LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32340/14/15_index.pdf · 36. Daniel Latifi v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740 105 37. Delhi Development

[xi]

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC : Appeal Cases

AD : Apex Decisions

All. : Allahabad

All.E.R. : All England Law Reports

AIR : All India Reporters

Am.J.Com.L. : American Journal of

Comparative Law

Art. : Article

ASIL : Annual Survey of Indian Law

Bom.L.R. : Bombay Law Reporter

CAD : Constituent Assembly Debates

Camb. L.J. : Cambridge Law Journal

Transitional Law

CB : Constitutional Bill

CID : Crime Investigation

Department

C.J. : Chief Justice

CLR : Common Law Reporter

Col.J. : Columbia Journal of Law.

Cr.PC. : Code of Criminal Procedure,

1973

Delhi L.R : Delhi Law Review

DGP : Director General of Police

[xii]

DLT : Delhi Law Times

G.L.R. : Gujarat Law Reports

Harv. L.R. : Harvard Law Review

HT : Hindu Times

ILR. : Indian Law Reports

ILI : Indian Law Institute

IPC : Indian Penal Code 1860

IG : Inspector General of Police

J. : Justice

JT : Judgments Today

LQR : Law Quarterly Review

MANU : Manupatra Online

PIL : Public Interest Litigation

P & H : Punjab & Haryana

Prof. : Professor

SC : Supreme Court

SCC : Supreme Court Cases

SCJ : Supreme Court Journal

SCR : Supreme Court Reporter

SCW : Supreme Court Weekly

Supp. : Supplement

U.P. : Uttar Pradesh

UK : United Kingdom

US : United States

v. : versus

[xiii]

LIST OF LATIN & FRENCH TERMS

Audi Alteram Partem The rule of law that no man

should be condemned unheard.

A priori First.

Certiorari A writ by which a higher court

reviews a case tried in lower

court.

Ex-Post Facto With retrospective action or

force.

Habeous Corpus A writ requiring a person to be

brought before a judge or into

court especially to investigate the lawfulness of their

detention.

Inter alia Among other things.

Ipso Facto By that very fact or act.

Inter se Among themselves.

Lex Law

[xiv]

Locus Standi The right or capacity to bring

an action or to appear in a

court.

Mandamus A judicial writ issued to

perform a public statutory

duty.

Nemo debet bis vexari No one should be twice

harassed for the same cause.

Obiter Dictum A judged expression of

opinion uttered in quote or

giving judgment, but not essential to the decision and

therefore not binding.

Per se By or in itself or themselves.

Prima facie At the first sight, on the first

appearance, on the face of it,

so far as can be judged from

the first disclosure.

Pro bono publico Denoting legal work

undertaken without charge,

especially for a client on low income.

[xv]

Ratio decidendi The ground or reason of

decision. The point in a case which determines the

judgment.

Stare decisis The legal principle of

determining points in litigation

according to precedents.

Status quo The existing state of affairs.

Ultra vires Beyond one‟s legal power or

authority.

[xvi]

TABLE OF CASES

A

Sr.

No.

Cases Name Page No.

01. A.B.S.K.Sangh (Rly.) v. Union of India AIR 1981 SC

298

150,155

02. A.Jayachandra v. Aneel Kaur (2005) 2 SCC 22 276

03. A.K.Gopalan v. State of Madras AIR 1950 SC 27 76,80,91,

93,96,144,

177,239,245

04. A.K.Thakur v. Union of India (2008) SCALE 1. 208

05. A.M.Mathur v. Parmod Kumar Gupta; AIR 1990 SC

1737

56,222

06. ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla AIR 1976 SC 1207 54,96,144

07. All India Judges Associations v. Union of India AIR

1992 SC 165

274

08. Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission

(1969) 2 A.C 147

164,246

09. Anug Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2008) 3 SCC

1

208

10. Aravali Golf Club case (2008) 1 SCC 683 218,219,235

11. Asif Hameed v. State of J & K AIR 1989 SC 1899 131

12. Associated Provincial Pictures Ltd. v. Wednesbury

Corp. (1948) 1 KB 223

164

13. Attorney General v. Gouriet (1977) 3 All E.R 70 246

B

14. Babu v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1965 SC 1467 185

15. Balaji v. Mysore AIR 1963 SC 649 80

16. Baker v. Carr 369 US 186 (1962) 234,247

17. BALCO Employees‟ Union (Regd.) v. Union of India

(2000) 10 SCC 664 : 2000 Supp (2) JT 6

08,225

18. Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India 1984 1 SCC

161, 234

07,102,177

192,300

19. Barium Chemicals v. Company Law Board AIR 1967 180

[xvii]

