iii LIST OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………….. i Contents……………………………………………………………………….. ii List of contents……………………………………………………………….. iii List of tables………………………………………………………………….. vii List of figures………………………………………………………………… x List of Appendices……………………………………………………………. xi Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. xii 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………... 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………… 6 2.1. Vitamin K; a preamble ………………………………………… 7 2.2. Dietary sources, requirements and deficiencies………………… 8 2.2.1. Spinach: source of vitamin K 1 ..……………………… 9 2.2.2. Natto: a source of vitamin K 2 ………………………… 10 2.2.3 Vitamin K requirements …….………………………… 11 2.2.4. Deficiency of vitamin K…….………………………… 14 2.3. Absorption and metabolic route ………………………………… 15 2.4. Coagulation activities ……..……….…………………………… 17 2.4.1. Vitamin K and anticoagulants………………………… 18 2.5. Vitamin K-dependent proteins ………………….………………. 19 2.6. Vitamin K and bone health ……………………....……………… 22 2.6.1. Socio-demographic studies and vitamin K…………….. 24 2.7. Product development …….……………………………………… 25 2.7.1. Hedonic response……………………………………… 26 2.8. Efficacy study …………………………………………………... 27 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………..….......... 31 3.1. Materials…………………………………………………………. 31 3.2 Characterization of spinach and soybean..………………………... 31 3.2.1. Moisture content………………………………………... 31 3.2.2. Crude protein …………………………………………... 31 3.2.3. Crude fat ……….……………………………………..... 32 3.2.4. Crude fiber …………………………………………….. 32 3.2.5. Ash …………………………………………………….. 32
4
Embed
LIST OF CONTENTS - prr.hec.gov.pkprr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1386/2/2071S-0.pdfiii LIST OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………..
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
iii
LIST OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………….. i
Contents……………………………………………………………………….. ii
List of contents……………………………………………………………….. iii
List of tables………………………………………………………………….. vii
List of figures………………………………………………………………… x
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………. xi
Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. xii
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………... 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………… 6
2.1. Vitamin K; a preamble ………………………………………… 7
2.2. Dietary sources, requirements and deficiencies………………… 8
2.2.1. Spinach: source of vitamin K1..……………………… 9
2.2.2. Natto: a source of vitamin K2………………………… 10
2.2.3 Vitamin K requirements …….………………………… 11
2.2.4. Deficiency of vitamin K…….………………………… 14
2.3. Absorption and metabolic route ………………………………… 15