Modeling 2845 Statistical Inference Within Parametric Signal Models 2896 Unsupervised Learning Techniques 2927 Summary and Conclusions 298
Cumulative Contents 1935
21 Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals 3051 Introduction 3052 Features and Similarity Measures 3073 Segmentation 3094 The Similarity Matrix 3135 Finding Repeating Sequences 3176 Music Summary 3247 Evaluation 3278 Summary and Conclusions 327
22 Computer Music Synthesis and Composition 3331 Introduction 3332 Music with Live Performers 3343 Form, Structure and Time 3404 Timbre and Texture 3415 Tuning Systems 3446 Musique Concrete and Collage 3507 Environments 3538 Conclusion 355
23 Singing Voice Analysis, Synthesis, and Modeling 3591 Introduction 3592 Principles of Singing Voice Modeling 3603 Models of the Glottal Source 3624 Models of the Vocal Tract 3645 Synthesis of the Singing Voice 3706 Conclusion 371
24 Instrument Modeling and Synthesis 3751 Introduction 3752 Spectral Analysis 3773 Wavetable Synthesis 3784 Wavetable Matching 3815 Frequency Modulation (FM) Synthesis Models 3856 Frequency Modulation Matching 3917 Conclusions 394
26 Modeling of Musical Instruments 4191 Introduction 4192 Finite-Element Formulation 4253 Finite-Difference Formulation 4274 Turbulent k− � Model of Flute-Like Instruments 4285 Multiphonics in Blown Instruments in Terms
of a Split-Phase Pressure Description 4316 Time-Dependent Model of a Classical Guitar Body 4367 Guitar Back-Plate Timbre Brightening by Stress Bending 4408 Church Bell Clapper Time-Dependent Striking Force 442
PART V SPEECH 44727 Display and Analysis of Speech 449
1 Introduction 4492 Speech Production, Sampling and Quantisation 4503 Display of Speech Waveforms 4554 Analysis of Speech Waveforms 4635 Conclusion 481
28 Estimation of Speech Intelligibility and Quality 4831 Introduction 4832 Estimators of Speech Intelligibility 4853 Estimators of Speech Quality in Telecommunications 4924 Conclusion 514
29 Gaussian Models in Automatic Speech Recognition 5211 Introduction 5222 Background 5253 Training Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5324 Training Shared Regularized Gaussian Decompositions 5415 A Generalized EM Procedure 5496 Conclusions 550
30 Speech Synthesis 5571 Concatenative Text-to-Speech Synthesis 5582 Prosody Modification 5653 Smoothing 5704 Estimation of Unit Selection Costs 5735 Voice Quality/Speaker Modification and Other Open Issues 5756 Further Reading and Relevant Resources 581
Cumulative Contents 1937
31 Speech Coders 5871 Introduction 5872 Speech Coding Concepts 5883 Issues Related to Input Conditions 5914 Issues Related to Channel Conditions 6025 Current Developments and Future Challenges 614
PART VI AUDIO ENGINEERING 62132 Transducer Models 623
1 Modelling Fundamentals 6232 Historical Introduction 6243 Current Literature Overview 6254 Overview of the Models 6255 Classical Principles 6286 Fundamentals of Transducers 6317 Dynamic Loudspeakers 6328 Horn Loudspeakers 6389 Electrostatic Loudspeakers 64010 Microphones 64011 Piezoelectric Transducers for Ultrasonic
and Underwater Applications 642
33 Loudspeaker Design and Performance Evaluation 6491 Loudspeaker as a System Design Problem 6492 Crossover Filters 6513 Frequency Response Equalization 6554 Room Response Equalizers 6575 System Delay and Delay Variation 6596 Protection 6607 Understanding Loudspeaker Operation by Modeling 6618 Acoustic Measurement Techniques 6629 Listening Tests 664
34 PA Systems for Indoor and Outdoor 6691 Introduction 6692 The PA System 6713 Planning and Setting Up the Loudspeakers 6764 Sound Indoors 6795 Sound Outdoors 6826 Measurement Methods 6837 Special Issues on Signal Processing for PA Systems 684
