List of Figuresdownloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/sample-content… · cell and several “ghost” cells (400 ). 58 5-3. RBCs and WBCs (A). Charging the focus causes

xi

1-1. Common safety symbols. 5

1-2. NFPA symbol. 7

2-1. Male urinary tract—lateral view. 12

2-2. Female urinary tract—lateral view. 12

2-3. The urinary system. 13

2-4. Structures of the urinary tract. 14

2-5. The kidney. 14

2-6. The sectioned left kidney. 15

2-7. The nephron. 16

2-8. Different sections of the tubule and reabsorption

of sodium and water. 17

2-9. Renal arterial and venous blood flow through the

kidney. 17

2-10. The renal pyramid with corresponding blood

vessels. 18

2-11. Bowman capsule, the glomerular tuft, and the

juxtaglomerular apparatus. 18

2-12. The glomerulus (renal corpuscle) and the

filtration barrier of the glomerulus. 18

2-13. Formation of urine via filtration, reabsorption,

secretion, and hormonal effects. 19

2-14. Filtration and tubular processing of the

glomerular ultrafiltrate. 19

2-15. The countercurrent mechanism and antidiuretic

hormone in urine concentration. 20

2-16. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone cycle and

hypertension. 21

2-17. Renal cell becoming an oval fat body. 22

3-1. Cloth fibers (160�). 26

3-2. Urine specimens of varying color. 29

3-3. Schematic diagram of the Total Solids

refractometer. 32

3-4. Schematic representation of the refractometer

scales of measurement. 32

3-5. Specific gravity color chart. 33

4-1. Illustration of Multistix 10 SG. 36

4-2. pH color chart. 37

4-3. Protein color chart. 38

4-4. Glucose color chart. 40

4-5. Clinitest color chart. 41

4-6. Ketone color chart. 42

4-7. Acetest color chart. 43

4-8. Blood color chart. 44

4-9. Bilirubin color chart. 47

4-10. Ictotest color reactions. (A) negative, (B)