SC 295

20. Bhim Singh v. State of Jammu & Kashmir AIR 1986

SC 494

178

21. Bhagwar Das v. Kartar Singh AIR 2007 SC 2045 317

22. Bodhisattwa Gautam v.Subhra Chakraborty (1996) 1

SCC 490

192

23. Brown v. Allen 344 US 443-540 (1944) 69

24. Brown v. Board of Education 347 US 483 (1954): 98

L.Ed. 873

32,65,167,240

C

25. Central Inland Water Transport Corp. v. Brojo Nath

Ganguly AIR 1986 SC 1571

103

26. Chandra Bhavan Boarding & Lodging, Banglore v.

State of Mysore 1990 SC 2042

294

27. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 1125 60

28. Chhetriya Pradushan Mukti Sanghaarsh Vahini v.

State of U.P. (1989) 3 JT G85 : AIR 1990 SC : (1990)

4 SCC 449

225,227

29. Chief Constable v. Evans 1982 (3) ALL E.R.141 171

30. Chitralekha v. State of Mysore AIR 1964 SC 1823 80

31. Collector of Customs & Central Excise v. Oriental

Timber Industries AIR 1985 SC 746

186

32. Common Cause v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 929 272,304,

305,306

33. Consumer Education & Research Centre v. Union of

India(1995) 3 S.C.C. 42

192

34. Cooper v. Union of India AIR 1970 SC 564 128

35. Cooper v. Wands worth Board of Works (1863) 14

CBNS 180

249

D

36. Daniel Latifi v. Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740 105

37. Delhi Development Authority v. Skipper Construction

Co. Ltd. (1996) 4 SCC

273

38. D S Nakara v. Union of India AIR 1983 SC 130 280

39. D.C.Works Ltd. v. Jai Narain AIR 1957 SC 264 184,271

[xviii]

40. D.K.Basu v. State of West Bengal AIR 1997 SC 3017 13,153,178

41. Darshan Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 1953 SC 83 183,197

42. Debu v. State of Maharashtra (2000) 8 SCC 437 104

43. Delhi Domestic Working Women‟s Forum v. Union of

India & others SCC 14

153

44. Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking v. Basanti Devi

2000 SC 43

186,187

45. Delhi Judicial Service Assoc. v. State of Gujarat AIR

1991 SC 2176

04

46. Delhi Oleum Leakage Case AIR 1987 SC 965 260

47. Delhi Transport Cooperation v. D.T.C Mazdoor

Congress AIR 1991 SC 101

251

48. Dinesh Kumar and others v. Motilal Nehru Medical

College, Allahabad and Others AIR 1985 SC 1059

212,280

49. Dinesh Trivedi v. Union of India (1997) 4 SCC 306 273

50. Dred Scott v. Sandford 19 Hav 393 (1857) 167,240,254

51. Dr. Borham‟s Case (1610) 165

52. Dwaraka Prasad Laxmi Narain v. State of U.P. (1954)

SCR 803

174,253

E

53. E.R.Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu AIR 1974 SC555 76

F

54. Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union v. Union of

India AIR 1981 SC 344

255

55. Francis Coralie v. Union Territory of Delhi AIR 1981

SC 746

192

G

56. Gampers v. US 233 US 604 246

57. Ganga Water Pollution Case (1988) SCC 41 271

58. G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology v.

State of UP 2007 7 SCC 109

104

59. Gaurav Jain v. Union of India AIR 1990 292 152,273

[xix]

