LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT BRUSSELS BRUSSELS By Dr. Anita Bhatnagar Jain, By Dr. Anita Bhatnagar Jain, IAS IAS Joint Secretary, Ministry of HRD Joint Secretary, Ministry of HRD Government of India Government of India 7 7 th th Dec, 2010 Dec, 2010
33
Embed
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE · linguistic diversity management the indian experience ... tamil, sanskrit, kannada ... botany chemistry computer science economics
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
THE INDIAN EXPERIENCETHE INDIAN EXPERIENCE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTEUROPEAN PARLIAMENTBRUSSELS BRUSSELS
By Dr. Anita Bhatnagar Jain, By Dr. Anita Bhatnagar Jain, IASIASJoint Secretary, Ministry of HRDJoint Secretary, Ministry of HRD
Government of IndiaGovernment of India
77thth Dec, 2010Dec, 2010
DEMOGRAPHICS OF INDIA
• 1.17 billion people• Second most populous country in the world• 17.3% of the World’s population• Expected to surpass China by 2050• Demographic Dividend : 50% population below the age
of 25; 65% below the age of 35• In 2020 average age of an Indian will be 29 years
• Area - 2.4 % of the world land• Rural population 72.2% with 638,000 villages• Urban population 27.8% with 5,100 towns and 380
Raw returns declined from 10,400 in 1991 to 6661 but number of languages/mother tongues increased. Thus, Census 2001 with 234 Mother Tongues grouped under 122 classified languages as against Census 1991 figures of 216 Mother Tongues grouped under 114 languages . Mother tongues with less than 10,000 speakers are not listed which leaves out the most endangered lot. In 2001 8 languages show declining population. All states have become more diverse indicating wide spread mobility.
S. No. S. No. ItemItem NumberNumber
1.1. ‘‘ Raw returns of Mother TonguesRaw returns of Mother Tongues 66616661
2.2. Rationalized grouping of Mother TonguesRationalized grouping of Mother Tongues 35923592
3.3. Classified Mother TonguesClassified Mother Tongues 16351635(out of 3592)(out of 3592)
4.4. Unclassified Mother TonguesUnclassified Mother Tongues 19571957(out of 3592)(out of 3592)
5.5. Identifiable Mother Tongues (returned by more Identifiable Mother Tongues (returned by more than 10,000 speakers) than 10,000 speakers)
234234
6.6. Mother Tongues returned by more than 10,000 Mother Tongues returned by more than 10,000 people but not published due to 1976 CCPA people but not published due to 1976 CCPA
restriction & other reasons. restriction & other reasons.
6868
Linguistic Diversity
Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Languages (with 234 mother tongues)
Language Families % of Population
No. of Languages
No. of Mother Tongues
Indo-European (pre-dominantly Indo-Aryan)
76.86 % 24 109
Dravidian 20.82 % 17 27
Austro-Asiatic 1.11 % 14 21
Tibeto-Burman 1 % 66 76
Semito-Hamitic 0.01 % 1 0
• The Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic comprising only 2 % population contribute to over 70 % of India’s linguistic diversity.• Among the 22 scheduled languages, 15 are Indo-Aryan, 4 Dravidian, 2 Tibeto-Burman and 1 Austro-Asiatic. Bodo and Santhali are less developed.
Languages of India in the 1931 Census
1971 2001
Language % %
1 Hindi 36.99 41.032 Bengali 8.17 8.113 Telugu 8.16 7.194 Marathi 7.61 6.995 Tamil 6.88 5.916 Urdu 5.22 5.017 Gujarati 4.72 4.48
8 Malayalam 4.00 3.69
9 Kannada 3.96 3.21
10 Oriya 3.62 3.2111 Punjabi 2.57 2.83
Scheduled Languages in Descending Order of Speakers’ Strength (2001 Census)
1971 2001
Language % %
12 Assamese 1.63 1.28
13 Maithili 1.12 1.18
14 Santali 0.69 0.63
15 Kashmiri 0.46 0.54
16 Sindhi 0.31 0.28
17 Konkani 0.28 0.25
18 Nepali 0.26 0.24
19 Dogri 0.24 0.22
20 Manipuri 0.14 0.14
21 Bodo 0.10 0.13
22 Sanskrit 0.00 0.00
Distribution of 100 Non-Scheduled Languages(spoken by more than 10,000 speakers)
Classical Languages
Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu have been declared to be the classical languages of India.
In the year2006the Government of India declared that the following are the criteria to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered and declared as classical languages.
� “High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years
� A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers
� The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community
� The classical language and literature being distinctfrom modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.”
As provided by the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, they are defined as groups of individuals residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language or script of their own. The language of the minority group need not be one of the 22 languages mentioned in the 8th Schedule. They mean any group or groups of people whose mother tongues are different from the principal language of the state.