1938 Cumulative Contents
35 Beamforming for Speech and Audio Signals 6911 The Basic Concept 6922 Data-Independent Beamforming 6933 Differential Microphone Arrays 6964 Statistically Optimum Beamformers 6975 Blind Source Separation as Blind Beamforming 6996 Concluding Remarks 700
36 Digital Audio Recording Formats and Editing Principles 7031 Digital Tape Recording 7032 Digital Recording on Computer Mass Storage Media 7073 Consumer Digital Formats 7184 Digital Audio Editing Using Mass Storage Media 723
37 Audiovisual Interaction 7311 Audiovisual Space 7312 Audiovisual Speech 7323 Neural Basis of Audiovisual Perception 738
38 Multichannel Sound Reproduction 7471 Introduction 7472 Concepts of Spatial Hearing by Humans 7473 Loudspeaker Layouts 7484 Reproduction Methods 7505 Capturing Sound for Multichannel Audio 755
39 Virtual Acoustics 7611 Introduction 7612 Auralization and Signal Processing 7623 Waveguide Meshes in Room Acoustics 766
40 Audio Restoration 7731 A Brief History of the Recording Technology 7732 Aims and Problems 7733 Overview of Digital Audio Restoration 7744 Future Directions 780
41 Audio Effects Generation 7851 Filters and Delays 7862 Tremolo, Vibrato and Rotary Speaker 7883 Chorus, Flanger and Phaser 7894 Pitch Shifting and Time Stretching 790
Cumulative Contents 1939
5 Dynamics Processing 7936 Room Simulation 794
42 Perceptually Based Audio Coding 7971 Introduction 7972 Transparent Coding: General Strategy 8013 Transparent Coding: Specific Examples 8044 Subjective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8115 Objective Evaluation of Sound Quality 8136 Concluding Remarks 814
PART VII TELECOMMUNICATIONS 81943 Speech Communication and Telephone Networks 821
1 General Aspects of Speech Communication 8212 Modern Telephone Networks 825
44 Methods of Determining the Communicational Qualityof Speech Transmission Systems 8311 Assessment Methods 8312 Subjective Assessment 8323 Objective Methodologies 8384 Network Planning 848
45 Efficient Speech Coding and TransmissionOver Noisy Channels 8531 Introduction and Fundamentals 8532 Speech Coding 8573 Speech Transmission over Noisy Channels 8674 Further Work, Results and Literature 877
46 Echo Cancellation 8831 Echo Cancellation and Suppression 883
47 Noise Reduction and Interference Cancellation 8971 Single-Channel Techniques 8982 Multichannel Techniques 9003 Blind Signal Separation of Convolutive Mixtures 904
48 Terminals and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9091 Acoustic Interfaces 910
1940 Cumulative Contents
49 Networks and Their Influence on Communication Quality 9151 PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Networks) 9152 Packet-Based Transmission 9163 Mobile Networks 918
50 Interaction of Terminals, Networksand Network Configurations 9211 Tandeming of Speech Coders 9212 Delay 9233 Tandeming of Speech Echo Cancellers 9234 Tandeming VAD and NLP 9245 Other Signal Processing 925
List of Important Abberviations 927
PART VIII NOISE 93151 Sound Levels of Noise Sources 933
1 Sound Power Level 9332 Sound Energy Level 943
52 Outdoor Measurements 9491 Measurement of Acoustical Properties of Ground
Surfaces – Hideki Tachibana 9492 Measurement of Shielding Effect of Noise
Barriers – Kohei Yamamoto and Yasushi Miki 9533 Measurement of Sound Attenuation for Long-Distance
Propagation Outdoors – Yasushi Miki 9594 Noise Sources in Road and Railway Transport – Yasushi Takano 9635 Detection of Aircraft Sound Events – Ichiro Yamada 972
53 Measurements of Physical Characteristics Using Soundat Audible or Lower Frequencies 9831 Acoustic Micrometer [59] 9842 Acoustic Volume Meter [45,51] 9863 Acoustic Surface Area Meter [56] 9894 Acoustic Rate Gyro [35] 9955 Acoustic Impedance Flowmeter [18] 9966 Chopper Microphone [29] 9977 Kinematic Viscosity Sensor [27] 999