60. Govind v. State of M.P. AIR 1975 SC 1378: (1975) 2

SCC 148

94

61. Gujarat Steel Tubes v. Mazdoor Sabha 1980 SC1896

at 1923

251

H

62. H.B.gandhi, Excise and Taxation Officer cum

Assessing Autjority v. Gopi Nath & Sons (1992) Supp

(2) SCC 312

180

63. High Court. Syedna Taher v. State of Bombay AIR

1958 SC 83

183

64. Hindustani Aeronautics Ltd. v. Dan Bahudur Singh &

others (2007) 6 SCC 207

235

65. Hindustani Andolan and ors v. State of Punjab AIR

1984 SC 582

230

66. Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, Bihar (1980)

1 SCC 98

151,271

I

67. Icchu Devi v. Union of India 1980 SCC 531 152

68. Indian Council for Enviro – Legal Action v. Union of

India (1996) 3 SCC 212

103,155

69. Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain AIR 1975 SC

2299

04,10,55,

60,130,133,144

70. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India AIR 1993 SC 477 70,169

71. IR.Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu 2007 (1) SC 137 135

72. Islamic Academic of Education & Anr. v. State of

Karnataka (2003) 6 SCC 697

155

73. Ismail Farrouqui v. Union of India, (1994) 6 SCC

360.

82

J

74. Janata Dal v. H.S.Chowdary AIR 1993 SC 892 223,226

75. Jay Kumar v. State of M.P (1999) 5 SCC 1 298

76. Joginder Kumar v. State of UP and others 1994 SCC

260

152

[xx]

K

77. K.Veeraswami v. Union of India (1991) 3 SCC 655 273

78. Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643 317

79. Kameshwar Singh v. State of Bihar AIR 1951 Pat 91 253

80. Kanoria Chemicals & Industries Ltd. v. Uttar

Pradesh State Electricity Board (1997) 5 SCC 772

180

81. Kasturilal v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1965 SC

1039

251,255

82. Kehar Singh v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 653 280

83. Keshavanand Bharti v. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC

1461

9,21,53,

55,59,77,

81,87,132,

137,142

143,145,

197,242,254,

263

267,279,

301

84. Kharak Singh v. State of U.P AIR 1963 SC 1295 93,192,271

85. Khatri v. State of Bihar AIR 1981 SC 1068 177,299

86. Khyerbari Tea Co. v. State of Assam AIR 1964 C

925

176

87. Kihota Hollohon v. Zachillu L. (AIR 1993 SC 412) 60,280

88. Kishanlal v. State of Haryana AIR 1980 SC 1252

(1980) SCC 150

259

89. Korematsu v. US 214 (1944) 267

90. Kuchunni v. State of Madras AIR 1959 SC 725 176,177

91. Kunhayammed v. State of Orissa AIR 2000 SC 2587 185

92. Kunhikoman v. State of Kerala AIR 1962 SC 723 85

L

93. L.C.Golaknath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643 9,81,85

87,143

173,251,

261,305

[xxi]

94. L.Chandra Kumar v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC

1125

168

95. Laxmi Kant Pandey v. Union of India, AIR 1987 SC

232

13,152,156

303,305

96. Liversidge v. Anderson (1942) AC. 205 (1941) ALL

E.R.2 612

162,163,164,26

7

97. Lochner v. New York 198 US 45 (1904) 167,246

M

98. M.C Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997) 1 SCC 388 155

99. M.C. Sharma v. The Punjab University , Chandigarh

AIR 1997 P&H 87

181

100. M.C.Mehta (Taz trapezium Matter) v. Union of India

(1997) 2 SCC 87

155

101. M.C.Mehta v. State of Tamilnadu AIR 1991 SC 417 271

102. M.C.Mehta v. Union of India (1986) 2 SCC 176 155,288

103. M.C.Mehta v. Union of India (1987) 4 SCC 463 103,178,259

271,300

104. M.C.Mehta v. Union of India (1988) 1 SCC 471 78,271

105. M.C.Mehta v. Union of India AIR 2006 SC 1325 :

(2006) 3 SCC 399

213

106. M.C.Mehta v. Union of India, (1996) 6 SCC 756 78,157

107. Madhav Rao Scindhia v. Union of India AIR 1971

SC 530

254,262

108. Madhu Kishwar v. State of Bihar, (1996) 5 SCC 125

: AIR 1996 SC 1864

232

109. Mahindra Lal Jaini v. State of U.P AIR (1963) SC

1019

174

110. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597;

