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INGLS ESTRUTURA BSICA

Aula 6- Nouns and noun phrases:countable and uncountablenouns.

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Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns


In this class, you will beable to:

-Understand the relation

between Genitive, Gerundand noun phrases.

- Distinguish Countable nounsfrom uncountable nouns.

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Introduction Words are classified according tothe work they perform inside thestructure of a sentence. Consequently,we can conclude that words that

belong to the same word class play thesame type of function. Each wordplays a specific role in the sentenceand their jobs are quite different from

each other. The jobs done by verbs, forexample are quite different from thosedone by prepositions.

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See the example below:

Those three intelligent girls have already

studied at Estcio.

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Nouns can be grouped into a small number of classeswhich differ in meaning and grammatical behavior.There is a first distinction between common andproper nouns. Common nouns can be either countable or uncountable. () (BIBER< CONRAD and LEECH2011, p. 58).

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7/32Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns


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Lets check the examples:

The History teacher, Mister Herman

Melville, read the Declaration ofIndependence of the United States ofAmerica. The document affirms autonomyto the country that fought for politicalrespect.

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Proper nouns - name of a specific individual,place, or object, as for example England,Brazil, Oscar Wilde

Common nouns - a noun that refers to eachmember of a whole class sharing the featuresconnoted by the noun, as for example orange,planet, car, man.

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The common nouns can also be considered

countable or uncountable. Let

s go ahead?

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Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.

Countable nouns are people or things which we can count.Tey have both a singular and a plural form.

Singular: train, city, problem.

Plural: trains, cities, problems.

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We can also use A or AN, THE or numbers with countablenouns:

A car the car- the cars two cars

A minute twenty minutes the minute you arrived

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Words and phrases like many, several, a few, a number of,both, a couple of can be used with countable nouns:

Several accidents a number of people a few problems

A couple of people both students

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Which are the eight countable nouns in thisnews report?

Four cows escaped from the market atWinford this morning. It took three police

officers and several farmers over an hour to

catch them. Two old women were hurt when

the cows ran down the main street.

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Ok, buthow is the plural in English? Is a single s enough?

The plural, im most cases, is formed by adding an s to theend of the word in the singular:

Lamp lamps

Student studentsState states

But, in English, there are other rules for the plural...

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1. Nouns ending in s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, -o form theplural by adding -ES.

Boss bossesBuzz buzzesPotato potatoesBox boxes

Dish dishesChurch - churches

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2. Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant isformed into a plural by changing -y to -ies.

City citiesLady ladies

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3. Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel formtheir plurals by adding -s

Boy boys

Day - days

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4. Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made pluralby changing -f or -fe to -ves.

Wife wives

Knife knives

Leaf - leaves

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Uncountable nouns: air, courage, etc.

Uncountable nouns are things that we can

t count. They haveNO PLURAL FORMS. AIR, for example, is an uncountable noun.We can

t say one air, two airs .

Most uncountable nouns are: materials or substances: air, water, smoke, etc.Feelings or qualities: courage, love, anger, etc.Abstract ideas: safety, justice, freedom, etc.

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Possession in English the genitive case (possessive case)

The genitive case is predominantly the form used to indicatepossession. It is usually created by adding 's to the word orby preceding it with "of". See the examples:

The boys pet.

The pet of the boy.

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Genitive case rules

We normally use - s for people, animals, orplaces:

- Lizs computer isnt working.- Those arent my sneakers. Theyre my

sisters .

- The dogs food bowl is empty.- New York Citys crime rate is at an all timelow.

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You can use - s with time expressions and periods

of time: -Have you seen the headline on the front page oftodays newspaper? - Santa Barbara is about an hours drive from Los

Angeles.

Remember that for plural nouns we use s +apostrophe, - s:- My brothers wives are very nice. (two or morebrothers)- The cats toys are in the box. (two or more cats) - I have three months vacation.

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For things, ideas etc., we normally use of:

- The price of a university education in TheU.S. is extremely high. (NOT the university

educations price)- The color of his shirt is the same as hisshoes. (NOT the shirts color)

- The source of her depression comes from afailing marriage. (NOT her depressions source)

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Gerund X Infinitive

In order to start our discussion, lets thinkabout some initial and instigating questions:Do you know what gerund is? Do you knowwhat infinitive is?Take a look at the examples below:

a. Gerald is sure about his love for Jenna. Hewants to marry her.b. Silence! Gerald is proposing to Jenna!!

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The form of the verb that ends in -ing is called a

Gerund when used as a noun. Because their functionis that of a noun, gerunds may be used as the subjectof a sentence:

Running regularly will make you feel better.Studying requires most of my time during the day.

The -ing form can also be called a present participle;however, the function is that of a verb when used inthe present or past progressive:

The teacher is speaking to her students.

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There are some verbs that must be followed by a

gerund. Example:I enjoy studying. Would you mind being quiet?

The following verbs MUST be followed by a gerund:Admit-discuss-finish-miss-quit-give up-postpone

stop (=quit) avoid resist

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Verbs of Emotion:

Factual: Did you like dancing last night?Possible: Do you like to dance?

Verbs of fulfillment/unfulfillment:Factual: I started doing my homework and question#1 is really hard.Possible: Did you start to do your homework?

A Gerund will follow a preposition:

Thank you for helping me.

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However, if there is a second object complement, an

infinitive is used. (*see another example)

-The doctor advised me to reduce my fat intake.

-He urged me to give up fried food .-He encouraged me to steam and boil my food butforbade me to fry things in oil.-This has required me to change a lot of old habits .

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These are some verbs that follow the preceding

pattern:advise force allow tell

persuade require permit remind

urge forbid invite warmencourage command trust teachconvince order cause hire

More examples: I trust my doctor to do the job right.They hired him to solve the problems

here.

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The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund oran infinitive :

attempt continue intend planbegin dread like preferhate love start stop

try cannot stand

The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund oran infinitive :

attempt continue intend planbegin dread like preferhate love start stoptry cannot stand

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A l 6 N d h bl d bl


Gerund or infinitive?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK_ vaKuLwnw

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