moderate, and (C) large. 47

4-11. Urobilinogen color chart. 48

4-12. Nitrite color chart. 50

4-13. Leukocyte esterase color chart. 50

5-1. Amorphous phosphates and hyaline cylindroid

(200�). 57

5-2. Red blood cells. The field also contains a white

cell and several “ghost” cells (400�). 58

5-3. RBCs and WBCs (A). Charging the focus causes the

red cells to appear as black circles (B) (400�). 58

5-4. White blood cells in a hypotonic urine

(800�). 59

5-5. White cell clumps (200�). 60

5-6. Numerous white cells (400�). 60

5-7. Transitional cell (A), Renal epithelial cells (B) and

WBCs (C) (800�). 61

5-8. Transitional epithelial cells (500�). 61

5-9. Transitional epithelial cell, several squamous

epithelial cells, and white cells (200�). 62

5-10. Squamous epithelial cells (160�). 62

5-11. Crystals frequently found in acidic urine. 64

5-12. Other crystals found in acidic urine. 65

5-13. Uric acid crystals. (500�). 66

5-14. Uric acid crystals in rosette formation (500�). 66

5-15. Six-sided uric acid crystal (400�). 66

5-16. Polarized uric acid crystal (400�). 67

5-17. Calcium oxalate crystals (400�). 67


5-19. Amorphous urates (200�). 69

5-20. Hippuric acid crystal (400�). 69

5-21. Sodium urate crystals (400�). 69

5-22. Cystine crystal (1000�). 70

5-23. Cystine crystals. Several have laminated

surfaces (160�). 70

5-24. Leucine spheroid (400�). 70

5-25. Tyrosine crystals (160�). 71


5-27. Cholesterol crystal with typical notched

edges (250�). 71

5-28. Sulfonamide crystals, yeast, and WBCs

(400�). 72

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xii List of Figures

5-29. X-ray dye crystals (Hypaque) (160�). 72

5-30. X-ray dye crystals (Renografin) (400�). 72

5-31. X-ray dye crystals (Hypaque) (160�). 73

5-32. Polarized x-ray dye crystals (160�). 73

5-33. Bilirubin crystals (500�). 74

5-34. Crystals found in alkaline urine. 75

5-35. Triple phosphate crystals (200�). 75

5-36. Amorphous phosphates (400�). 76

5-37. Calcium carbonate crystals (400�). 76

5-38. Calcium phosphate crystals (400�). 76

5-39. Calcium phosphate plate or phosphate

sheath (200�). 77

5-40. Ammonium biurate crystals (500�). 77

5-41. Ammonium biurate crystals without

spicules (500�). 77

5-42. Sequence of urinary cast degeneration. 78

5-43. Hyaline cast and red blood cells (400�). 79

5-44. Red cell cast and RBCs (400�). 80

5-45. White cell cast and WBCs (500�). 81

5-46. Finely granular casts (500�). 81

5-47. Broad coarsely granular cast (200�). 81

5-48. Epithelial cell cast (200�). 82

5-49. Waxy cast and WBCs (200�). 82

5-50. Waxy cast, WBCs, and bacteria (400�). 82

5-51. Fatty cast (400�). 83

5-52. Bacteria (rods, cocci, and chains) (500�). 84

5-53. Yeast cells (1000�). 84

5-54. Cylindroid (400�). 84

5-55. Spermatozoa (500�). 85

5-56. Mucous threads. Viewed with an 80A

filter (100�). 85

5-57. Oval fat body and a fiber (500�). 86

5-58. Fat droplets (500�). 86

5-59. Polarized anisotropic fat droplets (160�). 87

5-60. Starch crystal (500�). 88

5-61. Polarized starch crystals (400�). 88

5-62. Cloth fibers (160�). 88

5-63. Fibers (200�). 89

5-64. Fiber (400�). 89

5-65. Oil droplet. Field also contains WBCs and

squamous epithelial cells (400�). 90

5-66. Hair and a coarsely granular cast. Viewed with an

80A filter (400�). 90

5-67. Glass fragments (400�). 91

5-68. Air bubble and amorphous urates (160�). 91

5-69. Talcum powder particles (160�). 91

5-70. Fecal contamination. Field also contains triple

phosphate crystals (100�). 92

5-71. Trichomonas vaginalis (1000�). 92

5-72. Enterobius vermicularis ovum and

WBCs (500�). 93

5-73. Head of the Enterobius vermicularis adult female

worm (100�). 93

5-74. Schistosoma haematobium ovum. 94

5-75. Image for Case Study 5-1. 95







6-1. Hypotonic urine containing an RBC, several

WBCs, two renal epithelial cells, and a

transitional epithelial cell (500�). 100

6-2. Renal epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria

(500�). 100

6-3. Many RBCs and a squamous epithelial cell

(160�). 101

6-4. SM-stained RBCs, some crenated (400�). 101

6-5. SM-stained RBCs, some crenated, under phase

contrast microscopy (400�). 102

6-6. WBCs, a few RBCs, and bacteria (500�). 102

6-7. SM-stained WBCs and bacteria under phase


6-8. Large clump of WBCs and many squamous

epithelial cells (400�). 103

6-9. SM-stained RBCs, WBCs, and squamous


6-10. Distorted WBCs (400�). 104

6-11. Clump of WBCs, stained by bilirubin

(200�). 105

6-12. WBCs and squamous epithelial cells

(400�). 105

6-13. Renal epithelial cells (500�). 106

6-14. Sheet of squamous epithelial cells (160�). 106

6-15. Numerous WBCs and few transitional cells.