Linguistic Minorities
Language planning:
"Language planning may be defined as deliberate, institutionally organized attempts at affecting the linguistic or sociolinguistic status or development of language“[Moshe Nahir 1985]
Paradigm statement “To Plan Language is to Plan Society”(Cooper,1989)
The Indian Constitution promotes linguistic diversity, and accords constitutional
protection to the multilingual nature of India.
� Article 120 is concerned with the language choice of debates in the Indian Parliament,
where, besides Hindi and English (the main languages of debate), a member may be
permitted to use his or her mother-tongue.
� Article 345 of the Indian Constitution states very clearly that “Subject to the provisions of
article 346 and 347, the Legislature of a State may be allowed to adopt any one or more of
the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all
or any of the official purposes of that State:”.
� Under Art 347, the President may even direct a language to be “officially recognized
throughout that State or any part thereof for such purposes as he may specify”, provided a
substantial population speak it.
The Constitutional Provision for
Multilingual India
� The most important support for the minor languages come from the ‘Cultural
and Educational Rights’, and its seventh Amendment in 1956, namely that if
“Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof
having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to
conserve the same”.
� Article 350 also allows these minority communities to express their
grievances in their own languages. Besides, it enables these smaller communities
to avail of educational opportunities in their mother tongue. India thus allows
equality of opportunity for all groups and sections of our linguistic communities,
which acts as a guarantor and a levelling force.
� As it is not at the cost of linguistic pluralism that our national languages must
grow, Article 350B institutes a ‘Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities’ in India.
The Constitutional Provision for
Multilingual India (contd)
In 1950 there were only 14 languageslisted under 8th Schedule of the
Constitution but presently out of 122 there are22 [93 mother tongues-96.56%
1 of them, i.e., Bodo-is an official languages in parts of the Assam state
6 of these 8th schedule languages haveno official status-Sanskrit, Sindhi,
Maithali, Kashmiri, Dogri, Santhali but are taught in schools
BUT 4 non-scheduled languages are associate official languages of
Northeastern states-Mizo in Mizoram, Khasi & Garo in Meghalaya, Kok
Borok in Tripura
There are 15 major writing systems and several minor ones based on
three sources: Brahmi; Perso-Arabic and Roman
•87 mother tongues in print media
•104 for radio broadcasting
•81/41 in primary education (1970/98)
Minority linguistic groups>20% in half of the Districts
Status and Function (contd)
Promotion in the domain of literacy
and school education
National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005
advocates special focus on linguistic diversity,
mother tongue as a component of multilingual
education strengthening three language formula.
Three-Language Formula
• The first language to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language
• The Second language– In Hindi speaking States, the second language will be some other Modern
Indian language or English, and
– In non-Hindi speaking States, the second language will be Hindi or English
• The Third language– In Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian
language not studied as the second language, and
– In non-Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language
Institutional Arrangement for Language
Development & Management of diversity
Institutional Arrangement :-
� For promotion and development of Hindi as the official language- Kendriya
Hindi Sansthan, Central Hindi Directorate
� For classical heritage languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Tamil - Sanskrit
Universities, Central Institute of Classical Tamil
� For Urdu which is seen as the language of the most significant religious
minority and also a marker of composite culture - NCPUL
� For Sindhi which is a stateless language - NCPSL
� For promotion of English and other Foreign languages.
� For promotion and harmonious growth of All Indian languages regardless of
size and status through CIIL
National Translation Mission
A flagship programme under the National Knowledge Commission to make
available Knowledge Text in 69 disciplines in 22 languages. It will
generate high quality translation tools. A national register of 4000
translators has been created.
New InitiativesCHEMISTRY
BOTANY
COMPUTER SCIENCE
ECONOMICS
MATHEMATICS
PHILOSOPHY
PHYSICS
PSYCOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY
MEDICAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL SCIENCE
ZOOLOGY
HISTOY
LAW
Non-Scheduled Languages
Round Table for Protection and Preservation of indigenous Traditional Knowledge and endangered languages chaired by Human Resource Development Minister, Govt. of India.
Proposed Bharat Bhasha Vikas Yojana – a scheme for preservation and development of non-scheduled languages in India – nodal Central Institute of Indian Languages,Mysore.
UNESCO’s Atlas of Endangered
Languages
� Many languages mentioned in this are not in the list of languages of 2001 Census of India
� In the list of non-scheduled languages, those shown endangered include languages which have speakers ranging from 2.7 million to 14,500.
� In the list of non-scheduled languages, there are 38 languages which are not included in UNESCO’s Atlas even though 24 languages have speakers of less than 100,000 and among these 24, there are 8 languages which have less than 25,000 speakers
List of Non-Scheduled Languages-State/UT & No. of SpeakersSl. No.
Language Speakers Major spoken states Whether Endangered as per