Top Banner
Linking two instruments for a better innovation policy-mix: the French case of the National Research agency and the Competitiveness Clusters Emilie-Pauline Galli´ e, St´ ephanie Fen Chong To cite this version: Emilie-Pauline Galli´ e, St´ ephanie Fen Chong. Linking two instruments for a better innovation policy-mix: the French case of the National Research agency and the Competitiveness Clusters. 2007. <hal-00323021> HAL Id: hal-00323021 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323021 Submitted on 19 Sep 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non, ´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´ etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´ es.
29

Linking two instruments for a better innovation policy-mix: the … · 2017. 1. 4. · Linking two instruments for a better innovation policy-mix: the French case of the National

Feb 01, 2021

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • Linking two instruments for a better innovation

    policy-mix: the French case of the National Research

    agency and the Competitiveness Clusters

    Emilie-Pauline Gallié, Stéphanie Fen Chong

    To cite this version:

    Emilie-Pauline Gallié, Stéphanie Fen Chong. Linking two instruments for a better innovationpolicy-mix: the French case of the National Research agency and the Competitiveness Clusters.2007.

    HAL Id: hal-00323021

    https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323021

    Submitted on 19 Sep 2008

    HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

    L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.

    https://hal.archives-ouvertes.frhttps://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323021

  • �������������

    ��������������������������� �"!$#%�&'��(�)�*�%�+�-,�! .��/��0��(12�*354768�9��:%;<�=%�?>@�5����3�=

    3A! �B�?�C�D'=%�"EF!/���C��! 1HGI���B�A!��53&=�J$ �A�%3K4L! �+MN�=��O3A� ��0%�A.�P��Q,����%�A�B��3&1P�%�B��(���

    RTS�U�V�W�X�UKY?ZK[*\�]�W�^�U�_`S�acbAV�S�d�U�^eb5f�g�X�hiSkj�Sml nL_iUASml7j�Spo

  • Introduction

    Z�_iU5g�S�A�KAbk_iUK~ASKl2[*_YA^v[*_iX�U�l^U5jj�S�-^v[*SmlW�^�~AS�-SeSUg�^�d*d_`S�jX5u[�X�U[PW5SIR/dSU5g�WNdSBl'S�^�dg�W^U5j

    _iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&ULl�(lP[*Ss

  • Ô

    ÃkU�SË&S�^�d�^q[*Sd�[PW5S_ùdplSv[q[P_iUKYAtcuA]Ab&[PW�S¡X5��S�gv[*_~&Sml�^�U�j)]�dXAg�S�jmuAdSBl7X&/[PW�SmlS·U�S� j�Se~A_`g�SBl%^dS·^�h@^e/l

    l2u���'SBgv[l¦[QXSv~AX�hu�[*_iX�U�l�+Z�_iU�gBSO[PW�S�U5bD^�gv[QX&d'l�W�^�~ASO[*Xj�S�^h�@_[�W{[PW5SFg�X�s¦]Ah`Se³A_[2X�k[PW�S{l�-l2[*S�s�b

    S�U�W5^UAgeS�j·�¦[PW�SD]�dXKAhiS�s^v[*_igË_iUB[*S�dP^�g�SKl -Sv[c@S�S�U¦UAS� _wU(lP[Pd2uAsS�Um[l�

    ¥W�SmlS·g�W�^�UY(Sml�S�g�W5X��_[PW¦[PW�SkdS�g�S�UB[7^�g�^ej�Ss�_`g¡j�Se-^�[*Sml [PW�^�[PXAgvu/l�X&Uj�Sv~&ShX&]A_iU�Y"s�X&dS·S�P�_`g_`S�Um[

    _iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U±]AX&hi_`g�_qSKlbH^�U5jF^s@X�UKY�[PW�S�s�b7^�U�^�hw-l_cl·_iUF[*Svd�s XAD_iU�U�XK~A^v[*_iX�U�]AX�hi_`g��t�s_³TLº¾]AX&hi_`g�At

    s)_³±]AS�d.l*]AS�gv[*_~&S�^v[c[*S�s¦]K[l%[QX�g�X�s¦A_iUAS�^�U5j½A^�h`^�U�gBS·~A^�d_iXKu/l�]AX�hi_`ge±_iU(l2[Pd2u-s�S�Um[l%[PW5^v[�^�dS·u/lS�j"_qU

    g�X�s¦]AhqS�sS�Um[*^�d�I^�U�j�s¦u�[cu-^hihi�dS�_iUAPX&dg�_iUKY�@^�(lD[*X�^egW�_`S�~AS"j�SBl_wdS�j�XK��.SBgv[P_~-Sml8/¥HWmu/lb^)]AX�hi_`g

    s)_³±](Sd.l�]AS�g�[�_~AS�Y�d^�Um[lkhSml�lkS�s¦]AWA^ml_cl°X&U"[PW�Sj�Sml_iY�U±^�U�j�S�~A^�hu-^v[*_iX�U�X��_wUAj�_~A_`jmu/^�h_iU(l2[Pd2u-s�S�Um[l

    X�O_iU�U�X�~A^v[*_iX�U«]AX�hi_`g� ^U5jÀPXAgvu/l'SmlFs@X&dSX&U ¿ u-SKl2[P_X&U(l�lPu-gW ^KlFg�X�s}]�h`Sv[*S�U5SKl.lb¦A^�h`^�UAg�S^�UAj

    _iUm[*S�d^�gv[*_iX&UAlH&Sv[c�SeSU�]AX�hi_`g�"_iU(l2[PdPu(s�S�UB[l%»*ðf�VH�b�A���K¼8)¥W�S�dS�PX&dS�b(Sv³&^s_iU�_iU�Y�[PW5S·_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U

    ]AX�hw_`g�_`Sml%dS ¿ u(_ùd.SBl�U�XK[X�U�h)[*X"^�U5^�h-l'SË[PW�S¦_iU(l2[PdPuAs�S�UK[l%_iU�j�_~(_`jmu-^�hqhi�b(Ku�[�^�hclX�[PX?^�U�^�h(l'SË[PW5SË@^

    [PW�S��_iUB[*S�d^�gv['

    y�UFX�dj�S�dD[QX{gX&UB[Pd�_Ku�[*S�[QX±[PW5S�u(U5j�S�d.lP[*^�U�j�_iU�Y�X�p[PW�S?g�W�^�hqh`S�UKYASBl¦X�p[PW5SRµdS�U�g�W�]AX�hi_`g�At�s)_³Ab[PW�_Ql

    ]A^�]AS�d j�Smlg�d_ASKl [c�X ]5X&hi_`g� [*X�X�hqlb [PW�S¹)^v[*_iX�U�^�h§z°S5lS�^�dg�W ºkYAS�U�g� »º�¹¦z+¼ ^�U�j [PW5S

    V�X&s}]ASv[�_[�_~AS�U5S5l'lkg�huTl2[*S�d.lb^�U�j"[PW�S�_dks¦u�[cu-^�h_wUB[*S�d^�g�[P_iX�U�l8Cº¦l�S�dS�^�hi_Ql'Sej½[c�X�dS]�X�dQ[lbµ[PW�S�2_id.lP[

    X�U�S�lP[cu-j55_wU�Y)[PW5S¦º�¹�z lSv[c[P_iUKY)uA]Ab/^�U�j�[PW5S)lS�g�X�U�j±X&U5S¦g�X�U�g�S�dU�_iUKY"[PW�S¦º�¹¦z�¢2l�^�gv[*_iX�U�l%[PXK@^�dj�l

    [PW�SkgeX&s¦]AS�[�_[P_~-S�U�SBl�l7g�hu lP[*S�d.lb&_[TYA^v~&Spu/l [PW�SkX�]�]�XKdc[cu�U�_[2¡[*X�X5-lS�d2~&S°&X5[PW}_wUAl2[Pd2u-s�S�Um[l8

    y�U"[PW�^v[�]Ku�d�]5XµlS�bC�Sg�X�U�jmu-g�[*S�j[c}XFlS�d�_`Sml°X�p_iUB[*S�d2~A_`Sv"l8���S�&S�YA^�U½[QXI_iUB[*S�d2~A_iS�Â^�gv[QX&d.l+X�H[PW5S

    R/dS�U5gW?_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U�l�-l2[*S�s´jmuAd_wU�Y"[PW�S�2_id.lP[%A��Õ?lS�sSKl2[*S�d7[PXOYAS.[[PW�S�_d�]AS�dgeS�]K[P_iX�U?X��[PW5S�U5Sv�hq

    g�dSe^v[*S�jÁº�¹¦z¦?¥W�S�U�bO@S§_wUB[*S�d2~A_`Sv@S�j©l_³K[*SBS�U®^Bgv[QX&d.lX�Lg�X�s¦]AS�[�_[P_~&SUASBl�l�g�huTl2[*S�d�^U�j©l_w³

    s^�U�^�YAS�d�l�X�C[PW�S¡º�¹�z°b&ASv[c@S�S�U)ºDuAYKu/lP[7^�U5j)ágv[*XKAS�d7A����b�_iUX&dj�Sd [PX"^�]�]�dSW�S�U5j@[PW�SkdS�h`^v[*_iX&U(l

    AS�[c�S�S�U·[PW5Sp[c}X)lQ[PdPu-g8[cuAdSBlX�U�SD5S�^�d7^�q[*S�dC[PW5S�_d7g�dS�^�[P_iX�U(

  • ¥W�S¦^�_qs X� [PW�_cl%]A^�]AS�d�_clH[*X"]�d*X5~5_ij�S}^¦g�^ml'S�lP[cu-j55b/_wh`hu/l2[Pd^v[P_iUY?Ss�]A_d_`gm^�hihw[PW�S¦g�WA^�hih`SUY(SBl�X� [PW5S

