Limpopo_Leader_04

LIMPOPO IeaderIeaderDISPATCHES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPODISPATCHES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO

THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF THETHIRD STREAM Comprehensive coverage of the partnerships betweenhigher education and provincial government in Limpopo

WHAT ARE THEY EATING? The University plays its part in another national child foodconsumption survey with huge implications for Limpopo

THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF THETHIRD STREAM Comprehensive coverage of the partnerships betweenhigher education and provincial government in Limpopo

WHAT ARE THEY EATING? The University plays its part in another national child foodconsumption survey with huge implications for Limpopo

LIMPOPO NUMBER 4WINTER 2005

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P A G E 1

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eEXCITING SYNERGIES ARE DEVELOPING BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITYOF LIMPOPO’S TURFLOOP CAMPUS AND THE PROVINCIAL AUTHORITIES. This issue of L I M P O P O L E A D E R explores in detailthe catalysts for this process and some of the results.

The first catalyst is to be found in the way that South African institutions of higher learning are now being funded. State subsidies areshrinking. In consequence, universities are being forced to form creativepartnerships with corporate business and the agencies of the state – andthese partnerships can only be effective by looking much more closely ata university’s inevitable relationship with the socio-economic environmentin which it operates. The University of Limpopo is beginning to move significantly in this direction.

The second catalyst is to be found in the design and detail ofLimpopo’s provincial Growth and Development Strategy. This huge planfor the betterment of everyone in the province is throwing up trainingand research needs that the University is well placed to serve. Indeed, it is also throwing up opportunities for enriching and broadening thealready significant intellectual capital existing at Turfloop.

Four areas in particular have received special attention in this issue.The first is the establishment, via provincial funding and Canadianexpertise, of a centre of excellence for the appraisal of capital projects.The second is the continuing work on the establishment of a school ofmining at Turfloop. The third is the probability of establishing a chair of transportation in the School of Economics and Management. Thefourth is the need to create within the University’s already powerful agglomeration of agricultural expertise a chair of rural development. All these developments are arising out of the synergies that are strengthening between town and gown – in other words, between provincial government and the University.

Also in this edition is the story of Turfloop’s first ever Fulbright scholar,a political scientist who was once a civil rights activist in America, andwho has some sobering ideas concerning the academic brain drain intolucrative government positions for young black political scientists.

Finally, L i m p o p o L e a d e r invites you to consider this question: when last did you go to bed hungry? Then read about a major nutritional survey that will provide health and welfare planners with a comprehensive database of child nutrition and health; and also, for the first time, some inkling of the nutritional status of women of child-bearing age.

P A G E 2

IT IS OFTEN SAID THAT LIMPOPO IS SOUTH AFRICA’S GATEWAY TOTHE REST OF AFRICA. It’s certainly true that the province borders directlyonto Botswana in the west, Zimbabwe in the north, and Mozambique inthe east. But what does this actually mean for Limpopo, and particularlyfor the University that bears the provincial name? What linkages existbetween Turfloop and MEDUNSA on one side, and on the other theSADC countries to the north? The next issue of L i m p o p o L e a d e rwill be essential reading for all those interested in the network of inter-relationships developing at the southern end of our continent.

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c o v e r p i c t u r e :George Mulala – South Photographs: Bicycles are one of the pilotprojects of Limpopo’s Department of Transport. See page 15

p a g e 4 :The whys and wherefores of the third stream. The old perception thatfinancial inputs from the state and from student fees must balance auniversity’s books is giving way to the newer idea that universitiesshould generate much more of their own income.

p a g e 8 :Limpopo’s growth and development strategy. A major source of thirdstream income?

p a g e 1 1 :The University response to provincial growth and development.Getting those University hands dirty as a full partner.

p a g e 1 2 :Laying the foundations of win-win partnerships.

p a g e 1 5 :Going places together. Synergies in the field of transportation.

p a g e 1 9 :Working for Polokwane and Capricorn. An example of how thirdstream income is earned.

p a g e 2 0 :Appraising those capital projects. In a province committed togrowth, capital projects will remain the order of the day for years tocome.

p a g e 2 3 :An irresistible argument for rural development. Agricultural extension cannot be separated from the broader idea of rural development in one of SA’s driest and poorest provinces.

p a g e 2 8 :What are our children eating? Do any of your children ever go tobed hungry because there is not enough money to buy food?

p a g e 3 1 :New ideas in political science. The first Fulbright scholar to Turfloop.

IN THIS ISSUE

P A G E 4P A G E 4

COVER STORY

tTHE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSITYOF LIMPOPO IS INEXTRICABLYBOUND UP WITH MONEY. Is thisstating the obvious? Not if werecognise the imperatives for aradical shift away from the oldperception that in the case ofhigher education ‘the state shouldor must or will provide’.

The imperatives for the radicalshift are well understood by senior financial management atTurfloop campus. Listen to a quote from the Turfloop campus2005 budget overview, written by Herman Rhode who has beenExecutive Manager of theUniversity of the North since2001. ‘The new budget approachshould be to move from a significant dependency on statesubsidy to a budgetary model thatmixes state subsidy with anincreasing self-financing model.’

But why make this move? Thereare several salient reasons.

The first is simply that in adeveloping country like SouthAfrica, particularly one that hasendured the distortions ofapartheid, the national educationbudget needs to concentrate onthe primary and secondary levelsto establish a solid base uponwhich tertiary education and itsrole in economically relevanthuman resource development canbe built.

Focus on university financing:THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OFTHE THIRD STREAM

Herman Rhode has been involved onthe Turfloop campus since 2001. TheUniversity of the North, by early2001, was about to collapse finan-cially, but under his guidance, it is oneof the few previously disadvantagedinstitutions (created under apartheid)to emerge with a break-even budget.Rhode (now 48) is currently the InterimVice Principal (Finance). He was bornin Cape Town, obtaining his firstdegree from the University of theWestern Cape, and his B.ComHonours in Financial Management atthe University of Cape Town in 1999.He is registered as a general accountantwith the South African Institute ofChartered Accountants, and he’s aFellow of the South African Institute ofChartered Company Secretaries.Rhode has also attended a manage-ment development programme at theuniversities of Oxford and Warwick inthe United Kingdom, and spent time inCannes (France) on an internationalfinance officers programme. He wasappointed Director of Finance at theUniversity of the Western Cape in1992, and worked for several yearsas a consultant in the late 1990s andearly 2000s. During this time hebecame involved with the SouthAfrican Universities Vice-ChancellorsAssociation (SAUVCA), Department ofEducation Higher Education Branchand the Council on Higher Education(CHE).

P A G E 5

The government makes nobones about this. The draftFunding Framework released in2002 by the national Departmentof Education argues that the stateshould be viewed these days asthe higher-education ‘funder oflast resort’ and, according toRhode, that the state will use itsfunding as ‘a strategic lever toachieve national planning andpolicy priorities’. In other words,state funding will increasingly beused to achieve the kind of resultsthat chime with the state’s economic and developmentalaims.

So blanket state subsidies asthe first stream of funding areessentially under pressure andreducing, and constitute anotherreason why self-financing is anincreasing necessity for institutionsinterested in financial stability andacademic excellence.

But self-financing should neverbe mistaken for a euphemism forhandouts from other quarters.Indeed, it is a model thatemanates from an overarchinghigher education policy that usesshrinking state subsidies to forceuniversities into deliberate relationships with their geographic and social environments.

The second stream of fundingderives from student fees. The

recent student activity on campusesover tuition fee increases andadvance payments, plus theimpact of the mergers, will forcethe University to be sensitive withany future fee increases. Thesedevelopments have led to a taskteam from the Department ofEducation and Treasury investigating the funding of higher education institutions.

During the 1980s and 1990sthis second stream was often seriously disrupted by non-paymentand also by unsatisfactory university policies on such issuesas readmission. Those were thebad old days for South Africanuniversities and technikons, andone of the worst hit was theUniversity of the North (nowmerged into the new University ofLimpopo). In an academic paper,Funding Challenges for a SouthAfrican University, Rhode and co-author Kirti Menon explainhow UNIN had been ‘traditionallyreferred to as the radical university, providing educationand political training to the current political leadership (and)it was only a matter of timebefore the university wouldbecome one of the melting pots of large-scale political and socialdissension.’ Despite this, andmaybe because of this history, the University has made a huge

Herman Rhode

P A G E 6

certain of its more pressing operational needs. As an example, a Donate a text book to the library could be funded byalumni. Every alumnus wouldreceive a list of current prescribedbooks in their own field of study,and be asked to contribute. Thename of the alumnus, with anacknowledgement, would beinserted into the books so purchased.’

