LINKING LAND TENURE AND USE FOR SHARED PROSPERITY MARCH 23-27,2015 WASHINGTON,DC.

ANNUAL WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND

AND POVERTY 2015LINKING LAND TENURE AND USE FOR

SHARED PROSPERITYMARCH 23-27,2015WASHINGTON,DC.

MAINSTREAMING THE FEMALE-GENDER PARTICIPATION IN ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA THROUGH NON-DISCRIMINATORY LAND

TITLING AND SECURED TENURE.

BY

Chigbu, Jennifer Eziaku

Chigbu, Njike

Ihesiaba, Nancy Chidinma

Emengini, Scholastica

Presentation outlines

INTRODUCTION MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF THE STUDY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LAND TENURE AND GENDER ISSUES IN SUB-

SHARAN AFRICA THE CHALLENGES TO CONFLICTING AND

DISCRIMINATORY LAND TITLING AND SECURED TENURE

LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

Presentation outline conts. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES LAND REFORM AND TENURE SECURITY IN SUB-

SHARAN AFRICA LAND TENURE SECURITY IN NIGERIA CONTEXT LAND POLICY IN GHANA COLLABORATIVE WORK TO INCREASE GENDER

LAND RIGHTS WHY BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE LAND

ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

Presentation outlines conts.

BENEFITS OF SECURED TENURE FOR WOMEN RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

INTRODUCTIONMost of the reforms implemented from the 1950s through the 1970s including agrarian reforms in Cameron , just like those of the colonial era in Africa as a whole were gender blind. These reforms were based on the assumption that assets allocated to the typical male-headed households will be equitably distributed and beneficial to all household members. Global research points to the key role of women as food producers, food providers, and contributors to household nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa especially.

INTRODUCTION Land is important for agriculture and

particularly for food production. It is therefore a vital resource in Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa whose economy is predominantly agricultural; accounting for three-fourths of employment and 50% of GDP.

Owing to the long neglect of women in Africa especially sub-Saharan Africa, there is urgent for mainstreaming the female-gender participation in economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa through non-discriminatory land titling and secured tenure.

INTRODUCTION MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently), and at least 23 international organizations, committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:

- To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - To achieve universal primary education

- To promote gender equality and empower women

- Reduce child mortality rates

- Improve maternal health

- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

- Ensure environmental sustainability

Develop a global partnership for development

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT OF THE STUDY

This work is trying to highlight the long held beliefs and neglect of the women rights to land in Sub-Saharan Africa with a view to advocating plausible ways of solving and bridging the gap between women and men in the sub-region for increased economic growth. Thus, the factors that gave rise to the long neglect of women and their rights on land in Africa, the place of land reforms by different countries of the region would be considered also and the role of international agencies as a panacea to this long and abject neglect and ways forward will also be x-rayed

Sub-Saharan African countries

Africa(September 1997) is an example of the helpful, widely distributed low-cost maps issued by the Central Intelligence Agency (cia) of the U.S. government. (Geography and Map Division)

Sub-Saharan Africa

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of

the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert. Politically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara (excluding Sudan, even though Sudan sits in the Eastern portion of the Sahara desert). It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros, and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.

The Sahel is the transitional zone between the Sahara and the tropical savanna (the Sudan region) and forest-savanna mosaic to the south.

Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of climate zones or biomes. South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in particular are considered Mega diverse countries.

- The Sahel shoots across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10° to 15° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan. The Sahel has a hot semi-arid climate.

- South of the Sahel, there is a belt of savanna, (Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic) widening to include most of South Sudan and Ethiopia in the east (East Sudanian savanna).

- The Horn of Africa globally includes hot desert climate along the coast but hot semi-arid climate can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savannah and moist broadleaf forests in the interior of Ethiopia.

The population of Sub-Saharan Africa was 800 million in 2007. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population of nearly 1.5 billion by 2050. The region has very serious overpopulation problems.