    _iUm[*S�d^�gv[*_iX&UAlH&Sv[c�SeS�U·[PW�S¡º�¹@z¯^�U5j}[PW5S·g�hu/l2[*Sd.l�¥�W�_cl7]A^�]AS�d7_cl�l2[Pd2u-gv[cu5dS�j�_wU¡[PWKdS�S¦lSegv[�_X&UAl�mRT_id.l2[

    lSegv[�_X&UY�_~-SmlklX�s�S�_iU(l_iYAWm[l�^�&X5u[[PW�SËR/dSU5g�W¦¹"^v[P_`X�U�^�hZ�(l2[*S�s"�yU)]A^d2[�_gvu(h`^�db-@S¦PX�g�u/l+X&U�[PWAS

    j�Smlg�d_]K[�_X&U X�)[PW�Sg�uAd�dS�Um[±Sv~&X�hu�[P_iX�U²XA)[PW�S«l�(lP[*Ss ^U5j«Y�_~-S«lXAs�S_wUB[*S�d�]�dS�[*^8[P_iX�U(lFX�)[PW�_2l

    Sv~&X�hu�[*_iX&U-(¥W�S"lS�g�X�U�jFlS�gv[*_iX�U?j�Se^hcl%�_[�W)[PWAS�j�Sv[*^�_ih`S�jO^�UA^�hw-l_clkX��S�^�g�W?_iUAj&_~-_qjmu-^�h_iU(l2[PdPu(s�S�UB[*b

    _[l�]KuAd�]AX(lSF^�U�jLXK��.Segv[�_~&Sml)_iU�[PW�SFg�W�^�UKYA_iU�Y«l�(lP[*S�s"�¥HW�SO[PW�_dj�lS�gv[*_iX�U�]A^�(l^v[q[*S�UB[P_iX�U{[*X¤[PW5S

    g�W5^h`h`SUY(SBl7X&Tg�XAs@A_iU�_iU�Y¦[PW�S�s"

    1. Motives for a new law on research and innovation

    ¥W�SËR/dSU5g�W)U�^�[�_iX�U�^�hl�(lP[*S�s¾X&7_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U_clH[Pd^�jK_[P_iX�U�^�h`hwg�X�U(l_qj�SdS�j)^Kl7AS�_iU�Y"j�X�s�_iUA^v[*S�j��½^

    g�S�UB[Pd^�hi_Ql'Sej�b"g�X&h&S�d2[P_cl2[LZB[*^8[*S¯»�V%W�SmlU5^_clb{������ÔK¼��¥ W�_cl�s�XAj�Sh?ge^U AS«j�S��_iUAS�j � PX5uAd�s@^_`U

    g�W5^�d^�gv[*Sd_`l2[*_igKl?»Q¶�^�dSej�X«^�U5jn$u lP[*^�dbkA�KK¼�HRT_d'l2[X&^�hih`b°[PW5Ss�^ �X�d_[P�X�¦[PW5S¤R/dS�UAg�W]Ku�Ahq_ g

    dSmlS�^�dg�W)u-jKY(Sv[7@^ml+j�S�j�_ig�^v[*S�j)[PX?hi^�d�YAS¦]�dX�Y�d^�s�s"Seb�l2u-gW?^5l+j�S�*S�U�g�S)l'S�gv[*XKd8 ZAS�gX&U5j&h5bµu-U�hq_i-S

    s�X(l2[¯PX�dS�_Y�U g�XKuAUm[Pd�_`Smlb¤&^ml_`g dSKlS�^�dg�W£_cl²U5X5[ª^�g�g�XAs¦]�hi_clWAS�j£_iU©u-U�_~-Sd.l_[*_qSKl8�º l*]AS�g�_`^mh

    _iU(l2[*_[cu�[P_iX�U�b·[PW�S$¹)^v[P_X&U5^hV�S�Um[*S�d±X��lg�_`SUB[�_i�_`gNdSml'S�^�dgW²»�V¹¦z¦Z�¼�WA^�U5j&h`SmlFs�X(l2[±X�)[PW�S�A^ml_ g

    dSmlS�^�dg�W-k¥�W�_ùdj&hiAb·R/d^�U5g�SN_clFg�WA^�d^egv[*S�d�_clSej9� ^Ns¦u-h[�_i]Ahi_qgB^v[P_X&U X&)[PW5SNUmu-s¦-S�d�XA"s)_cl�l_iX�U5t

    X�d�_iS�Um[*S�j)]Ku�Ahi_`g·dSBl'S�^�dg�W"_iU(l2[P_[cu�[*SBl�KRT_wU5^�hqhw5b(]KuAAhq_`g�l2uA]�]AX�dc[7PX&d%_iU5jmu/l2[Pd�_`^�h(dSml'Se^�dg�W"_cl�g�X�Um[Pd*X&hih`SBj

    �^DUBu(s¦-S�d7X� h`^�d�YASDW�_iYAW�tQ[*Seg�W�g�X�s¦]A^�U�_`S5l8

    ¶�^�dSej�X^�U�j�n{u/l2[*^d)»PA�K�¼½lW5X5 [PW�^v[k[PW5S¤l�-l2[*S�sÄWA^�jLS�~AX�h~ASejª_iU�[PW�S������(lbD^Bl�[PW5S�^�h`s�XCl2[

    j�_ql'^�]�]AS�^�d^U5g�S X�9[PW5S©h`^�d�YAS®]�dX&Y�d^�s X�d«[PW�S£l2[Pd*X�UKYAS�d g�X�UKUAS�³A_iX�U -S�[c�S�SU ^]�]�h`_qSej ^�UAj

    cu(U5j�^sS�Um[*^�h?dSmlSm^dg�WÁ_iU¾[PW�S²]Ku�Ah`_qg¾lS�gv[*X�dg�^�U¾]�dXK~ASK��}XK@Sv~AS�db½[PW�SmlS g�W5^UYASKl^dS U�XK[

    l2u-P�_`g_`S�Um[*h?S�P�_`g_`S�Um[[QX)P^�gBSË[PW�S}g�X&s}]�h`S�³?s�XAj�S5l�X&AU�XK�h`S�jKYAS·]�dX�jmu-g.[P_iX�U"^�U�j�[PW5S@_iUAg�dS�^ml'S¦X�

    [PW�Sk_iUm[*S�d^�gv[P_iX�U�lAS�[c�S�S�U)lg�_qS�U5g�Sk^�U�j�_iUAjmuTl2[Pd2@»�ÃDf�VH}¼�¥�W5S�dSks�_iYAWm[/ASk^kP^�_qhuAdSkX�U·[PW�S·l�-l2[*SBs

    g�X�W�S�dS�U�gBS"»��°^�d�d\�b�A���K¼8Cy�U"[PW�S)A���lb�lS�~AS�d^�h�S�~-S�Um[l¡W�^�~&S�[PW�S�UFhqSe^�jO[*X�dS�tq[PWK_iUI[PW5SRµdS�U�gmW

  • Õ

    _iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U�l�-l2[*S�s´X&d�^v[7hiSB^ml2[[QXOs�XAj&_ic)[*W�_cl�X�d�YA^�U�_cl'^v[P_iX�U(Aº�l�^@dSml2u-h[*b/^�U5Sv¾h`^�¾g�^�h`hqSej���]A^egv[

    PX�d%dSmlS�^�dg�W��^�U�j)~AXK[*S�j)_iU?ºk]�d_ihTA����b-[*^d�YAS8[l7[PX"d�S�PX�d�s§[PW�S·YAXK~ASdU5^�U�g�S�s�X�j�SBl+X&[PW�S·R/dS�U5gW

    l�(lP[*S�s"

    1.1. The forces for change

    ¡uAd_iUY§X�½[PW5SNfHuAdX�]AS�^�U V�XKuAUAg�_whX�O¶�_cl�AX�U _iU n^�dg�W A���b@[PW5S �@S�^�j�l$XA{ZK[*^v[*S�^�U5j X�

    YAXK~AS�d�U�sS�Um[�W�^�~-S�^�j�W�S�dS�j½[PX±^�U�^�s¦A_[*_iXKu l+g�XAs�s@X�U?X5��'SBgv[P_~-S [*XOs@^�AS@f7uAdX�]AS�^�U)|�U�_iXAU��2[PW5S

    s�X(l2[�g�X�s¦](S�[P_[�_~&S)^�U�j?j55UA^�s)_`g¦�U5X5�hS�jKY(SetQA^KlSej�S�g�X�U�X�s¦�_iU"[PWAS}@X�d�hij��D»Qf7uAdX�]AS�^�U?V�XKuAU�g�_qh`b

    A��K¼��ÃkU�S¡X�/[PW�S¦XK��'S�gv[*_~&SKl%_clH[*X"j�Sv~&Xm[*S°�A ��b/Ô�� X& [PW5S r ·oF[QX�z�¦�¥HW�_cl�SegW5X�SBl�@_[�W

    V�^�d^�geXµlP[*^ml�§n{u-h`jmuAd�»2A� ��¼DlP[*^v[*S�sS�Um[*b�}W�_ig�WOW�_iYAW�hq_iY�WB[[PW�^v[f7u�d*X�]AS�^�U�z��¦Á_iUK~-SmlP[�s@SUB[l�^�dS

    _iU(l2u-��_`g�_`SUB[�^U�j½[PW5S_ùdk^�hqhiXAg�^v[*_iX�UO_iUAS���_`g�_`S�Um['F¥W�S�dS�PX�dS�b(¶%_cl�AX�U±^�YAS�U�j�^)W�_iY�W�hi_iYAWm[l%[PW�S)U5S�S�j½[*X

    Sv~&^hu-^v[*S�[PW5S{]AS�dPX&ds�^�U5g�S�X�¦[PW�S�U�^v[*_iX�U�^�h¦_iU�U�X�~A^�[P_iX�U«l�(lP[*Ss _wU¯^{YAhiX&&^h}S�g�X�U�XAs@-DºD[�[PW5S

    f7uAd�X�]AS�^�UFhiS�~-S�hib7X&U5S"X&%[PW�S"XKu�[*gX&s�SKlD@XKuAhijI&S�[PWAS�Ku-_qh`j&_iU�Y$X��[PW5S�fHuAdX&]AS�^U�dSmlS�^�dg�W{l*]A^�gBS

    »�g��¶�^�dSej�X�b�A��Ô¦PX&d

  • S�s�S�d�YAS�U5g�S@lg�_qS�UB[�_iP_qgkj�XAs�^�_wU(l8mRTX�d_iU(l2[*^�U5g�S�b�_iU¦A�(Õk[PW�Spo