(200�). 107

6-16. SM-stained WBCs and transitional epithelial

cells (200�). 107

6-17. Squamous epithelial cells. 108

6-18. WBCs and bacteria. 108

6-19. SM-stained WBCs and bacteria (400�). 109

6-20. SM-stained WBCs, and bacteria, under phase




6-23. Uric acid crystals, diamond or rhombic form

(400�). 111

6-24. Uric acid crystals in the urine of a patient with a

kidney stone (400�). 111

6-25. WBC cast and uric acid crystals (400�). 112

6-26. Uric acid crystals in rosette formation

(400�). 112

6-27. Uric acid crystals, atypical form (400�). 113

6-28. Uric acid crystals, layered formation

(500�). 113

6-29. Uric acid crystals, thick rosette formation

(200�). 114

6-30. Uric acid, thick rosette formation under higher

power (500�). 114

6-31. Uric acid and calcium oxalate crystals

(500�). 115

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6-32. Uric acid crystals under polarized light

(400�). 115

6-33. Uric acid under polarized light (400�). 116

6-34. Uric acid crystals (100�). 116

6-35. Uric acid crystals under polarized light

(100�). 117

6-36. Uric acid crystals in pseudocast formation

(400�). 117

6-37. Uric acid, barrel shape, and yeast in the

background (200�). 118


6-39. Sodium urates and a WBC (400�). 118


6-41. Uric acid, needle shape under polarized light with

red compensator (400�). 119



6-44. Calcium oxalates, amorphous urates, and a piece

of debris (200�). 121

6-45. Calcium oxalate crystals clustered around a piece

of debris (100�). 121

6-46. Calcium oxalates and amorphous urates

(100�). 122

6-47. Hippuric acid crystals (400�). 122

6-48. Cystine crystals (160�). 122

6-49. Cystine crystal with unequal sides (1000�). 123

6-50. Cystine crystals (160�). 123

6-51. Cystine crystal with layered or laminated surface

(1000�). 124

6-52. Cystine crystals and a squamous epithelial cell

(400�). 124

6-53. Leucine crystals. 125

6-54. Leucine crystals under interference contrast

microscopy. 125




6-58. Tyrosine crystals under polarized light. 127


6-60. Cholesterol crystals from “kidney fluid”

(200�). 128

6-61. Same specimen as the previous figure under

polarized light. 128

6-62. X-ray dye crystals (160�). 129

6-63. X-ray dye crystals (400�). 129

6-64. X-ray dye crystals under polarized light

(160). 130

6-65. Bilirubin crystals and bilirubin-stained WBC and

granular cast (500�). 130

6-66. Bilirubin crystals and bilirubin-stained sediment

(500�). 131

6-67. Bilirubin crystals. 131

6-68. Sulfonamide crystals (400�). 132

6-69. Sulfonamide crystals under polarized light with

red compensator. 132


6-71. Triple phosphate crystals and amorphous

phosphates (200�). 133



6-74. Triple phosphates crystal and amorphous


6-75. Triple phosphate crystals under polarized

light. 135





6-78. Triple phosphates crystal and mucus (400�). 137

6-79. Triple phosphate crystal (400�). 137

6-80. Triple phosphate crystals under polarized light

with red compensator (200�). 138

6-81. Calcium phosphate crystals (400�). 138

6-82. Calcium phosphate plates and amorphous


6-83. Calcium phosphate plate (or phosphate sheath)