(1978) 1 SCC 248

21,25,53,76

91,93,100,

101,146,147,

155,239,245,

[xxii]

287,291,294

111. Mani Shankar Pandey v. Union of India (2006) 1 MP

JR-CG-25

225

112. Mansukhlal Vittal Das Chauhan v. State of Gujarat

AIR 1997 SC 3400

235

113. Marbury v. Madison (1803) U.S. 1 Cranch 137, 2d.

60

46,65,123,

164,254,282

114. Melbourne Corporation v. Commonwealth (1947) 74

C.L.R 31

247

115. Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India AIR 1980 SC

1789: (1980) 3 SCC 625

101,142,168,

173,239,242

255,270,281

301

116. Miranda v. Arizona 384 US 436 (1966) 246

117. Mohd. Aslam v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 1611 176

118. Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka & Ors (1992) 3

SCC 666

155,274

119. Motion v. Union of India & Ors. 139 (2007) DLT

244

276

120. Motiram and others v. State of M.P AIR 1978 SC

1594

151

121. Muller v. Oregon US 412 246

122. Mukesh Advani v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR

1985 SC 1363

102

123. Mumbai Kamgar Sabha v. Abdul Bhai AIR 1976 SC

1465

21

124. Municipal Council of Ratlam v. Vardichan AIR 1980

SC 1622

280

125. Murray‟s Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement

Co.(1856)

123

N

126. Nakkuda Ali v. Jayarathe (1951) AC 66 163

127. Nandjee Singh (Dr.) v. P.G. Medical Student‟s

Association AIR 1993 SC 2264 : 1993 (3) SCC 400

227,229

[xxiii]

128. Nar Singh v. Union of India AIR 2000 SC 1401 190

129. Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India (2000) 10

SCC 664 : 2000 Supp (2) JT 6

226

130. National Textile Workers Union v. P.R.Ramakrishna

AIR 1983 SC 75

294

131. National Workers Union v. P.R. Ramakrishnan AIR

1983 SC 75

103

132. Neelu Kohli v. Naveen Kohle AIR 2004 All. 1 276

133. Nilabati behera v. State of Orissa (1993) 2 SCC 746 152,181,271

O

134. Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR

1986 SC 180 : (1985) 3 SCC 545

157,192

P

135. P.A.Inamdar & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors

(2005) 6 SCC 537

155

136. Padfield v. Minister of Agrl, Fisheries and Food

(1968) 1 ALL.E.R 694

163,246

137. Pashim Bangel Khet Mazdoor Samiti v. State of West

Bengal AIR 1996 SC 2426

178

138. Pedda Narayana v. State of Uttar Padesh AIR 1975 SC

1252

183

139. Peoples Union of Democratic Republic v. Union of

India AIR 1982 SC 149

192,255,

295,300

140. Plessy v. Fergerson 163 US 537(1986) 65

141. Pomal Kanji Govindji v. Vrajlal Karsandas Purohit

AIR 1989 SC 436

103

142. Prabha Dutt v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 6 271

143. Pradeep Kumar Jain v. Union of India AIR 1985 SC

1420

212,280,302

144. Praduman Singh v. State of Punjab AIR 1958 Punj 63 161

145. Prag Ice & Mills v. Union of India AIR 1973 SC 289 90

146. Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 1 154,275

[xxiv]

