Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language – a perfect match Christoph Lange 1 1 Project ‘‘Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics’’, School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK http://cs.bham.ac.uk/~langec 2013-09-20 Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 1
45
Embed
Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language – a perfect match
The Distributed Ontology Language is a meta-language for integrating ontologies written in different languages. Our notion of “distributed” comprises logical heterogeneity within ontologies, modularity and reuse, and links across ontologies in different places of the Web. Not only can ontologies be distributed across the Web, but DOL's supply of supported ontology languages can also be extended in a decentral way. For this functionality, DOL builds on the Linked Open Data (LOD) principles. But DOL also contributes to LOD use cases. Many current LOD applications are limited by the weak expressivity of the RDF and RDFS languages commonly used to express data and vocabularies. Completely switching to a more expressive language would impair scalability to big datasets. DOL addresses the scalability and expressivity requirements by allowing to represent each aspect of a dataset in the most suitable language and keeping these different representations connected. This is particularly useful in geographic information systems, where big datasets (e.g. Linked Geo Data, the LOD version of OpenStreetMap) need to be integrated with formalisations of complex spatial notions (e.g. in the first-order language Common Logic).
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Linked Open (Geo)Data andthe Distributed Ontology Language
– a perfect match
Christoph Lange1
1Project ‘‘Formal Mathematical Reasoning in Economics’’,School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK
http://cs.bham.ac.uk/~langec
2013-09-20
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 1
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 8
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
LinkedGeoData
http://linkedgeodata.org/
OpenStreetMap data as RDFlinked to GeoNames, DBpedia and othersGeoKnow FP7 project (http://geoknow.eu,2012–) provides tools and methods to easilyintegrate and process data across a wide range ofdata sources on the Web of Data.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 9
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Limitations of RDF for Geo Data
GeoSPARQL, a non-ontological extension to the SPARQLRDF query language [BK12]SELECT ?a WHERE {?a a ex:Attraction;geo:hasGeometry ?ageo .FILTER(geof:within(?ageo,"POLYGON((-77.089005 38.913574,-77.029953 38.913574,-77.029953 38.886321,-77.089005 38.886321,-77.089005 38.913574))"^^sf:wktLiteral)) }
Note: WKT = “Well-known text”
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 11
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Advantages and Disadvantages of RDF
DisadvantageLow expressivity (binary predicates, no quantifiers)
AdvantageAn RDF graph downloaded from its URI does notentail more than one can find there [Hay04].
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 12
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??
RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice forcomplex formal models – so . . . ?
☀ make your stuff available on the Web(whatever format) under an open license
☀☀ make it available as structured data (e.g.,Excel instead of image scan of a table)
☀☀☀ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSVinstead of Excel)
☀☀☀☀ useURIs to denote things, so that peoplecan point at your stuff
☀☀☀☀☀ link your data to other data to providecontext [12]
Who says it needs to be RDF?
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 13
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Logic of Linked Open Data: RDF??
RDF data and RDFS vocabularies do not suffice forcomplex formal models – so . . . ?
☀ make your stuff available on the Web(whatever format) under an open license
☀☀ make it available as structured data (e.g.,Excel instead of image scan of a table)
☀☀☀ use non-proprietary formats (e.g., CSVinstead of Excel)
☀☀☀☀ useURIs to denote things, so that peoplecan point at your stuff
☀☀☀☀☀ link your data to other data to providecontext [12]
Who says it needs to be RDF?Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 13
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Think URIs, not RDF!
How to achieve an integration of . . . ?complex formal models (expressive logics)big datasets (scalability before expressivity)
Ad hoc extensions of RDF exist (e.g. for CSPs in productrange specification at Renault [BSP11])
My approachsystematically base expressive logics beyond RDFand OWL on the URI foundation of LODthus enable large-scale data/knowledge integration
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 14
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Different Representations at one URIhttp://sws.geonames.org/2944388/
HTML RDF/XML
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 15
head: Till Mossakowskistarted in 2011 with ISO, now continued with OMGRequest for Proposals to be issued this autumnproposals due Dec. 2014
50 experts participate, ∼ 15 have contributedRelevant communities represented:
different ontology languages and logicsconceptual and theoretical foundationstechnical foundationsapplications: manufacturing, business rules,model-driven software engineering
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 18
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Distributed Ontology Language (DOL)“distributed” means . . .
