Copyright: Alok K Tiwari Public Public 06/14/2022 04:39:49 Version : 7 14-Jun-2022 2 Freq. Desig. Linkend A : Low BAN-1 Linkend B : High LK1 Mandatory dd mm ss dd mm ss 26 42 4.9 N 26 44 32.1 N 80 48 5 E 80 51 48.1 E Decimal: 26.7014 80.8014 0.0012 Decimal: 26.7423 80.8634 Hop Length : 7.64706087 km Azimuth : 53.53 B 233.53 Deg. Frequency Band Operating Frequency Sub-Band B 15 GHz MULTIPATH 2 14.753 GHz Hop length 7.65 Km 16.00 11.00 m Polarization Vertical 1 C/I Objective (dB) 23 XPD (dB) 30 Antenna Dia in mtr @ End A 1.8 1 50 XPIF (dB) 0 Antenna Dia in mtr @ End B 1.2 Average 0.25 Average 1 1 SIEMENS SRAL XD Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills Others GLOBE 18 dBm 2 Lattitude: 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N eoclimatic Factor K 7.896325E-05 Radio Threshold -82 dBm 3 FkTB -97 dB 1 0.650293% PDH Radio Category Config: 1+0 Fading Activity Factor, (Neta) 0.0001448206 N 1 0.00000002% Feeder Losses 0 0.00004036% Temperature 40 0.00000033% Water Vap. Density 20 g/m3 Pressure 1000 mb Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.031 Min Sig Depth(dB) 10.7 Non-Min Sig Width(Ghz) 0.031 Non-Min Sig Depth(dB) 10.6 FREE SPACE LOSS 0.00909638617303471 133.500836 dB 0.000040714% 99.999959286% 0.003567 Link Availability : 99.999999661% Vigants & Barnett Rx LEVEL Link Outage : 0.00003 Hours/Year Method Antenna Gain Rx Level : -27.2738 dBm 27.2738 Flat Fade Margin : 54.7262 dBm Ant Gain @ End A 46 46.45 dBi Ant Gain @ End B 42.6 42.93 dBi Radio selection Successful ! WARNING !! Antenna Beamwidth 0.78 1.17 deg. Tx-Power has been set within Range! Antenna selection OK Atmospheric Absorption FRESNEL RADIUS 0.373014196595353 dB Frequency 14.753 GHz 0.5 Km 7.15 Km Unavailability Due to Rain Hop Length(d) 7.65 Km Rain Rate (0.01% of time) 95 mm/h 1st. Fresnel Radius 3.08 m 0.0335 1.128 5.7006 dB/km THRESHOLD DEGRADATION Effective Hop Length 4.0078 km Total Noise Power = -114 dBm/MHz + 10*LOG(noise BW)+10*LOG(NF) Reqrd FM against Rain 22.8469 dB -98 dBm 0.000667848% 2.53901891 dB 0.0170874044817068 % -7 dB Designed by: Alok Kumar Tiwari Email: [email protected]To Play with La Results Lo Operating Frequency Ant. Hts.@ Linkend A, and B PL Value Radio Type Terrain: Fading Occurance Factor, Po Rain Region Prob. Of Flat Fade exceeded in W.M., Pns dB Outage due to Clear-Air X-Poln. For Co-Chan. System,Pxp o C Prob. Of Selective Fade exceeded in W.M., Ps Eqpt. Signature Factor, sf Loss free space Total Outage due to Multipath Fading, Ptot : Atmos. Absorption, Aa d1 d2 k factor a- factor Specific Attn.,gr Threshold= C/N + NF+ BW +kT [ All in dB,i.e., 10*LOG value] Icumulative Unavail. Due to Rain, Pr : THDeg Outage due to Precipitation Effect,PXPR INTMargin 18 15 7 G
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Copyright: Alok K Tiwari Public Public 04/19/2023 03:00:09
Version : 7
19-Apr-20232 Freq. Desig. Linkend A : Low BAN-1 Linkend B : High LK1
alok.tiwari: Calculated Value for Ant Efficiency :55 %
I36
alok.tiwari: Vendor Provided
J36
alok.tiwari: Calculated Value For Ant Efficiency : 55%
I37
alok.tiwari: @ Linkend A
J37
alok.tiwari: @ Linkend A
B44
alok.tiwari: Distance of Object from Linkend A
B45
alok.tiwari: Distance of the Object from Linkend B
A53
alok.tiwari: Total Noise Power at the input to the Receiver: N = k*T0*Bn*F*L Where, k*T0 = - 114 dBm/MHz for T0 = 273 0K Bn = Noise bandwidth F = Noise Figure L = Losses between Antenna & Reciever
B54
alok.tiwari: It is cumulative Interferer signal strength received at Victim Receiver.