Cumulative Contents 1941
54 Community Response to Noise 10051 Statistical Character of Environmental Noise in Populated Areas 10062 Predicting the Annoyance of Environmental Noise 10083 Predicting Sleep Disturbance 10164 Predicting the Likelihood of Noise-Induced Complaints 10175 Summary 1018
PART IX ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL 1021Introduction 1023
55 Forward Control in Single-Channel Systems 10291 Introduction 10292 Control of Deterministic Disturbances 10333 Adaptive FIR Controllers 10434 Equivalent Feedback Controller 1051
56 Forward Control in Multichannel Systems 10571 Introduction 10572 Optimal Control of Tonal Disturbances 10583 Steepest Descent Algorithms 10624 Trade-Off Between Error Attenuation and Control Effort:
The Leaky Algorithm 10705 Robustness to Plant Uncertainties and Plant Model Errors 10726 Applications: Controlling Propeller Noise in Aircraft 1076
57 Feedback Control Systems 10811 Introduction 10812 Analogue Controllers 10863 Application: Active Headsets 10944 Digital Controllers 10985 Hybrid Feedback Controllers 1102
PART X STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICSAND VIBRATION 1107
58 Intensity Techniques 11091 Introduction 11092 Sound Intensity and Sound Power 11093 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 1111
1942 Cumulative Contents
4 Measurement of Sound Intensity 11155 Applications of Sound Intensity 1122
60 Actuator Design and Deployment 11411 Introduction 11412 Actuator Design 11423 Actuator Deployment Using Genetic Algorithms 1151
61 Materials Testing 11671 Introduction 11672 Sound Propagation in Rigid Porous Materials 11683 Sound Propagation in Elastic Porous Materials 1175
PART XI BIORESPONSE TO VIBRATION 118362 Tactile Responses to Vibration 1185
1 Introduction 11852 Neural Structures 11883 Thresholds of Detection in the Temporal and Spatial Domains 11904 Suprathreshold Responses 11945 Subject Variables 11976 The Four-Channel Model of Cutaneous Mechanoreception 12027 Roughness and Texture 12058 Biophysics 1206
63 Uses and Applications of Somatosensation 12151 Introduction 12152 Intermodality Interactions 12163 Sensory Substitution 12184 Health 12195 Environmental Well-Being 12216 Whole Body Vibration 1224
64 Sensory Substitution 12311 Introduction 12312 Temporal Gap Detection 1234
Cumulative Contents 1943
3 User Variables 12354 Practical Design Considerations 12355 Mechanical Stimulators 12366 Electrical Stimulators 12367 Coding 12378 The Systems 12399 Training 1239
PART XII TRANSDUCERS FOR ACOUSTICMEASUREMENT 1245
65 Condenser Microphones 12471 Introduction 12472 General Principle 12473 Transduction 12484 Preamplifiers 12505 Sensitivity 12526 Frequency Response 12527 Microphones and Sound Fields 12558 Critical Design Parameters and Materials 12579 Acoustic Impedance of Diaphragm 125810 Dynamic Range 126011 Microphones and International Microphone Standards 126212 Microphones of Other Designs and Materials 1263
66 Dynamic Pressure Microphones 12671 Introduction 12672 Driving the Membrane 12683 Generating the Electric Output 12704 Advantages and Limitations 1271
67 Dynamic Pressure Difference Microphones 12751 Introduction 12752 The Frequency Response of a Dynamic Pressure
Difference Microphone 12753 The Directional Response of a Pressure Difference
Microphone 12784 The Ribbon Microphone 12785 Cardioids and Other Directivity Patterns 12796 Interference Microphones 12807 Reflectors 12818 Fixed and Variable Arrays 1281
1944 Cumulative Contents