147. Prem Chand Garg. v. Excise Commissioner, U.P AIR

1963 SC 996

175

148. P.Ramachandra Rao v. State of Karnataka (1996) 4

SCC 33

305

149. Premshankar Shukla v. Delhi Adminstration AIR 1980

SC 1535

151,271

150. PUCL v. Union of India (1997) 3 SCC 433 153,178,28,

317

R

151. Re Kerala Education Bill,1959 SCR 995 155

152. Re Keshav Singh AIR 1965 SC 745 03,10,59,94

153. Re Special Reference AIR 1999 SC 1 83

154. Re Vinay Chandra Mishra (1995) 2 SCC 584 82

155. R.C.Cooper v. Union of India AIR 1970 SC 564 87,254,262

156. R.K Jain v. Union of India 1993 (4) SCC 119 168

157. R.K.Garg v. Union of India (1981) 4 SCC 675 229

158. Raja Ram Pal v. Hon. Speaker, Lok Sabha (2007) 3

SCC 184

129

159. Rajasthan State Electricity Board v. Mohan Lal AIR

1967 SC 1857

180

160. Rajinder Chand v. Sukti AIR 1957 SC 286 184

161. Ram Jawaya v. State of Punjab AIR 1955 SC 549 127,132

162. Ramesh Autyanyprasi v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC

549

225,228

163. Ramesh Chandra v. Savitri (1995) 2 SCC 7 276

164. Ramsharan Autyanuprasi v. Union of India 1989

Suppl (1) SCR 251 : AIR 1987 SC 549

225

165. Ratlam Municipality v. Virdichand AIR 1980 SC 162 33

166. Raunaq International Ltd. v. IVR Construction Ltd

(1999) 1 SCC 492

231

167. Ridge v. Baldwin (1964) AC 40 163,246

168. Rossminster v. Inland Revenue Commissioners (1980)

1 All E.R 80

246

[xxv]

169. Rural Litigation & Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P

(1985) 2 SCC 431

271

S

170. Saheli v. Commissioner of Police AIR 1990 SC 513 256,300

171. Secretary of State Education v. Tame side M.B.C.

(1976) 3 W.L.R. 641

256

172. S.C.Chandra & Ors. v. State of Jharkhand AIR 2007

SC 3021

273

173. S.Jagannath v. Union of India (1997) 2 SCC 87 154

174. S.Nagaraj v. State of Karnataka (1993) Supp. (4)

SCC 595

177

175. S.P.Anand v. H.D.Deve Gowda (1996) 6 SCC 734 223

176. S.P.Gupta and others v. President of India and others

AIR 1982 SC 149

33,150,255,

259,300

177. S.P.Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149 08,189,192

178. S.P.Sampat Kumar v. Union of India (1987) 1 SCC

124 : AIR 1987 SC 386

280,281

179. S.R.Bommai v. Union of India 1994 (3) SCC 1 169,170

180. Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal (1987)

2 SCC 295 : AIR 1987 SCC 1109

225,231,260

181. Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan AIR 1965 SC 845 81,86,143,

179,261

182. Salal Hydro Electric Project v. State of Jammu and

Kashmir AIR 1984 SC 177

260

183. Sakal Newspapers Private Ltd. v. Union of India AIR

1962 SC 305

80

184. Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (1995) 3 SCC 635 83

185. Satwant Singh v. Asst. Passport Officer AIR 1967

SC 1836

95,145

186. Secretary of State Education v. Tame side M.B.C

(1976) 3 W.L.R 641

246

187. Shankari Prasad v. Union of India AIR1951 SC 458 09,81,86,261

188. Shantabhai v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1958 SC 532 176

[xxvi]

189. Sharma Prashant v. Ganpat Rao AIR 2000 SC 3094 180

190. Sheela Barse v. Union of India AIR 1988 SC 2211 35,56,152,259

191. Sodan Singh v. NDMC (1998) 2 SCC 727 273

192. Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen 244 U.S 205 , 221

(1917)