Rhode continues, ‘Anotherexample would be for alumni tocontribute a minimum monthlyamount of R250 for 12 months. In the current budget an amountof R4-million is set aside forlibrary books and periodicals. If only 1 300 alumni could be persuaded to participate, and ifthe university invested thesemonthly contributions at a compound interest rate factor of 8 per cent per annum, then thisline item on our budget would bemore than covered. Indeed, thelong-term net effect of suchschemes and the new fundingmindset that their success wouldimply is that the new institutionwould soon have balanced budgets and surplus cash.’

Indeed, Rhode believes thatthe third stream percentageshould rise as soon as possiblefrom the current 10 per cent to atleast 25 per cent of the annualbudget. This will reduce thedependency on state subsidy by 5 per cent and reduce the contribution from tuition feeincome from 35 per cent to 25 per cent of total income.

So let’s look at the contributions of first and secondstream funding to the overallTurfloop campus budget for2005:• First Stream (state subsidy):

R164-million or 55 per cent oftotal budget

• Second Stream (student fees):R104-million. Here’s anotherastonishment: most of the 12 500 students enrolled forthe 2005 academic year hadpaid their registration and outstanding fees by mid-February or had made satisfactory arrangements topay their outstanding fees. This income accounts for 35per cent of the total budget.‘This shows a huge commitmentfrom parents,’ Rhode remarks,‘who are now perceiving thatthere’s a future at Turfloopworth investing in.’

That leaves another 10 per centor R30-million to be foundthrough the category known asthe Third Stream. Through thisstream comes income from allother sources, most notablythrough fee-for-service teachingand research partnerships withprovincial and local governments,and of course the corporate sector. In addition, though, support from the University’s alumni constituency could make asignificant difference.

Says Rhode: ‘The Universitywill have to develop the currentbase of alumni and supporters asa stream of income to address

contribution towards creating ournew democracy.

‘The period between 1998and 2001 was particularly turbulent as the university teeteredon the brink of financial collapse.The institution slid into chaos. In2000, the Minister of Educationrequested an independent assessor’s report (which) listed“burning issues” and added that“the institution had been reducedto the level of a bad comedy.”’

The situation in 2001 (whenUNIN was placed under the careof an administrator) can besummed up as follows. TheUniversity employed three timesas many support staff (1 200) asthey did academic staff (450); itwas R70-million in the red; andstudent numbers had declinedfrom around 15 000 in 1994 tojust over 6 000 in 2001.

Now compare the current(early 2005) situation. The authority of the University Councilhas been re-established. Staffnumbers have been trimmed from1 600 to 990 (420 academicsand 570 support staff). Studentnumbers have risen again to 12 500 on the Turfloop campus,and that excludes the approximately4 000 currently enrolled on theMEDUNSA campus of the newUniversity of Limpopo). But mostastonishing of all: that bruisingdeficit has been turned into abreak-even budget for 2005. And all this has been achievedwith less than an 8% increase instate subsidy between 2001 and2004.

THE WHYS AND WHEREFORES OF THE THIRD STREAM

P A G E 7

Research is an importantavenue to explore for third streamincome. ‘But we need to be realistic,’ he says. ‘We don’t have to try to be another WITS.We need to concentrate on whatwe’ve got, on what we’re alreadydoing. There’s huge scope. Butwe need a mindset change in the University’s management, students, and especially its academic staff.’

This need is forcefully broughtout in a proposal for Enterpriseand EntrepreneurshipDevelopment at UNIN that Rhodeasked the University of Twente inThe Netherlands to put together in 2003.

‘The University’s development,’says the proposal, ‘can bedescribed as suffering from adegree of detachment from itssocio-economic environment. Thisdeficiency is partly due to UNINstaff’s hesitancy in seeking andexploiting external linkages. Thissituation cannot be changed onlyby top-down strategies and plansfor institutional development.These must be matched by a complementary development ofstaff ideas, competencies andmotivations for a more proactiveand enterprising approach toengagement with the externalenvironment.’

The proposal goes on to definespecific objectives for various sectors and functions within theUniversity:• For institutional management:

To establish an internal institutional environment that

stimulates sustainable and enterprising staff and student initiatives.

• For academic staff: To enhancethe entrepreneurial capacitiesof staff to identify potentialcommercial products, identifymarket opportunities for academic products to theprovince, local municipalitiesand private sector and com-mercialise academic products.

• For curriculum development: To develop student competencies in respect ofactive learning and gainingexperience for finding a jobfor income, finding a careerjob, adding value to a job,and starting a business.

‘All this behind-the-scenes activity,’ Rhode says, ‘is designedto assist the institution in its newmerged guise of University ofLimpopo. We’re moving towardsa self-financing model. TheTurfloop campus went through arestructuring process in 2001/2when the old 69 departmentswere reduced to three facultiesand 11 schools. Now in 2005we’re into our merger and consolidation phase. The growthof our third stream income is acrucial component. An essential in this phase is the challenge toobtain the necessary resourcesfrom government to give effect tothe idea of creating this universityas a ‘flagship’ African university.’

Rhode made reference toLimpopo province’s growth anddevelopment strategy that had

emerged from a summit held lastOctober. ‘There are emphases inthe strategy that we should takenote of. In fact, in severalinstances, we have alreadyresponded. We should run withthis strategy, and particularly thethree main legs upon which itrests. They are mining, tourismand agriculture. It will be withinthese spheres that improvementsto the third stream will be found.’

P A G E 8

jJOSEPH MATSOGOLAPAMAMABOLO FILLS HIS CLUTTERED OFFICE WITH ANOBVIOUS ENTHUSIASM FOR HISJOB. He’s the Senior Manager ofPlanning Co-ordination inLimpopo’s Office of the Premier;and he’s the man who thinks, eatsand sleeps the province’s Growthand Development Strategy.

He leans forward to say: ‘TheStrategy adopted at a summitheld on 15 October 2004 is aculmination of discussions with all

stakeholders. Several sector summits were held earlier in theyear. The whole point of the exercise is to move towards thedream of sustainable and integrated development througheconomic growth and deliberatemeasures aimed at improving thelives of our citizens.’

He passes the Strategy document across his desk: 60 pages of facts and figures, of concrete objectives, implementation plans and all

A major source for the Third Stream?LIMPOPO’S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

P A G E 9

the rest of it. On the cover is thefundamental strategic principle:‘Development is about people.’

Mamabolo nods. ‘Our vision isof a peaceful, prosperous, united,dynamic and transformedprovince. And to get there weneed to stimulate, promote andsustain an environment that is conducive to economic development,social justice and improved quality of life. Actually, the qualityof life aspect stands squarely atthe centre. It’s where we startedour deliberations as we began to hammer out the Strategy’s objectives.’

Mamabolo listed the threemost important objectives of theGrowth and Development Strategyfor Limpopo as being to:• I m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y o f

l i f e . This is now the centralprinciple of development allover the world. It has beenfound that developmentendeavours of even the mostelaborate and technical kinddon’t succeed unless they are‘people centred’. The emphasison people is what has broughtthe possibility of ‘sustainability’to development.

• G r o w t h e e c o n o m y .This is the fundamental prerequisite for improving the quality of life. In fact, improving people’s life

Joseph Mamabolo

PROVINCIAL PROFILE:WHAT’S NEEDED INLIMPOPO

• Redirect the current povertyalleviation and eradicationinterventions to target incomegeneration and job creation.

• Develop micro, small andmedium enterprises, with a special emphasis on manufacturing.

• Absorb more youth andwomen into new jobs.

• Increase investment in job creation to R485 million a year.

• Improve service delivery ratingfrom 34% to 80% by 2009.

• Reduce the level of illiteracy byhalf by 2014.

• Implement a comprehensiveHIV/AIDS programme in allhealth facilities by 2009.

• Extend transport services towithin 2 km of all provincialresidents.

• Bring household water to within 200 metres of all residents.

• Address backlog of classrooms as a matter ofurgency.

• Facilitate infrastructure provision in support of eco-nomic development (buildingof dams, rail links etc).

PROVINCIAL PROFILE:LIMPOPO IN BRIEF

• Territory: 123 910 km2, whichis nearly twice the size ofSierra Leone, and comprisingjust over 10% of South Africa’stotal area.

• Population: Around 5-million(slightly less than SierraLeone’s 5,3-million), and comprising just over 12% ofthe national population.

• Just under 90% of Limpopo’spopulation live in rural areas.

• Around 45% of economicallyactive people are unemployedwith no apparent cash income.

• The public sector is the largestprovider of employment.

• There is an under-supply ofschool facilities.

• The province is characterisedby under-developed electricitysupply and telecommunications,and inadequate water supplyand sanitation.

• More than 17% of the sexuallyactive population are HIV positive.

• The province has opportunitiesin mining, agriculture andtourism.