and amorphous phosphates (200�). 139






6-89. Ammonium biurate crystal and a squamous

epithelial cell (500�). 142


6-91. Ammonium biurate crystals. Spheroid form

without spicules (400�). 143


6-93. Hyaline cast, WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria

(500�). 144

6-94. Hyaline casts (200�). 145

6-95. Hyaline cast that is bent back upon itself and

many RBCs (400�). 145

6-96. Hyaline casts and many RBCs (100�). 146

6-97. Hyaline casts (400�). 146

6-98. Hyaline casts using phase contrast

microscopy. 147

6-99. Many hyaline casts and WBC casts, and rare RBC

(200�). 147

6-100. Hyaline, WBCs, RBCs, and epithelial cells

(200�). 148

6-101. Hyaline cast with a few granular inclusions

(500�). 148

6-102. Convoluted red blood cell cast (500�). 149

6-103. Red blood cell cast and many RBCs (500�). 149

6-104. Red blood cell cast (500�). 150

6-105. Red blood cell cast (200�). 150

6-106. Red blood cell cast and amorphous urates

(500�). 151

6-107. White blood cell cast, WBCs, squamous epithelial

cells, and mucus (400�). 151

6-108. White blood cell cast (500�). 152

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xiv List of Figures

6-109. SM-stained WBC cast (400�). 152

6-110. White blood cell cast (400�). 153

6-111. Bilirubin-stained casts, fibers, and sediment

(200�). 153

6-112. Mixed cell cast, WBCs, and RBCs (500�). 154

6-113. Bilirubin-stained WBC cast (500�). 154

6-114. Many WBC casts and many WBCs (200�). 155

6-115. SM-stained mixed cellular cast including renal

tubular epithelial cells (400�). 155

6-116. Epithelial cell cast (500�). 156

6-117. Mixed cast. This cast is half hyaline and half

granular (400�). 156

6-118. Mixed cast, yeast, and a WBC (500�). 157

6-119. Mixed cast (500�). 157

6-120. Many casts, WBCs, RBCs, and amorphous

sediment (200�). 158

6-121. Broad mixed granular and RBC cast, and a broad

granular cast (500�). 158

6-122. SM-stained hyaline cast, granular cast, mixed

cellular cast, and partially degenerated RTE cells

(200�). 159

6-123. Broad granular cast (400�). 159

6-124. Fine granular cast, WBCs, and RBCs (500�). 160

6-125. Fine granular casts and WBCs (500�). 160

6-126. SM-stained granular cast (200�). 161

6-127. Fine granular casts and WBCs (400�). 161

6-128. Coarse granular cast (500�). 162


6-130. Coarse granular cast, calcium phosphate plate,

and amorphous phosphates (200�). 163

6-131. Broad and narrow coarse granular casts

(200�). 163


6-133. Bilirubin-stained granular cast (500�). 164

6-134. Fine granular cast (400�). 165

6-135. Fine granular cast, WBCs, and bacteria

(400�). 165

6-136. Waxy cast and amorphous urates (500�). 166

6-137. Bilirubin-stained waxy cast, granular cast,

WBCs, and amorphous sediment (500�). 166

6-138. Long waxy cast, WBCs, and an epithelial cell

(200�). 167

6-139. Fine granular cast becoming a waxy cast

(500�). 167

6-140. Convoluted waxy cast. This field also contains

WBCs, rare RBC, and bacteria (500�). 168

6-141. Convoluted waxy cast (500�). 168

6-142. SM-stained waxy cast (100�). 169

6-143. SM-stained waxy cast using phase contrast

microscopy (100�). 169

6-144. SM-stained waxy-granular cast (200�). 170

6-145. Granular cylindroid (500�). 170

6-146. Hyaline cylindroid (160�). 171

6-147. Fine granular cast and yeast (400�). 171

6-148. Bacteria. This field contains rods, cocci, and

chains (500�). 172

6-149. Yeast, WBCs, rare RBC, and bacteria

(500�). 172

6-150. Yeast (1000�). 173

6-151. SM-stained yeast with pseudohyphae and

WBCs (200�). 173

6-152. Yeast under phase contrast microscopy

(400�). 174

6-153. Pinworm ovum and WBCs (100�). 174

6-154. Enterobius vermicularis or pinworm ovum

(400�). 175

6-155. Tail of the adult female pinworm (40�). 175

6-156. Pinworm ovum and WBCs (500�). 176

6-157. Schistosoma haematobium ovum under interference

contrast microscopy. 176

6-158. Trichomonas vaginalis with mixed cellular

background viewed under phase contrast

microscopy. 177

6-159. Sperm and epithelial cells (500�). 177

6-160. SM-stained sperm. 177

6-161. Mucus. 178

6-162. Mucus containing WBCs and RBCs

(200�). 178

6-163. Fat droplets and epithelial cells (160�). 179

6-164. Oval fat body, granular cast, and amorphous

urates (500�). 179

6-165. Oval fat body (400�). 180

6-166. Oval fat body (500�). 180

6-167. Oval fat bodies and WBCs (500�). 181

6-168. Oval fat body (400�). 181

6-169. Oval fat body (400�). 182

6-170. Oval fat body (400�). 182

6-171. Sudan III stained fat droplets. 183

6-172. Starch granules (200�). 183

6-173. Starch crystals (500�). 184

6-174. Starch granules. 184

6-175. Starch crystals under polarized light

demonstrating the typical “Maltese-cross”