245,250

193. Sreelekha Vidyarthi v. State of U.P. AIR 1991 SC

537

169

194. Sri Sankri Prasad Singh Deo v. State of Bihar 1952

SCR 89

143,155

195. Srikant Jituri v. Corp. of Belguam (1996) 6 SCC 572 179

196. St. Stephen‟s College & Ors. v. University of Delhi

& others (1992) 1 SCC 558

155

197. State Bank of India v. N.Sundara Money AIR 1976

SC 1111

184

198. State of Bihar v. Balmukund Shah AIR 2000 SC

1296

04

199. State of Bihar v. Kameshwar Singh AIR 1952 SC

352

84,142

200. State of Bihar v. Kamlesh Jain 1993 Supp (2) SCC

300 : 1992 (3) Scale 67

229

201. State of Bihar v. Union of India AIR 1970 SC 1446 182

202. State of Bombay v. F.N.Balsara AIR 1951 SC 318 174

203. State of Haryana v. Premchand AIR 1990 SC 538 256,257

204. State of J & K v. Swami Sachchidanand

S.C.S.Prnanand (1999) 2 SCC 501 : AIR 1999 SC

1432

228

205. State of Karnataka v. Appa Balu Ingale 1992 (3)

Scale 339

104

206. State of Karnataka v. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR

2001 SC 1560

182

207. State of Karnataka v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC

143

182

208. State of Madhya Pradesh v. M.V.Vyavasaya & Co.

AIR 1997 SC 993

180

209. State of Madras v. Chapakam Dorairajan AIR 1951

SC 228

141,155

210. State of Madras v. V.G.Row AIR 1952 SC 196 172

211. State of Punjab v. Rajesh Syal AIR 2002 SC 3687 04

[xxvii]

212. State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand AIR 1998 SC

1344 ; (1998) 1 SCC 1;(1997) 7 Scall 411

222

213. State of Rajasthan v. M.S Vidhyavati AIR 1962 SC

1039

256

214. State of Rajasthan v. Union of India AIR 1977 SC

1361-1413

281,299

215. State of U.P. v. Jeet Singh Bisht (2007) 6 SCC 586 275

216. State of West Bengal v. Subodh Gopal AIR 1954 SC

92

253

217. State of West Bengal and Ors. v. Sampat Lal, (1985)

1 SCC 317 : AIR 1985 SC 195

230,273

218. State of West Bengal v. Beta Banerjee AIR 954 SC

170

253

219. Sukhdev v. Bhagat Ram AIR 1975 SC 1331 180

220. Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration AIR 1980 SC

1759

21,147,149,

151,155,192

271

221. Supreme Court Advocates on Record Assn. v. Union

of India (1993) 4 SCC 44

83

222. Supreme Court Bar Association v. Union of India

AIR 1998 SC 1895.

82,173,187

223. Switzman v. Elbling & Attorney General , Quebc

(1957) 7 D.L.R 337

247

224. Syam Sunder Kohli v. Sushma Kohli (2007) 7 SCC

747

183,276

T

225. The Ahmedabad St. Xavier‟s Society & Anr. v. State

of Gujarat (1974) 1 SCC 717

155

226. T.M.A Pai Foundation & Ors. v. State of Karnataka

& Ors (2002) 8 SCC 481

155,273

227. T.N.Rugmani v. C.Acchuta Menon AIR 1991 SC

983 : (1991) Supp 1 SCC 520

225

228. Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board v. Sumathi AIR

2000 SC 1603

180

229. Tata Cellular v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 11 170,171

230. The Ganga Water Pollution Case (1988) SCC 41 271

[xxviii]

231. Tuka Ram v. State AIR 1989 SC 937 257

U

232. U.P.Financial Corporation v. M/s Gem Cap (India)

Pvt.Ltd. AIR 1993 SC 1435 at 1439

180

233. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India AIR

1992 SC 248

04,260,273

234. Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms

(2002) 5 SCC 294

272

235. Union of India v. Jyoti Prakesh Mitter AIR 1972 SC

1093

129

236. Union of India v. Raghubir Singh (1989) 2 SCC 754 102,200,279

237. United States v. Butter 297 US 1 atp.87 (1937) 77

238. University of Kerala v. Council of principles of

Colleges (2009) 16 SCC 712

305,306

239. Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 1

SCC 645

143,155,157,

274

V

240. Vajravelu v. Special Deputy Collector AIR 1965 SC

1017

85,254

241. Vellore Citizens‟ Welfare Forum v. Union of India

(1996) 5 SCC 281

103

242. Vidhyawati case AIR 1962 SC 993 255

243. Vineet Narain v. Union of India AIR 1996 SC 3386 34,154,272,304

244. Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan (1997) 6 SCC 241 10,13,45,60,

68,78,153,

156,192,197,

272,275,

288,293,303,

306

245. Vishnu Dutt Sharma v. Manoj Sharma Civil Appeal

No.1330 09 arising out of SLP© No. 13166/07

276

[xxix]

246. Vishwa Jagriti Mission v. Central Government JT

2001 (6) SC 151

273,304

W

247. Waman Rao v. Union of India AIR 1981 SC 271 266,284

248. Workers of Rohtas Industries v. Rohtas Industries Ltd

AIR 1990 SC 481

280

[xxx]

CONTENTS

TITLE P.NO.