  • � �(Í Æ������ � Æ �Î� Æ % Ð Ê� Æ ���T Æ �� Æ Æ�Ð Æ Ê?Î Ð �� Æ�� ��Ï É k Æ Æ A��

    � #����3���Q,���� �©�A! �������A�

    f�U�PX&dg�_iUKY�[PW�S¡g�^�]A^�A_qh`_[*_iSKl%PX�dplP[Pd^8[*SY�_ig·X�d�_iS�UB[*^v[P_iX�U^�U5j�PX�d]�d�_iX�d_[P_qSBl%lSv[c[P_iUY

    ��_YAW�V�X5uAU5g_`h�PX�d�ZAg�_iS�U�gBSk^�U�j�¥7S�g�W�U�X�hiX�Y&y�Um[*S�d*s�_iUA_cl2[*S�d_i^�h®V�X�s�s�_[c[*S�S X& lg�_`S�Um[*_w*_qg^�U�j·[*S�g�W�U5X�hiX�Y�_g�^�h�dSKlS�^�dgW¹)^v[P_X&U5^h�z°SKlS�^�dgW}ºkY(S�U�g�ºkYASU5g�)PX�dy�U5jmu/l2[Pd�_i^�hAy�U�U�XK~-^v[P_iX�U

    ��u(_ih`j�_wU�Y ^ u-U�_w*_qSej�b²g�X&W5S�dS�Um[ ^�U�j [Pd^�U�l*]A^�dS�UB[l�(lP[*S�s PX�ddSmlS�^�dg�W@Sv~-^�hu/^�[P_iX&U

    ºkYASU5g�)PX�d z°SmlSe^�dg�W·f7~A^�hu-^v[�_X&U

    Vphu lP[*S�d�_iUKY S�U�S�d�YA_`Sml$^�U�j²�^eg_`hq_[*^�[�_iUKY geX�X�]AS�d^.[P_iX�UAS�[c�S�S�UAl7^�gv[*XKd.l

  • ¨

    nL^�U5^�YAS�s)S�UB[C[PW5X5uAY�WB[B¥W�_cl%l�(lP[*Ss XAµ[PW5X5uAY�WB[T_wU�Phu/SU�gBS�j¦]AX&hi_`g�At�s^�AS�d.l�l_iUAg�Sp[PW5S·¨&_iSKl7^Bl�lS�d2[l

    [PW�SDU5S�S�j)PX�d]Ku�Ahq_`gk^�g�geX5uAUB[*^vA_qh`_[2�»��°^�g�W�b�A���K¼�myP[/h`S�j·[*X}[PW5Skg�dS�^�[P_iX&U@X� _iUAj�S�]AS�U�j�S�UB[^YASU5g�_qSBlb

    l_iUAg�SO[PW�S�L^�~&X�_ij�d_cl*ClX�¦geX&d�dPuA]m[P_iX�UL^�U�jL^h`hiXK d^v[P_iX�U�^�h`_ �^v[�_X&ULX�·]KuAAhq_`gFs)^�U5^�YAS�s)S�UB['%¥W�_Ql

    _iUAg�dS�^KlS _iU£cd^�YAsS�Um[*^v[P_iX�U£s^�£W5X5@Sv~&S�d¯j�Sv[*S�d_`X&d^.[*SÀ[PW5S [Pd^�U�lP~-S�d.l^�h¤g�X�X�djK_iU�^�[�_iX�U _wL[PWAS

    S�2P_`g�_qS�UAg�@X�TS�^�g�W�_wU(lP[Pd2uAs�S�Um[

  • g�X�s¦A_wUAS"_iU(l2[Pd2u-s�S�Um[lËj�S�]AS�U�j�_wU�Y¤X&U?[PW�S)nL_wUA_cl2[Pd�$X�%zkSKlS�^�dg�W$^�U�j ��_iY�W5S�dDf�jmu-g�^v[*_iX&UI^U5jI[PW5S

    nL_iU�_cl2[Pd� X��y�U�jmuTl2[PdP( �@_QlP[*X&d*_igB^hihi©[*W�S�dSÁW�^�~-S AS�S�U lX�s�S [*S�UAl_iX�U(l«&Sv[c@S�S�U¬[PW5S5lS [c@X

    s)_iUA_cl2[Pd_iSmlb5}W�_`gW�_`s�]A^egv[([PW�SkS�P2_`g�_`S�UAge@X�([PW�SD]AX�hi_`ge@jASml_iY�U-

    ¥7X½quAd2[PW5S�d%[PW�S�_wUB[*S�d�]�dS.[*^.[P_iX&U?X�[PW�_Ql+S�~&X�hu�[*_iX&U?_iU)[PW�S)l�(lP[*S�s�bµ@S¦]�dX&]AX(lSk[PXOhiXAX�?g�hiX(lS�d+^v[[PW5S

    S�2*S�gv[*_~ASNcu-U�gv[*_iX�U�_wU�Y X&)[PW5SmlS�l2[Pd2u-gv[cu5dSmlb¦V�X&s¦]AS�[P_[*_~AS�U�SBl�l�g�huTl2[*S�d.l±^�U5j¹)^�[�_iX�U�^�h·z°SKlSe^�dgmW

    ºkYAS�U�g�/�¥HW�_cl¦�_qh`hkh`Sm^ej¤u/l_iU«lS�g�[�_iX�ULÔ[*XS�³A^�s�_qU�SF_q·[PW5SKlSFj&_`2*S�dS�UB[�h`Se~&S�hQlXA·YAXK~AS�dU5^U5gBS

    g�X�X�]AS�d^.[*Sk^�U�j�g�X�s¦A_iUASp[PW�S�_d7^�gv[P_X&U�PX�d [PW�SDdS�^eg�W�X�µ[PW5S�_d7X5��'S�g�[�_~ASBl�

    2. Two new structures in the French Innovation system : the Competitiveness Clusters and the National Research Agency

    2.1. Competitiveness clusters as multi-purpose instruments

    º�l%[PW�S·nL_iU�_cl2[Pd�½X�Hy*U�jmuTl2[Pd2½j�S�P_wUASKl%[PW5Ss@b g�X�s}](Sv[ _[*_~-S�U5Sml�l+g�huTl2[*Sd.l+S�U�geX�s¦]A^Kl.l�~A^�d_iXKu/l+PX&dsOl

    X�C]A^d2[PU�S�d'lW�_w](l8K¥7X�dS�_iU�PX&dgeSp[*S�d�d�_[*X�d�_iSBl���^v[c[Pd^�g8[P_~&SUASBl.lbK[PW�S��YA^�[PW�S�d7X�U�^p[*S�d�d*_[*X&d*_i^�hCl'g�^�h`S�b�]Ku�Ahq_ g

    dSmlS�^�dg�W¦u-U�_[lb&[Pd^�_iU�_wU�Y?geSUB[PdSml�^�U5j"SUB[*S�d�]�d�_clSml�X&U"]�dX �S�g�[l�@W�Sv[PW5S�d%X�US�s)Sd�Y�_iU�Y�[PW�S�sS5l�X�d%X�U

    s�X�dSks�^v[cuAdS%[PW�S�sSml�

    Z�_iU5g�S[PW5S�_d¦h`^vu-U�g�W�b%geX�s¦]ASv[P_[*_~AS�UASml�l}g�huTl2[*S�d.l¡W5^e~&SOYA^�_iU�S�j{s�X�dS?^�U�j{s@X&dS?_ws�]AX�d2[*^�U5g�SOX�UO[PW5S

    ]AX�hw_[�_`g�^�h�^YASU5j�^�blX£P^�d¯^ml[*X£S�U5g�X&s}]A^5l'l«s^�UK XK��.Segv[�_~&S5l@_qj�Sdª[PW5^�U _wU�U5X&~A^�[�_iX�U ^�UAj

    [*S�g�WU�X�hX&Y�-

    2.1.1. Chronology and context

    ¥W�_Ql°]�dX �Smg�[p@^ml¡SBl2[*^vAhi_clWAS�j�_iULZAS�]K[*S�s¦AS�dkA�KAbPX�hihiX&�_iUYI[c@X�dS�]�X�dQ[l' �+hq^�U5g"»2A�K�¼¦l2[*^.[*Sml

    [PW�^�[�_U±X&dj�Sd�[QX�s�^�_wUB[*^�_wU±_[lkgeX�s¦]ASv[*_[*_~&S�U�SKl.lbCR/d^�UAg�S�W5^Klp[QXI]d�X�s�XK[*S)^¦dS�Y�_X&UA^�hit2A^KlS�j�g�hu/l2[*S�d

    ]AX�hw_`g�-ZKu-gWI^�]AX�hi_`g�O�_`hihplPuA]�]AX&dc[H[PW5S)g�XAs¦]ASv[*_[P_~-S�U�SKl.l°X�H[*Sd�d�_[*X�d�_iSml°_wU?�W�_`gWIg�X&s}](^�U�_`Sml°^�d'S

    lS�[q[Ph`S�j«^Bl�^�U¯_wU5j&_idSegv[?s�S�^�U[*X«]Kd*X&s@X5[*S�[PW5S_ùd�Xm}U¯g�X�s¦]ASv[*_[*_~AS�U�Sml�l±»Q@S�h`Ss^�dh`S � ¶�^d\�j�XAb

  • A���K¼�7V%huTl2[*S�d¦]AX�hi_`ge$�_ihqh+_wUAgdSB^mlS{l��UASd�Y�_`Sml¦&Sv[c@S�S�ULW�Sv[*S�d*X�YAS�U�S�XKu/l�^egv[*XKd.lb%U5^s@Shi�]KuAAhq_ g

    dSmlS�^�dg�W$_wU(lP[P_[cu�[P_iX�U(lb%_iU�jmu/lP[Pd_Sml}^U5j{hiXAgm^�h%_iU(lP[�_[cu�[P_`X�U�l8 y�UF]A^�d2[P_ig�u(h`^�db �kh`^�U�g"]AX�_iUm[l}X5u[�[PW�^v[+_qU