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
LOD Conformance (Distr. Onto. Level)
use URIs to name things (actually IRIs: Unicode!)concrete syntax uses prefixes to abbreviate URIsmany DOL constructs (e.g. interpretations,alignments) must have names,
. . . others (e.g. extensions) may have names.also useful for external annotation
use URIs to refer to other things. . . but implementations should be prepared forexternal ontologies not to be LOD-conforming!need a catalog to map “identifier URI” to “retrieval URL”http://project.org/onto#↦http://project.org/repo/onto-v1.3.owl
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 20
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
LOD Conformance (Basic Onto. Level)need to refer to symbols within ontologies:
rename symbols in a basic ontologyrestrict a basic ontology to some signature
Are symbol names URIs?“semantic web” languages (e.g. OWL): yesCommon Logic: sometimesCASL, TPTP, . . . : no
DOL injects prefix bindings into basic ontologies:verbatim fragments, as well asreferenced remote ontologies
In the basic ontology, bindings are applied . . .as if declared inside (sem. web languages)to all globally-scoped identifiers (other languages)
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 21
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
LOD Conformance (Logic Graph)ontology languages, logics, serializations,translations identified by URIwe maintain a central “OntoIOp Registry”; othersmay decentrally extend itOntoIOp Registry is a (small) linked open datasetsee, e.g.,http://purl.net/dol/languages/OWL2/DL(nicer withhttp://linkeddata.uriburner.com; soon inOntohub)Agents can easily find out what an ontologylanguage can be translated to.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 22
language lang:OWL2/DLalignment do-roam:ActivitiesToTags : activ: to tags: =activ:Restaurant = ∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_restaurant,%% "=" is equivalence as defined in the Alignment APIactiv:ChargingStation =∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_charging_station
language lang:OWL2/DLalignment do-roam:ActivitiesToTags : activ: to tags: =activ:Restaurant = ∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_restaurant,%% "=" is equivalence as defined in the Alignment APIactiv:ChargingStation =∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_charging_station
language lang:OWL2/DLalignment do-roam:ActivitiesToTags : activ: to tags: =activ:Restaurant = ∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_restaurant,%% "=" is equivalence as defined in the Alignment APIactiv:ChargingStation =∃ tags:has_k_amenity . tags:v_charging_station
...ontology do-roam:ActivityTranslation =activ: hide along proj:SROIQtoRDFthen language lang:RDF syntax ser:RDF/YAML :do-roam:config/locales/de.yml
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 26
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
NeoGeo: Connecting RCC to RDFNeoGeo (http://geovocab.org/) integrates RegionConnection Calculus (RCC; 1st-order logic theory ofspatial relations) with RDF [Har+13]: data in context!
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 27
Introduction Linked (Open) Data Distributed Ontology Language Use Cases Conclusion
Conclusion
Linked Open Data (LOD): best practice forpublishing data on the WebDistributed Ontology, Modelling and SpecificationLanguage (DOL): meta-language for logicallyheterogeneous, modular, interlinked ontologies
LOD and DOL: a perfect matchDOL scales thanks to LOD principlesLOD gets semantics beyond RDF thanks to DOLWeb of Data has many geo use casesDOL enables spatial reasoning over datasets
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 29
References
References I
5 star Open Data. Apr. 3, 2012. url:http://5stardata.info/ (visited on 2013-09-18).
T. Berners-Lee. Design Issues: Linked Data. July 27,2006. url: http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html(visited on 2010-01-20).
R. Battle and D. Kolas. “Enabling the geospatialSemantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL”. In:Semantic Web 3.4 (2012), pp. 355–370. url:http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/enabling-geospatial-semantic-web-parliament-and-geosparql.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 30
F. Badra, F.-P. Servant, and A. Passant. “A SemanticWeb Representation of a Product Range Specificationbased on Constraint Satisfaction Problem in theAutomotive Industry”. In: Proceedings of the 1stWorkshop on Ontology and Semantic Web forManufacturing, Extended Semantic Web Conference.(Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, May 29, 2011). Ed. byA. García Castro, C. Toro, L. Ramos, and L. Schröder.CEUR Workshop Proceedings 748. Aachen, 2011,pp. 37–50. url: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-748/.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 31
M. Codescu, G. Horsinka, O. Kutz, T. Mossakowski, andR. Rau. “DO-ROAM: Activity-Oriented Search andNavigation with OpenStreetMap”. In: GeoSpatialSemantics (GeoS) -- 4th International Conference.GeoSpatial Semantics (GeoS) -- 4th InternationalConference. (Brest, France, May 12–13, 2011). Ed. byC. Claramunt, S. Levashkin, and M. Bertolotto. LectureNotes in Computer Science 6631. Springer, 2011,pp. 88–107.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 32
References
References IV
A. Harth, J. Salas, A. Rula, B. Villazón-Terrazas,J. Škrbec, and C. Fortuna.Modelling and ProcessingContextual Aspects of Data. Deliverable D2.3.PlanetData Network of Excellence, 2013. url:http://www.planet-data.eu/sites/default/files/D2.3.pdf.
P. Hayes. RDF Semantics. W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Feb. 10, 2004.url: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 33
References VM. Kerber, C. Lange, and C. Rowat. ForMaRE. FormalMathematical Reasoning in Economics. url: http://cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/formare/(visited on 2013-02-10).
C. Lange, T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, C. Galinski,M. Grüninger, and D. Couto Vale. “The DistributedOntology Language (DOL): Use Cases, Syntax, andExtensibility”. In: Terminology and KnowledgeEngineering Conference (TKE). (Madrid, Spain,June 20–21, 2012). Ed. by G. Aguado de Cea,M. C. Suárez-Figueroa, R. García-Castro, andE. Montiel-Ponsoda. 2012, pp. 33–48. arXiv:1208.0293 [cs.AI]. url: http://oeg-lia3.dia.fi.upm.es/tke2012/proceedings.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 34
C. Lange. “Enabling Collaboration on SemiformalMathematical Knowledge by Semantic WebIntegration”. PhD thesis. Jacobs University Bremen,2011.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 35
References
References VII
T. Mossakowski, O. Kutz, and C. Lange. “ThreeSemantics for the Core of the Distributed OntologyLanguage”. In: Formal Ontology in InformationSystems. 7th International Conference (FOIS 2012).(Graz, Austria, July 24–27, 2012). Ed. by M. Donnellyand G. Guizzardi. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligenceand Applications 239. (The paper has won the bestpaper award. Also published at IJCAI 2013 track on BestPapers in Sister Conferences.) Amsterdam: IOS Press,2012, pp. 337–352. url:http://interop.cim3.net/file/pub/OntoIOp/Publications/FOIS_2012/paper.pdf.
Lange Linked Open (Geo)Data and the Distributed Ontology Language 2013-09-20 36