For far too long, women and girls in Africa have faced discrimination and inequalities in the workforce which have not only hurt them, but their families, communities and their countries as a whole. As we begin 2015, the African Union’s Year of Women’s Empowerment, one thing is clear: we will not reduce poverty without working to achieve gender equality.

Women are essential to ending poverty around the world. Nowhere is that more true than in Sub-Saharan Africa. Strengthening women's roles as leaders, entrepreneurs, consumers and economic stakeholders will transform the continent for the better

LAND TENURE AND GENDER ISSUES IN SUB-SHARAN AFRICA

Access to land, housing and property is one of the principal factors determining the economic and social well-being of women, especially in situations of conflict and reconstruction, when their rights are violated on a mass scale. The number of women headed households increases sharply in situations of conflict and reconstruction. Housing becomes not only a place for living, but also working, earning extra income through room rental, or collateral for loans. Without land, housing and property rights for women, there can be no sustainable peace-building. Gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of the common wealth and one of the major policy thrust of the Global Millennium Development Goals (MDGS).

Osalor (2012) stated that generally, Nigeria women have not really enjoyed equal economic participation with their male counterparts, however, the empowerment of women as entrepreneurs within business and the working world is something that has slowly, but steadily developed over the years.

If Nigeria and other African and developing countries are to bring about an entrepreneurial revolution, they must know that it involves committed participants; resources; policy innovations and persistence; leadership, etc.

The Global Platform for Action of the World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 acknowledged women's right to inheritance and ownership of land and property. UN-HABITAT, as the global UN agency for sustainable human settlements, engages with different regions and diverse legal systems. UN-HABITAT has been increasingly aware of the significance of the distinctive and complex Islamic land tenure concepts and land rights. UN-HABITAT is a multi-sector and multi-stakeholder partnership focused on establishing a continuum of land rights and the creation of innovative, pro-poor, scalable and gender-sensitive land management and land tenure tools.

THE CHALLENGES TO CONFLICTING AND DISCRIMINATORY LAND TITLING AND SECURED TENURE

Despite the importance of land, housing and property to women, women generally lack security of tenure.

  This is largely a result of gender biased laws which at their best only protect married

women and at their worst do not protect women at all; legal systems which are inaccessible to women or which privilege customary law over statutory law; land and house titling systems which grant title to men rather than women or which require payment for land/houses which women cannot afford; and discriminatory lending or credit policies.

  Custom and tradition reinforce women’s disadvantage with respect to land, housing and

property. Customary law has been interpreted by men to deny women the right to own or inherit land, housing and property in their own names, deny married women a share in assets upon dissolution of marriage, and deny widows the right to inherit land and housing.

  Without rights in, access to or control over land, housing and property women are excluded

from household and community decision making processes and therefore their interests and needs are unrepresented and unfulfilled.

Islamic principles and practices influence many aspects of everyday life in Muslim society. This includes the perception of property and land rights. Since Islamic principles are based on obligation toward God and the Muslim society as a whole, they can be influential in promoting land access and re-distribution for marginalized groups.

Other challenges include the following: Implementation capacity(mainstreaming and fear of

unknown) Procurement of donor coordination Choice of appropriate technology and methodology Resistance to change Lack of interest from the populace Active participation of all holders, etc.

LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES

Throughout the developing world women are often the primary users of land and laborers on land but their rights to land and resources are rarely formally recognized.

When they have more secure rights to land and resources through inheritance, joint or individual title, through marital property regimes, or through recognition and enforcement of their customary rights, women are better able to participate in household decision making, rent land and earn rental income, access credit and pursue off-farm entrepreneurial opportunities.

Women in Sub-Saharan Africa are responsible for 80% of food production and 60% cash crop production thereby necessitating a further development of their potentials in the land sector. They do not only need land, but power over the land they work on.  

To provide secure land tenure to all Rwandans in the context of national unity and reconciliation, and with the goal of creating the preconditions for rapid structural transformation, far-reaching legal and institutional changes were embarked upon. Adoption of the 1999 inheritance law, key provisions of which were also incorporated into the 2003 constitution, aimed to eliminate bias against female land ownership.