    R/d^�U5g�S�bDlX�s@S½[*S�d�d�_[*X&d�_SmlbkZA^�g�h`^e5b�_wU{o

  • ���

    Ãkd_ùY�_iUA^�hihwAb-X&U�hi��@[*X{��Õ@g�hu lP[*S�d.l7]�dX �S�gv[l@S�dS¦S�³A]AS�g�[*S�j(�}Sv[PbH��Õ}]�dX �S�gv[l�^�]�]Ahq_`g�^v[*_iX�U�l7�S�dS

    ]�dX�]�X(lS�jN[QXª[PW�SlS�h`S�gv[*_iX�U¯g�X�s�s�_[c[*S�S�bË}W�_`g�W«gB^�U9&SNS�³5]�h`^�_iUAS�j9��[c�X«P^�g�[l�pRT_d�l2[*b}^ml"�S

    sS�Um[*_iX&U5S�j ]�dSv~A_iXKu lhi�b�[PW�S®hiX�ge^hUASv[c�X�d�(l�[PW�^v[�S�dS®Se³A_clP[�_iUKY X&U [PW�S¬R/dSU5g�W©[*S�d�d�_[*X&d�

    g�X�U�lP[P_[cu�[*S�jÁ[PW�S &^Kl_Ql PX&d¯Umu-s)SdX5u/l g�huTl2[*S�d.l¯]�d*X �Segv[l��ZAS�g�X�U�j�b�[*S�d�d�_[*XKd�_i^�hL^vu�[PW�X�d_[P_`Smlb�_qU

    ]A^�d2[P_gvu(h`^�dFdSY�_iX�U�lFKu�[I^�hclX j�S�]A^�dc[Ps)S�UB[l$^�U�j hX�g�^�hg�XKuAU�g�_qhclb@@S�dS�j�S�S�]Ah§_iUK~AXAh~-Sej _iU«[PWAS

    ]�dXAg�Sml'lbK¦W�_`g�W�s�X&A_qh`_cl_wU�Y^�gv[*XKd.l�^�U�j"l2uA]�]AX�d2[P_iUKY¦[PWAS�_d7S��PX&dP[l7»Q@ShSs^�dh`S � ¶�^�dS�j�XAb�A���K¼�mº¦l

    ^¦g�X�U�lS ¿ u-S�UAg�S�b�[PW�SZ5[*^�[*S�lS�hiS�g�[*S�j ���)]�dX�]AXµl^�hqlb/j�_2lP[P_wUYKu(_clW�_iU�YL��Õ¦�X�dhij�t�g�h`^ml.l+g�hu/l2[*S�d'l�^�U�jOÕ

    g�huTl2[*S�d.lËX&+U�^v[*_iX�U�^�hDlgeX&]ASKT¥7X�P_wUA^�UAg�S�[PW5SKlS"Umu-s"S�dXKu/l¡g�hu/lP[*S�d.lb [PW�S"_iU�_[�_`^�hDZK[*^v[*S�u-jKYASv[°X&��

    ��Õ)s @^ml�j�X5u�Ah`SBj@[*X)dS�^�g�W��%�bqÕ·AUX5~&S�d%^D[PWKdS�S�t2AS�^dH]AS�d_iXAj�b(j�_cl2[Pd_Ku�[*S�j^s@X&UY�lS�~AS�d^hlP[*^v[*S

    ^�YAS�UAg�_`Sml¡»PºkY(S�U�g�FPX�dky�U5jmu/l2[Pd_i^�hyU�U�XK~A^v[*_iX�U�b/¹)^v[P_X&U5^hz°SKlS�^�dgW±ºkY(S�U�g�5b�R(u-U�jFPX&dDf�U�[*S�d�]�d�_`l'S

    V�X&s}]ASv[�_[�_~AS�U5S5l'lb�æl'S�X�tPy�UKU5X5~&^v[�_X&U¼�¡¥�W5SmlScu(U5j&_`UKY(l$^�dSs^�_iU�hw s^�UA^�YAS�j«�«[PW�SLyU5jmu/l2[Pd�

    nL_iU�_cl2[Pd�- ��u�[7^v&X5~-S¡^�hqhib&[*Sd�d�_[*X�d�_i^�h/^vu�[PW5X&d_[P_`Sml�^�dS·S�³�]ASegv[*S�j@[QX)qu(U5j@[PW5S¦g�hu/lP[*S�d.l�^ml�s@u-g�W^Kl[PWAS

    ZK[*^8[*S+jKXASml�

    Z�_iU5g�SÀ[PW�S�_dª^�gBg�dS�j�_[*^v[P_iX�U�bO[PW5S§g�hu lP[*S�d.lW�^�~AS ASBS�U¾�X�d�A_iUKY X�U©lS�[q[Phi_iU�YÁ[PW�S�_dYAXK~AS�dU5^U5gBS

    l2[PdPu-g8[cuAdSBl^�U�j{[PWAS�]�dX�geS�jmuAdSmlPX&d¦[PW5SIYAS�U5S�d^�hkQu-U�g�[�_iX�U�_iU�Y/%ºD[·[PW�_`l)]AX�_iUB[*bp_[�_cl"_is�]AX�d2[*^�Um[k[QX

    W�_iY�W�h`_iY�WB[%[PW�^v[�[PW�S"X�2P_`g_`^�h�j&_clgeX5uAd.lS"g�X�U�g�S�dU�_iUKY�[PWAS"g�hu/lP[*S�d.lkYAXK~AS�d*U�^�UAg�S"_wU�_[�_`^�hqhi$^ml�lSd2[*S�j½[PW5S

    U�SeS�j{PX&d¦lS�hw*t�X�d�YA^�U�_cl^�[�_iX�U(T¥HW5S)YAX5~&S�dU�s)S�UB[k_iU�l_cl2['l¡X�UO[PW�S"*^�gv[�[PW�^v[°S�geX&U5X&s�_`gO^egv[*XKd.lkW5^e~-S�[*X

    j�S�g�_ij�SkPX&d [PW5S�s)lS�h~-SKl�

  • ��

    2.1.2. An illustrative example: Cap Digital Paris Region cluster

    y�UX�dj�S�d[PX)Y�_~AS�lX�s�S¦_iU(l_iY�WB[l%X� [PW�Sk]KuAd�]AX(lSml�^�U�j�[PW5S·g�W5^h`h`SUYASKl%XA7g�X&s}](Sv[P_[�_~AS�U5S5l'l�g�hu/l2[*S�d'lb

    @S��XKuAhij{hi_i(S�[*XF]KdSmlS�Um[°X�U�S"X�%[PWASs@bHU�^�sS�hw¤VD^�]��_ùY�_[*^�hP º¡h[*W�XKuAY�WO�S"XK/lSd~&S�[PW�^v[°S�^egW

    g�huTl2[*S�d¯W�^ml²_[.l l�]ASBg�_i�_`g_[�_`SKlb�j�Smlg�d_(_iU�Y©[PW�_cl�X&d*hij�t�g�hi^Kl.l g�hu/l2[*Sd²g�^�U ]�dX5~A_j�S®^ YAS�U�S�d^mh

    cd^�sS��X�d��PX&d uAU5j�S�d.lP[*^�U�j�_iUKY¦[PW�SpR/dSU5g�W�g�hu lP[*S�d_iU�_w[P_i^�[�_~AS

    o

  • �Ô

    d^v[PW5S�dg�hiX(lS�hwLdSh`^v[*Sej_iU{[*S�ds)lX�k[*S�g�W�U5X&hX&YA_`Smlb%[cW�SO[c@XN]Kd*X �SBgv[l¦�SdSFg�X&s¦A_iUAS�j{[PXNPX�d�s ^

    uAU�_ ¿ u-Skg�X�s¦]AS�[�_[P_~-S�U�SBl�l7g�hu lP[*S�dPX�d ¦_YA_[*^�hAV�X&UB[*S�Um[

  • ��

    Umu-sS�dXKu/lk�XKuAUKYZKn{f°µn^UK�^�gv[*X�d.lkP^�gBS"2_iUA^�UAg�_c^�h7j&_`2*_qg�u-h[*_iSKl�(¶�^5lP[PhAb [PW�S�o

  • ��Õ

    [PW�S�]�dX �S�g�[l�dS�^�hi_Ql'^�[�_iX�UL^�U�jNPXAhqhiXK�tcuA]/%¥W�_dj�bDg�huTl2[*S�d.l¦u(_`h`jNg�XAs�s¦u-U�_[*_iSKlX�¦W�S�[*S�dX�YAS�U�S�XKu/l

    ^�gv[QX&d'l�

    V�X&U5g�S�d�U�_iU�Y¦[PW�S�_id7s)Se^UAlb�s@XµlP[g�hu/lP[*S�d.lWA^�~&Sp[c�X¦P_qU�^�U5g_`^�hAdSKlXKuAdg�Sml��m[PW5S·l2uA/l_ij&_`SKl]�dXK~A_ijAS�j·�

    [PW�SD[*S�dPd�_[*X�d�_i^�h-^vu�[PW�X�d_[�_Sml�^U5j@[PW5S·qu(U5j&_iU�Y^�YAS�U�g�_`S5l��-^�U5j@[PW5S·s�S�s¦-S�d�lW�_w]"PSeS5l8Kº¦l_`j�SD[PW�S�_d�PSmSBlb

    sS�[email protected]¦AXAXµlc[+[PW�S�g�huTl2[*S�d@jm�U�^�s_qgKl¡�_[PW�[PW5S�_wd¡[c_qsS�^�U5j�g�X�s¦]ASv[*SU�g�_`S5lbH¦W�_`g�W�^�dSI_iUlX�sS

    g�^mlS�b s�X�dS�g�X(l2[Ph[PW�^�U)[PW�S�PS�SKl%[PW�S�s"lS�h~-S5l8&nXµlc[�g�huTl2[*S�d.l+ge^�U�U�Xm[�qu(U5j½]�dX �Segv[H�[PW�S�s"l'S�h~-SBlb

    [PW�S�FdShi¤X&U�[PW�S�_d}j�_q�*S�dS�Um[}l2[*^�ASW�X�hij�S�d.lk[PWA^v[Ëj�S�g�_qj�S)[PX{P_iUA^�U�g�S)[PW�S"]�dX �Segv[l}X&d¡U�Xm[' ºkU5jI[PW5S

    ¹^v[P_iX�U�^�h&z°SKlSe^�dg�W¦ºkY-SU5g��_cl7X&U5SkX&([PW5Sml'S·l2[*^�ASW�X�h`j�S�d.l8