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Antenna Height Estimation
Site AMSLA 10 mB 10 m
Hop Length 7.65 km
1.333333333 1
0.86 m
Want to Fix the Antenna Ht ! N 2Antenna Height @ Linkend A 20Antenna Height @ Linkend B 20
Extra Attenuation Due to Obstruction: 1 Y
14 MtrClearance to Direct Path: 8.05 Mtr 0.0643
Rx-Level -27.3381
Height @ A 16 m Terrain Details
Height @ B 11 m Particulars AMSL AGL Obstruction 15
Site A : BAN-1 Site B : LK1 Link Ends Hop LengtAMSL Ant Hts Ant Hts AMSL Max F1 Ref+26° 42' 4.9" 26° 44' 32.1" 0 7.65 10 16 26 0 26 2180° 48' 5" 80° 51' 48.1" 3.825 7.65 10 23.5 6.17733559 29.677 0
NEC Neoi-15GFrequency Duplex Frq. Min. Phase Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz) Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Sig. Width.( Ghz)15 420 0.026 17 0.026
NEC Neoi-7G7 154 0.026 17 0.026
CERAGON:FibeAir 312815 420 0.026 17 0.026
RADIO TYPE Radio Name THRESHOLD @^ -6 FkTB Max Tx-Poer1 SIEMENS SRAL XD -82 -97 182 NEC Neoi - 15G -68 -97 213 NEC Neoi - 7G -68 -97 254 NERA INTERLINK -69 -97 28
Back to Sheet: Calculation
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N.A.Non-Min. Phase Tx-Power Out of Range !
Notch Depth, Bn(dB) Freq Out of Range !13.1 Radio selection Successful !10.7 Radio dos'nt support this FREQ !10.6 FREQ selection Successful !
Tx-Power has been set within Range!Antenna size not available in this band
OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS
Coefficient, U 50.06641 dB
Coefficient, V 21.34505
22.84686 dB
18.53708 dB
Parameter ,m 19.30658
Parameter, n -1.767324
ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
YpY0Yw
GEOCLIMATIC FACTOR CALCULATION
Terrain Lattitude1 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Plains 0 53 °S >= Lat <= 53 °N2 Low Altitudes, 0-400m, Hills 3.5 53 °N or °S < Lat > 60 °N or °S3 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Plains 2.5 Lat >= 60 °N or °S4 Medium Altitudes, 400-700m, Hills 65 High Altitudes,>700m, Plains 5.56 High Altitudes,>700m, Hills 87 High Altitudes,>700m, Mountains 10.5
Calculated Value 3.5
Path Attenuation,A0.01
Equivalent Path Attn.,Ap
C0 (dB)
BACK to "Calculation"
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OUTAGE DUE TO PRECIPITATION EFFECTS FOR CO_CHANNEL SYSTEMS
0.9871670.005885 dB/Km0.042875 dB/Km
Globe0 Europe & Africa 3
-26.29864 North and South America -37 Others 0
0 0
CLat (dB) CLong (dB)
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Wireless Supporting Information
signal due to spreading of the electromagnetic wave.Free space loss is given as:
propagation, including:• Absorption due to gasses or water vapor;• Attenuation due to mist, fog, or rainfall.Many gasses and pollutants have absorption lines in the millimeter bands but, due to their low densities, their effectis negligible in microwave and millimeter wave frequencies below 30 GHz. Water vapor, though, has an absorptionline at 22.235 GHz and can effect microwave frequencies above 10 GHz. The amount of water vapor in theatmosphere at sea level can vary from 0.001 grams per cubic meter in a cold, dry climate to as much as 30 grams percubic meter in hot, humid climates. In addition, the effects of precipitation can be significant at microwavefrequencies above 10 GHz. The attenuation due to rainfall is dependent on the size and distribution of the waterdroplets. Because snowfall rates are generally less than rainfall rates, propagation is less effected by snowfall. Forboth snow and fog, the attenuation loss is a function of temperature and can vary by a factor of 3 between 0°C and40°C .Total transmission loss for a microwave/millimeter link is given by Freeman as:
and rainfall.