To provide secure land tenure to all Rwandans in the context of national unity and reconciliation, and with the goal of creating the preconditions for rapid structural transformation, far-reaching legal and institutional changes were embarked upon. Adoption of the 1999 inheritance law, key provisions of which were also incorporated into the 2003 constitution, aimed to eliminate bias against female land ownership.  

In Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in SE Asia and Latin America, women are the central actors involved, providing 90%, 50% and 25% of the work of food processing respectively. Even where women and men work on separate plots, women’s farms are used for food production (FAO 2010).

This huge input of women to food production notwithstanding; they are constrained by a number of factors among which is the question of their right to land.

  The main challenges to land use and tenure security for woman are as

follows: Fostering the political will to develop a comprehensive land use planning Allowing and encourage public participation in the land process Integrating the participatory land use planning approaches or indicators into

higher level development master plans. Creating standardized, institutional and regulatory land use planning in order

to achieve wide spread implementation; Overcoming weak implementation and enforcement by e.g. quality

improvement of statutory land use plans including a better and wider participation of local stakeholders{including women} in the generation, monitoring and evaluation of plans;

Achieving effective trans-boundary cooperation on large scale use and environmental issues to protect the environment, protect disasters and achieve a sustainable use of natural resources (GIZ, 2012).

LAND REFORM AND TENURE SECURITY IN SUB-SHARAN AFRICA

Generally, the land tenure system in Africa and Ghana in particular is such that, land use and its control in the pre-colonial era and post-colonial era was mostly in the hands of men.

In sub-Saharan Africa, the dominant land tenure system has been the customary/communal land tenure. In the traditional Ghanaian society this communal tenure is of two types; stool land, which is controlled by the chief or king; and Family land, which is in the hands of lineage heads.

In these two systems, control of land is still vested in male heads, even among societies that practice matrilineal inheritance. Decision-making over land at the community level tends to be dominated by male village chiefs, spiritual leaders and elders or heads of clans.

  Women's land ownership is complicated by the gender Ideology that women should not

own property, particularly land and housing.  

Regional Agitations over land Rights

Sierra Leone –Fighting For Women’s Right to Land. Gladys Brima, a women's rights activist, says land rights discriminate against women

FREETOWN, 22 June 2012 (IRIN) The 2007 Devolution of Estate Act criminalizes depriving a woman from inheriting her husband's property after his death

Women Agitation on Land Rights(MAIZE FIELD in Malawi )

Women accounts for 70% of African’s food production but often do not have Secured Access to Land

Secured Land Tenure/ Right for Women Guarantees Food Security

Rwanda has provided a picture of promising change for improving gender equalities in land rights. Among Rwandan communities, there is now widespread knowledge of laws granting gender-equal rights. Nevertheless, women in Rwanda still experience several challenges in accessing land and controlling the land that they do have access to. Women continue to lack the necessary bargaining power to claim inheritance and parental gifts of land and to exercise decision-making over land on par with men.

In Benin, passage of the Benin Rural Landholding law of 2007 enacted the principle of recognition of customary rights in land as equal to civil law property rights and provided written documents such as the rural landholding plan and rural landholding certificate as recognized instruments for assertion and protection of these rights.

In Mali and Ghana, the strong efforts to encourage women to participate in the MCC projects led to high levels of involvement of women in property registration activities.  Mali achieved significantly greater rates of joint titling of five-hectare farms in the names of both husbands and wives than was anticipated.  In Ghana, over 25% of the titles issued were to women, which is consistent with the level of women’s ownership reported in recent studies. 

Property ownership is one among a combination of assets that give women bargaining power within the household to address domestic violence.

In Kenya’s traditional, patriarchal Maasai society, women are gaining a new voice and increasingly, seeing their rights to land being recognized and upheld.