    2.2. The ANR: an Agency for funding research projects

    2.2.1. Chronology and context

    ¥W�SF¹)^v[*_iX�U�^�h·z°SKlS�^dg�W«ºkYAS�U�g� »�º�¹@z+¼"�^ml±PX5u-U�j�Sej«_wU«RCSe5d2u-^�d��A��Õb¦X�U[PW�SNs@X�j�S�h}X�

    PX�dS�_Y�U±qu(U5j&_iU�YF^�YAS�U5g_`SKl¡l2u-g�W?^Kl%[PW�S@|Z)¹^v[*_iX�U�^�h�ZAg_SUAgeS@RTXKuAU�j�^v[*_iX�U(-¥�WAS¦d^v[*_iX�U�^�h`SmlkPX�dD_[l

    g�dSe^v[P_iX�U lX �SdS [PWKdSeSPXAhij��§P_id.l2[¯[PX£AS ^Â~A_cl_(h`S j�S�s�X�U�lP[Pd^v[P_iX�UX&�[PW�S®YAX5~&S�d�U�sS�Um['¢2l

    g�X�s�s)_[*sSUB[�[PXlg�_iS�U�gBS�b%lSeg�X&U5jO[*X{gX&UB[cd�_Ku�[*S�[QX5}^dj�lD[PW�S)YAXA^�h7X�+_iUK~-Sml2[*_iUKY$�� X&%[PWAS)Y�dX(l.l

    j�X�s�SKl2[P_igk]�dXAjmu-gv[_iUOlg�_qS�U5g�SË��[PW�SË&SB^�dHA ��b�[PW�_dj@[QX)s�^�ASD[PW�SËRµdS�U�g�W�dSml'S�^�dgW"l�-l2[*S�s§s�X�d'S

    ~A_cl_(h`Sk^�U�j)l_qs_ihq^d [*X@_iUB[*S�d�U�^�[�_iX�U�^�h/l2[*^�U5j�^�dj�l8

    ¥W�SOºkY-S�U�g��s^�_iU�hiLX�]AS�d^v[*Sml}X�U�[PW�S½&^5l_cl@X&¡^�U�UKu-^�h�g�^�hqhcl�PX�d¦]�d*X&]5Xµl^h`l�7¥�W�_cl�_iU(l2[PdPu(s�S�UB[¡_Ql

    ~ASd�g�X&s�s�XAU�_iU�s^�UKg�XKuAUm[Pd�_`Sml8oTdX �S�gv[*tcA^mlS�j�qu-UAj&_iUY)^�_is"l�^v[7lQ[P_is¦u-hq^�[�_iUKY�dSBlS�^�dgW@Se³5]�hX&d_iU�Y

    [PW�S¦cdX�Um[P_S�d.l�XA%lg�_`SUAgeSKA¥�W�_cl�s�XAj�S¦X�H�_iUA^�U�g�_iU�Y?_Ql+^ej�^�]K[*S�j"^ml7�S�hih([*X"g�X&Y�U_[*_~&S·dSKlSe^�dg�W"^ml7[*X

    ^�]�]Ahi_qSej)dSmlSB^�dg�W�b l_iUAg�SË[PW5S·]�dX �Segv[l�^�dS¦g�X�U�jmu-gv[*S�j�_iU)[PW�S·]Ku�Ah`_qg)l*]�W5S�dS¦^ml�s¦u-g�W"^Bl�_wU�lg�_qS�UAg�Set

    _iUAjmu/l2[Pd�}]A^�d2[PU�Sd.l�W�_i]/

  • ���

    ¥W�SOº�¹¦z®l'S�h`S�gv[l¡]�dX �S�gv[l}s�^�_wUAhw¤X�U�lg�_`SUB[�_i�_`g?^�U�jI[*Seg�W�U�_`g�^�h�S�³AgBS�hwh`S�UAg�S?g�d_[*S�d_i^)[PW�^�UK/lk[PX�^

    ]AS�S�d�dS�~A_qS�ÄS�~&^hu-^v[*_iX�U(+Z5u�-l'S ¿ u-S�Um[*h�b+gB^hihcl"PX�d�]�dX&]5Xµl^�hD_iUAg�dS�^KlSO[PW�S$g�X�s¦]ASv[P_[�_iX�U�-Sv[c�SeSU

    dSmlS�^�dg�WF[*S�^�s)l�7¥HWBu/lbH[PW�S�^Y(S�U�g�L_iUA_[�_`^v[*Sej�^�lW�_q2[¡cdX&s^�s^ �X&d_[P�dSegvuAd�dS�UB[¦P_iUA^�U�g�_iU�Y{[*XN^

    ]�dX �S�gv[*tcA^mlS�j�P_iUA^UAg�_iU�YAbK¦W�_`g�W·@^ml �_`j�S�hwgd_[�_ig�_���Sej�» r ^�hihi_q\eb&A���K¼�By�U5j�S�S�j�bAX&U5SkX&([PW�SDd*_Ql*(l7_Ql

    [PW�SU@[PW5^v[dSmlS�^dg�W�S�d.l�X�d�_`S�Um[*^v[*Sp[PW5S_ùdplg_`S�Um[*_i�_`g·g�W5X�_`g�Sml[*X)s�S�Sv[T[PW�Skº�¹�z}¢2l7]�dX�Y�d^�s�s)_iU�YAb(^v[/[PW5S

    Sv³5]ASU(lS)X� ��������%6#.+-���#*�"^�U5j�j&_cl*d2uA]K[P_~AS)_`j�S�^Kl�/¥WAS@[*S�^s½l�[PW�^�[%¦_ih`h]A^5l'lbC�_ih`h�&S)U�XK[�X�U�hO[PW5S

    ASKlP[¡_wU�[*S�ds)l}X�°g�X�s¦]-Sv[*S�U5g�Sml@X&dk[PX�X�hql·u�[¡^�hclX�[ W�SOs�X/l2[kdS�^�gv[P_~ASCnLX�dS�XK~AS�db%^ml¦_[¡g�XKu(hj�-S

    j�_wP�_`gvu-h[7[*X�Sv~A^�hu-^v[*S·[PW�S�_is�]A^egv[�X�DlX�s�S¦dSmlSm^dg�W�bSBl�]AS�g�_`^�hqhw±_iUOA^Kl_`g¦dSmlSm^dg�W?» r ^�hihq_`\�b/A���K¼b

    X�U�S¦d�_cl�"�XKuAhij½&S·[*X½P^�~AXKuAd�X�U�h"�S�hqht2�U5X5@U?j�XKs)^�_iU(l+X�7dSmlS�^�dg�W?X�dËl*W�X�dQ[Qt [*Sd�s¾]�dX �S�gv[l�-¥X

    ^v~&X�_ijOlXAs�S·hq_`s)_[l�X�/[PW�S¦geX&s¦]-Sv[P_[*_~AS¦P_wUA^�UAg�_iUKYAb&[PWASkYAXK~AS�d�U�sS�Um[7s¡u lP[AS�S�]^ËA^�h`^�U�gBSË&Sv[c�SeSU

    dS�g�uAd�dS�UB[�qu(U5j&_iU�Y ^U�j©]�dX��S�gv[�qu-U�j�_iU�Y/F¥�W5S dSBlS�^�dgW g�^�U�U�XK[LASÁgeX&UAl_qj�SdS�j£^ml ^ ]KuAdS

    g�X�s¦]ASv[*_[*_~&Sk^�gv[*_~A_[2-

    2.2.2. Missions and instruments

    ¥W�Sk^�_is§X�([PW5Skg�dS�^v[P_X&U�XAµ[PW5S˺�¹¦zL�^Kl [QX�]�d*X5~A_ij�SDR/d^UAg�Sp�_[PW�^DdS�^�gv[*_~AS¦l2[Pd2u-g.[cuAdSkj�Sv~&Xm[*S�jË[PX

    dSmlS�^�dg�W$qu(U5j&_iU�Y��{]�dX �'S�gv[l}^�U�j�[*X�^ml.lPuAdSOs�X�dS)[Pd^�UAl�]A^�dSU�g�L_iU�[PW�S?^�hqhiXAg�^v[*_iX�U�X�k�_iUA^�U�g�_`^mh

    l2uA]�]AX�dc[l�7¥�W5S�_iU�_[*_`^h+s)_cl�l_iX�ULX�k[PW�S�º�¹¦z _cl¦[PW�S�U{[*XLj�Sv~AS�hiX�][PW5SFj55U�^�s)_`gmlX�k[PW�S�dSBlS�^�dgW

    l�(lP[*S�s£^�U�j�[*X{P^�g�_qh`_[*^v[*SO_[l}S�~AX�hu�[*_iX�UI[*XK@^�dj�l}^-SBl2[k_iUB[*S�Y�d^v[P_iX�U$X�p[PW5SOU�^�[�_iX�U�^�h%]�d_iX�d_[*_iSKl¦_qU

    [*S�d�sl7X�/�U5X5@hiS�jKYAS¡j�Se~&S�hiX&]AsS�Um[*bAS�g�X�U�X�s�_`gk^�g�[�_~A_w[cl2uA]�]AX�dQ[

  • � �

    ¥7X�ge^�d�d2@X5u�[µ_[l7s�_cl�l_iXAU�lbK[PW�SDº+¹¦z�_cl7^�j�jKdSml�lS�j)l_qs¦u-h[*^�U�S�XKu/lh¦[*X�]Ku�Ahi_`gDdSmlS�^�dg�W�h`^e&X&d^8[QX&d�_S5l

    ^�U5j�P_wds"l�¥W�Sk^�gv[*_~A_[P�X�([PW5SDº�¹�z�_cl -^mlS�j�X&U·[c}X�s�^�_iU¦]�dXAg�Sml.lSKl ]�d*X&Y�d^s�s_iU�Y)^�U5j@]�dX �Segv[

    lS�h`S�gv[*_iX�U(

    ��W5SU«[PW5SYAX5~&S�dU�s)S�UB[Fj�S�P_iUASKl{_[lFdSmlS�^dg�W²]�d_X&d_[P_`Smlb@[PW�Sº�¹�zKu-_qh`j(l�[PW�S�g�W�XA_qgeS9X�"[PWAS

