Foundation Course: Science 1 SEMESTER 1 UNIT 1: Cells and Biomolecules (Biology) (1 credit – 15 hours) SYNOPSISSize can be used to determine the organization of an organism at the molecular, cellularand tissue organizati on level. This is fundamental to a proper unders tandin g of biology as the ideas and concepts covered are the basic building blocks from which the rest ofthe subject is constructed. This unit discusses the structure of cells and organelles and the basic chemistry of a cell. It covers the structure of a generalized eukaryotic cells of plants and animal cells as well as the structure and function of specialized cells of both animal and plant cells. It also discussed physical and chemical properties and physiological role of bimolecularsubstances and movement of substances through membrane. LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this unit, the students should be able to: I. describe the structure of a pr okaryotic cell and its inclusions; II. describe the structure of eukaryotic cell and understand the roles of the nucleus, nucleolus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chlorop lasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, centrioles and microtubules, the cellulose cell wall; III. describe the pr opert ies of so me important biol ogical molecules; recall, recognise and identify the general formulae and structure of these molecules; understand their roles; and IV. explain how molecules and ions mov e i nto and ou t of cells. TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION 1. Structure of cells and organelles 8 hours 2. Basic chemistry of a cell 7 hours Total 15 hours 8
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
UNIT 1: Cells and Biomolecules (Biology)(1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
Size can be used to determine the organization of an organism at the molecular, cellular and tissue organization level. This is fundamental to a proper understanding of biologyas the ideas and concepts covered are the basic building blocks from which the rest of the subject is constructed. This unit discusses the structure of cells and organelles and the basic chemistry of acell. It covers the structure of a generalized eukaryotic cells of plants and animal cells aswell as the structure and function of specialized cells of both animal and plant cells. It
also discussed physical and chemical properties and physiological role of bimolecular substances and movement of substances through membrane.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell and its inclusions;
II. describe the structure of eukaryotic cell and understand the roles of the nucleus,
nucleolus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, centrioles and microtubules, the cellulosecell wall;
III. describe the properties of some important biological molecules; recall,recognise and identify the general formulae and structure of these molecules;understand their roles; and
IV. explain how molecules and ions move into and out of cells.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Structure of cells and organelles 8 hours2. Basic chemistry of a cell 7 hoursTotal 15 hours
This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding the basic of matter. The scopeof study encompasses of atomic structure, state of matter and electronic structure of atoms.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechniques and show the understanding of the concepts of matter and atomic structure;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of matter and atomic structure;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of matter; and
IV. apply the principles and concepts of chemistry in everyday l ife and showunderstanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Atomic Structure 5 hours2. States of Matter 5 hours3. Electronic structure of atoms 5 hours
2.1 Solid Explain qualitatively the properties of solid in terms of the arrangement of particles in three dimensions and therepeated pattern of unit cells.
Explain the terms lattice, allotrope,crystal system and unit cell.
Identify the properties of the seven basiccrystal structures: cube, hexagon,monoclinic, orthorhombic,rhombohedron, tetragon and triclinic withsuitable examples. Calculations relatingto unit cells are not required.
Explain the changes in states of matter,phase diagrams of H2O and CO2. The
processes of vaporisation, boiling,sublimation, freezing, melting and criticalpoints.
Strategy:Lecture followed by tutorialsessionsPractical sessions to
enhance the understandingof theory as well as toapply the knowledge learnt
This unit aims to enhance students’ knowledge and understanding of basic physicalquantities, international units of measurement, error in measurements, vector and scalar
quantities, the relation between displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration,Newton’s laws of motion, collision and conservation of momentum, equilibrium of forcesand effects of frictional forces.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. show the understanding of the basic physical quantities, SI units, kinematics(including uniform circular motion), dynamics and statics;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of physical quantities, SI units, kinematics, dynamics and statics;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of kinematics, dynamicsand statics; and
IV. apply the principles and concepts of physics in everyday life and showunderstanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Physical quantities and units 4 hrs2. Kinematics 3 hrs3. Dynamics 4 hrs4. Statics 4 hrs
This unit will develop students’ experimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. It is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling of apparatus, planning of experimental works, making observations, interpretationof results and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamicand exciting nature of science. In the process, an awareness of the ethical,technological and economic aspects of the subject can be created.