formation (400�). 185

6-176. Talcum powder particles and a few squamous


6-177. Debris from a diaper (400�). 186

6-178. A. Fine granular cast and WBCs. B. Fiber

(200�). 186–187

6-179. Fiber (400�). 187

6-180. Fiber (400�). 188

6-181. Fiber (400�). 188

6-182. Debris from a diaper (200�). 188

6-183. Fibers (400�). 189

6-184. Fibers (400�). 189

6-185. Fiber (400�). 190

6-186. Fibers (500�). 190

6-187. Fiber, calcium oxalate crystals, and amorphous

urates (400�). 191

6-188. Fiber, calcium oxalate crystals, and

amorphous urates, but on a different focal

plane (400�). 191

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6-189. Air bubbles, phosphate plate, and amorphous


6-190. Coverslip defects. 192

7-1. The normal metabolic pathway of phenylalanine

and tyrosine. 203

7-2. Increased formation of phenylalanine

metabolites. 204

7-3. Biosynthesis of heme. 210

7-4. RBC cast: urine sediment; 400�. 213

7-5. Broad finely granular cast becoming waxy cast

with mixed cellular background. 214

7-6. Fatty casts, urine sediment; 400�. 214

7-7. Fatty casts; POL; urine sediment; 400�. 214

7-8. Granular casts, urine sediment. SM stain;

200�. 214

7-9. WBC cast, urine sediment. SM stain; 400�. 215

7-10. Direct Gram stain of urine showing gram-

negative rod bacteria and three WBCs

(neutrophils); 1000�. 215

7-11. Cystine crystal. Urine sediment, SM stain;