    XK��S�gv[*_~ASKlp[*X?PX�hihiX5Â_iU(l_qj�S"Se^�g�WO]�d_iX�d_[2±»cA_iX�j�_~-S�d�l_[P�s^�_iUm[*S�U�^�UAg�SKiiý¼./¥W�SU�_[+S�h`^�AX�d^v[*Sml%[PW5S

    g�X�Um[*S�UB[TX� S�~AS�d�}]�dX&Y�d^s hi^vu-U�g�WAS�j�_iU�X&dj�S�d([PX¦dS�^�gW·[PW�SmlSKl7X5��S�gv[*_~&SKl�

    ÃkU�g�SË[PW5S·]�dX�Y�d^�s�s)_iU�YO_cl�j�X&U5S�b/g�^�hqhcl�PX&d�]�dX&]5Xµl^�hcl%dS]�dSmlS�UB[�¨��£X�H_[l%Ku-jKYASv[*b&[PW5^v[7_clH[QXIl^

    ÕÔ���b�s�X �"_iU¦A��ÕA

    ¥W�S�º�¹¦z j�_QlP[�_iUYKu(_clW�SKl%[PW5Ss^v[*_ig�^�U�j���W�_[*S �»�X�d%U�X�U�tc[PW�S�s^v[�_g�¼+g�^�hqhclDPX�d�]�dX�]�X(l^�hql�-¥�WAS�2_id.lP[

    X�U�Sml�dS]�dSmlS�UB[[PW�S¦U�^v[*_iX�U�^�h ]�d_iX�d_[P_`Sml+_qj�S�UB[�_iP_qSej½�O[PW5S r X5~&S�d�U�sS�Um['(¥W�S)lS�g�X�U�j?X&U5Smlkl2uA]�]AX�d2[

    �U�XK�hiSejKYAS)]�dX�jmu-g�[P_iX&U±^�U�j{lg�_`S�Um[*_i�_`g�]�dX�Y�dSml'lk_iU�Sv~&S�d��l2uA��'S�gv['(y2[klPuA]�]AXKdQ[l�[PW�S)s@XµlP[+X&d*_Y�_iUA^Bh

    ^�U5j�]�dX�s�_cl_iU�Y)dSBlS�^�dgW�]�dX��S�gv[l8Ky�U�j�SeS�j�bClg�_`S�Um[*_i2_`g�^�U�j¦[*S�g�W�U5X�hiX�Y�_ige^h-d2uA]K[cuAdSml�^�dS¦l2uA]�]AX(lSej@[PX

    g�X�s�S¦s^_iU�hi"PdX�s ]�dX �S�g�[lb&}W�_`gW^�dS·U5X5[�lc[Pd�_igv[*h"_iU�[PW5S@U5^v[P_iX�UA^�h(]�d_iX&d_[*_iSml8�¥HW5S·hiX�Y�_`gkdSKl2[l�X&U

    [PW�S dS�g�X�Y�U�_[*_iX&U X� Se³&g�S�hqh`S�U�gBS¸^�U�j [PW�S SUAgeX5uAd^YASs@SUB[ Y�_~&SU [*X [PW5S¸_wU�U5X&~A^�[�_~AS X&d

    _iUm[*S�dj&_clg�_i]Ahq_iUA^�d�{lP[*S�](l�ZAX�s�S)X�H[PW5S)g�^�hqhclkPX�dD]�dX&]5Xµl^h`lbHl2u-g�W±^ml �¦XKuAUKY�dSml'S�^�dg�W5S�dD]�dX�Y�d^�slb

    dSmlPu(h[ cdX�s«[PW�Sk_iU�W�S�d_[*^�UAgeSkX&/]�dX�Y�d^�s)l7h`S�j·�¦[PW5SpzkSBlS�^�dgW�s�_iU�_clP[Pd-

    QuickTime™ et undécompresseur TIFF (LZW)

    sont requis pour visionner cette image.

    oTdSeg�X&s}]ASv[�_[P_~-Sz°SmlS�^�dg�W

    y�U5jmu/l2[Pd_i^�hz°SmlS�^�dg�W

    �°^ml_`gz°SmlS�^�dg�W

    RT_iYKuAdSD [PW5Skj&_`l2[Pd_Ku�[*_iX&U@X&/º�¹�z � l7P_iUA^UAg�_iUKY��·[P�]ASkX�/dSmlS�^�dg�W»lX5uAdgeS º�¹¦z�^U�Umu-^�h�dS�]AX&dc[*bKA��ÕB¼

  • ��¨

    y2[�s¡u/l2[%&S)]AX&_iUm[*Sej�X5u�[7[PW�^�[H[PW5SmlSg�^�hqhcl¡PX&d+]�dX&]5Xµl*^�hclk^dS ¿ u-^�hq_`2_`SBj�X� �eX&]ASU��)�W5SU"[PW�S�IX&U�hq

    g�X�U�g�Sd�U¦]KuAAhq_`gDdSKlS�^dg�W�S�d.l8K¥WAS�^�dSkU�^�sS�j ��]-^�d2[PU5S�d.l�W�_i] �k�W�S�U�P_wds"l�^�dSk^ml�lX�g�_i^�[*S�j·[PX�]Ku�Ahi_ g

    h`^�AX�d^v[PXKd*_qSBl�

    y�U?^�j�j�_[*_iX�U5bµ[PW�S¦º+¹@z W5^Kl+^l'S�[�X�%_iU(l2[Pd2uAs@SUB[l+j�S�j�_qge^v[*S�j)[PX)[PW�S�S�g�X�U�X�s�_`g�j�S�~AS�hiX�]�sS�Um['-¥�W5S

    ^�dS¡s�^�UA^�YAS�j���[PW�S¡j�S]A^�d2[Ps�S�Um[ �2o

  • ���

    XKK~A_iXKu/l[PW�^v[/[PW�Skº�¹�z¯^U�j@[PW5S·geX�s¦]ASv[*_[*_~&S�U�Sml�l�g�huTl2[*S�d.l7W5^v~-S·j�_i2*S�dS�UB[7qu(U5gv[P_iX�U(l%_iU¦[PW�S¦l�(l2[*S�s?

    º¡g�g�X�dj�_iUKY�[*X�[PW�S)[c]AX�hiX�Y&F]�dX&]AX(lS�j��Fzk\�s_ �°^�d�d\?»2A���K¼*b

  • A

    _iUm[*S�d�~A_`Sv@S�SKl¡dS�~AS�^�h`S�jI[PW5^v[ �.2�� � ��� +!%?$�� $;7 !�$&%'%���%'%32���������@���#1 � % %6#�+�����!+ �&+-# � ��#������-���#.� �Bb

    }W�_qg�WWAS�h]/l^hclX[PW5S{g�hu lP[*S�d"_iU_[l"h`S�YA_[*_qs_Ql^v[*_iX&U]�dX�geSml.l8%ºD[¦[PW�S�l^�sSI[*_wsS�b·lX�s�S�X�X5uAd

    _iUm[*S�d�~A_`Sv@S�SKl%l'^�_ij�bK[PW�S·º�¹¦z�s^�_wUPX�g�u l7_cl�X&U�^egm^ej�S�s�_`gD]�dX �S�g�[l7^�U�j·[PW�^v[

  • U�XK[u/l2u-^�h(]�dX �S�gv[l�dSml*]AX&U5j�SUB[l�KRTX�d�_wUAl2[*^�UAgeS�b/^·�UAXK}hiS�jKYAS·[Pd^�UAl�S�d�_iU(l2[*_[cu�[P_iX�U�[PW5^v[[PX�X�?^�g.[P_~-S

    ]A^�d2[µ_wU@^kghu lP[*S�db(l2u-g�g�SeS�j�S�j¦_iU·[PW�SDº+¹@zªg�^�hqhAPX�d]�dXK]AXµl^�hc

    y�UX�dj�S�d [PX�dS�P_iUAS·XKuAd%^d�YKuAs�S�Um[*b&@S¡Sv³A^�s)_iUASD[PW�S¡j&_`2*S�dS�UB[7^�gv[P_X&U(l�X�C[PW�S¡º�¹@z¯^�U5j@[PW�S¡g�hu lP[*S�d.l

    ^�U5j [PW5S�_wd�]�dX&]AS�UAl_[P´X�{_iUB[*S�d^�gv[P_iUY/�yU [PW5^v[$]KuAd2]AX(lS�b)@S²jK_QlP[�_iUYKu(_clW [PWdS�S²g�^v[*SYAX&d�_S5lX�

    ^�gv[P_~A_[*_`SmlbT^�g�g�X�dj�_iUKY"[PX)[PW�S�PX�hihiXK�_iU�Y½[P]AX�hiX�Y&-&RT_`d.l2[��_iU�j?X&�^�gv[*_~A_[�_`Smlbµ[PW5S½ `j�_QlP[�_iU5gv['¢X�U�Sml+^�dS

    [PW�X(lS·[PW5^v[+g�hiSe^�dhwFW5^e~&S)U�X�dS�h^v[�_X&UAlW�_w]/lD&Sv[c�SeS�U�SB^�gW�XK[PW�S�d8(y�U)[PW�^v[pg�^mlSebµ[PW�SdS)_qlkU5XIU5S�S�j½[*X

    [PW�_iUK^�AXKu�[

  • ^�U5j lg�_`S�Um[*_wP_`g g�XAs�s¦u-U�_[P( �DÄ[PWAS�_d§@X&d�Ab¯g�hu/lP[*S�d.l´g�^U g�X&UB[Pd_u�[*S SPP_qgB_`SUB[�hÄ[*X [PW�S

    ]�dX�YKd^s�s_iU�Y/

    ¥W�_dj{A_wUAjLX�¦^�g�[�_~A_[*_`Smlb�XK~AS�dh`^�]�]A_wU�YL^egv[�_~A_[*_`Sml^�d'S½[PW5XµlS½[PW�^v[¡]�dSmlS�UB[}^Od_cl�LX�kdSejmu(U5j�^U5g�/