P A G E 1 0

A major source for the Third Stream?LIMPOPO’S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

via the creation of seven ‘development clusters’ that followthe value-chain approach adoptedin the Growth and DevelopmentSummit last year. The clusters willbe used to create jobs, to raiseinternational competitiveness, toraise the investment rating of theprovince, to combine public andprivate sector contributions todevelopment, and to align andgroup the various interventions forgreater impact. The clusters are:• Platinum mining cluster on the

Dilokong Corridor inSekhukhuneland and Mokopane

• Coal mining and petrochemicalcluster in the Waterberg district

• Fruit and vegetable cluster inVhembe, Mopani and Bohlabela

• Logistics cluster in Polokwane• Red and white meat cluster

throughout the province• Eight tourism sub-clusters at a

number of high-potential destinations

• Forestry cluster in the Mopaniand Vhembe districts.‘These clusters,’ explains

Mamabolo, ‘are critical massesthat are spatially concentratedand of unusual competitive poten-tial in a particular field. They arelinked into the IntegratedDevelopment Plans (IDPs) of localauthorities, and they encompassan array of linked industries, fromsuppliers and providers of infrastructure to downstream activ-ities and service organisations. They will alsoinclude training, research andgovernmental institutions.’

An obvious question arises

chances is impossible withoutwide access to an economythat offers real opportunities toa great many people. It didnot take the authorities long toidentify the three mainstays uponwhich the Limpopo economy currently stood. They were:(i) Tour i sm. The attractivenessof Limpopo is being enhancedby the northern reaches of theKruger National Park. Of particular significance is theprovince’s control of the mainaccess routes to the hugeTrans-Frontier Park thatincludes some of the wildestcorners of Mozambique andZimbabwe within its borders.(ii) Min ing. The mineralwealth in Limpopo means thatthe province can compete onthe international stage. Platinumconstitutes the real strength ofthis sector, with 75% of worldproduction already beingundertaken in Limpopo andNorth West provinces. Coal,diamonds, copper and vermiculite add versatility tothe powerful mining sector.(iii) Agr icu l t u re . Food production is enhanced bydownstream food processingopportunities. But the potentialneeds to be weighed againstexisting support infrastructuresuch as transport and water,and also in relation to the job-creation coefficient of R1-million = 50 jobs in agriculture as against R1-million in mining = 3 to 4 jobs.

• R a i s e t h e e f f i c i e n c yo f t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e .It is accepted as a fundamentalprinciple that unnecessary redtape and general inefficiencycan stifle the best-laid growthand development plans. Permitapplications, business licensingprocedures need to be speededup. ‘Namibia is already quicker than we are,’ saysMamabolo. ‘And Mozambiqueis the quickest of all. We needto become competitive withthese countries. Efficient andinnovative service delivery iscrucial.’

Mamabolo (38) was born inLimpopo province, inMselaphaleng, a village not farfrom the Turfloop campus, andwent to school in Seshego. Hehas a B.Com degree from WITSand UNISA, and is currently completing a DevelopmentMaster’s through WITS. He bringsall this expertise – including academic and work-related excursions to Canada, theNetherlands and Japan – to thetask of managing the Growth andDevelopment Strategy (LGDS) forLimpopo province.

‘The life of the LGDS will takeus to 2014,’ he says. ‘This alignsour province with the nationaleffort of reducing both povertyand unemployment by at least50% by that date.’

In practice, Mamaboloexplains, the three mainstays ofthe Strategy – mining, agricultureand tourism – will be supported

from these references to trainingand research.

Mamabolo is immediatelyenthusiastic. ‘The university, yes.Absolutely! It has a huge role toplay in growth and development.The university is already doing agreat deal. Nevertheless, wewould welcome a meeting withsenior university management to outline our strategy to them.’

But the strongest indication of

the synergies to be got betweenLimpopo province and LimpopoUniversity – and the imperativesof vigorously exploring them –has been articulated by Limpopo’sPremier, Sello Moloto.

‘There must be a finer correla-tion,’ he asserts, ‘between the jobmarkets in these three sectors (mining, agriculture and tourism)and education. Universities musttrain appropriately. In the past,

our tertiary institutions were con-centrating on the social services:on general administration, onlawyers and teachers. This wasbecause in apartheid times therewas no correlation between state-driven economic development andthe universities. Now, there’s anurgent need for more and specificskills in our key developmentareas – so as to press home our competitive advantages.’

Map of Limpopo

P A G E 1 2

s

P A G E 1 1

‘SINCE TAKING OFFICE AS ACTING VICE-CHANCELLOR IN 2003, ONE OF THE THINGS IHAVE MOST WANTED TO DO WAS TO STEER THEUNIVERSITY AWAY FROM THOSE OLD NOTIONS OFINSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING BEING IVORYTOWERS.’ So says Professor Mahlo Mokgalong, nowthe University of Limpopo’s Interim Vice Chancellor.

‘The University is ideally placed to get its handsdirty in many of the pressing issues that face the developing world. We’re in the middle of a rural hinterland. In that sense we’re different from other universities, especially the urban-based ones. In addition, we’re in a rapidly developing region – infact Limpopo province is the fastest growing of allSouth Africa’s provinces – thanks to huge miningpotential, as well as major agricultural and tourismopportunities. We have unique opportunities here.

‘In fact,’ Mokgalong admits, ‘I’ve always had thisdream: that we become one of Africa’s premier universities. Now that the old University of the Northand MEDUNSA have merged, we certainly have therange and expertise to achieve this.’

Mokgalong talks of the core business of theUniversity being teaching and research – and community service. ‘We must never forget that thirdcomponent of our mission,’ he says. ‘Contact with andservice to the communities in which we are situated.This is why we have worked so hard at establishingrelationships with church and traditional leaders in an effort to better understand community needs.’

This idea of partnership and service underlies the University’s relationship with the province. The relationship is still being defined – understandably so– because before 1994 no such relationship existed.Both parties have had to feel their way. But it’s a verydifferent story today. As Mokgalong insists: ‘Now thatthe Growth and Development Strategy is in placethere will be a significant integration of effort betweenthe University and the provincial authorities.’

THE UNIVERSITY RESPONSE TO PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Professor Mahlo Mokgalong

And it’s not simply a matter of the University doingits duty – although this looms large in Mokgalong’sthinking. ‘By providing appropriate teaching andresearch we will be helping the growth and development effort in our own region,’ he says. ‘This is what is expected of us, this relevance to theneeds of the socio-economic environment in which we operate. We will be doing what is expected of us,and we will be able to look back on our achievementswith pride.

‘If that was all, it would be quite a lot. But to pursue all three components of our mission – particularly in partnership with the provincial government on its Growth and Development Strategy –will also open huge opportunities for tapping into newsources of third stream income.

’These opportunities are already being taken; others are there for the taking. In the pages that follow, we examine how the new merged University isfinding ways to make money out of its support for theprovince while at the same time advancing towardsMokgalong’s dream of becoming a major intellectualresource not only for Limpopo, but for Africa and theentire developing world as well.

P A G E 1 3

aAPART FROM THE THREE MAINPREOCCUPATIONS OF THELIMPOPO GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT STRATEGY – MINING, AGRICULTURE ANDTOURISM – THERE ARE OBVIOUSSUPPORTING SERVICES THATREQUIRE SPECIAL ATTENTION.They are: transportation, waterand sanitation provision, and theability to evaluate capital projects– especially the larger ones likeroads, bridges, dams, water andsewage reticulation schemes,schools, and so on – upon whichthe process of growth and development is often contingent.

So simply at a first glance, theprovincial Growth andDevelopment Strategy is providingreal opportunities for theUniversity for partnerships andthird-stream income in six areas ofacademic activity. These are:• M i n i n g : Through the

University’s School of Physicaland Mineral Sciences.

• A g r i c u l t u r e : Through theUniversity’s School ofAgricultural and EnvironmentalSciences. (See the article thatbegins on page 23)

• To u r i s m : A possibility existsfor the introduction of tourismmanagement as a subject inthe existing Bachelor of PublicAdministration degree withinthe School of Economics andManagement.

• T r a n s p o r t a t i o n : A transport managementdegree course was introducedat the beginning of the year inthe School of Economics andManagement. (See the articlethat begins on page 15)

• W a t e r p r o v i s i o n :Through the independentNational Community Waterand Sanitation TrainingInstitute (NCWSTI) housed onthe University’s Turfloop campus.

• A p p r a i s a l o f C a p i t a lP r o j e c t s : A ‘centre of excellence’ in this importantsphere is currently beinginstalled at the University’sTurfloop Graduate School ofLeadership. (See the articlethat begins on page 20)

The on-campus activities thatrelate to mining and to water provision have been documentedin recent issues of L i m p o p oL e a d e r . However, it is worthbriefly summarising the workgoing on in terms of development-related activities in the School ofPhysical and Mineral Sciencesand the NCWSTI.

