Lipid Classes, Sterols and Lipid Classes, Sterols and Tocopherols of Black cumin ( Tocopherols of Black cumin ( Nigella Nigella sativa sativa L.), Coriander ( L.), Coriander ( Coriandrum Coriandrum sativum sativum L.) and Niger ( L.) and Niger ( Guizotia Guizotia abyssinica abyssinica Cass.) Seed oils Cass.) Seed oils Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan and Jörg-Thomas Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan and Jörg-Thomas Mörsel Mörsel Technical University of Berlin, Institute Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Food Chemistry, of Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, TIB 4/3-1, D-13355 Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, TIB 4/3-1, D-13355 Berlin Berlin Germany Germany 25 25 Th Th ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, France Bordeaux, France
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Lipid Classes, Sterols and Tocopherols of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Seed oils
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Lipid Classes, Sterols and Lipid Classes, Sterols and Tocopherols of Black cumin (Tocopherols of Black cumin (Nigella Nigella
sativasativa L.), Coriander ( L.), Coriander (Coriandrum Coriandrum sativumsativum L.) and Niger ( L.) and Niger (Guizotia Guizotia
Germany Germany 2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
1- The production of oil plants takes the third place in world production after starch plants and fruits.
2- More than 90% of the oil plants are produced in the tropical and subtropical areas.
3- The cultivation of oil plants plays a major role in development politics (ca. 30% of the crops are exported).
4- The major oil crops of international importance: i.e., soybean (Glycine max), oil palm (Elaeis guineenis), rapeseed (Brassica spp.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), cottonseed (Gossypium spp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaeo), together accounting for about 84% of world vegetable oil production.
Rehm S, Espig G (1991)Rehm S, Espig G (1991) Oil plants. In: The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics, Verlag Josefmargraf, Weikersheim, pp. 76-119.Murphy DJ (1993)Murphy DJ (1993) The major oil crops. In: Designer oil crops: breeding, processing and biotechnology, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, pp. 5-72.
Facts About Oil PlantsFacts About Oil Plants
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Murphy DJ (1993)Murphy DJ (1993) The major oil crops. In: Designer oil crops: breeding, processing and biotechnology, VCH Verlag, Weinheim, pp. 5-72.
Production and Consumption of Production and Consumption of Vegetable Oils and Fats.Vegetable Oils and Fats.
World production of fats and oils
Animal25%
Vegetable 75%
World consumption of fats and oils
Animal feed7% Chemical
industry 13%
Edible uses80%
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
1- The increasing human population made it necessary to use as many agricultural resources as possible for the cultivation of oilseeds.
2- Nonconventional oilseeds may contain novel components and unusual fatty acids in their chemical makeup.
3- It is expected that the production costs for these seed oil will drop after further yield increases are gained through plant breeding efforts and development of new processing technology.For example, the production of oil palm was the principle motivation for growing and marketing.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Marketing of New Oilseeds !Marketing of New Oilseeds !
„Create a customer“ is the only definition of business purpose. So, marketing of new oilseeds will depend on the answer of the following questions.
1- Who is the customer?2- Where is the customer?3- Why does the customer buy?4- What is value in the eyes of the customer (what the product will do for the customer)???
Endrea JG (1992)Endrea JG (1992) Niche marketing of new oilseeds: An industrial perspective. In: Seed oils for the future, AOCS press, Champaign, pp. 1-8.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Information on Black Cumin, Information on Black Cumin, Coriander and Niger OilseedsCoriander and Niger Oilseeds
Black cumin Black cumin
((Nigella sativaNigella sativa L.) L.)Family Family
RanonculaceaeRanonculaceae
Coriander Coriander
((Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum L.) L.)Family UmbellifereaFamily Umbelliferea
Mediterranean countries, Eastern Europe, Russia and India.
-Ethiopia: (50-60% of total production), India (2% of total production).- Minor oilseeds crop in some other African countries.
Production: Not available 90-100 ton per year 400.000 ton per year (not involved in the world oilseeds trade).
Uses of oilseeds and/or seed oils:
1- Edible uses: Sweet dish, pastry, flavoring of food, stomachic, carmanitive, and diuretic agent.2- Medicinal uses: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antineoplastic, Antihelmenthic.