    ÃD~AS�dh`^�]�]A_wU�YF_iU(l2[PdPu(s�S�UB[l·lW5X5¾[PW�S�U�S�SejIPX�dp-S�[q[*S�d+g�X�X�djK_iU�^v[*_iX�U�^�U5j�g�X�s�s¦u(U�_`g�^�[�_iX�UO&Sv[c�SeSU

    [PW�SBlS«[c�X©lc[Pd2u-g.[cuAdSml8)¥W�S h`^�AS�hF^eg�g�dS�j�_[*^v[*_iX�U¾]�dXK~ASej [PX &S X�U�S S�³A^�s�]�h`S X&�]AXm[*SUm[P_`^�hwhq

    XK~AS�dhi^�]�]A_iU�Y"l_[cu-^v[P_iX�U(l�

    3.2. Overlapping instruments: the case of ‘labellisation’

    accreditation

    ��_[*W[PW�Sge^h`hcl�PX�dO]�dX�]�X(l^�hql"[PW5Sªº�¹¦z ^�gv[*_iX�U«_cl�U5X5[±l�]AS�g�_i2_`gB^�hqhi²X�d�_`S�Um[*S�j[PXK�^dj�l±g�huTl2[*S�d

    ]�dX �S�gv[l»�geX&UB[Pd^�d2§[*X´Xm[PW�S�d2_iUA^�U�g�_iU�Y�¼���@X5@Sv~&SdbO]�d�X �S�g�[lb½}W�_`gWÂ^�dS ^�gBg�dS�j�_[*S�j �¾[PW5S

    YAXK~AS�d�U5^�U�g�S lP[Pd2u-g8[cuAdS X� [PW5S g�hu lP[*S�db²g�^�U dS�geS_~&S ^�U g�X�s}]�h`S�sSUB[*^�d2 qu-U�j lX ge^hih`SBj

    �e^e&X&U5j�S�sS�Um[ ��/y�UFA��Õb [PW�S)[PXm[*^�h�g�X�s¦]�h`S�sS�Um[*^�d�$qu(U5jI@^Kl ��b��s�_`hqh`_iX�U�l}SvuAdXµl8 y�UFA��ÕF^�U5j

    A����b¡g�X�s¦]AhqS�sS�Um[*^�d��qu-U�j�_cl"Y�_~-S�UN[QX«S�^�gW]A^�dc[PU�S�dX&^�2_iUA^�U�g�Sej9g�hu/l2[*Sd"]�d�X �S�gv[_i)W�S�_2l

    S�hi_wYA_(h`Sp[QX}[PW5Sk^�_ij(

    Z�_iU5g�S[PW5SOh`^�AS�h�^�gBg�dSej&_[*^�[P_iX&U$j�Sv[*Sds�_iUASmlk[PW�S"]A^�AsSUB[¡X�p[PW5S½º+¹@z g�X�s¦]Ah`SsS�Um[*^d$qu-U�j�b��S

    g�X�U�l_`j�S�d%_[7^ml�^�U_ws�]AX�d2[*^�UB[ s^�U�^YAS�d_q^�h�[*X�X&h-PX&d [PW5S·g�huTl2[*S�d'l�¥�W5S·hi^�AS�h/^�gBg�dS�j&_[*^v[P_iX�U)geX&UAl_QlP[l�X�

    [PW�S"dS�geX&Y�U�_[*_iX�U��F[PW�S?g�hu/l2[*S�db�X&+]�dX �S�gv[l}g�^�d�d_iSej�X5u[D�$hiXAg�^�h�^Bgv[PX�d.l}^�U�j{P_[c[*_iUKY�_iU��_[�W$_[.l

    l2[Pd^8[*S�Y�_S5l8 ��_[PW�XKu�[D[PW5SO^�u�[PX�s�^v[*_ig�g�W�^�d^�gv[*S�d}X&�[PW�S?g�X�s¦]Ah`S�s)S�UB[*^�d2�qu-U�j�b[PW�S ¿ u/SmlP[�_X&U$X��[PWAS

    h`^�AS�h^�geg�dS�j�_[*^v[*_iX�U)�XKu(hj½AS�X�%U�X�U�S�_qs�]AX&dc[*^�U5g�SK(¥W�S�S�³A^�s_wUA^�[�_iX�U?X�plPu-gW?^�s^U5^�YAS�d_`^�hC[*X�X�h

    PX�dkg�huTl2[*S�d+_qlkcuAd2[PW�S�dk_iUB[*S�dSmlP[P_wUYO-S�g�^�u/l'S)_[�dSv~&S�^�hclD[PW�Sg�W�^�hqh`S�UKYASBlkPX&d°^�U5^v[�_X&U5^h7_iU(l2[*_[cu�[P_iX�U½[QX

    j�S�^�hK�_[*W�hiXAg�^�h/ 2lS�hqPtPYAX5~&S�dU�^�U�gBSK¢A]�d^�gv[*_ig�Sml8

    ¥W�SLg�X�hih`S�gv[*_iX&U X&?_iU�PX&ds^v[*_iX�U«^�[)[PW�SLhqS�~&Sh@X��[PWAS�YAX5~&S�d�UA^�U�geSNX�g�X�s¦]AS�[�_[*_~AS�U�SKl'lFg�hu/l2[*S�d.l

    g�X�U�2_ùdsS�j·[PW5Sk^ml�l2u-s¦]K[*_iX&U@X&T^kj�_~-Sd.l_[P�X�([PW5SD]AXµll_Ah`Skg�^KlSml7^eg�g�X�dj&_iUY@[QX)g�hu/l2[*S�d.l8

  • ¡u-S}[QX[PW5S¦]AX&hi_`g�±^�YAS�U�j�^�_iU"A��Õb([PW�S�h`^�AS�h

  • y2[/[PW�SU"W�S�hi]Cl7[PW�S¦º�¹@z _iU�[PWASmlS¦^�_qj(lH[QXOghu lP[*S�d.l8 �ªS¦g�^U�l^�)[PW5^v[ [PW�_cl�s�XAj�S�hC_cl+g�X�s¦]Ah`SsS�Um[*^d

    [PX¦º�¹¦z�^egv[�_X&UAlbASv~AS�U�_i_[_clU5X5[l^v[P_ql*^�gv[*X�d2�_iU·[*S�dPs"l7X� S�~&^hu-^v[*_iX�U(

    3.2.2. Socio-economic criteria, a happy medium for strategic evaluation

    nLXAj�S�h� YA^v[PW5S�d.l´^�geg�dS�j�_[*^v[*_iX�UÄ]�dX�geS�jmuAdSml§}WAXµlS g�d�_[*S�d_i^ ^�dS Ku-_qh[ uA]AX�U [PW�S g�huTl2[*S�d

    j�Sv~&ShX&]AsSUB[X5��Segv[�_~&S5l8D¥W�S�g�hu/l2[*Sd?Sv~A^�hu-^v[*Sml)[PW5S{]�dX �Segv['¢Ql½g�X&UB[Pd�_Ku�[*_iX�UN[*X9_[l±l2[Pd^.[*S�YKªX�

    j�Sv~&ShX&]AsSUB['K¥W�SD]�dX �Segv[s·uTl2[/&Skg�X�t*X&]AS�d^v[P_~-Sp[*X�g�dS�^v[*S·l��U5S�d�YA_`Sml7^�U�j¦-S°&^mlS�j�_qT]AXµl'l_-h`SkX&U

    PX�ds@S�dk^�Y�dS�S�s)S�UB[l�ZKu-g�W±^"g�X&U5j&_[�_iX�U�_iUAg�dSe^5lSml¡_iUO[PW�S�X�d2"[PW5S)g�W�^�U�gBSml°X�DlPu-gBg�Sml�lD&S�g�^vuTlS¦[PWAS

    ^�gv[QX&d'lk^�hùdS�^�jKO[PdPu/l2[�S�^�g�W±Xm[PW�S�dbC¦W�_ig�W�_cl°^�U�_iU�j�_Ql]-S�U(l^eAh`Sg�X&U5j&_[�_iX�U�PX�dkg�XAtPX&]AS�d^v[P_iX�U±»Q·uA]KuA

    ^�U5j)¥7X&dPdS�b�A��K¼.¥W�SD]�dX �'S�gv[s¡u/l2[TWA^�~ASkhiX�ge^h`hwS�gBX�U�X�s�_`gkXKu�[*g�X�s�SKlKu�[

  • ^�g�gdS�j�_[*S�j�]�dX �Segv[]�dSBlS�UB[l%^¦l2[Pd*X�UKY)]�d*XKA^vA_`hq_[PX&%lPu-g�g�Sml�l7AS�g�^�u lS·s^UK_iU�WAS�dS�UB[ ¿ u-SmlP[P_iX&U(l�^v[

    [PW�Sg�XAt2X�]AS�d^.[P_iX�U�lD@S�dS^hidSe^�j5�g�X&UAl_`j�S�dS�j(/¥HW�_clks@X�j�S�h]�dX�]AXµlSml�[PW�S�UF^"geX&s¦]Ah`Sv[*S)S�~&^hu-^v[*_iX�U

    X�µ[PW5SD]�d�X �SBgv[l8

    nLXAj�S�h�Ô�_Ql@^�s@-_iYKu-X5u/l¡-S�g�^vu/l'S�_[¡WAS�h]/l·[*X�_ij�S�Um[*_i2�]�dX �SBgv[l@X&¡S�³&g�S�hqh`S�Um[ ¿ u-^�hi_[2�u�[k�_[PW¤^

    ]AXm[*S�UB[P_i^�hCd_cl�?X��Se~&^�hu-^�[�_iX�U"jmuA]Ahi_`gm^�[P_iX&U-�yU5j�S�S�j�b�-S�_iU�Y"Y�_~-S�U"_[l�s)_cl�l_iXAU�l�^�U5j½_iU(l2[PdPu(s�S�UB[lb�[PW�S

    º�¹�z¾�_ihqh+W�^�~AS"[*Xs�^ASI_[.l@X5}UNlg_`S�Um[*_i�_`g�^�U�j�2_`U�^�U�g�_`^�h+Se~-^�huµ^v[P_iX�U�b�S�~AS�U�_`Ë[PW5S�X&U5S�X�D[PWAS

    g�huTl2[*S�d¦}XKuAhijASFX� ¿ u-^�h`_[2- �ªSFg�X&U5g�hu-j�SO[PW5SU{[PW5^v[¡[PW�S�s�XAj�Sh+ÔL^�U�j{[PW�S�ºD¹¦z®]�dX�g�SejmuAdSml