On the mining front, the situation is as follows: in 2000 a study examined the feasibility of setting up a School of Miningat the University. The study wasstrongly supported by the

LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF WIN-WIN PARTNERSHIPS

provincial government; and themain finding was that such aschool should definitely be established. A Mining CertificateCourse got underway in 2002. To date, over 300 students havegraduated from the month-longcourse. In the pipeline are moreadvanced courses and a full BScMining degree, designed atTurfloop and already passed bythe Council for Higher Education.Collaborations with other mining-focused universities in Canadaand Zimbabwe, plus a powerfulresearch component at Turfloop,provide important support for the

P A G E 1 4

establishment of a School ofMining at the University ofLimpopo.

‘The problem,’ says ProfessorNftali Mollel, acting ExecutiveDean of the Faculty of Sciences,Health and Agriculture, ‘is that we need a dedicated academic to head up the school. Ultimately,we’ll need a chair of mining. We even have a person in mindto fill this position. But who willfund it?’

Earlier this year, Mollel andother senior staff from the Schoolof Physical and Mineral Sciencesmet with senior University management. ‘I am convincedthat the University will give us thegreen light,’ says Mollel, ‘and weare hopeful that the government isalso ready to support us.’

(See L i m p o p o L e a d e r2 : S u m m e r 2 0 0 4 for fullercoverage of the University’sinvolvement in mining in Limpopo.)

On the water side, the NCWSTI is recognised as theleading community water and sanitation training agency inSouth Africa. Between 2000 and2004 the institute trained morethan 4 000 students (drawn largely from local authorities inLimpopo province – and elsewhere in the country) at various National QualificationFramework levels, nearly 450 ofwhom are at BSc degree level.The influence of NCWSTI onwater services delivery is significant, particularly in thedevelopmental context.

Says Dr Abbas Shaker,NCWSTI’s Chief ExecutiveOfficer: ‘Recently we’ve beenappointed by the national

Department of Water Affairs andForestry as the implementingagent for gender mainstreamingin the country’s water deliveryservices. This programme addresses not only gender quotas,but also mainly institutional issues– procedural and those relating tohuman resources and the changing of traditional mindsets.’

Preparations are currentlyunderway by the NCWSTI for theintroduction in 2006 of uniqueHonours and Master’s degree programmes in the field of themanagement of municipal waterservices. Such expertise – and theaccompanying research capacity– will be crucial in the context ofLimpopo’s Growth andDevelopment Strategy.

(See L i m p o p o L e a d e r 1 :A u g u s t 2 0 0 4 for a fuller cover-age of the work of the NCWSTI.)

This leaves for us still toexplore the partnerships that theUniversity is forging with theProvincial authorities in the fieldsof agriculture and transportationand the appraisal of capital projects. Tourism will be dealtwith more fully in Limpopo Leader5, due out in August 2005. Forthe rest, read on ...

(Reference has been made tomaterial published in earlierissues of L i m p o p o L e a d e r .Why not subscribe? If you quotethe name of the article you’ve justread, we’ll send you a completeset of back numbers so you canbuild from scratch your collectionof these important magazines.This offer is subject to availability.See subscription details on page 1.)

LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF WIN-WIN PARTNERSHIPS

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Transportation: GOING PLACES TOGETHER

P A G E 1 6

nTransportation: GOING PLACES TOGETHER

NOBODY WOULD DISAGREETHAT EFFECTIVE GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESCOULDN’T GET OFF THEGROUND WITHOUT EFFECTIVETRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS.This much is universally understood. What is less wellknown is what these systems looklike on the ground.

Certainly, rail and air transportsystems are important – especiallywhen thinking in terms of large-scale investment in mining, agriculture, and manufacturing.But in rural settings, road transportation is even more important. And we shouldn’t thinkonly in terms of lorries and taxisand luxury buses full of tourists.There are 4.5-million ruraldwellers out there in the Limpopocountryside who, after all, formthe bulk of the target for the quality-of-life improvements that underlie the Province’s Growthand Development Strategy. Whatare their transportation needs?Such a question leads us straightinto the world of ‘non-motorisedtransport’.

Talk to Phuti Mabelebele, senior communications managerat Limpopo’s Department ofTransport, and she’ll provide allthe detail you need of this fascinating world. Actually,L i m p o p o L e a d e r went tosee her about the partnershipbeing established between herdepartment and the University.She knows a lot about that partnership as well – and we’llget to that. But the work that the

Phuti Mabelebele

Department of Transport is doingin the field of non-motorised transport is too fascinating toignore. And almost certainly itcould have a significant bearingon the University partnership as itdevelops.

‘We have two non-motorisedpilots going right now,’ saysMabelebele. ‘One is our bicycleproject, the other is our animal-drawn cart project – and both aretaking place in the Waterberg district.’

Take the bicycle project first. It was launched last October. The incentive to place it in theWaterberg, says Mabelebele, wasbecause the district is dominatedby farm schools to which learnersmust walk long distances. The district is also characterised byhigh numbers of pedestriandeaths, not least among childrenwalking to school. So the projectseeks to minimise the risk andalso the length of time requiredfor pupils to get to and fromschool.

‘The pilot consists of a consolidation of the routes,’explains Mabelebele. ‘We haveprovided around 100 bicycles topupils who ride on the footpathsfrom their various villages to“bicycle stations”, from whichthey are taken by subsidised taxior bus – with special training forthe drivers – to the variousschools. The bicycle stations arecountry shops and trading storeswhere the bicycles are locked upfor the day, to be collected by thepupils on their way home.’

But the pilot is doing muchmore than getting children off theverges of country roads in theearly mornings, Mabelebeleexplains. ‘We are going all out toresuscitate the concept of bicycleshops where bikes can be supplied, repaired and maintained. To consolidate thebicycle shops into the bicycle stations is what we’re aiming for.Our MEC has also been overseasto investigate the possibility ofbringing a bicycle assembly plantto Limpopo with a view to sellingat subsidised prices to school-going users.’

How’s that for growth anddevelopment? Job creation atplant and repair shop level whileat the same time improving thequality of life for school learnersand reducing the number ofpedestrian deaths.

The animal-drawn cart projectdeals with a fundamental ruralreality. Such carts are widely used for the transportation of people and goods, as well as fundamentals like firewood andwater. The downside is that thesecarts are a major factor in roadaccidents – largely due to poorvisibility. Motorists often don’t seethese vehicles before it’s too late.

Mabelebele says: ‘So our pilotconsists of various elements thatare all based on the compulsorybut free registration of animal-drawn carts. Carts are then issuedwith ADC (animal-drawn cart)numberplates, and at the sametime with high-visibility reflectorsfor carts – and for the animals

P A G E 1 7

that pull them. We’ve also takenthe opportunity of upgrading onanimal care. Working with theNSPCA, we’ve established minimumstandards for harness and are trying out an arrangement thatprotects the animals from the sun.’

It doesn’t take much imagination to see the possibilitiesfor academic research – not tomention the fee for service opportunities – in and aroundsuch pilot programmes. Indeed,the pilot programmes force theattention towards the partnershipthat has already been establishedbetween the Department ofTransport and the University ofLimpopo.

‘When the provincial government launched the Growthand Development Strategy for theprovince,’ says Mabelebele, herself a graduate of theUniversity at Turfloop, ‘a greatdeal was made of the need forskills and human resources development. The Department ofTransport, as one of the essentialservices to growth and development, certainly recognisedthis – so much so that humanresources development emergedas a priority from theTransportation Summit convenedin 2003.’

What was recognised as thegreatest need was comprehensivemanagerial expertise with a special emphasis on transport.

‘We wanted a degree coursethat provided this, so we askedthe CSIR to design one and weasked the University of the North

Transportation: GOING PLACES TOGETHER

P A G E 1 8

(now Limpopo) to teach it. Theresult is a course of six modulesthat provides specialised transportation knowledge, andthat enhances the status of everyone in transport management.’

Mabelebele says that the target market for the new degreeincludes ‘our own pool of officialscurrently without special qualifications’. Previously thesepeople had been sent away forspecialist training, a process thatinterfered with service delivery.‘I’m talking here about traffic officers, administrators, super-visors and management. Now wehave the source of the necessaryexpertise on our doorstep in ourown provincial university.’ Indeed,20 departmental officials arealready studying part time atEdupark, as are 25 students fromelsewhere.

But the real target market forthe specialised degree course isyoung people who want to workin transportation. In fact, theDepartment of Transport hasmade available full bursaries forfive intakes of 50 students each inreturn for a three year employment commitment to theDepartment.

This partnership between theprovincial Transport departmentand the University, which includesthe part-time and the full-time students, is worth more than R17-million to the University overthe next seven years.