Certificate (ii)

Declaration (iii)

Acknowledgement (iv)

Preface (vii)

Abbreviations (xi)

List of Latin & French Terms (xiii)

Table of cases (xvi)

Contents (xxx)

1. Introduction 1 -27

1.1 Prelude 1

1.2 Some Important Developments 9

1.3 Area of Concern 10

1.4 Object of the Study 11

1.5. Relevance of the Study 12

1.6 Significance of the Study 12

1.7 Utility of the Study 13

1.8 Rationale of the Study 13

1.9 Scope of the study 14

1.10 Hypotheses of the Study 14

1.11 Research Methodology 15

1.12 Limitations of the Study 17

1.13 Literature Review 17

1.14 Review of the Chapters 19

[xxxi]

2. Conceptualization of terms and expressions 28-58

2.1 Introduction 28

2.2 Meaning of Judicial Activism 29

2.3 Definition 33

2.4 Kinds of Judicial Activism 37

2.5 Methods of Judicial Activism 38

2.6 Law 39

2.7 Law & Justice 39

2.8 Interpretation of Statute law 41

2.9 The legislature and the judge 41

2.10 The role of case law 42

2.11 The Constitutional aspect 43

2.12 Meaning of terms and expression 45

2.12.1.1 Judicial Activism 45

2.12.1.2 Judicial Power 45

2.12.1.3 Judicial Policy Making 45

2.12.1.4 Judicial Review 46

2.12.1.5 Judicial Restraint 46

2.12.1.6 Constitutionalism 46

2.12.1.7 Separation of Powers 47

2.12.1.8 Public interest litigation 47

2.12.1.9 Writs 48

2.12.1.10 Independence of judiciary 50

2.12.1.11 Checks & balances of judicial

Activism

51

2.12.1.12 Rule of law 52

2.12.1.13 Judicial Accountability 55

2.12.1.14 Judicial Passivism 57

2.13 Findings

58

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3. Evolution & Growth of Judicial Activism in

India

59-109

3.1 Background 59

3.2 Meaning of „Judicial Activism‟ 61

3.3 Various Theories of Concept of Judicial

Activism

63

3.4 Origin of the Concept of Judicial Activism 64

3.5 Reasons for the Rise and Growth of

Judicial Activism 66

3.6 A Frame work for the Analysis of Judicial

Activism

73

3.7 Different Dimensions of Judicial Activism 75

3.8 Judicial Activism in India : its Origin

and Development 79

3.9 Typical Examples of Judicial Activism in

India

81

3.10 Judicial Activism in India before, 1980‟s 83

3.11 A Random survey of Judicial Behaviour

Before 1980‟s

84

3.12 Post Emergency Development of Judicial Activism

101

3.13 Findings 108

4. „Separation of Powers‟ and the Indian

Constitution

110-135

4.1 Background 110

4.2 Meaning of Separation of Powers 112

4.3 Importance of the Doctrine 113

4.4 Origin of „Separation of Powers‟ 113

4.5 Montesquieu‟s Theory of Separation of

Powers

115

4.6 Separation of Powers: The True Precept 118

4.7 Separation of Powers in USA and UK 121

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4.8 Separation of Powers and the Indian

Constitution

126

4.9 Separation of Powers and Judicial

pronouncements in India 132

4.10 Findings 133

5.