    XK~AS�dhi^�]/

    y�U�^ej�j&_[*_iX�U¡[PX·[PW�_clHP_id.l2[Td_ql*Ab5@S ¿ u-SKl2[*_iX&U¡[PW�Sk_wUB[*S�dSKl2[TPX�d [PW�Skg�hu/lP[*S�d.l [*Xg�^�dPd2�XKu�[7l2u-g�W@^D]�dS�g�_cl'S

    lg�_`S�Um[P_i�_`gk^�U�j�2_iUA^�U�g�_`^�h(S�~A^�hu-^v[*_iX�U@&S�PX&dSk^]�]�hA_iU�Y�PX&dP_iUA^UAg�_iU�Y(l��R(uAd2[PW5S�ds�X�dS�bm[PW�_ql7S�~&^hu-^v[*_iX�U

    _cl%W�_iYAW�g�X(l2[*hPX�d [PW�SDYAXK~-S�d�UA^�UAgeS@lP[Pd2u-g8[cuAdSmlbK¦W�_`g�W�YAS�U�S�d^�hihwh`^�g�"Wmu-s^�U�^�U�j)�_iUA^�U�g�_`^�h(sSm^�UAl�

    ZAX&s@Sg�hu/lP[*S�d.l±]A^e�[PW5S_ùdFS�³�]AS�d2[P_clSmlO[*X²S�UAl2uAdS�[PW�S ¿ u-^�hi_[P(ky2[±ge^�U²^�hqlX &Sj&_i�*_qg�u(h["[QXÀP_iUAj

    ^v~&^_`h`^eAh`SFS�³�]AS�dP[l�^�U5j�[*Xs�XKA_qh`_cl'S½[PW�S�s"7y�U�j�SBS�j�b%_iU~&S�d��l�]AS�g�_i�_`g�P_`S�hqj(lb�^�U�S�³5]AS�d2[}g�XKuAhij{-S

    lX�hi_`g_[*S�j½PX�d[PW�S�l^sSk]�dX �Segv[�)&X5[PW¦[PW�S¡g�hu lP[*S�d%^U�j)X�UAS¡X�C[PW5S¦^�YAS�U�g�_`SKl��¥WASË]�dX5Ah`S�s¾X�/[PWAS

    dS�jmuAU5j�^�U�g�^�U�j ¿ u-^�hi_[2�X&([PW�Sp@X�d��s�_ùY�WB[XAg�gvuAd*bA^l @S�hih(^mlT[PW�Skhi^Kl.l_[cu-j�SkX�([PW�SkS�³�]AS�dP[l�

    ¥W�SmlS�[PWKdS�S{s@X�j�S�hcl"_qh`hu lP[Pd^8[*S�[PW�S$j&_iP�_`gvu(h[2L[*X�jKS�^�h¡W�X�s�X&YAS�U5S�X5u/lhL�_[*WhiX(ge^h`hwªX&d*YA^�U�_clSBj

    ]�dXAg�S�jmuAdSBl�·y*U�j�S�S�j�b"_i�[PW�SÀlX�g�_iXAt�S�geX&U5X&s�_`g«^�gBg�dS�j&_[*^v[P_iX�U ]�dXAg�Sml'l�X�P�S�d'l�^¯g�X�s¦]Ah`SsS�Um[*^d

    ^�]�]�dXA^�g�W)@_[PW)[PW�S¦º�¹�z lS�h`S�gv[*_iX&U"]�dX�g�SBl.lb([PW�S¦s·u-h[*_qgd_[*S�d_i^�s�XAj�S�h/]�dSKlS�Um[+lX�s�S�X5~&S�dh`^�]½@_[�W

    [PW�S?º�¹@z lS�h`S�gv[*_iX�U{]�dXAg�Sml'lb%^Bl·[PW�S�$AXK[PW{S�~&^hu-^v[*S)[PW�SFlg�_`SUB[�_iP_`g ¿ u-^�hq_[P¤X�p[PW5SO]�dX �.Segv['¥W�_Ql

    ¿ u-SmlP[P_iX&U(l[PW5S·S�P�_`g_`S�U�g�X�C[PW�S¡g�X�s}]�h`S�sSUB[*^�d�qu(UAj�]�d�XAg�S�jmuAdSBlb(^ml�jK_i�*S�dS�Um[

  • ¥W�S�dS_cl$^�U²XK�~A_iXKu lFU5S�S�j PX�dFg�h`^�d_wPA_wU�Y«[PW5SNdX�h`SX�"[PW�S^�gBg�dS�j&_[*^v[P_iX�U ^U5j9[*XÀhX�X�²PX&dI^

    g�X�X�djK_iU�^v[*_iX�UX&/[PW�Sk]�dX�geS�jmuAdSmlbCl�_iU�geS·^·*^�_du/l'S·X�g�X�s¦]Ah`SsS�Um[*^dqu-U�j)_cl%U5X5[T]5Xµl'l_Ah`S¡^ml%hX�U�Y

    ^ml [PW5S�dSD_cl%lPu-gW@j&_~-S�d.l_[2�_iU·[PW5SD]�dXAg�Sml.l8

    Conclusion

    ¥W�_Ql$]A^�]AS�d¤S�³A^�s)_iUAS�j [PW�S²lSv[c[P_iUY uA]¾X�O[c@X§U�Sv ]AX�hi_qg�¾_iU(lP[Pd2u(s@SUB[lb�[PW5S9º�¹�z ^�U�j²[PWAS

    g�X�s¦]ASv[*_[*_~&S�U�SKl.lIghuTl2[*S�db@_iU�[PW�Sg�X�Um[*S�³K[±X�)[PW�SRTdS�U5g�W«dS�PX�dslFPX&dF^U5Sv X�d�YA^�U�_cl^v[�_X&U X�

    dSmlS�^�dg�WF^�U5j�_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U-CyU�]A^d2[P_`gvu(h`^�db

  • YKu-_ij�S�hq_iUASml�Tº¦gv[*XKd'l¦lS�S�s ^�hclX�[PXFdS ¿ uA_dS?s)Se^ml2uAdSKl}^�hiX�UYI[PW�_cl}hw_iUAS�b�W�_`gWF_clk[*Sml2[P_i�_`S�j��±[PW�S�_id

    �_ihqh`_iU�Y�U5Sml�l7PX&ds�X�dS �XA_wUB[/�XKd�AbK_iU5ghu-j�_iU�Y �X�_iUB[C@X�d�(l�W5X&]�X�Uk[PW�Skhi^�AS�hA^Bg�g�dS�j�_[*^v[P_X&U-

    �ªS·^�j�s)_[C[PW5^v[

  • V�^�d^�geXµlP[*^mlbmo�ýbKn{uAhijmuAdb5|bKA� �b���¥W�SkS�sS�d�YAS�U�geS·X�T^DU�Sv¯fHuAdX�]AS�^�U¡|¦U�_iXAU¦dSmlS�^�dg�W�^�U5j_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&U}]AX&hi_`g�Ab�_iU·o��¶�^�dS�j�X^�U�j·o��n{u/lP[*^�d»�Sej�l� ¼b � ��%���$&�6#��?$&�&� +!�&��&�;$�!+-��� ���&��+-#�+���%�+!��2����;�/< ���8 $�4��#������� 74F � � +!������'�&$��+-���&$�4#.���0��$&�D$�!+-�;��$&�&$� 7�%6+!%vb�V%W5Sh[*SU�W5^�s)bKf�jm�^�dj}f�hYA^�d8V%WAS�U�^�_clbKR7b�������Ô�b�¥W�SpR/dS�U�g�Wk¹^v[*_iX&U5^�h Z�(l2[*S�s X�/_wU�U5X&~A^�[�_iX�U�b�y�U¦U5S�hQlX&U5b5z}»�S�j(ý¼*bm¹^8[P_X&U5^h_iU�U�X&~&^v[*_iX&Ul�(l2[*S�s"lbAÃD³APX&dj·|}U�_~-S�d.l_[P5b5oTdSml'lbAð³AX&djAV%Wmu-UKYAb/Z/b�A�K�b ��uA_ihqj�_iU�Y^DU�^v[*_iX�U�^�h�_iU�U5X&~A^v[*_iX�U)l�/l2[*Ss«[PWKdXKuAY�W¦dS�YA_iX�U�^�hA_wU�U5X&~A^�[�_iX�U)l�-l2[*S�s"lb¥7S�g�W�U�XK~A^�[�_iX�U�b��Ab�(¨�ÕBt2 � �V�X�X&ASk»PA� �.¼ �y�Um[Pd*X�jmu-g.[P_iX�U X�d�_YA_iU(l7X&([PW5Skg�X&U5g�S�]�[ �k_U � �'< +-���&$���'�&��&��$�!+������674%;���� %��)2���6�&��� ����< �&�����D�&$&�#���%�+��?$ < ���8 $�-+������ � �����!�@^v[*^�d»PA�K�¼ ��R/d^�U�g�Seb&]Ku-_cl.l^�UAg�Sk_iU�jmuTl2[Pd�_Sh`h`S �D¶�^kj�XAgvuAs�S�UB[*^v[P_iX�U·R/d^�U�B^�_clS@ShSs^�dh`SNº����

    ����j�X9o7+»2A���K¼ �·z°^v[P_X&U5^h`SKl"uAU�j�S�dhiA_wU�Y�[PW�SL^�j�X�]m[P_iX�U¯X&^U5Sv ]AX&hi_`g_iU(l2[Pd2u-s�S�Um[ [PW�Skge^mlSkX�(R/dS�U�g�W ��]���hS5l�j�S������������������ ���!�"� � �r ^hih`_q\eb5f�tQo�ýb�A���KbAV%X&UAl\ ¿ u-S�U5g�SKl7j�SËh^kg�d\�^v[P_X&U�j(¢iuAU�Sk^�YAS�U�geSkj�SËs�X�AS�U�l hiSkge^ml7j�Skh2¢`º�¹�z°b�ªX&d�A_iUKY¦o