68 The Microflown Particle Velocity Sensor 12831 Introduction 12832 The Microflown Transducer 12853 Limitations 12864 Calibration 12885 Applications 1288
69 Microphone Calibration 12931 Introduction 12932 Calibrations Performed at Primary and Secondary Levels 12933 Principal Types of Sound Field and Microphone Responses 12944 Laboratory Standard Microphones Suited for Primary
Calibration 12955 Principle of Microphone Reciprocity Calibration 12956 Primary Pressure Response Calibration by
Reciprocity Technique 12977 Primary Free-Field Response Calibration by
Reciprocity Technique 12998 Sound Field Corrections of Laboratory Standard
and Measurement Microphones 13009 Determination of Diffuse-Field Frequency Response 130010 Working Standard Microphones 130211 Sensitivity and Frequency Response Calibration
by Comparison 130312 Frequency Response Calibration by Electrostatic Actuator 130413 Free-Field Response Calibration by Free-Field Comparison 130714 Traceability and Accreditation 130715 Dynamic Linearity 130816 Field Calibration with Sound Field Calibrators 1310
70 Piezoceramic Accelerometer 13131 Introduction 13132 Technology Fundamentals 13133 Construction 13164 Selecting and Specifying 13195 Mounting 13236 Latest and Future Developments 13257 List of Applicable Standards 1326
74 Sinusoidal Representation of Acoustic Signals 13651 Introduction 13652 Phase Vocoder 13653 Sinusoidal Model 13674 Sinusoidal Model for Rapidly Changing Signal 13705 Time-Scale and Pitch Modification 1379
75 Room Transfer Function 13811 Introduction 13812 Modal Expansion of the TF 13813 Distribution of Eigenfrequencies 13824 Chaotic Properties of Ray Tracing and Eigenfrequency Distribution 13865 Distribution of Zeros 13886 Phase Response of Room TF 13907 Control of Magnitude and Phase for Artificial
Reverberation Rendering 1398
76 Spatial Information of Sound Fields 14031 Introduction 14032 DOA Estimation 14043 Spatial Information Measurement: Four Closely Located Point
Microphones Method 14084 Sound Field Measurement Using a Laser 14115 Summary 1417
1946 Cumulative Contents
PART XIV INFRASONICS 142377 Infrasound Event Detection Using the Progressive
Multi-Channel Correlation Algorithm 14251 Introduction 14252 Correlation: The Basic Component of PMCC 14273 PMCC Configuration 14294 Processing Examples 1430
78 Ray Tracing in an Inhomogeneous Atmospherewith Winds 14371 Historical Introduction 14372 Atmospheric Variability 14393 Geometrical Acoustics 14394 Concluding Remarks 1456
79 Infrasonic Data Processing at the Provisional TechnicalSecretariat of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanOrganization 14611 Overview of IDC Processing 14632 Infrasonic Station Processing at the IDC 14643 Automatic Network Processing 14674 Interactive Processing 14695 Post-location Processing 1470
80 The Design and Performance of InfrasoundNoise-Reducing Pipe Arrays 14731 Introduction 14732 Historical Background 14743 Design Principles for a Robust Infrasonic Noise-Reducing System 14754 Noise-Reducing Pipe Array Design and Performance 14775 Conclusion 1485
81 Processing Infrasonic Array Data 14871 Array Processing 14872 Bearing Estimation 14873 Signal Detection and Enhancement 1492
3 Propagation Models 15034 Summary and Future Direction 1512
PART XV SEISMOLOGY 152183 Structure and Elastic Properties of the Earth 1523
1 Why Seismology is Studied 15232 Structure and Composition of the Earth 15233 Seismic Waves 15264 Elastic Properties of the Earth 15285 Commercial Seismology 1531
84 Seismic Wave Propagation 15351 Introduction 15352 Medium Models 15363 Reflections of Plane Wave 1542
85 Seismic Data Acquisition 15451 Introduction 15452 The Acquisition System 15463 Signal-to-Noise Quality 15504 Sampling for Migration Imaging 1554