The 2014 theme for International Women’s Day is “Equality for Women is Progress for all.” There is a significant opening in the post-2015 global development and environment agenda for strengthening women’s property rights to move towards more broad-based economic growth. The index is based on gender equality and women’s empowerment data in the environmental arena and includes national government performance on women’s property rights.

LAND TENURE SECURITY IN NIGERIA CONTEXT

One of the cardinal principles of land management in Nigeria is that land belongs to all the people which may be held by individuals and or jointly (in southern Nigeria) by families or gandu (in northern Nigeria).

The family head, normally the oldest man, was regarded as the administrator of land since it was he who allocated plots of family land. Such allocations were considered to belong to the individuals so granted for a life time since allotees had complete control over land. This was the situation in southern Nigeria.

WOMEN ADVOCACY FOR TENURESECURITY

Women Group Advocating for their Rights on land in Ghana & Nigeria

In present day Nigeria, such land includes small parcels of land used for markets, praying grounds or grazing land. In situations where such land was occupied, the occupier was given another piece of land somewhere and compensation, where required, was paid.

One other way in which the Islamic land tenure law is different from the existing law is that Islamic law does not recognise holding of land for a fixed tenure, at the expiration of which rights in the land lapse.

For the efficient management of the extensive Sokoto Caliphate in general and land in particular, different kinds of taxes were introduced.

Town-Hall meeting in Nigeria

Women Group & Children Asking for their Rights

The Land Use Act of 1978 is made up of eight parts of fifty-one sections. It addresses four important issues arising from the former land tenure systems in Nigeria: the problem of lack of uniformity in the laws governing land-use and ownership; the issue of uncontrolled speculation in urban land; the question of access to land rights by Nigerians on equal legal basis; and the issue of fragmentation of rural lands arising from either the application of traditional principles of inheritance and/or population growth and the consequent pressure on land.

It approaches these issues via three related strategies: the vesting of proprietary rights in land in the State; the granting of usufructuary rights in land to individuals; and the use of an administrative system rather than market forces in the allocation of rights inland.

The main tenet of the Land Use Act of 1978 is its omnibus provision which vested the trusteeship of land in the governor of a state or the president in the case of the Federal Capital Territory.

Despite the fact that land is entrusted to the state governors, the extent of that right is limited by the principle of “Eminent Domain” and other which vest control of the skies above the land and minerals resources existent below the surface to the Federal Government. This has brought about some conflict, especially amongst the oil and mineral producing areas of Nigeria when title to land is vested in one person while another has license to mine the land and fly above it!.  For land reform efforts to be effective, they must address comprehensively the congruence between land and minerals ownership and control.

There are some provisions of the Land Use Act that have had unintended consequences and negative impact on the utilization of land, development of commercial agriculture, housing and the real estate markets in the country.

For instance, even with a Right of Occupancy issued in one’s favour, one cannot sell, transfer, assign, sub-lease or mortgage or otherwise deal in the title without obtaining the prior consent of the state governor

The way forward for land reforms in Nigeria according to EL-Rufia are as follows:    

The first critical step would be to remove the Land Use Act 1978 out of the constitution and make it an ordinary law.

Thereafter, it could be changed as an ordinary federal legislation, or better still to allow each state to make its own land use legislation. It is our considered opinion that in competing for investors’ attention, progressive states would align their land legislation with the requirements of a progressive political economy.

Far more important to entrench in the Constitution is a mandated system of digitized land registration that will be graphical, transparent and accessible to everyone upon the payment of a token fee in each state of the federation.

LAND POLICY IN GHANA Ghana has no urban policy. Findings from recent

research, "Rapid urbanization, land markets and gender insecurity in peri-urban Kumasi, Ghana" (Kasanga, 1997a), are frightening.

The evidence suggests that the preparation or approval of a planning scheme/layout marks the end of agricultural land holdings for both women and men.

Thus, rapid urbanization is proceeding unabated. So is the conversion of Peri-urban agricultural lands into housing estates and related urban uses.