Each practical work should be accomplished within a 3 hours period inclusive of thereport write up by students under partial supervision of the teacher. The suggestedexperiments for Practical science 1 are adopted from that of STPM Practical Biology,Chemistry and Physics. There are 3 experiments to be carried out in this semester
comprising of one practical each from Biology, Chemistry and Physics respectivelytaking up a total of 30 hours.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly;
II. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed;
III. observe, record and display readings or data collected;IV. process, analyse and interpret data correctly and perform necessary
calculation;
V. draw reasonable conclusions consistent with the processed observations; and
VI. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for the practicalwork.
UNIT 5: Gaseous Exchange, Transport, and Homeostasis (Biology)(1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This unit discussed how raw materials are needed to release the energy, and other essential substances, are exchanged with the environment and transported within theorganism. In particular, how animals obtain the oxygen needed to release energy inmitochondria, and how it and other materials are transported by blood around the bodyusing the pumping of the heart. Finally, consideration will be given to how a favorablewater balance is maintained in organisms and the methods by which unwanted wastesare removed.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. recall the structure of the thorax;
II. describe the mechanism of ventilation, including how breathing is controlled;
III. recall the structure of alveoli and understand their role in gas exchange;
IV. describe the external and internal structure of a neophyte leaf;
V. explain the structure and roles of stomata and the mechanism of stomatalopening;
VI. state the functions of the circulatory system in the transport of respiratory gases,metabolites, metabolic wastes and hormones; describe the double circulatory
system;
VII. describe the structure of the mammalian heart and coronary circulation and howthe cardiac cycle is coordinated;
VIII. describe the structure and roles of arteries, veins and capillaries;
IX. describe the structure of the vascular tissues; understand the role of vessels inrelation to transport;
X. explain the concept of homeostasis;
XI. describe the regulation of blood glucose level and relate it to diabetes mellitus;and
XII. describe morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptations of plants todifferent environments.
UNIT 6: Chemical Bonding (Chemistry) (1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of basic chemical bonding.The scope of study encompasses ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding andintermolecular forces between molecules.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechniques and show the understanding of the concepts of chemical bonding;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of chemical bonding;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the chemical bonding; and
IV. apply the principles and concepts of chemistry to everyday life and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Ionic (electrovalent) Bonding and covalent bonding 5 hours
2. Metallic Bonding 5 hours
3. Intermolecular forces between molecules 5 hours
Explain electrovalent andcovalent bonding in terms of `dot and cross' diagrams.
Explain the Lewis structure of S04
2-, C032-, N03
-, and CN- ions.
Predict and explain the shapeof molecules and ions usingthe principle of electron pairsrepulsion, eg. linear, trigonalplanar, tetrahedral, trigonal
bipyramid, octahedral, V-shaped, and pyramid. Explain the concept of overlapping and hybridisationof the s and p orbitals for theC, N, and O atoms in the CH4,C,H4 , C2H2 , NH3, and H2Omolecules.
Explain the differences in thebond angles in the water,
ammonia, and methanemolecules.
Explain the existence of polar and non-polar bonding inmolecules which contain the C-Cl, C-N, C-O, C-Li, C-Si bonds,and explain the -covalentproperties of ionic compoundssuch as Al203 and LiI.Calculations on bond polarity arenot required.
Explain the existence of co-ordinate bonding asexemplified by H30+, NH4
+,Al2Cl6, and [Fe(CN)6]3- .
Strategy:Lecture followed by tutorialsessionsPractical sessions toenhance the understandingof theory as well as to applythe knowledge learnt
UNIT 7: Waves and Optics (Physics)(1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This unit aims to enhance students’ knowledge and understanding of wave motion, typesof waves, its propagation, electromagnetic waves and spectrum, geometrical andphysical optics, refraction at curved surfaces, and application of these concepts.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. show the understanding of waves and transfer of energy by waves, two differentforms of waves, the propagation of sound waves and electromagnetic waves,reflection and refraction of light formation of images interference of light;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of waves and optics;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of waves and optics;and
IV. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.