Scope for „Judicial Activism‟ under the

Scheme of Indian Constitution

136-199

5.1 Background 136

5.2 Role of Judiciary 138

5.2.1 Conventional Role of Judiciary 139

5.2.2 Role Assigned by the Constitution 140

5.2.3 Limitation of the Judiciary 140

5.2.4 Enhanced Role of Indian Judiciary 141

5.2.5 Changed Judicial Trend in

Interpretation Provision

147

5.2.6 Activist Role 155

5.2.7 Criticism of Activist Role of

Judiciary

157

5.3 Position of Judiciary under the Indian

Constitution

158

5.4 „Judicial Review‟ under Indian Constitution 159

5.4.1 Meaning of Judicial Review 160

5.4.2 Judicial Review in UK 162

5.4.3 Judicial Review in American Law 164

5.4.4 Evolution of Judicial Review in U.S 165

5.4.5 Historical Case of Marbury v.

Madison

166

5.4.6 Judicial Review in Indian 168

5.4.6.1 Object, Nature and scope of

judicial review

168

5.4.6.2 Justifiability vis-à-vis judicial 169

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review

5.4.6.3 Limitations of Judicial Review 169

5.4.6.4 Judicial Restraint 170

5.4.6.5Grounds of Judicial Review 171

5.5 Various Other Provisions under the Indian

Constitution

172

5.6 Public Interest Litigation 187

5.6.1 PIL and Judicial Activism 188

5.6.2 Origin and Development of PIL 189

5.6.3 Three Phases of PIL 193

5.6.4 Problems in exercise to Judicial

Activism through PIL

196

5.7 Findings 199

6. „Judicial Activism‟ vis-à-vis „Judicial

Overreach‟

200-236

6.1 Background 200

6.2 „Judicial Activism‟: An undefined Fiction 201

6.3 Why „Judicial Activism‟? 204

6.3.1 Near Collapse of responsible

Government

204

6.3.2 Pressure on Judiciary to step in for

aid

205

6.3.3 Filling the legislative vacuum 205

6.3.4 Public Confidence in the judiciary 206

6.3.5 Enthusiasm of individual players 206

6.4 Dimensions Analysis of „Judicial Activism‟ 206

6.4.1 Resolution of Dispute 207

6.4.2 Judiciary as a player in constitutional

dialogue with other branches

209

6.4.3 Judiciary as a protector of core

constitutional values

210

6.5 Perils of Judicial Activism 211

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6.6 Are Judges „Overreaching‟? 213

6.7 Constitutional Position 214

6.8 Judicial Restraint 218

6.8.1 Judges cannot create law, only enforce

218

6.8.2 Litigants wasting valuable time of the

court 223

6.8.3 Important cases Illustrating Judicial Restraint

225

6.9 Judicial Overreach 233

6.10 Findings 236

7.

Judicial Lawmaking in India: Transition

from „Activism to „Overreach‟

237-285

7.1 Background 237

7.2 Norms of social Activism and Justice 239

7.3 „The Realists Philosophy‟ and „Judicial

Lawmaking‟

243

7.4 Do Judges make law? 245

7.5 „Adjudication‟ vis-à-vis „Legislation‟ 247

7.6 Judiciary : A tool of Law making 249

7.7 Scope for „Judicial Lawmaking under the

Indian Constitution

251

7.8 „Activist Instances‟ of Judicial –

Lawmaking in India

271

7.9 „Overreaching‟ Instances in Legislative

Functions

273

7.10 Judicial Law Making How much justified? 277

7.11 Findings 285

8. Findings , Conclusion & Suggestions 286-330

8.1 Findings 286

8.2 Conclusion 291

8.2.1 Separation of Powers 291

8.2.2 Judicial Review 293

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8.2.3 Judicial Activism 296

8.2.4 Judicial Law Making/Policy Making 298

8.2.5Instances of Judicial Legislation by the Supreme Court

303

8.2.6 Judicial Overreach 304

8.3 Suggestions 308

8.3.1 Legislature must respond to the need

of the Society

308

8.3.2 Organs must be self restraint 309

8.3.3 Judicial Dynamism Instead of Judicial Activism

311

8.3.4 Uphold the Spirit of the Constitution 312

8.3.5 Judicial Process Boundaries 313

8.3.6 Protect the Rights of the Citizen 314

8.3.7 Suggestions of Apex Court for

making new law consider

by legislature

317

8.4 Suggestions to Correct “Over-activist”

Judiciary

318

8.4.1Relaxation must be procedural 318

8.4.2 Judicial Activism and not PIL 319

8.4.3 Judicial Activism but not Judicial

Adventurism

320

8.4.4 Displacing Government Administration

321

8.4.5 Judicial Restraint 322

8.4.6 Power of Judicial Review 323

8.4.7 Judicial Accountability 324

Bibliography

332

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