Liquefaction and Its Mitigation_fix

7/25/2019 Liquefaction and Its Mitigation_fix

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LIQUEFACTION AND ITS MITIGATION

ADITYO MURSITANTYO (22414314)PEPEN SUPENDI (22414301)

RIDWAN KUSNANDAR (22414307)

EARTH SCIENCE MASTER PROGRAMFACULTY OF EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY2015


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LOGO UTLINE

Nature of liquefaction

Example

Mitigation effort / program

Summary and recommendation

Introduction


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NATURE F LIQUEFACTI N


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Introduced by Arthur Casagrande (193!

"ro#essor Casagrade $as a c%&%' eng%neer%ng at ar&ard Un%&

ers%ty) he had g%&en the understand%ng o# the #'o$ structure %n '%

*ue#act%on+

,er%ous attent%on because A'as-a and N%%gata earth*ua-e %n 19.

/+

HISTORY


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T$o cond%t%ons 0ust e%st #or '%*ue#act%on to occur2

(1! the so%' 0ust be suscet%b'e to '%*ue#act%on ('oose) $ater4saturated) sand

y so%') ty%ca''y bet$een 5 and 35 #eet be'o$ the ground sur#ace! and

(6! ground sha-%ng 0ust be strongenough to cause suscet%b'e so%'s to '%*ue#y+

Ident%#y%ng so%'s suscet%b'e to '%*ue#act%on %n these areas %n&o'&es -no$'edge o#

the 'oca' geo'ogy and subsur#ace so%' and $ater cond%t%ons+ The 0ost suscet%b'e

so%'s are genera''y a'ong r%&ers) strea0s) and 'a-e shore'%nes) as $e'' as %n so0e

anc%ent r%&er and 'a-e deos%ts+

htt277geo'ogy+utah+go&

MECHANISM


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(c)

MECHANISM

Soil grains in a soil deposit. The height of the bluecolumn to the right represents the level ofporewater pressure in the soil.

The length of the arrows represent the size of thecontact forces between individual soil grains. Thecontact forces are large when the porewater

pressure is low.

http://wwwcewa!hingtonedu/"liquefaction/html/why/why#html

The porewater pressure may become so high thatmany of the soil particles lose contact with eachother.
http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/why/why1.htmlhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/why/why1.html


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http://media$%we&&ritannicacom
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/


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2 L&+%'&- ".'%&/*The ground can s'%de do$n &ery gent'e s'oes or to$ard strea0 ban-s r%d%ng ona bur%ed '%*ue#%ed 'ayer

(a) 2ire and lateral !pread cau!ed &y the #++- Northridge earthqua4e

(&) 5iquefaction of !ediment at depth cau!ed lateral !preading near the 6a7aro 8i9er in the #++

5oma 6rieta earthqua4e

(a) (&)

http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

Typical effects of liquefaction
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/


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3 S&/ $!-",and4'aden $ater can be e8ected #ro0 a bur%ed '%*ue#%ed 'ayer and erut at the sur#ace to #or0 sand &o'canoes the surround%ng ground o#ten #ractures and sett'es+

(a) 6hotograph &y *; 3$ft$long fi!!ure in recent depo!it! of the 6a7aro 8i9er related to the #++ 5oma 6rieta

main!hoc4http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

(a) (&)

http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/


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4 F-! #&-'%"

Earth 0o&es do$n stee s'oe $%th 'arge d%s'ace0ent and 0uch %nterna' d%srut%on o# 0ater%a'+

'hi! flow failure which de9eloped in highway fill at the

we!tern edge of 5a4e Merced in San 2ranci!co during

the #+?0 1aly ;ity earthqua4ehttp://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

5 G'!/ !"--&+!

The surface layer, riding on aburied liqueed layer, is thrownbac! and forth by the sha!ing andcan be severely deformed.