UNIT 8: Mathematics For Science I(1credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of mathematical concepts thatare frequently used in the sciences. Students will need to develop mathematicalcompetencies in matrices, algebra an d tr ig on om et ry .
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. use matrices to solve simultaneous equations with up to three unknowns;
II. carry out elementary operations on polynomials; andIII. manipulate the trigonometric identities.
This unit will develop students’ experimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. It is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling of apparatus, planning of experimental works, making observations, interpretationof results and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamicand exciting nature of science. In the process, an awareness of the ethical,technological and economic aspects of the subject can be created.
Each practical work should be accomplished within a 3 hours period inclusive of thereport write up by students under partial supervision of the teacher. The suggestedexperiments for Practical science 1 are adopted from that of STPM Practical Biology,Chemistry and Physics. There are 3 experiments to be carried out in this semester
comprising of one practical each from Biology, Chemistry and Physics respectivelytaking up a total of 30 hours.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly;
II. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed;
III. observe, record and display readings or data collected;
IV. process, analyse and interpret data correctly and perform necessarycalculation;
V. draw reasonable conclusions consistent with the processed observations; and
VI. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for the practicalwork.
Practical
Components
Experiment Titles
PracticalScience 1
Expt 4:
Expt 5:
Expt 6:
Dissection of mammalian circulatory system.
Volumetric analysis: Purity and stoichiometry.
Study the magnification of real image by a convexlens.
UNIT 10: Reproduction, Development and Growth(Biology)( 1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This unit discussed the strategies on how different species have adopted to ensure their survival. These include various types of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.Asexual reproduction ensures rapid production of numerous but usually identicaloffspring while sexual reproduction ensures a more protracted process yielding fewer offspring, but with the advantage of producing the variety so essential to a species’evolution and survival in a changing world. Included in this unit are the many types of lifecycle which have developed in order to ensure their survival.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. describe the structure and functions of the principal parts of an insect-pollinateddicotyledonous flower and a grass;
II. describe pollination and the events leading to fertilization;
III. understand the adaptations related to insect and wind pollination;
IV. describe and appreciate the significance of the mechanisms for ensuring cross-pollination;
V. describe the structure and functions of the male and female reproductivesystems;
VI. describe the production of gametes in oogenesis and spermatogenesis;VII. recall the roles of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, oestrogen,
and progesterone;
VIII. describe the transfer of male gametes leading to fertilization;
IX. understand the functions of the placenta in relation to the development of thefoetus;
X. understand the roles of oxytocin and prolactin;
XI. interpret human growth curves; and
XII. explain the meaning of ecdysis and metamorphosis.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Sexual and asexual reproduction 10 hours2. Development and Growth 5 hours
UNIT 11: Carbon Chemistry I (Chemistry)(1 credit – 15 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This topic aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of the chemistry of carbon.The scope of study encompasses bonding of the carbon atoms, chemical formulae,isomerism and nomenclature and structural formulae for functional group.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. recognise, recall of specific facts, terminology, principles, and practicaltechniques and show the understanding of the chemistry of carbon;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of chemistry of carbon;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the chemistry of carbon; and
IV. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of chemistry in society.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Bonding of the Carbon Atoms 5 hours2. Molecular formula, Empirical Formula and Structural Formula 4 hours3. Isomerism 2 hours4. Nomenclature and Structural Formulae for Functional Group 4 hours
Explain the concept of hybridization in the bonding of carbon atoms with referenceespecially to carbon atoms whichhave a valency of four and thetypes of hybridization such as thefollowing: sp – linear, sp2 –triangular, sp3 - tetrahedral.
Describe the formation of σ and π
bonds as exemplified bydiagrams of the overlapping of orbitals in CH4, C2H4, C2H2, andC6H6 molecules.
Explain the concept of delocalization of π electrons inbenzene rings (aromatically).
Strategy:Lecture followed by tutorialsessionsPractical sessions toenhance the understandingof theory as well as toapply the knowledge learnt
Explain the meaning of general,empirical, molecular, andstructural formulae for organiccompounds.
Calculate empirical formulae.