Professor Andre de Villiers,Director of the School ofEconomics and Management,reports that all 50 TransportDepartment bursary holders whobegan their studies at the beginning of 2005 have matricmathematics – a major advantage. A further 20 self-financing students also joinedthe course.

‘The transport specialisationhas been added to our regularBachelor of Administrationdegree, originally designed toempower councillors and officialsat local government level, so thatthe transportation students willgraduate with a B.Admin (transport management) degreeafter their three years of study,’De Villiers explains.

Should the next step for theUniversity be to establish a transportation chair?

De Villiers: ‘I would say thatwe should test the water this year.Is the new transport emphasis

useful? Is it what the Departmentwants? After that, the next stepshould be to design a fully-fledged transport degree. A chairwould then become a necessity.After that, Honours and Master’scourses can be designed, and thedoor to post-graduate researchwill be pushed wide open.’

So one returns to the bicycleand non-motorised transport pilotswithin the Department ofTransport. The opportunities forserious research beckon. Thenthere’s the Department’s TrafficTraining College in Polokwanethat currently trains traffic officersnot only for Limpopo province,but also for various local authorities in KwaZulu-Natal andMpumalanga, as well as studentsfrom Swaziland andMozambique. The teaching,research and consultancy synergies with a university chairof transport are obvious.

In the words of PhutiMabelebele: ‘The opportunitiesfor further cooperation betweenthe Department and the Universityare huge. It’s our university. Wewant to use it. We want to see itbecome a real centre of excellence in the transportationfield.’

Professor André de Villiers

t

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TRANSPORTATION ISN’T THEONLY ARENA IN WHICH THEUNIVERSITY OF LIMPOPO’SSCHOOL OF ECONOMICS ANDMANAGEMENT IS ACTIVELYWORKING WITH EXTERNALAGENCIES TO BRING THIRD-STREAM INCOME INTO THEUNIVERSITY’S COFFERS.

The School has already undertaken a baseline study forthe Polokwane local authority. Last year, they tendered to do asimilar study for the CapricornDistrict Municipality with its fivelocal municipalities. They won thetender: work started in Septemberand was completed in March,right on schedule.

Professor de Villiers, Directorof the School of Economics andManagement, explains the reasoning behind the studies.‘Before 1994, the Pietersburgmunicipality looked after theneeds of 45 000 townspeople.These days, the Polokwane municipalilty has a responsibilitythat is 12 times that size. Theirproblem: they simply didn’t havethe data to do effective planningto fulfil their IDP requirements. To complicate matters further, themunicipal area comprises bothurban and rural areas, each withtheir own distinctive needs.’

So the baseline study starts offwith a demographic profile thatprovides information on numbers,levels of income, housing arrangements, educational levels,

and so on. From there it moves onto establishing existing levels ofmunicipal services, particularneeds, and also people’s abilityto pay for those needs.

‘The work entails an extensivedoor-to-door survey that makesuse of a specifically designedquestionnaire,’ says De Villiers.‘For the Capricorn study, we’reusing 93 students, mostly under-graduate, who after training gointo the field. Of course, they getpaid for their pains. They will bevisiting 70 households each andrecording the answers to all 30questions that are asked on thequestionnaire. In total, that’s over6 500 households.’

Meanwhile, another 13 students will be trained in dataanalysis. They’ll input the resultson the computer and help tocrunch the numbers.

‘But even before we start, weengage with local communities.We talk to the local authorites inthe various areas, as well as tribal leaders, chambers of business, agriculture and healthauthorities – and the local landclaims commissioner. All this liaison provides us with a valuable picture of the districtwe’re working in,’ according toDe Villiers.

The survey team comprises sixacademics: four from Economicsand Management (one of thesebeing De Villiers), one fromAgricultural and Environmental

Sciences, and one fromPsychology (Professor SylvesterMadu). Together, they’re doingthe sort of fee-for-service workthat provides a valuable boost tothe quest for third-stream incomeupon which the future well-beingof the University will in part bebuilt.

In the conclusion to the surveyreport undertaken for thePolokwane Municipality, fivemajor challenges facing localauthorities in post-1994 SouthAfrica – and Polokwane in particular – are listed:• To change from an apartheid

style ‘white enclave’ style ofmunicipality to a much largernon-racial entity

• To provide services (identifiedas basic human rights) to allinhabitants

• To act as a point of deliveryand to coordinate the servicesand inputs of various development agencies

• To involve civil society in theplanning and implementationof development activities

• To actively facilitate socio-economic development – ratherthan simply providing services.

Obviously, this hugely expanded‘job description’ for local and district authorities provides theUniversity with wide-rangingopportunities for productive part-nerships in a significant range ofacademic fields.

An example of how third-stream income is earned:WORKING FOR POLOKWANE AND CAPRICORN

s

P A G E 2 0

SERIOUS OVERSPENDING ON CAPITAL PROJECTS ISA COMMONPLACE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. Thecase of the Scottish Parliament building being erectedin Edinburgh comes to mind. Originally priced ataround R460-million, the cost has spiralled to wellover R4-billion – and it’s not finished yet. Expertappraisal might have prevented some of this nightmarish escalation.

In Limpopo, a province committed to growth anddevelopment, capital projects both large and small willremain the order of the day for years to come. Tocope with the challenges in this sphere, the Universityof Limpopo, supported by a Canadian university, hasentered into a partnership with the provincialDepartment of Finance.

The result will be the development of a ‘Centre ofExcellence for the Appraisal of Capital Projects’. It’llbe situated within the University’s Turfloop GraduateSchool of Leadership (TGSL) that operates out of theEdupark facility on the eastern outskirts of Polokwane.

‘The idea of a centre for capital projects appraisalwas the brainchild of Professor Peter Franks when hewas Executive Dean of the University’s Faculty ofManagement Sciences and Law. There is a real shortage of these skills in the province – and theregion. The provincial Treasury expressed an interestin increasing capacity in this field; and discussionsalso took place with academics from QueensUniversity, Kingston, Ontario, who are experts in thisfield.’

This is Professor Lawrence Buberwa talking. Hewas Director of TGSL before moving into the positionof Acting Executive Dean of the Faculty ofManagement Sciences and Law when Franks was promoted to Interim Campus Principal at Turfloop.

‘By the time I arrived in 1997,’ Buberwa goes on,

A partnership with the provincial Departmentof Finance has already begun

APPRAISING THOSE CAPITAL PROJECTS

P A G E 2 1

‘a Queens professor had already been twice to theUniversity of the North to conduct short courses on thesubject, and the provincial treasury was keen to investmoney in a more permanent arrangement. Inevitably,as TGSL Director, I became closely involved.’

Buberwa set about doing feasibility studies and‘playing around with the figures’ until he had come upwith a workable plan. What’s more, he produced aplan that would virtually guarantee financial sustain-ability for a Centre of Excellence for the Appraisal ofCapital Projects after five years of operation.

This must be music to the ears of everyone interested– and who isn’t? – in third stream income and themedium-term stability of the University of Limpopo.

Here is an outline of Buberwa’s plan:• For five years, the provincial Treasury will provide

the basic funding for the centre.• For five years, Queens University in Canada will

provide a skeleton teaching staff.• For the first two years, two short courses in capital

project appraisal will be held per annum. Thecapacity of each course will be 60 students.

• For the next three years, as local teachers join theCanadians, capacity will be raised to 70 studentsper course and three courses per annum.Thereafter, the courses will each accommodate 80.

• The calculations have been done with 60% atten-dance of courses as break-even point.

‘Our market will begin with people from Limpopo government departments and local authorities,’ saysBuberwa. ‘Then we’ll be expanding our marketing intoneighbouring provinces like North West andMpumalanga. Then into the whole of South Africa.And finally into the southern SADC countries likeZimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland,

Lesotho, Zambia and Namibia.’The project began at the beginning of 2005.By 2006 the Centre will be ready to enroll Master’s

students, probably under the existing ‘developmentdegree’ umbrella, but with a ‘capital project appraisal’speciality focus. The number of post-graduate studentswould grow from an initial 10 – 15 to 30 by 2009when the numbers would stabilise.

‘Obviously,’ Buberwa says, ‘as we build the post-graduate programme so we will begin to build theresearch and consultancy component. Another result ofthe post-graduate programme will be that by 2009,the Canadian staff will be entirely replaced by localpeople. And we’ll be able to pay the sort of salariesthat will prevent them simply from drifting away to thecities.’

In support of this, Buberwa reveals that by 2009,when the Canadians leave and the Treasury fundingends, the Centre of Excellence for the Appraisal ofCapital Projects should be comfortably in the black –thanks to a combination of training, research and fee-for-service consultancy work. ‘Based on conservativefigures, the Centre will have a surplus of around R700 000 by 2009, and this should double to R1,4-million by 2014.