86 Signal Models in Seismic Processing 15591 Introduction 15592 The Data Matrix 15603 Source, Transfer and Receiver Matrices 15614 Accuracy and Tractability in Seismic Signal Models 1566
87 Deconvolution and Optimal Filtering in Seismology 15711 Introduction 15712 Deconvolution with Known Source Signatures 15723 Deconvolution with Unknown Source Signatures 15754 Conclusions 1580
88 Seismic Migration Imaging 15851 Introduction 15852 The Migration Problem 15863 Time Migration 15884 Depth Migration 1589
90 Earthquake Localization 16271 Introduction 16272 The Location Problem 16273 Geiger’s Method 16294 Grid Search 16305 Methods to Reduce Uncertainty 1630
91 Seismic Tomography 16351 Introduction 16352 Seismic Travel-Time Tomography 16363 Examples of Travel-Time Tomography 16434 Extensions of Travel-Time Tomography 1646
92 Array Signal Processing 16551 Introduction 16552 Slowness, Backazimuth and the Complete Slowness Vector 16553 Array Methods 16564 Array Configurations 1663
PART XVI UNDERWATER ANDOCEANOGRAPHIC ACOUSTICS 1667
93 Propagation and Signal Modeling 16691 Introduction 16692 The Ocean Acoustic Environment 16703 Numerical Modeling Techniques 16754 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Separable Problems 16785 Time-Harmonic Solutions of Non-Separable Problems 16796 Pulse Solutions by Fourier Synthesis 16827 Signal Simulation Examples 16828 Summary 1692
Cumulative Contents 1949
94 Statistical Signal Processing 16951 Background 16952 Detection 16973 Estimation 16994 Spatial Processing and Arrays 1710
95 Inverse Problems in Underwater Acoustics 17231 Introduction 17232 Linear Inverse Problems 17253 Linearized Inversion 17274 Nonlinear Inverse Problems 17285 Matched Field Inversion 1729
96 Active Sonar 17371 Introduction 17372 The Sonar Signal 17383 Sonar System Design 17434 Performance Analysis 17445 Discussion 1754
97 Passive Sonar 17571 Introduction 17572 Passive Sonar Systems 17583 The Passive Sonar Equation 17604 Spatial Processing and Array Gain 17615 Detectors 17686 Classification 17727 Localization 1773
98 Transducers for Sonar Systems 17831 Transduction Materials 17832 Conventional Designs and Modeling Approaches 17903 Broad Bandwidth Transducer Designs 17984 Considerations for Remotely Operated Undersea Vehicles 1807
99 Flow Noise 18211 Introduction 18212 Flow-Induced Noise in Hull-Mounted Sonar Systems 18223 Transition Zone Noise Scaling 18234 Turbulent Boundary Layer Wall Pressure Fluctuations 18235 Transducer Size and Array Effects 1827
1950 Cumulative Contents
PART XVII ANIMAL BIOACOUSTICS 1833100 Bat Bioacoustics 1835
1 Introduction 18352 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18363 Call Characteristics 18374 Echolocation Performance and Models 18385 Hearing Performance and Models 18446 Stimulus generation 18457 Archives and Databases 1847
101 Fish Bioacoustics 18511 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18512 Hearing Performance 18513 Vocalization Sounds 18554 Locating and Tracking 18575 Archives and Databases 1858
102 Amphibian Bioacoustics 18611 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18622 Hearing Performance and Modelling 18663 Characteristics of Anuran Calls 18754 Stimulus Generation – Synthesized Calls 18805 Archives and Databases of Signals 1880
103 Avian Bioacoustics 18871 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18872 Hearing Performance 18903 Characteristics of Songs and Calls 18914 Archives and Databases of Signals 1894
104 Cetacean Bioacoustics with Emphasison Recording and Monitoring 1897
1 Recording and Monitoring Systems 18982 Locating and Tracking 19013 Echolocation Models 1903