loss (dB) and any additional loss (water vapor, mist, fog, rainfall, and Fresnel reflection loss).
most common type of fading is that due to multipath transmission. Combinations of irregularities and fluctuations inatmospheric temperature, humidity, and pressure cause more than one and often many propagation paths to existbetween the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. As the atmospheric conditions vary, the routes anddistances of paths also vary, causing signals of differing phases and amplitudes to arrive at the receiving antenna atthe same instant. Multipath, or interference, fading is characterized by rapid fluctuations of received carrier power.
still maintaining acceptable circuit quality .
the receiving antenna. But additional path loss may also exist from multi-path reflections (sometimes called Fresnelreflective loss) due to reflective surfaces such as water near the direct wave, and intervening obstacles such asbuildings, mountain peaks, etc., in the Fresnel zone.
Free-space Loss. The Friis free-space propagation equation is commonly used to determine the attenuation of a
Dkm = distance between antennas (link) in kilometers; or,
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Frequencies above 10 GHz. For frequencies above 10 GHz there are several additional issues that effect
Attenuation (dB) = 96.6 + 20 log10(fGHz) + 20 log10(Dmi) + excess attenuation (dB) due to water vapor, mist, fog,
Where: fGHz = frequency in GHz, and
Dmi = distance between antennas (link) in miles.
Total Path Loss. The total path loss (dB) is the gain of both antennas (dB) added together, minus the free space
Fading. Fades, or variations with time, in path loss are encountered during abnormal propagation conditions. The
Fade Margin. Fade margin is the depth of fade, expressed in dB, that a microwave receiver can tolerate while
Fresnel Loss. The primary component to path loss is the free-space signal loss from the transmitting antenna to
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zone is an elliptically shaped conical zone of power that propagates from the transmitting antenna to the receivingantenna due to cancellation of some part of the wavefront by other parts that travel different distances. If the totalpath distance between the transmitting antenna, mountain peak, and receiving antenna is one wavelength greater thanthe direct distance between antennas, then the clearance is said to be two Fresnel zones.
paths, which are one-half wavelength (1/2 λ) of the frequency transmitted longer than the direct line-of-sight pathbetween antennas. If the total path distance is one wavelength (1λ) longer than the direct path, then the outerboundary is said to be two Fresnel zones. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones located coaxially around thecenter of the direct wave path. Odd number Fresnel zones reinforce the direct wave path and even order numberFresnel zones cancel the direct wave path.
from any obstruction from all sides (top, bottom, left and right of the first Fresnel zone).
refract or bend electromagnetic waves either up, away from, or down toward the earth's surface. This bending canchange frequently, hour to hour, day to night, season to season, and weather pattern to weather pattern. Refractivityis usually greatest close to the earth's surface and becomes smaller the higher above the surface you go. Tocompensate for this effect, a refractivity gradient, or 'K' factor, is used when designing point-to-point communicationlinks. The 'K' factor is the ratio of the effective Earth radius to the actual Earth radius. A 'K' factor of 1 indicates nobending of the signal; a 'K' factor of less than one means the electromagnetic wave is bent up, away from the surface.A 'K' factor greater than one indicates a slight bending downward, towards the earth. The 'K' factor value commonlyused for microwave links is 1.333 (4/3) for normal atmospheric conditions, which means that the radio horizon isfurther away than the visual horizon.
surface illuminated by a feed horn mounted at the focus of the reflector, the antenna gain is given as [6]:
Where: dBi = decibels over an isotropic radiator
manufacturers may be able to improve on this number, therefore, the gain given by a manufacturer for a specificantenna should be used, when available, otherwise the above formula will suffice.The general formula for computing the gain of any antenna is given as: 4πA / λ2where A = effective area of antenna ( efiiciency of 55% for a parabolic dish reflector antenna)λ = wave lengthArea and Wavelength must be in same unit (feet, meters, etc.)