What a return on the original investment of aroundR25-million (R5-million per annum) from the LimpopoDepartment of Finance. They’ll not only have severalhundred trained officials at provincial and local levelto avoid unnecessary waste on capital projects, butthey’ll also have created a major research and consultancy resource – and one that is fundamentallyself-perpetuating – right on their doorstep. That’s realvalue for money. It’s also a classic example of whatcan be achieved by judiciously employed third streamsupport.

Professor Peter Franks

P A G E 2 2

IN ANYBODY’S LANGUAGE,PROFESSOR LAWRENCEBUBERWA IS A FORMIDABLE FIGURE. He’s currently actingDean of the Faculty ofManagement Sciences and Law.But he’s probably best known asthe man who has guided theUniversity’s Turfloop GraduateSchool of Leadership in recentyears. And if his general presenceisn’t convincing enough, try hiscurriculum vitae.

He was born in Tanzania anddid his first degree – a B Com(Honours) – at Kenya’s Universityof Nairobi in 1971. Thereafter hewent to America, ultimately tostudy at the University of Illinois,Champaign-Urbana. By 1975 hehad completed his MBA and fiveyears later he emerged from thatuniversity with a doctorate in business administration. He thenreturned to Tanzania and took upa teaching post in the Faculty ofCommerce at the University ofDar-es-Salaam, finally becomingDean of the Faculty. During the1980s he worked in Lesotho asan economic consultant to thegovernment there. In 1992 hewas offered a post at the

University of Cape Town, butelected to stay on in Lesothowhere he became the UN’s ChiefTechnical Advisor on microcreditat the Bank of Lesotho. Five yearslater, the UN wanted to send himto West Africa. He decided tostay in southern Africa. In fact, hechose South Africa because it wasmulti-racial, it offered goodschools for his three children, and it was relatively inexpensive.That’s how Buberwa (now 56)landed up at the then Universityof the North. ‘It was a wise decision,’ he says now. ‘TheUniversity has been great.’

It was certainly under his directorship that the TurfloopGraduate School of Leadership’sMBA degree came under thescrutiny of the national accreditation drive for suchdegrees. Of the 28 institutionsthat applied to have their MBAsaccredited, 10 were rejected outright, six received full accreditation, and 12 were granted conditional accreditation.The Turfloop Graduate School ofLeadership (TGSL) was one ofthese. ‘The two conditions relatedto research output and equity.

The problem with regard to thelatter was that all our studentswere black.’

The TGSL has recently formeda partnership with the Group of Five parastatals under the leadership of Trade andInvestment Limpopo to assess their training needs and design aseries of short courses to assistwith staff development. The firstcourse on strategic planning wasa resounding success. Now, manyprovincial departments haveapproached the TGSL for similarprogrammes.

‘Like the Centre of Excellencefor the Appraisal of CapitalProjects, the whole of TGSL couldrapidly become self-sufficient. The kind of partnerships that are presenting themselves wouldensure a surplus of several millionrands over operating costs in arelatively short period of time,’Buberwa concludes.

Professor Lawrence Buberwa

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Agricultural sciencesAN IRRESISTIBLE ARGUMENT FORRURAL DEVELOPMENT

P A G E 2 4

the three main economic struts ofits recently established Growthand Development Strategy.

But Limpopo province is largelyunderdeveloped rural land uponwhich 89% of its people still live.Subsistence agriculture is widespread – and it’s frequentlyunsuccessful due to a variety offactors. Witness the 50 000 vulnerable households in Limpopoprovince who receive regularfood parcels coupled with effortsto help them to generate theirown income.

So let’s see what is happeningin the School in response to theserural imperatives. The best placeto begin with this examination iswith Dr Tsakani Ngomane. Sinceearly in 2004, she’s been the senior manager and then generalmanager of Districts, Researchand Extension Services inLimpopo’s Department ofAgriculture.

‘When I started in this position,’ she says, ‘the first thingI realised was that there had beenno in-service training for our agricultural extension officerssince 1994, and also no formaltraining tailored to provide theexpertise necessary to deliver anefficient service. Before approaching the University, however, I went on a tour of theprovince, holding a series ofmeetings with our clients, thefarmers themselves. I listed thecomplaints against our extensionofficers. Then we held an extension summit in Novemberlast year. Every extension officerin the province attended. Therewere hundreds of them. People

said they never knew we had somany. The theme of the conferencewas simple: ‘AgriculturalExtension: on the verge of extinction or distinction?’ Therewe thrashed out the problems and the needs.’

These needs have now beentranslated into special in-servicecourses designed and delivered at the University’s School ofAgricultural and EnvironmentalSciences. Those already in use are:• The management of soils in

semi-arid and semi-tropicalenvironments.

• A plant protection course combining elements of plantproduction and soil science.

• Poultry and small stock production.

• Farm record keeping andbudgeting, with a marketingcomponent added.

The relationship between province and University is definitely on the up, but there’sstill a long way to go.

The University’s Professor PhatuMashela, who occupies the LandBank Chair in Agriculture, says:‘The relationship is too loose. The provincial authorities tend to purchase university services frominstitutions outside the province.For example, in aquaculture theywent to Rhodes in Grahamstown,even though we have a programme here.’

And Abenet Belete, Professorin Agricultural Economics, adds:‘There are as yet no strong linkages between the Universityand the various governmentdepartments in Polokwane.’

tAgricultural sciencesAN IRRESISTIBLE ARGUMENT FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURALAND ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCES AT THE UNIVERSITYOF LIMPOPO ENROLLED NEARLY660 STUDENTS AT THE BEGINNING OF 2005. That’s anincrease of one third over the2004 figure of 450. What’smore, the 220 new intakes in2005 were chosen out of 400applicants; and of the total number of enrolments, more than100 are tackling post-graduatedegrees.

All of this indicates that theSchool must be doing somethingright. What it’s doing is getting togrips with the agricultural realitiesof the deeply rural province inwhich it is situated. It’s doingmore than that. It’s seeing agriculture – particularly agricultural extension – as an integral part of the total rural-development package.

Says Professor Naftali Mollel,acting Executive Dean of theFaculty of Sciences, Health andAgriculture: ‘What we need mosturgently here is a chair of ruraldevelopment.’

Let’s examine this contentionmore closely.

The School currently offerscourses in geography, soil science,plant production, aquaculture,animal production, agriculturaleconomics, and agricultural extension. Looked at from theviewpoint of rural development,the first five programmes all feedinto the agricultural extensionfunction. Commercial agricultureis not neglected, of course, certainly not in a province thatrecognises agriculture as one of

P A G E 2 5

Now listen to Ngomane again.‘We need the University to bemore interactive in research. It would be really great to runresearch programmes fromTurfloop. We are looking forwardto such a relationship. But theUniversity needs to strengthen theessential three-way linkagesbetween themselves, the provinceand the farmers.’

While it seems there is still asense of the province and theUniversity ‘talking past eachother’, it is remarkable how similar are their overall perceptions on the importance of small-scale agriculture in the overall rural development setting.

Ngomane’s background powerfully illustrates this. She wasborn and grew up in Lillydale,Bushbuckridge, a teeming ‘home-land’ area not far from the majortourist attraction of the KrugerNational Park where her fatherwas a truck driver. Her motherwas a toiling small-scale farmer.There were eight children. ‘Myinterest in agriculture,’ she recalls,‘developed simultaneously withmy growing understanding ofpoverty, struggle, and a view ofmy parents trying to eke out a living on land without water.’

Finally, in 2000, after years of dogged pursuit of her dreamsthrough a number of tertiary institutions, and thanks to aFulbright scholarship, Ngomanewent to Penn State University inAmerica. She stayed for fouryears, crowning her remarkableacademic tenacity with a doctorate, cum laude. Her dissertation was on ‘You th c i v i c

engagemen t : t he emergenceo f loca l po l i t i ca l l eadersh ipin Sou th A f r i ca ’. This multidisciplinary dissertation complemented very well hervisionary assertion of youth asfuture custodians of the agricultural economy.

Not too surprisingly, ProfessorMollel also talks lucidly aboutyouth involvement in agricultureand rural development as awhole. ‘Thanks to the past,’ hesays, ‘the youth tend to lookdown on agriculture. They look atthe struggles of their parents, andfor themselves they want something better. It is going to beof crucial importance that theirperceptions change. The need isto make agriculture – a career inthe rural areas – much more interesting.’

One of Mollel’s agriculturalMaster’s students has recentlydone a study of youth attitudes in Limpopo province. The conclusions? That agricultureneeds to be repainted as potentially enriching, an area ofenterprise where people canmake fast money not only throughpoultry and small stock production, but also throughdownstream processing of basicagricultural products.

