Limited Central Power In The Capitalist World

Limited Central Limited Central Power in the Power in the

Capitalist WorldCapitalist World

England & The England & The Netherlands Develop A Netherlands Develop A

Constitutional Constitutional GovernmentGovernment

The Dutch RepublicThe Dutch RepublicThe Dutch RepublicThe Dutch Republic

The Dutch RepublicThe Dutch Republic

The Dutch gain independence The Dutch gain independence from Spain with the Peace of from Spain with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648Westphalia in 1648

Started breaking away after the Started breaking away after the Spanish Armada was defeated by Spanish Armada was defeated by England in 1588England in 1588

The Dutch RepublicThe Dutch Republic

The Dutch Republic is much The Dutch Republic is much different than absolutist different than absolutist governments of its timegovernments of its time

The Dutch government was The Dutch government was decentralizeddecentralized

The power of one office or The power of one office or individual was checked by other individual was checked by other offices & individualsoffices & individuals

Accomplishments of Accomplishments of Dutch RepublicDutch Republic

Accomplishments of Dutch Accomplishments of Dutch RepublicRepublic

Ended Spanish naval supremacyEnded Spanish naval supremacy

Drove Portuguese from their Drove Portuguese from their coloniescolonies

Set up colonies & trading Set up colonies & trading companies in Asia, Africa, & companies in Asia, Africa, & North America (New Amsterdam)North America (New Amsterdam)….….

Emergence of the Emergence of the MonarchyMonarchy

Republicans and leader John Republicans and leader John Oldenbarnvelt overthrown & Oldenbarnvelt overthrown & executed by royalist uprisingexecuted by royalist uprising

Monarchist leaders from the Monarchist leaders from the House of Orange took control of House of Orange took control of the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

The Dutch Golden AgeThe Dutch Golden Age

Modern RepublicModern Republic

Modern BanksModern Banks

Insurance CompaniesInsurance Companies

Stock MarketStock Market

The Dutch Republic is first in The Dutch Republic is first in many thingsmany things

A Short Golden AgeA Short Golden AgeThe Golden Age only lasted 79 The Golden Age only lasted 79 yearsyears

Population & military were too Population & military were too smallsmall

English eventually dominated English eventually dominated them. The Dutch lose three wars them. The Dutch lose three wars to England from 1652-1674.to England from 1652-1674.

EnglandEnglandEnglandEngland

Problems In EnglandProblems In EnglandJames I inherited many problems:James I inherited many problems:

Religious conflict, debt, weak Religious conflict, debt, weak military, conflict with Parliament, military, conflict with Parliament, falling wages, a rising population, falling wages, a rising population, & an upset lower class& an upset lower class

James tries to deal with these James tries to deal with these problemsproblems

Problems In EnglandProblems In EnglandRadical Protestants chased out Radical Protestants chased out of Englandof England

PuritansPuritans

Forces of ChangeForces of Change

Most Absolutist governments Most Absolutist governments failed to survive the 18th centuryfailed to survive the 18th century

Too rigid to deal Too rigid to deal with the dramatic with the dramatic social and social and economic changes economic changes of the dayof the day

Expanding CapitalismExpanding Capitalism

Many commodities traded in the Many commodities traded in the 17th century17th century

Eastern Europe traded grains, Eastern Europe traded grains, timber, and fishtimber, and fish

Western Europe traded Western Europe traded manufactured goodsmanufactured goods

The Triangular TradeThe Triangular Trade


Africa traded Africa traded slavesslaves

Americas Americas traded sugar, traded sugar, potatoes, potatoes, coffee, & coffee, & cocoacocoa


Modern capitalistic institutions Modern capitalistic institutions develop in the 17th centurydevelop in the 17th century

Banks make large amounts of Banks make large amounts of capital available for business capital available for business venturesventures

Bank of AmsterdamBank of Amsterdam Bank of EnglandBank of England

Four Four conditions conditions led to the led to the commercicommercial boom al boom of the of the 18th 18th

centurycentury

1.1. Governments needed supplies Governments needed supplies for armies and naviesfor armies and navies

2.2. Rising European population Rising European population meant an increased marketmeant an increased market

3.3. Developed agriculture in Developed agriculture in tropical plantationstropical plantations

4.4. Brazilian gold and diamond Brazilian gold and diamond strikes increased prices and strikes increased prices and encouraged people to go into encouraged people to go into businessbusiness

Inflation benefited business Inflation benefited business owners and landowners who owners and landowners who rented short-term leasesrented short-term leases

Rising prices and stagnate wages Rising prices and stagnate wages hurt the nobles and working classhurt the nobles and working class

The Growth of Free The Growth of Free EnterpriseEnterprise

An increasing European An increasing European population demanded more and population demanded more and more foodmore food

Businesses responded by Businesses responded by investing in agricultureinvesting in agriculture

This led to many agricultural This led to many agricultural improvements in the 18th improvements in the 18th centurycentury

Jethro Tull planted seeds in Jethro Tull planted seeds in neat rows with a drill.neat rows with a drill.