.

The land market is demand-driven and the decision-making process towards converting agricultural land rests mainly with the chiefs, queen-mothers and their elders, along with the public land-use and land administration agencies as stipulated in the 1992 Constitution.

Families and individuals in the communities are rarely consulted. Once a layout/planning scheme has been initiated or approved, farmers either immediately or eventually lose total control of their farmland. Women, the overwhelming majority in the farm business, are usually the first and the worst casualties.

There are no comprehensive data on land ownership and defined boundaries for the 78 percent of the land held by the customary sector.

With the exception of the few areas that have been adjudicated upon by the law courts and the Stool Land Boundary Settlement Commission, ownership data and boundary identification must be deduced from oral tradition and memory.

The management of this resource is characterized by incoherent, conflicting and sometimes outdated legislation with an unwieldy public land sector dominating documentation of land rights, revenue collection and distribution.

There is general indiscipline in the allocation and development of land; numerous land litigation cases before the courts, estimated at about 60 000 in 2002; environmental degradation and poor institutional capacity in both traditional and state sectors.

In January 2001, there was a change of government in Ghana. The new government reviewed past development strategies and found them inadequate, particularly regarding poverty alleviation.

A national land policy document (Ministry of Lands and Forestry, 1999) was launched in June 1999. The document attempts to capture the problems associated with land ownership, tenures and development.

The new government has accepted the policy document and has started a review process that would facilitate the effective implementation of the policy provisions.

COLLABORATIVE WORK TO INCREASE GENDER LAND RIGHTS

USAID’s Tenure and Global Climate Change project is helping to reduce conflict and strengthened land tenure security. Conflicts over land are ubiquitous in rural Zambia, including disputes over boundaries, inheritance and land grabbing.

The project supports processes that integrate participatory rural appraisal techniques with spatial technologies such as GPS and GIS.

USAID is piloting approaches to document the customary land rights of individuals and communities in rural Zambia.

Project staff developed a series of trainings that build the skills of CDLA Community Facilitators in both the soft skills of facilitation and the technical elements of spatial data collection and analysis.

Community Facilitators learned how to manipulate GPS units and develop community maps using two free mapping platforms.

There is a clear hunger for training in spatial and participatory mapping skills.

It is hoped that by working directly with Zambia’s traditional authorities and building on their largely existing structures, a sustainable and legitimate system for documenting and more transparently administering customary lands will improve customary landholders’ tenure security within Zambia’s existing legal framework.

WHY BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM

Some of the facts are: Support for governance and rule of law, Alleviating poverty, Security of tenure, Support for formal land markets, Security of credits, Support for land and property taxation, Management of land disputes, Improvement of land planning, Development of infrastructure, Management of resources and environment, Management of information and statistical data.   Modern land administration, its theories and tools need to be

understood by diverse audience, including policy makers, administrators, students and professionals.

BENEFITS OF SECURED TENURE FOR WOMEN

The benefits derivable from the advocated secured tenure for female gender in the Sub-Saharan Africa are as follows: Women can use their title to access funding, e.g. as a collateral for

assessing bank loans. They can also use their title to buy seeds and learn more about

agricultural practices which will in turn increase their productivity. In Ethiopia, certification increased the propensity to rent land by about

13 percent, which directly improved welfare for women landlords. So many women use part of the profit from their business created

through loans obtained by using land titles to meet family members’ basic needs.

Women are positioned to bargain in a stronger stake and they are as competitive as men despite the traditional bias imposed by their sex or gender.

Women having right to land and secured tenure would help to strengthen private land sector institutions.

It will also strengthen the customary administration through an establishment of customary land administrative units.

Guaranteed security of tenure and non discriminating land titling to women especially in Sub- Saharan Africa have ensured sustainable investment on land which invariably give them double security of tenure and improved income.

It will help to eliminate corrupt practices inherent in the traditional land tenure system in Africa and especially Sub-Saharan Africa.