Mollel: ‘What we are doing atthe moment is to identify somehigh schools where mentoringschemes can be installed. We arehoming in on the agricultureteachers. One of the problems isthat agriculture is seen as a softsubject option. Morale among theteachers is not particularly high.Such perceptions need to be

changed. Teachers need to beshown that agriculture in the vastrural areas of this province will befundamental to any successfulgrowth and development strategy.’

In the United States, Mollelrelates, the highly successful 4H‘stay on the land’ programme hasbeen operating in schools formany years. One result has beenthe popular competitions at agricultural shows where rurallearners of all ages show theiranimals. Agricultural projects chosen by the learners are alsofunded and encouraged.

‘We’re talking to South Africa’sUmsobomvu Youth Fund aboutsomething similar here, particularly with regard to projects identified by the youththemselves. An evaluation willreveal what skills are lacking sothat special training initiatives canbe developed to enhance thechances of the project’s success.There is great potential here.’

Mollel mentions one funderwho is looking for ways forgroups of young people to starttheir own farms. Another funder,currently working with a Turfloopagricultural Master’s student, isworking on the economic agricultural production for localconsumption. The potential synergies between University and

Professor Naftali Mollel

P A G E 2 6

funders – not least the provincialgovernment – seem endless.

The School of Agricultural andEnvironmental Sciences has tendered for the design and delivery of specialised training of rural people in poultry and vegetable farming. The Schoolhas also tendered to do a comprehensive agri-business survey in the province. Projectsthat the School is currently working on include:• The design of teaching

modules to train existing agricultural scientists inresearch methodology – thisfor Dr Ngomane’s provincialdivision of District Researchand Extension Services.

• The development of fish farming,an activity to which some smallfarmers are turning.

• A study on the impact ofHIV/AIDS on labour productivity on farms.

• A signed contract with theNdzalo to undertake researchand community outreach activities in Sekhukhunelandarea – covered by theprovince’s massive RESIS (rehabilitation of smallholderirrigation schemes) project. Thework will involve extensive soilanalysis and crop production,and the establishment of agri-business centres to assistthe smallholders served by thevarious irrigation schemes.

• The successful completion ofthe Olifants River Study that

also examined the viability ofsmall irrigation schemes in oneof South Africa’s driest andpoorest provinces.

• The extensive research workbeing done by post-graduateinterns at the School’s Centrefor Rural CommunityEmpowerment at two sites inparticular. One is at Ga-Mampa, which is irrigated andwhere diversification – intodairy goats and eco-tourism –is being studied via a combination of research andintervention. The other site isat Ga-Mothiba, where dryland agriculture is studied inconjunction with the sustainable management ofsoil, water, vegetation andother natural resources.

The interconnectedness of agriculture and sustainable ruraldevelopment is everywhere plainto see. If we take Dr Ngomane’sassertion that ‘it would be reallygreat to run research programmesfrom Turfloop’ and combine itwith Mollel’s original statementthat ‘what we need most urgentlyhere is a chair of rural development’, we come up with asingle compelling answer.

A chair of rural developmenthoused within the School ofAgricultural and EnvironmentalSciences at Turfloop is as necessary for Limpopo provinceas the next good rains.

Agricultural sciencesAN IRRESISTIBLE ARGUMENT FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Dr Tsakani Ngomane

P A G E 2 7

But it was to be some timebefore her dream was fulfilled.Meanwhile, during her holidaysas a Fort Cox student, she workedas a student extension officer inrural Gazankulu, one of the firstwomen ever to do so. Tribal leadership was suspicious at first,saying: how can we work with agirl? She will disrupt our families.Nevertheless her work in theHoxane area was highly productive. She started women’sgroups. She encouraged vegetable production, food production and income generation. In fact, she hadbegun to practise a simple formof holistic rural development.

In 1988 she realised her higher education dream by beingadmitted to the University ofZululand where a four-yearBachelor of Home EconomicsExtension had just been launched.Wherever she could, she tookextra courses in mainstream agricultural subjects. After obtaining her degree, she stayedon an extra year to complete herHonours.

‘Meanwhile, I had been tryingfor a scholarship to go overseas,’

Ngomane says. ‘Pretoria lost myfiles. So I tried again. I got to theinterview stage. The interviewersasked how I had achieved suchhigh marks with all the late 1980sboycotts going on. I said luckilyuniversities have libraries andthat’s where I spent most of mytime.’

She took her Master’s degreein agricultural extension at theUniversity of the North, thereestablishing a firm relationshipwith Professor Mollel. At the sametime she was appointed a deputymanager in the NorthernProvince’s Department ofAgriculture, Land andEnvironment. Her Master’s thesiswas on small-holder irrigationmanagement. She studiedschemes that had been built inapartheid times but that hadfailed due to lack of technicaltraining and community ownership. Her thesis proposed amodel designed to instil ownership, demarcate responsibility, and maximise theresource through scientific marketing. Ngomane’s model now forms the basis of provincialgovernment policy.

DR TSAKANI NGOMANE DIDHER SECONDARY SCHOOLINGAT GIYANI, THEN THE CAPITALOF THE OLD HOMELAND OFGAZANKULU. ‘I came top of theclass in Grade 12. My motherwanted me to become a nurse;my teachers said I should studymedicine. But there was no moneyfor that, so I worked in the informal sector for a year, learning a lot about rural life ingeneral. This strengthened myneed to study further in agriculture. The Gazankulu government was offering agricultural extension bursaries,and it was through this that I gotinto Fort Cox (an agricultural college in the Eastern Cape).’

Then, in the early 1980s, theauthorities wouldn’t allowNgomane into the mainstreamagricultural courses. She wasobliged to study home economics.But ‘I interacted with the lecturersin agricultural economics and animal husbandry and other agricultural subjects.’ She passedher three year course with distinction in 1986; but whatremained was a passion to studyagriculture at university level.

P A G E 2 8

Rebone Tlandinyane

P A G E 2 9

hencouraging. They showed thatone in ten children between oneand nine years old was underweight, and that just overone in five was stunted. Onceagain, as well, rural children, and particularly those living on commercial farms, were the mostseverely affected.

The 1999 survey also established that the averagedietary intake of children agedone to nine years had only two-thirds of the recommendeddaily allowance (RDA) of energyand nutrients like calcium, iron,zinc, selenium, riboflavin, niacin,folate and vitamins A, B6, D, Cand E. In addition, three out offour households in the countrywere food insecure; and the fivemost commonly eaten foods were:maize, white sugar, tea, wholemilk and brown bread.

The response from theDepartment of Health to theserealities was to introduce amandatory food fortification programme. By late 2002, theregulations had been published inthe Government Gazette. Theseregulations now ensure that allcommercially produced maizemeal, wheat flour and bread arefortified with six vitamins and twominerals at specified levels.

Has this made a difference tothe fortunes of South Africa’s children? To find answers to thisimportant question, the National

Food Consumption Survey –Fortification Baseline (NFCS-FB) –began during the first quarter of2005. The Survey was onceagain funded by UNICEF and isbeing conducted by a consortiumof universities and the MedicalResearch Council, directed byProfessor Demetre Labadorios atthe University of Stellenbosch.

Responsibility for the Limpopoprovincial segment of the NFCS-FB was given to the Schoolof Health Sciences on the Turfloopcampus of the University ofLimpopo, or more specifically toRebone Tlandinyane, a lecturer inCommunity Nutrition.

‘Is the fortification programmemaking a difference and if sowhere and to what extent? That’sthe fundamental question underlying the Survey,’Tlandinyane says. ‘It’s aimed intotwo crucially important segmentsof the population: children agedbetween 1 and 9 years; andwomen aged between 16 and 35.’

Tlandinyane explains that byusing the 2001 census maps, 22enumerated areas had been randomly selected in Limpopoprovince: 18 rural, one commercialfarming, two urban formal andone urban informal – in line withthe definition of areas for theSurvey as a whole, while at thesame time ensuring that the number of areas accuratelyreflects the situation in the largely

HERE’S SOME FOOD FORTHOUGHT.

According to a study undertakenby the South African Vitamin AConsultative Group in 1994:• One in four South African

children aged six to 71 monthswas stunted.

• One in ten was underweight.• One in three had a poor

vitamin A status, a conditionassociated with impaired resistance to infection,decreased physical growth andincreased childhood mortality.

• One in ten was iron depleted.• One in 20 had iron-deficiency

anaemia, the consequences ofwhich include increased susceptibility to infections,increased tiredness, poor physical growth, reduced workand mental capacity, andretardation of psychomotordevelopment.

• Children living in rural areasand whose mothers had lowlevels of formal education werethe most disadvantaged.

This was the first ever nutritionalsurvey conducted across thewhole country, and the resultsoffered a bleak insight into whatSouth African children were noteating.

