ACE Course CT01558 Linux Introduction Linux GUI & Command Tools
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ACE Course CT01558 Linux Introduction
Linux GUI & Command Tools
X, DM, KDE and GNOME
Other X Graphical User Interfaces
Command Line Tools
Shells, bash options, shell scripts
Basic administration
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Agenda
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X11, or “X Window System” is the a distributed client/server software as well as protocol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_server
Display Manager
Controls WHO logs into display
If GUI crashes, it restarts itself again!
In most distributions, you can’t login as root to DM
Each GUI has its version: KDM, GDM, MDM, …
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X & Display Managers
Controls the placement & appearance of application windows (frames, titles, icons)
Metacity in GNOME
KWin in KDE
Xfwm in Xfce
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Window Managers
Provide additional functionality to GUI with:
Control panel
cut & paste
trash can
file manager
multimedia tools, music & wallpapers!
notepad, calendar, calculator
shared libraries for those programs
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Desktop Environments (DE)
Most Popular Desktop Environments are:
KDE http://kde.org/
GNOME http://www.gnome.org/
Xfce http://xfce.org/
Much more exist!
Common Desktop Environment (CDE)
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Linux Desktop Environments
7
Basic Linux Usage
Accessing a terminal in a GUI environment
Graphical interface Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell
Or, switch to a graphical terminal
e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm)
Graphical Interface
Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel
From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal
Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment
Command line prompt: Root user: #
Regular user: $
Commands: indicate name of program to execute
Case sensitive
Options: specific letters starting with “-” appearing after command name Alter way command works
Arguments: specify a command’s specific working parameters
Basic Shell Commands
ls command: List the files in a directory
May pass an argument indicating the directory to be listed
–F option: Argument to indicate file types
–l option: Argument to list long file listings
Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3ed 11
Listing Files
Basic Shell Commands (continued)
Some common Linux commands
Shell Metacharacters
Metacharacters: characters with a special meaning
e.g., $
Refers to a variable
Avoid use of metacharacters when typing commands unless using their special functionality
Single quotation marks ‘ ’ protect metacharacters from being interpreted specially by the shell
A shell script is a script written for the shell
Operations: backups, file manipulation, program execution, and printing text
A script needs to be “flagged” as an executable “x” with the chmod command
If you are running a script from current directory it needs to be preceded by “./”
Shell Scripts
Getting Command Help
Manual (man) pages: most common form of documentation for Linux commands
type “man” followed by command name
contains different sections
Searchable by keyword
Info pages: set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation
type “info” followed by a command name
Start/Stop/Reboot Server
Backup critical or User files
Install NEW software or services
Update EXISTING software
Add/Remove users
Troubleshoot
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Basic Administration
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System Stop or Reboot
To reboot: shutdown –r
reboot
init 6
To halt: shutdown –s
halt
init 0 You must be administrator!
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Adds functionality to your system,
example:
install LibreOffice or MySQL
From Command line mode:
sudo apt-get mysql
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Install Software
Keeps your system safe and bug-free
From Command line mode:
sudo apt-get update
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Update Software
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Monitoring & Process Control
top – displays top processes uptime + ps = w ps ax – list of all running processes nice PID priority – changes priority level Default priority is 10, it can be changed from -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest)
kill –signal PID killall process
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useradd <username>
passwd <username> //changes password for a user
userdel <username>
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User Maintenance
Installation Fails
Server crashes
Service(s) not running
Read LOGS! /var/log/messages
Restart in single user mode [init S]
Check file system for errors
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Troubleshooting
KDE and GNOME
Other X Graphical User Interfaces
Command Line Tools
Shells, bash options, shell scripts
Basic administration
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Summary
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Questions???
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