Women right to land within marriages will afford them greater claims on the disposition of assets upon divorce or death of their husband.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to harness the great potentials of women in economic development of their sub-regions, the following recommendations are necessary:

Women’s right to land must be more firmly established as a subset of human right.

Women organization and others must be proactive in monitoring Government compliance on the non-discriminatory land lilting process.

National and Local organizations must also ensure regular documentation of the impact of land and housing systems on women and children.

The female gender must be adequately empowered through education and equal participation in decision making in the society.

Land reforms and good land administration must be pursued by sub-Saharan African countries and there must be regional integration and synergy towards the realization of this goal.

CONCLUSION Gender inequalities exist in varying forms across the regions,

countries and communities. Depending on range of factors – political, economical, religious and cultural- these disparities can widen and destabilize society, reduce growth and bring distortion in everyday life with long-term consequences for both women and men.

  Arguably MDGS 3, with its focus on gender equality and

empowerment, covers a more complex set of issues that are not adequately captured by assigned target and indicators.

This is also the trust of security of tenure and non-discriminatory titling.

Careful and recent work in Africa and elsewhere confirms that “mainly due to the Inverse Relationship (IR) plus and scarcity, redistributive land reform in developing countries normally increases farm output (Lipton, 2012).

  However, Lipton observed that there still remains

“Huge, inequalities or inequalities have re-emerged in many in low-income countries.

Thus, Lipton noted that Land reform remains both unfinished business and alive as well.

REFERENCES

El-Rufai, 2012: Why Nigeria must Adopt Land Reforms: This Day Newspaper, 2012.

FAO, 2010: Gender and Land Rights Data Base Rome: FAO: URL: http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/en/.

GIZ (2012): Land Use planning, Concepts, Tools and Applications.BMZ Federal Ministry for Agriculture for Economic Component and Development.

Land use Act 1978 Nigeria: Ministry of Lands and Forestry(1999): Osalor Peter (2012): Women Empowerments and Entrepreneurial Revolution.

POSAG International Limited London. Williamson Ian, Stig Enemark, Jude Wallace, Abbas Rajabifarid (2010): Land

Administration for Sustainable Development. ESRI press Academic Reddlands California, USA.

Wikipedia (2015):http://www.wikipedia.com. Accessed online on 29/01/2015 World Bank (2011): Helping Women Achieve Equal Treatment in Obtaining

Land Rights: Gender in Land Administration and Land Certification Projects. World Bank Washington DC. http://www.sitersources.worldbank.org/EXTRRRMENT/Resources/Results/Results2011.PREM-SR-new-Gender-landtitling.pdf.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Chigbu Njike( a Registered Surveyor with Surveyor’s Council of

Nigeria), is the pioneer and current head Surveying and Geoinformatics Department of the School of Environmental Design and Technology of Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria. He has completed his Doctoral work in Remote Sensing and GIS at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. He is an active member of FIG commission 2 and 3 and also FIG special task force on Africa. He is a regular participant in FIG conferences and commission meetings. His research interest is on GNSS, Land use and Land cover change studies, and Environmental sustainability through spatial intelligence. He is married to Mrs. Jennifer Eziaku Chigbu and blessed with three kids-Clinton (Chimgozirim), Chelsea (Ihuoma) and Campbell (Akachukwu).

Contact: [email protected] Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Abia State Polytechnic

ABA,. P.M.B 7166, ABA ABIA State, Nigeria

Chigbu, Jennifer Eziaku is a graduate of Accounting from a reputable Nigerian University. She has a Master's degree in Financial Management. She has worked many reputable firms and also was the administrative secretary of Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (Abia State Branch), Nigeria.Her research interest and advocacy is in gender contributions and role of women to sustainable development. She has contributed and attended many FIG conferences and workshops.

Contact: [email protected] +2348038766625

Dr. Emengini Scholastica is the current head of Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. She is a reputable scholar and has many scholarly works to her credit. She is also married with kid.

  Contact Address: [email protected] +2348131698899