• Thinking critically andanalytically
• Flexible and openminded
• Honest and accurate inthe recording of data
3.0 Isomerism Interpret structural isomerism withreference to the ability of carbonatoms to link together with eachother in a straight line and/or inbranches.
Explain geometric/cis-transisomerism in alkanes in terms of restricted rotation due to πbond/C=C bonds.
Explain the meaning of a chiralcenter and how such a centregives rise to optical isomerism.
Identify chiral centres and/or cis-
trans isomerism in a molecule of given structural formula.
Determine the possible isomers for an organic compound of knownmolecular formula.
Strategy:Lecture followed by tutorialsessionsPractical sessions toenhance theUnderstanding of theory aswell as to apply theknowledge learnt
ICT Integration Internet
WebsiteAchievement orientedInitiativeInnovative
T & L Resources:
• CD ROM• STPM Physics
Textbook
4.0 NomenclatureAnd StructuralFormulae for Functional Group
Describe the classification of organic compounds by functionalgroups and the nomenclature of classes of organic compoundsaccording to the IUPAC systemof the following classes of compounds:(a) alkanes, alkenes(b) haloalkanes(c) alcohols (including primary,
secondary and tertiary)(d) aldehydes and ketones(e) carboxylic acids and esters
This unit aims to enhance students’ knowledge and understanding of magneticfields, forces acting on moving charges and current carrying wire, electromagneticinduction, alternating current, transformers, relevant calculations involved in theseconcepts, and electronics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. show the understanding of magnetic field and flux, force on current-carryingconductors, Laws related to electromagnetic induction, alternating current and itsrectification and operational amplifier through their abilities to recognize and recallspecific facts, terminology, principles, and relevant practical techniques related to thefour topics;
II. describe, explain and interpret phenomena and effects in terms of principlesand concepts, presenting arguments and ideas clearly and logically in the study of magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current and electronics;
III. interpret and translate data presented as continuous prose or in tables, diagramsand graphs and to carry out relevant calculations in the study of magnetism,electromagnetic induction, alternating current and electronics; and
IV. apply the principles and concepts to unfamiliar situations and to showunderstanding of the responsible use of physics knowledge in society.
TOPICS AND TIME ALLOCATION
1. Magnetic fields 4 hrs2. Electromagnetic induction 4 hrs
3. Alternating current 5 hrs4. Electronics 2 hrsTotal 15 hours
Derive and use the formula for power in an alternating currentcircuit which consists of a pureresistor, a pure capacitor, and apure inductor separately.
Explain half-wave rectificationand full-wave rectification withthe use of diodes.
Understand the operationalamplifier as a differential amplifier.
Describe ideal properties of anoperational amplifier.
Understand the principle of feedback in an amplifier
especially negative feedback.
Strategy:
Lecture followed by tutorialsessionsPractical sessions toenhance the understandingof theory as well as to applythe knowledge learnt
Unit 13: Practical Science 1 (1 credits -30 hours)
SYNOPSIS
This unit will develop students’ experimental skills and understanding of scientificmethods. It is hoped that through practical works, skills such as handling of apparatus, planning of experimental works, making observations, interpretationof results and making inferences can facilitate the understanding of the dynamicand exciting nature of science. In the process, an awareness of the ethical,technological and economic aspects of the subject can be created.
Each practical work should be accomplished within a 3 hours period inclusive of thereport write up by students under partial supervision of the teacher. The suggestedexperiments for Practical science 1 are adopted from that of STPM Practical Biology,Chemistry and Physics. There are 3 experiments to be carried out in this semester comprising of one practical each from Biology, Chemistry and Physics respectively
taking up a total of 30 hours.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this unit, the students should be able to:
I. choose, assemble and use the apparatus correctly;
II. follow instructions and safety procedures prescribed;
III. observe, record and display readings or data collected;
IV. process, analyse and interpret data correctly and perform necessarycalculation;
V. draw reasonable conclusions consistent with the processed observations; and
VI. use precise language and terminology in preparing the report for the practicalwork.
PracticalComponents
Experiment Titles
Practical
Science 1
Expt 7:
Expt 8:
Expt 9:
Investigating the structure of flowers,
angiospermatophyta.Acid, base and salt- ionic equilibrium. Determine Young’s modulus by cantilever method.