'he Marina 1i!trict of San 2ranci!co !uffered from

relati9ely inten!e !ha4ing and liquefaction in the

#++ 5oma 6rieta earthqua4ehttp://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov

http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/


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F-!+&+!L%ght structures that are bur%ed %n the ground ('%-e %e'%nes) se$ers and near'ye0ty #ue' tan-s! can #'oat to the sur#ace $hen they are surrounded by '%*ue#%ed so%'+

6ipeline failure &ecau!e of liquefaction in

Nan!ei$@4i Earthqua4e #++% (o44aido)

"ing, #$$%

7 S%++-%%+&hen liqueed groundreonsolidates following anearthqua!e, the ground surfacemay settle or subside as sha!ingdecreases and the underlying

liqueed soil becomes more dense.

6hotograph loo4ing up 1ore Street (li4ely &etween


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http!!"""#ea$thqua%een&inee$inco'



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LIUEFACTION THAT OCCURRED IN THE WORL


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())*+ ,enchuan-China

The distribution map of liquefaction sites 'red point(

)t *+:# -ay *# #$$, a historical devastating

earthqua!e of magnitude .$, the epicenter of which

locates at &enchuan '%*.$$, *$%.+$( struc!

Sichuan 0rovince The liquefaction of soil also caused

severe damage to people properties and structures


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().)+ Chile

) mega earthqua!e of -agnitude

. occurred in the South23entral

part of 3hile on 4ebruary #5,

#$*$.

) signicant number of sites

e6perienced the phenomenon of

liquefaction, causing failures of

houses, buildings, bridges, routes,

ports, railways, buried structures

and tailings dams.


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L6%#&+! !# &+ &'%&" , 7ne e6ample is the case of

1risas del Sol 3ondominium, located in Talcahuano, where

8 houses located in front of a wetland 'similar to a

swamp( su9ered lateral displacement up to # meters and

)nother case occurred near the 3ity of 3oncepcion, where

the ailway collapsed in several places due to liquefaction

().)+ Chile


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().)+ Chile

L&+%'&- S.'%&/* observed in an area of low intensity'less than =(:

0ocura and 3alafquen

The correlates directly with structural damages 'high

intensity(, is not completely associated with the occurrence


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().)+ Chile

D& F&-'% 0re earthqua!e and post earthqua!e

satellite images of "as 0almas tailings dam. The tailings

dam consisted of two di!es 'a lower one and an upper

one. This dam was operating until *>>5, when the mining

activity nished. 4rom eld observations it has been

deduced that the bottom of this tailings dam was


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()..+ Toho%u /apanThe #$** @reat ast Aapan

earthqua!e, with a magnitude of

-w >.$, occurred in the 0acic

7cean about *%$ !m o9 the

northeast coast of AapanBs main

island on -arch **, #$**. The

liquefaction in this report was

mainly identied by sand boils. ;t

caused damage to earth structures

and residential houses, as well as

the uplift of manholes. 1lue, red,

yellow and green circles denote

sand boils without structuraldama e u lift of under round


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()..+ Toho%u /apan

@round failure and sand boils near aruse


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Cplift of manhole in &est ta!anosu and Digashi machi2Shiraishi 3ity

()..+ Toho%u /apan()..+ Toho%u /apan


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"iquefaction at atori river and 7nahama port

()..+ Toho%u /apan


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LIUEFACTION THAT OCCURRED IN INDONESIA


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The :ogya-arta earth*ua-e on ;ay 6 ,oebo$o) 6516!

())0+ 1o&ya%a$ta

L!"" !#$%&'*"+'%*+,

F-! #&-'%"


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liquefaction generally occurs in a

layer of sand E clay2silt


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The 0adang earthqua!e on September, %$ #$$> of magnitude 5,F

has resulted liquefaction phenomenon caused damage to houses,

water facilities and road ways. 'Da!am E Suhelmidawati, #$*%(

())2+ 3a4an&

L!"" !# $%&'*"+'%*+,

S&/ B!-" S&/ B!-"


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())2+ 3a4an&

The soil grain size distributions showed that the ne2

sand grains of the soil samples are more than F8G.