200�. 215

7-12. Cystine crystal. Urine sediment; 200�. 216

7-13. Cystine crystal; POL. Urine sediment; 200�. 216

7-14. Cystine crystals. Urine sediment; 100�. 216

8-1. Forces governing the exchange of fluid at the

capillary level. 220

8-2. Exchanges through capillary membranes in the

formation and removal of interstitial fluid. 221

8-3. Neubauer hemocytometer diagrams. 222

8-4. Cytocentrifuge. 223

8-5. Cytocentrifugation method of body fluid

concentration. 223

8-6. Cytocentrifuge-prepared smears are marked

with a wax pencil to outline the area of cell

deposit. 223

9-1. Anatomy of the central nervous system. 229

9-2. Detail of meninges. 229

9-3. Placement of the needle for CSF collection. 230

9-4. Specimen containers for cerebral spinal fluid

specimens. 230

9-5. Comparison of cerebral spinal fluid

appearance. 231

9-6. Cells that can normally be found in cerebral

spinal fluid (Wright stain 1000�). 231

9-7. Neutrophilic pleocytosis in cerebral spinal fluid

(Wright stain 1000�). 232

9-8. Lymphocytic pleocytosis in cerebral spinal fluid


9-9. Plasma cells in cerebral spinal fluid (Wright

stain 1000�). 232

9-10. Eosinophils in cerebral spinal fluid (Wright

stain 1000�). 232

9-11. Cerebral spinal fluid with mixed pleocytosis


9-12. Macrophage in cerebral spinal fluid (Wright

stain 1000�). 234

9-13. Macrophage demonstrating erythrophagocytosis

in cerebral spinal fluid (Wright stain

1000�). 234

9-14. Macrophage with iron inclusions (siderophage) in

cerebral spinal fluid (Wright stain 1000�). 235

9-15. Macrophage with hematin inclusions in cerebral

spinal fluid. 235

9-16. Macrophage with possible fat inclusions

(lipophage) in cerebral spinal fluid. 235

9-17. Ependymal cells in cerebral spinal fluid (Wright

stain 1000�). 235

9-18. Nucleated red blood cells in cerebral spinal fluid


9-19. Clumped choroid plexus in cerebral spinal fluid


9-20. Comparison of Wright stained and Gram stained

bacteria in cerebral spinal fluid. 237

9-21. Positive india ink stain. 237

9-22. Wright stained cytocentrifuged CSF. 240

9-23. CSF specimen tubes one, two, and three. 240

9-24. Wright stained cytocentrifuged CSF. 240

10-1. Mesothelial lining of serous body cavities. 242

10-2. Cytospin preparation of pleural fluid containing

RBCs and lymphocytes in acute inflammation.

Wright stain 400�. 243

10-3. Cytospin preparation of pleural fluid containing

RBCs, neutrophils, and a mesothelial cell in

bacterial infection. Wright stain 200�. 243

10-4. Cytospin preparation of peritoneal fluid

containing RBCs, lymphocytes, monocytes, and

mesothelial cells. Wright stain 200�. 243

10-5. Cytospin preparation of pericardial fluid

containing RBCs, WBCs, and cells resembling

adenocarcinoma. Wright stain 200�. 243


containing RBCs, WBCs, and many bacteria.

Identified by culture as Escherichia coli. Wright

stain 1000�. 244


containing WBCs and few bacteria. Identified

by culture as Staphylococcus. Wright stain

1000�. 244

10-8. Cholesterol crystals in pleural fluid. Bright light

(400�). 245

10-9. Cholesterol crystals in pleural fluid (400�). 246

10-10. The heart and pericardium. 246

10-11. Aspirating pericardial fluid. 247

10-12. The pleural cavity with effusion. 248

10-13. Thoracentesis. 248

10-14. The organs of the abdomen. 249

10-15. Paracentesis of the abdominal cavity in

midline. 249

10-16. Wright stain of ascites fluid. 250

10-17. Pleural fluid. 251

11-1. Articulated joint. 254

11-2. Synovial membrane from a normal knee joint. 254

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xvi List of Figures

11-3. Bulge test of joint for the detection of synovial

effusion. 254

11-4. Placement of needle in arthrocentesis of (A) elbow

and (B) knee joints. 255

11-5. Synovial fluid. 255

11-6. Synovial fluid inclusions. 256

11-7. String test showing normal synovial fluid

viscosity. 256

11-8. Mucin clot test of normal synovial fluid. 257

11-9. Normal cellular elements found in synovial fluid

(Wright–Giemsa). 257

11-10. Synovial fluid with acute inflammation


11-11. LE cell is a neutrophil containing a phagocytized

homogeneous nucleus (Wright–Giemsa). 258

11-12. Tart cell: a macrophage containing a

phagocytized nucleus that retains some nuclear

detail (Wright–Giemsa). 258

11-13. Reiter cell is a macrophage that has phagocytosed

one or more neutrophils. 258

11-14. Lipid-laden macrophage in synovial fluid


11-15. Synovial fluid with acute inflammation and

monosodium urate crystals (Wright–Giemsa stain

and polarized light). 259


monosodium urate crystals (Wright–Giemsa stain

and polarized/compensated light). 259


calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

(Wright–Giemsa stain and polarized light). 259


calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

(Wright–Giemsa stain and polarized/compensated

light). 259

11-19. Image A for Case Study 11-1 261

11-20. Image B for Case Study 11-1. 262

11-21. Image A for Case Study 11-2. 262

11-22. Image B for Case Study 11-2. 262

12-1. Detail of the male reproductive system. 264

12-2. The process of spermatogenesis in the

seminiferous tubules. 265

12-3. Stages of transformation from human spermatid

into spermatozoon. 265

12-4. Normal semen viscosity test. 266

12-5. Inclusion criteria of counting cells. 267

12-6. Wet mount of semen. Many sperm are present

(450�). 267

12-7. Wet mount of semen (450�). 267

12-8. Viable sperm do not take up the eosin stain and

remain colorless, thus appearing white

(eosin/nigrosin stain 1000�). 268

12-9. Nonviable sperm take up the eosin stain and

appear various shades of red (eosin/nigrosin stain

1000�). 268

12-10. Features of a normal spermatozoon. 269

12-11. Normal sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 269

12-12. Normal sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 270

12-13. Normal sperm, side view (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 270