Five years later (in 1999) theNational Food ConsumptionSurvey was undertaken. Onceagain the results were hardly

Another national nutrition survey will help toanswer this question in Limpopo province:

WHAT ARE OUR CHILDREN EATING?

P A G E 3 0

rural Limpopo population. To givean idea of total numbers ofrespondents, the Survey will penetrate around 264 householdsin the Province, giving a total ofover 500 children and women.

‘The survey consists of a set ofcomprehensive questionnaires andblood tests to measure nutrients,’says Tlandinyane. ‘Of coursewe’ve needed to train our fieldworkers to work to the followingformula. First, they need to ask forconsent to conduct the survey.When this has been obtained,there is a set of questions onbasic socio-economic conditionswithin the household, followed byan important segment dealingwith food fortification knowledge,attitudes and beliefs. Once thesefoundations have been laid, thefocus turns to food procurement,and then the field worker makes a household inventory. The dataemanating from this segment willassist in the development of atraining tool.’

Tlandinyane explains that theanswers to the various questionswill provide an accurate indicationof how much fortified food isbeing consumed. There are stillpeople using maize meal and saltthat is not being fortified. ‘Thisunfortified food comes largelyfrom small millers and from self-milled produce,’ she says.

Hunger levels will also beestablished by such questions as:Do any of your children ever go

WHAT ARE OUR CHILDREN EATING?

to bed hungry because there isnot enough money to buy food? Ifyes, has it happened in the past30 days? Has it happened five ormore times in the past 30 days?

This information will be verified or contradicted by theblood samples taken from the twotargeted population segments.

‘The results of the survey,’Tlandinyane goes on to explain,‘will supply the state with cruciallyimportant base-line data againstwhich to measure the effectivenessof any new interventions deemednecessary, while at the same timepresenting an added managementtool to provincial health, socialwelfare – and economic planning– authorities.’

To give an indication of thescale of the problem in Limpopo,it should be noted that accordingto the Limpopo Growth andDevelopment Strategy dealt within an earlier article in this magazine, ‘the provincial government has also embarked on a programme focusing on individual household food securitythrough which 50 000 vulnerablehouseholds who receive foodparcels are assisted to becomeeconomically active and generatetheir own income from agriculturalproduce.’

According to Tlandinyane,who has a Master’s degree indietetics from MEDUNSA, themost important results and opportunities emanating from the

NFCS-FB will be:• To provide nationally

compatible base-line data.• To assist in designing

interventions to reach peoplestill eating significant quantitiesof unfortified food.

• To establish what other foodstuffs could be fortified –assuming that the current fortification programme isshown to be working.

• To establish, for the first time inSouth Africa, the nutritionalstatus – and the folic acid status – of women of child-bearing age.

• And to have established a permanent resource in communities across theprovince of trained field workers capable of assisting in other research projects of importance either nationally orprovincially. The field workerstrained for the NFCS-FB werelargely women, only three ofwhom had the grade 12 minimum requirement. All the rest had post-school qualifications, including ahealthy percentage of university degrees.

A last word from Tlandinyane:‘It’s going to be hard work. Butit’s fantastic for us from theUniversity of Limpopo to beinvolved in this national initiativeto measure and protect the healthof the nation.’

Do any of your children ever go to bed hungry because there is not enough money to buy food? If yes, has it happened in

the past 30 days? Has it happened five or more times in the past 30 days?

P A G E 3 1

much was going on in the streets.Civil rights was in the air; and Icouldn’t remain immune.’

Particularly not when youngblack males were being forced bythe draft out of school, a situationthat conspicuously did not impactto the same extent on their whitecounterparts.

‘I refused to go,’ Kadalierecalls. ‘I became fiercelyopposed to the war. I realised I was a psychologist who had foryears concentrated on experimen-tal and physiological issues indogs who had now become anactivist. I was working more onthe streets than in the lab. Thewar became a civil rights issue.Finally, I was forced as a refugee,a draft evader, to Canada. It waseither that or submission andVietnam. The Canadians werevery supportive.’

But wait. What’s a man likethis doing at Turfloop?

The short answer is that he’s a Fulbright Professor of PoliticalScience doing a stint of teachingand research at the University ofLimpopo. ‘I particularly wanted tocome to what was then called theUniversity of the North. I was particularly struck by the fact thatit was described as a ‘disadvantaged university’. Sowith a lot of help from friendshere – particularly from Professor

a

New ideas in Political Science from THE FIRST FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR TO LIMPOPO

AT THE END OF THE INTERVIEWWHICH HAD TAKEN PLACE IN ASOCIAL SCIENCES OFFICE ONTHE TURFLOOP CAMPUS,PROFESSOR MODIBO KADALIEPRESENTED A COPY OF HISBOOK: I n te rna t iona l i sm, Pan -A f r i can i sm and The S t rugg leo f Soc ia l C lasses . Here were700 pages of what the sub-titledescribed as ‘raw writings fromthe notebook of an early nineteenseventies African-American radical activist’.

He has a greying beard now,35 years on, and the eyes behindthe spectacles are kindly andhumane. He says: ‘I am first andforemost a classroom teacher.That’s where I belong. My students are very important to me.They always have been.’

He became an activist, he hadsaid earlier in the interview, whenhe was drafted into the militaryand saw the pointlessness ofVietnam clouding his personalhorizon. It had probably startedmuch earlier, in the early 1960s.

His first two university degreeshad been in psychology. He didhis first degree in 1963 atMorehouse College, and his firstMaster’s came four years later atHoward University. ‘But in the endI couldn’t reconcile staying in thelaboratories doing my behaviouralexperiments on animals when so

P A G E 3 2

Nana Kirk, Director of theUniversity’s School of SocialSciences – I applied and wentthrough a selection process. ThisUniversity wasn’t on the Fulbrightlist of eligible institutions before Iapplied. I’m happy to say that itnow is.’

Kadalie will spend a year inSouth Africa, dividing his timebetween Turfloop and theUniversity of Venda, as part of hisarrangement with Fulbright, andhe says that the experience isproving to be a real challenge.‘I’m working with rural students.They’re fantastic students – someof the most committed I’ve evertaught. And I feel I have something in common with them.

‘I grew up in the segregatedSouth, in a small town 40 kmsouth of Savannah in the state ofGeorgia. I was very fortunate. My father was the principal of ablack high school; my mother wasa librarian. I read and read andread all through my early years,and then I went to the best blackschools and colleges.’

But what happened in Canadawhere Kadalie had gone to evadethe draft?

‘Oh, I didn’t stay long. A whiteman from my home state ofGeorgia – his name was JimmyCarter – gave all draft evadersamnesty.’ Kadalie’s expressionreveals his enjoyment of the irony.‘So back I came early in 1968. Istayed in Detroit, which is on theborder with Canada – just in case– and I became involved inorganising black workers in the

motor industry there. I was in thethick of things. And I was workingand hiding in Oklahoma whenMartin Luther King was assassinated ...’

His switch from psychology topolitical science hardly needs anexplanation. As soon asAmerica’s involvement in Vietnamended, Kadalie went back to university, this time in Georgia’scapital city of Atlanta. By 1977he had graduated with a Master’sin political science in which hehad concentrated on theAmerican constitution, politicaltheory and urban politics. Fifteenyears later he gained his doctorate from the same university,adding African, African Americanand comparative politics to hisspecialities.

Kadalie (now 61) looks out ofthe third floor office window atthe trees and walkways ofTurfloop and remarks: ‘My view isthat this is a university of thefuture. Before I came, I hadthought of it as a “bush college”.So I was surprised. Physically it’simpressive. If this campus existedback home it would be one of thelargest HBCUs (historically blackcolleges and universities) in theUSA, if not the largest.

‘But there are weaknesses. In the field of political science, post-graduate students have beencut off from the thought and writings of a previous generationof exiles. Of course, apartheiddeliberately created this discontinuity and the resultantintellectual vacuum. I see my role

as helping to collect the materialof the missing generation of political writers and make it readily available to the studentshere.’

Another issue that concernsKadalie is that black political scientists in South Africa, since1994, are too rapidly beingabsorbed into government positions as advisors and administrators. ‘There are too fewserious black academics and critics,’ he declares. ‘So long asuniversities like WITS and UCThold the research ground in political science, so they will alsoset the ideological tone. SouthAfrica needs serious black political scientists to contest thatground, and my view is that theUniversity of Limpopo should bein the forefront of such an endeavour.’

Kadalie’s Fulbright researchproject is covering precisely thissubject. He will make a comparison between SouthAfrica’s HDIs (historically disadvantaged institutions) andAmerica’s HBCUs, in relation tothe career-orientated emphasesthat pervade both sets of institutions and at the same timemarginalise serious blackresearch that should be helpingmuch more substantially to shapethe ideological attitudes of thefuture.

New ideas in Political Science from THE FIRST FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR TO LIMPOPO

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