These types of soils may satisfy the criteria of

@rain size 'mm( distributions


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;ITI?ATI N EFF RT 7 "R ?RA;

N St t lMiti ti

St t lMiti ti


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LOGONon-Structural Mitigation Structural Mitigation

*. -apping liquefaction

susceptibility

*. )voiding hazardous areas

#. 0urchasing insurance #. Soil improvement techniques

a. 0reloading

b. Hry soil mi6ing

c. Soil compaction

d. Hewatering

e. ;nduced partial saturation

f. @routing

%. ;ncreasing of soil research %. Structural fortication

a. Strengthen structural

connections

b. )dd grade beams and tie

beams

c. 6tend pile support into deeper

stable soils


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1+ ;a%ng L%*ue#act%on ,uscet%b%'%ty

http://earthqua4eu!g!go9/regional/nca/qmap/

5iquefaction !u!cepti&ility Map in San 2ranci!co

Non-St$uctu$al Miti&ation
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/qmap/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/qmap/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/qmap/


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This map shows the liquefaction hazard in the 1er!eley for a magnitude 5.*earthqua!e on the Dayward fault. The map predicts the appro6imate percentage

of each designated area that will liquefy and show surface manifestations ofliquefaction such as sand boils and ground crac!ing.

5iquefaction haAard map in


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#. 0urchasing insurance to cover anticipated losses

%. ;ncreasing of soil research

Non-St$uctu$al Miti&ation


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1A&o%d%ng ha@ardous areas

;f possible, avoid construction on liquefaction susceptible soils.

St$uctu$al Miti&ation


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6+ ,o%' I0ro&e0ent Techn%*ues

& P'%-!&/*

The process of placing additional vertical stress on acompressible soil to remove pore water over time.

http://www!eminar!onlycom/;i9ilBEngineering/Cround$Impro9ement$'echnique!php

http://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Ground-Improvement-Techniques.phphttp://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Ground-Improvement-Techniques.phphttp://www.seminarsonly.com/Civil_Engineering/Ground-Improvement-Techniques.php


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$ D'8 S!- M9*

a ground improvement technique that improves the characteristics of soft,high moisture content clays, peats, and other wea! soils, by mechanicallymi6ing them with dry cementitious binder to create soilcrete.

http://wwwhayward&a4ercom/DhatDe1o/'echnique!/CroundImpro9ement/1rySoilMixing/defaulta!px

http://www.haywardbaker.com/WhatWeDo/Techniques/GroundImprovement/DrySoilMixing/default.aspxhttp://www.haywardbaker.com/WhatWeDo/Techniques/GroundImprovement/DrySoilMixing/default.aspxhttp://www.haywardbaker.com/WhatWeDo/Techniques/GroundImprovement/DrySoilMixing/default.aspx


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c+ ,o%' Co0act%on

http://cofracom/acti9itie!/rapid$impact$compaction/ http://

regent!earthcom/I55S'8='E1F>3C5@SS=8G/;ompactio

nhtm

The process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densication as air isdisplaced from the pores between the soil grains.

http://cofra.com/activities/rapid-impact-compaction/http://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Compaction.htmhttp://cofra.com/activities/rapid-impact-compaction/http://cofra.com/activities/rapid-impact-compaction/http://cofra.com/activities/rapid-impact-compaction/


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d+ =e$ater%ng

The act%on o# re0o&%ng ground$ater or sur#ace $ater #ro0 a construct%on s%te+ Nor

0a''y de$ater%ng rocess %s done by u0%ng or e&aorat%on and %s usua''y done be

#ore eca&at%on #or #oot%ngs or to 'o$er $ater tab'e that 0%ght be caus%ng rob'e0s

dur%ng eca&at%ons+

http://wwwgroundwaterinternationalcom/dewatering$technique!

http://www.groundwaterinternational.com/dewatering-techniqueshttp://www.groundwaterinternational.com/dewatering-techniqueshttp://www.groundwaterinternational.com/dewatering-techniques


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e+ Induced "art%a' ,aturat%on

In8ect%ng &ery 'o$ concentrat%ons o# ,od%u0 ercarbonate so'ut%on %nto '%*ue#%ab'e '

oose saturated so%') t%ny bubb'es o# oygen $%'' be re'eased and the so%' $%'' beco0e

art%a''y saturated+

'he concept of air / ga! entrapment a! a liquefaction mitigation mea!ure

(3#>)