1- Edible uses: Ingredient of curry powder, Flavoring agent of certain alcoholic beverages.2- Industrial uses: Coriander produce a high petroselinic acid of potential uses (fine chemicals, softeners, soaps, emulsifiers and nylon).
1- Edible uses.2- Manufacture of soap and paints.3- Lubricant of illuminant.4- Protein-rich meal after oil extraction used as feed or fuel.
Total lipids (fresh weight):
40% 30% 30-40%
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Black cuminFrom Turkey
Oilseeds
CorianderFrom Hungary
NigerFrom India
Grounding (Particle size = 1-2 mm)
Extraction of crude seed oilsusing n-hexane or
Chloroform:Methanol (2:1, v/v)
Fatty acid methyl estersGLC/FID
Saponification
Phytosterols GLC/FID
Experimental Experimental ProceduresProcedures
Vitamin ENP-HPLC/UV
Open Column Chromatography(Silica gel 60)
Chloroform Acetone Methanol
Neutral lipidsTLC and GLC
Glycolipids HPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
PhospholipidsHPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Black cuminFrom Turkey
Oilseeds
CorianderFrom Hungary
NigerFrom India
Grounding (Particle size = 1-2 mm)
Extraction of crude seed oilsusing n-hexane or
Chloroform:Methanol (2:1, v/v)
Fatty acid methyl estersGLC/FID
Saponification
Phytosterols GLC/FID
Fatty Acid Fatty Acid AnalysisAnalysis
Vitamin ENP-HPLC/UV
Open Column Chromatography(Silica gel 60)
Chloroform Acetone Methanol
Neutral lipidsTLC and GLC
Glycolipids HPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
PhospholipidsHPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Levels of Fatty Acids in Crude Levels of Fatty Acids in Crude Seed OilsSeed Oils
Conditions of analysis.Derivatization: Fatty acids were converted to methyl esters by heating in 10% BF3% in methanol. Instrument: Shimadzu GC-14A (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with FID.Column: Supelco SP-2380TM (30 m x 0.25 mm id x 0.2 µm film thickness; Bellefonte, PA, USA).Carrier gas: helium with flow-rate of 0.6 mL/min.Injection: 1 µL of FAME was injected (split, 1:40).Temperature program: *Column temp.: 100 °C programmed by 5 °C/min till 175 °C (10 min), then 8 °C/min till 220 °C (10 min).*FID and injector were set at 250 °C.
Importance of TAG analysis. TAG comprise the main fraction (90% of total lipid) in seed oils. Therefore, the availability of such data would facilitate the: 1- Understanding of seed oil structural composition. 2- Understanding of TAG biosynthesis and deposition of plant cells.Conditions of analysis.Purification: TLC.Instrument: Mega Series high resolution (HRGC 4160, Carlo Erba Strumentazione, Milano, Italy) equipped with FID.Column: RTX-65TG (30 m x 0.25 mm id, 65% diphenyl-35% dimethylpolysiloxa; Restek Gmbh, Sulzbach, Germany).
Carrier gas: H2 with flow rate of 10 mL/min.Injection: 2 µL of purified TAG in dichloromethane (10 mg/mL) was injected (split-splitless was used).Temperature program: 1- Column temp.: 260 °C (5 min) then programmed by 5 °C till 360 °C (25 min). 2- FID temp.: 360 °C. 3- Injector temp.: 340 °C.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Triacylglycerols’ Composition (g/100g TAG) of Triacylglycerols’ Composition (g/100g TAG) of Seed Oils.Seed Oils.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Levels of Glycolipids (g/100g total glycolipids) Levels of Glycolipids (g/100g total glycolipids) in Seed Oils.in Seed Oils.
Ramadan MF, Mörsel JT (2003)Ramadan MF, Mörsel JT (2003) Food Chem. 80: 339-345.
Compound Black cumin seed oil
Coriander seed
oil
Niger seed oil
Acylated steryl glucoside (ASG)
9.95 25.1 38.5
Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGD)
7.88 nd nd
Steryl glucoside (SG) 9.45 34.9 29.5
Cerebroside (CER) 11.9 38.4 31.0
Diglucosyldiacylglycerol (DGD)
55.6 nd nd
Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQD)
5.08 nd nd
- Glycolipids represent the major fraction of polar lipids in seed oils.- Plant glycolipids are thought to be nutrients in the human diet, but little is known about their intestinal digestion and absorption in mammals.- The average daily intake of glycolipids in human has been reported to be 140 mg of ASG, 65 mg of SG, 50 mg of CER, 90 mg of MGD and 220 mg of DGD.