Charles “Turnip” Townshend Charles “Turnip” Townshend restored soil fertilityrestored soil fertility

Planted turnips in crop rotationsPlanted turnips in crop rotations

Used clay-lime mixtures in soilUsed clay-lime mixtures in soil

Robert Bakewell increased the Robert Bakewell increased the size of cattlesize of cattle

Used selective breedingUsed selective breeding

Arthur Young spread the ideas of Arthur Young spread the ideas of these three peoplethese three people

Tulipomania 1634-37!Tulipomania 1634-37!

Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent cultivated tulips and Magnificent cultivated tulips and made them the symbol of his court.made them the symbol of his court.

A Flemish diplomat named Busbecq A Flemish diplomat named Busbecq brought them to Europe in 1573.brought them to Europe in 1573.The tulip the 'signature' flower of the The tulip the 'signature' flower of the very wealthiest members of Dutch very wealthiest members of Dutch society. Created instant prestige and society. Created instant prestige and boosted your social status.boosted your social status.

The tulip became the object of The tulip became the object of one of one of the wildest episodes of financial the wildest episodes of financial speculation in historyspeculation in history. .

Single bulbs that might produce the Single bulbs that might produce the unique striped flower, sold for up to unique striped flower, sold for up to 4000 guilders!4000 guilders!

In 1635 that kind of money would In 1635 that kind of money would buy: buy: two loads of wheat, four loads of two loads of wheat, four loads of rye, four fattened oxen, five hogs, rye, four fattened oxen, five hogs, twelve sheep, two hogsheads of twelve sheep, two hogsheads of wine, four barrels of beer, two barrels wine, four barrels of beer, two barrels of butter, a thousand pounds of of butter, a thousand pounds of cheese, a bed with accessories, a cheese, a bed with accessories, a suit of clothes, a silver goblet-and a suit of clothes, a silver goblet-and a ship to carry it inship to carry it in. .

In the space of a few weeks in 1637, In the space of a few weeks in 1637, the tulip market collapsed. the tulip market collapsed. Many Many people lost everythingpeople lost everything!!

The English Enclosure The English Enclosure ActsActs

The Enclosure Acts forced small The Enclosure Acts forced small farmers and medieval style farmers and medieval style communities off their landcommunities off their land

Many peasants moved to the cities Many peasants moved to the cities to find workto find work

Large estate owners were given Large estate owners were given the land to modernize and the land to modernize and improve English agricultureimprove English agriculture

Some peasants stayed to work as Some peasants stayed to work as low paid laborerslow paid laborers

European Domestic European Domestic Industry from 1500 to Industry from 1500 to

17001700

Business owners gave parts to Business owners gave parts to villagers to take home, finish, and villagers to take home, finish, and returnreturn

The textile industry was domesticThe textile industry was domestic

Paper, glass, pottery, and metal Paper, glass, pottery, and metal industries were also domesticatedindustries were also domesticated

Joint Stock & Insurance Joint Stock & Insurance Companies: Late 17th Companies: Late 17th

CenturyCentury

The companies opened The companies opened investment to the public in the investment to the public in the 17th century17th century

East India Company and Lloyds of East India Company and Lloyds of LondonLondon

Stock exchanges developed in Stock exchanges developed in London and Paris as a resultLondon and Paris as a result

Trade and Public Finance:Trade and Public Finance:The French and the EnglishThe French and the EnglishSmuggling was out of control in Smuggling was out of control in the 18th centurythe 18th century

Many goods were illegally traded Many goods were illegally traded between England, France, and between England, France, and their coloniestheir colonies

Mercantilist governments of Mercantilist governments of England and France made it illegal England and France made it illegal to buy goods from another country to buy goods from another country

Capitalist businessmen went Capitalist businessmen went around lawsaround laws

They found ways to sell their They found ways to sell their products internationallyproducts internationally

Population IncreasePopulation Increase

Europe’s population increased Europe’s population increased 58% from 118 to 185 million 58% from 118 to 185 million people in the 18th centurypeople in the 18th century

Improved sanitary conditions Improved sanitary conditions increased the life expectancy of increased the life expectancy of many…many…

As did medical treatment and As did medical treatment and increased agricultural productionincreased agricultural production

Excess population leaves Western Excess population leaves Western EuropeEurope

Some went to Eastern EuropeSome went to Eastern Europe

2 million went to the Americans2 million went to the Americans

Europeans who traveled to the Europeans who traveled to the colonies gained easy upward colonies gained easy upward social mobilitysocial mobility

Self reliance in the colonies was Self reliance in the colonies was encouragedencouraged

Mobility of Europeans around the Mobility of Europeans around the world led to them becoming world led to them becoming fascinated with other places and fascinated with other places and culturescultures

Mass DiscontentMass Discontent

Increased crime, formation of Increased crime, formation of mobs, and frequent riots plagued mobs, and frequent riots plagued growing citiesgrowing cities

Criminals were beaten, Criminals were beaten, condemned to galley slavery, or condemned to galley slavery, or sent to prison shipssent to prison ships

The poor were sent to workhouses The poor were sent to workhouses and lived in horrible conditionsand lived in horrible conditions

Limited Central Power In The Capitalist World

Technology