12-14. Double-headed sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 270

12-15. Double-tailed sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 270

12-16. Coiled-tailed sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 270

12-17. Flat-headed sperm (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 271

12-18. Various sperm head sizes (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 271

12-19. Normal sperm shown with sperm at arrow that

has a constricted (or pinched) head and excessive

cytoplasmic membrane (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 271

12-20. Various sperm anomalies (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 271

12-21. Sperm with bent neck pieces (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 272

12-22. Sperm with round heads rather than oval

(Papanicolaou stain, 1000�). 272

12-23. Sperm with tapered heads rather than oval


12-24. Sperm with heads containing vacuoles


12-25. The necks of these sperm have excessive

cytoplasmic membrane remaining (Papanicolaou

stain, 1000�). 273

12-26. Immature spermatids (Papanicolaou stain,

1000�). 273

12-27. Figure for review questions 12–14. 275

13-1. Fecal leukocytes. 279

13-2. Guiac fecal occult blood test. 280

13-3. Steatorrhea with fecal fat Sudan III stain for

neutral fats. 280

13-4. Steatorrhea with fecal fat Sudan III stain for

fatty acids. 280

13-5. Creatorrhea. Undigested meat fiber. 281

13-6. Creatorrhea. Undigested meat fibers

tangled. 281

14-1. Schematic drawing of the amniotic

cavity. 285

14-2. Spectrophotometric scan of amniotic fluid

indicating bilirubin and oxyhemoglobin

peaks. 286

14-3. Liley graph for assessment of fetal risk. 288

14-4. Wet mount showing characteristic clue

cells. 289

14-5. Gram stain (1000�). Lactobacillus

predominating in a healthy vagina with

squamous epithelial cells. 289

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14-6. Trophozoites of T. vaginalis obtained from in vitro

culture, stained with Giemsa. 289

14-7. Wet preparation of Candida albicans yeast and

pseudohyphae with white blood cells. Yeast

(including pseudohyphae), RBCs, and WBCs

(200�). 290

14-8. Candia albicans with germ tube development in a

calcofluor white preparation. 291

14-9. Cell block preparation of BAL showing cysts of

P. jiroveci, GMS-P stain (1000�). 291

14-10. Cell block preparation of BAL showing cysts of

P. jiroveci, GMS-P stain (1000�). 292

14-11. Histopathologic changes indicating aspergillosis

of the lung caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. 293

14-12. Methenamine silver stain. 293

14-13. Bronchial washing cell block. H&E stain

(1000�). 293

14-14. Bronchial washing cell block. GMS-C

stain (1000�). 294

14-15. Bronchial washing cell block. PAP stain

(1000�). 294

15-1. A. Iris Diagnostics Division iQ®200 Automated

Urinalysis System (AUTION plus iQ®200). B. Iris

Diagnostics close-up of the AUTION barcode

reader and tube carrier. 297

15-2. Iris Diagnostics iChem®VelocityTM. 297

15-3. Iris Diagnostics iQ®200ELITETM. 298

15-4. Iris Diagnostics iQ®200SELECTTM. 298

15-5. Iris Diagnostics iQ®200SPRINTTM. 298

15-6. Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics

manufactures the Clinitek® Status. 298

15-7. Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics

manufactures the Clinitek® Atlas. 298

15-8. Sysmex UF-100® Urine Cell Analyzer. 298

15-9. Sysmex UF-100® Flow Cell Diagram. 298

15-10. Sysmex UF-100® Lateral Fluorescent Light

System Diagram. 299

15-11. Sysmex XE-5000 Automated Hematology

System. 299

15-12. SQA-V Sperm Analyzer. 300

List of Figures xvii

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