Glucose was the only sugar detected.Values are given as mean of three replicates.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Black cuminFrom Turkey
Oilseeds
CorianderFrom Hungary
NigerFrom India
Grounding (Particle size = 1-2 mm)
Extraction of crude seed oilsusing n-hexane or
Chloroform:Methanol (2:1, v/v)
Fatty acid methyl estersGLC/FID
Saponification
Phytosterols GLC/FID
Analysis of Analysis of PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Vitamin ENP-HPLC/UV
Open Column Chromatography(Silica gel 60, 70-230 mesh)
Chloroform Acetone Methanol
Neutral lipidsTLC and GLC
Glycolipids HPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
PhospholipidsHPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
NP-HPLC/UV Analysis of Phospholipid NP-HPLC/UV Analysis of Phospholipid Subclasses.Subclasses.
-The phospholipids are widely distributed in foods and antioxidant effects are attributed to them. -They combine nutritional and technological properties in a single substance class. -This synergistic function makes them ideal candidates for use in functional food.
Values are given as mean of three replicates.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Black cuminFrom Turkey
Oilseeds
CorianderFrom Hungary
NigerFrom India
Grounding (Particle size = 1-2 mm)
Extraction of crude seed oilsusing n-hexane or
Chloroform:Methanol (2:1, v/v)
Fatty acid methyl estersGLC/FID
Saponification
Phytosterols GLC/FID
Analysis of Analysis of PhytosterolsPhytosterols
Vitamin ENP-HPLC/UV
Open Column Chromatography(Silica gel 60)
Chloroform Acetone Methanol
Neutral lipidsTLC and GLC
Glycolipids HPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
PhospholipidsHPLC/UV, TLC
and GLC
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
GLC/FID Analysis of Phytosterols.GLC/FID Analysis of Phytosterols.
Importance of sterol analysis.Concentration of sterols has been reported to be little affected by environmental factors (soil or climate) or cultivation of new breeding lines. Therefore, analysis of sterols provides a powerful tool for 1-Quality control of edible oil. 2-Detection of oil and mixtures otherwise not recognized by the fatty acid profile. Recently, phytosterols are added to vegetable oils spreads as an example of a successful functional food. These products are now available in the market and have been scientifically proven to lower blood LDL by around 10-15% as part of a healthy diet.Conditions of analysis.Sterols were analyzed after saponification of the oil without derivatization.Instrument: Mega Series high resolution (HRGC 5160, Carlo Erba Strumentazione, Milano, Italy) equipped with FID.Column: DB 5 (30 m x 0.25 mm id, 5% phenylmethylpolysiloxan; J&W , Falsom, CA, USA).Carrier gas: helium with flow-rate of 38 mL/min.Injection: 2 µL of unsaponifiable matter in dichloromethane was injected (split-splitless was used).Temperatures:1- Column temp.: 310 °C isothermal.2- FID and injector temperatures were set at 280 °C.
12
3
4 6
5
7
10 20 30 40 50
Elution time (min)
Sterols Standard
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
Levels of Phytosterols (g/kg) in Seed Oils.Levels of Phytosterols (g/kg) in Seed Oils.
2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, FranceBordeaux, France
ConclusionsConclusions1- Although black cumin, coriander and niger seed oils have been part of human diet in many parts of the world and their consumption is also becoming increasingly popular in the non-producer countries, information on the phytochemicals in these oils is limited. Yet these phytochemicals may bring nutraceutical and functional benefits to food systems.
2- As part of the effort to assess the potential of these seed oils, the information is also of importance in processing and utilizing the crude oils and their by-products.
3- High levels of oils recovered from the studied oilseeds and their superior level of TAG (ca. 90% of total lipid) make them a suitable source of vegetable oils production and encourage their commercial manufacture.
4- High amounts of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives (tocopherols, phytosterols and polar lipids) in the examined seed oils may contribute to A- High nutritional value.B- Great stability toward oxidation.
Ramadan & MörselRamadan & Mörsel 2525ThTh ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, France ISF World Congress, 12-15 October 2003, Bordeaux, France