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#+ ?rout%ng,o'%d%#y the so%' by %n8ect%ng che0%ca's or ce0ent grout+ "art%cu'ar '%*u%d or s'urry 0ater%a' ca''ed grout %s %n8ected %n the ground $%th the a%0 to %ncrease the so%' '%*ue#act%on res%stance (a@e0%an > uat) 6559!+

3lassic types of grout inection methods 'Iazemian E Duat,#$$>(



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3+ ,tructura' Fort%#%cat%on

a+ ,trengthen structura' connect%ons



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b+ Add grade bea0s and t%e bea0s

http!://lawre!ourceorg/pu&/in/&i!/S3%/i!-%>,#++%htmlhttp://enwi4ipediaorg/wi4i/CradeB&eam


G$a4e 5ea'i! a component of a &uildingH! foundation It con!i!t! of a reinforced concrete &eam that

tran!mit! the load from a &earing wall into !paced foundation! !uch a! pile cap! or cai!!on!

Tie 5ea's i! a horiAontal tim&er or the li4e for connecting two !tructural mem&er! to 4eep them from

!preading apart
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.4326.1993.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_beamhttps://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.4326.1993.htmlhttps://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.4326.1993.htmlhttps://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.4326.1993.html


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c+ Etend %'e suort %nto deeer stab'e so%'s

http://madridengineeringcom/deep$foundation!$and$&ridge$con!truction/

http://wwwgeo&ondcou4/geo&ond$new!/recent$new!/guide$pile$found

ation!/.8Eu=$C3Iqw

http://madridengineering.com/deep-foundations-and-bridge-construction/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://www.geobond.co.uk/geobond-news/recent-news/guide-pile-foundations/http://madridengineering.com/deep-foundations-and-bridge-construction/http://madridengineering.com/deep-foundations-and-bridge-construction/


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Shallo" foun4ation

http://wwwni!himat!uco7p/eng/ar>33/content!/index30htm

Deep foun4ation

http://wwwcewa!hingtonedu/" liquefaction/html/how/re!i!tant!tructure!html

http://www.nishimatsu.co.jp/eng/ar2008/contents/index07.htmhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.htmlhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.htmlhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.htmlhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.htmlhttp://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/how/resistantstructures.htmlhttp://www.nishimatsu.co.jp/eng/ar2008/contents/index07.htmhttp://www.nishimatsu.co.jp/eng/ar2008/contents/index07.htm


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LOGOSUMMA61

*."iquefaction was caused by strong motion earthqua!e on water2

saturated soil.

#.4rom past liquefaction, we can conclude that liquefaction usually

happen on area near the water storage li!e la!e, beach, and river.

%.-itigation for liquefaction was enhancement on land and ground

structural for structural mitigation. The non structural mitigation was

hazard maps for liquefaction, insurance to cover anticipated losses,

and research on subsoil


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1P'%:%+! &+! such as grouting, land condensation, and other

prevention action ",!-/ $% /!% ! &'%& which has beenpredicted to be .'!% !# -6%#&+!.

2A'&+% &/ .'%"% -&/ "':%8 ",!-/ $% +&;% so that landparameter data which appropriate with actual condition can beobtain, especially on potential liquefaction zone.

%.There should be introduced % +%," !# $-/*!"+'+! +, -! .'%. ;n such a way that victim ofcollapsing building can be minimalized.

4L6%#&+! should be #/&%+&- &".%+ for site planner to

/%"* +,%' !';, &&*% +,% -!&- &/ '%*!&- .-&!-!*8,;-1 ' 1uilding permit in ;ndonesia( +%,&- */%-%" !%&'+,6&;% .'!% &'%&" So that the "+/8 '%"-+ !# -!&-*%!-!*8 +%, "+% can be a !"/%'&+! ! /%:%-!.%+.-&g in each area.

8.There should be % .!-8 #!' /%+


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Thank you

for your attention

Liquefaction and Its Mitigation_fix

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