power levels that are 3 dB down from the peak power of the center of the main beam. Antenna gain and beamwidthare interrelated quantities and are inversely proportional; thus the higher the gain an antenna has, the smaller the
Fresnel Zone. Fresnel (frä nel'), named after Jean Augustin Fresnel, 1788-1827, French physicist. The Fresnel
The first Fresnel zone: R = 72.1√ ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (Dt)(f))
Fresnel boundaries. The outer boundary of the first Fresnel zone is defined as the additional path length of all
Clearance. For reliability, point-to point links are designed to have at least 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone clearance
Refraction. The earth's curvature, as well as atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and water vapor), can
Earth's curvature at obstruction: h = ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (1.5)(K)) ft
Antenna Gain. For a paraboloid reflector microwave antenna (greater than 960 MHz) consisting of a dishshaped
fGHz = Frequency in GHz.Note: The above formula is based on the efficiency of a paraboloid antenna being on the order 55%. Some
Beamwidth. Antenna beamwidth refers to the width of the main radiated beam (main lobe) between two equal
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beamwidth[3]. Therefore, increased care must be taken when aligning high gain antennas to insure that the antenna isaccurately aligned on the center of the main beam…which could be only a few degrees wide. For example; a 6-footparabolic dish antenna at 6 GHz has an antenna gain of 38.63 dB and a beamwidth of only 1.91°.Beam Width is given as:
power of an antenna. These three radiation fields are known as:
for which the reactive field dominates over the radiative fields.
the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation fields dominate and where the angular fielddistribution depends on distance from the antenna (see earlier definition of Fresnel Zone).
radiation pattern is independent of distance.
wave. For linear polarization (horizontal or vertical), the vector remains in one plane as the wave propagates throughspace. To eliminate polarization mismatch loss, the receiving antenna must have the same polarization orientation asthe transmitting antenna (Note: If the waveguide connection at the antenna is vertically oriented, the antenna issaid to have horizontal polarization, and vice-versa).
(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ (antenna øft * 0.3048), or
(70 * λcm ÷ 100) ÷ antenna ømeters
where λcm = wave length in centimeters
Radiation Fields. There are three traditional radiation fields (regions) in free space as a result of the radiated
1. The near-field, also called the reactive near-field region, is that region that is closest to the antenna and
2. The, Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the reactive near-field and
3. The far-field, or Rayleigh distance (historically called the Fraunhofer region), is that region where the
Polarization. The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field vector in the radiated
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How To Use : The Guidelines...
Here is the description for using the utility:
Please be careful while making any change to Sheet "Calculations" for it contains the most important formulae.
Important: If the file name is changed from the supplied "Link Planning Tool.xls," some of the macros will not function properly. It would be better to save the completed workbook under a new name, then start on new systems with the original file.
1. We mainly enter the parameter value into the sheet "Calculations". a. Entries shown in YELLOW cells are mandatory. b. Entries shown in GREY cells are to play with in order to get the desired result wrt Standard Link Design Criteria. c. Entries shown in LIGHT BROWN are ONE-TIME entries like temperature, pressure etc.
The "Calculation" sheet looks up for the required data : a. For Antennae (of 18 GHz band) from the sheet: "DB_Ant1 (18GHz). Note that only FOUR sizes are permissible to provide into this sheet. b. For Antennae (of 15 GHz band) and Frequency of Operation from the sheet:"DB_Ant2 (15GHz). Note that only FOUR antennae sizes EIGHT Frequencies in TWO separate bands can be used. c. For Radio Specific Data form the sheet: DB_RadioEqpt. Here THREE different type of Radios can be used.
2. The Sheet "Antenna Heights" is to calculate the antennae heights based on LOS survey feedback data.
3. The Sheet "Report" is just the compilation of information used in link implementation.
This is to bring to your kind notice that formulae used into this workbook are as per ITU-T.As I'm using the Tool like Nokia's NETACT PLANNER and CTE's PATHLOSS, I've observed the similar results at least for Link Design parameters.
NEW (v7): Link Planning Tool
New version includes: 1. Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations.2. To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.3. Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.4. A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.5. Now you can select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.6. Added the provision to use this utility globally and it can be done just by selecting the appropriate part of the globe. Additionally, the facility to explore different type of geographic clutter has also been introduced.
New version includes: 1. Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations.2. To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.3. Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.4. A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.5. Now you can select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.6. Added the provision to use this utility globally and it can be done just by selecting the appropriate part of the globe. Additionally, the facility to explore different type of geographic clutter has also been introduced.