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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Research Article ISSN 2320-2912-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIMING EFFECT ON CHANGES OF SOIL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT FIELD: A CASE OFBARIND AREA IN BANGLADESH
MD. KAMARUZZAMAN1, MD.NURUL ISLAM2, *MD. NOOR-E-ALAM SIDDIQUE, BIKASHCHANDRA SARKER3, MD. JAHIDUL ISLAM4and SIKDAR MOHAMMAD MARNES RASEL5
1Principal Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Regional Office, Rajshahi.2Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Regional Office, Rajshahi.*Md. Noor-E-Alam Siddique, Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resources Development Institute(SRDI), Ministry of Agriculture, District Office, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh.3,4Professor, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohhammad Danesh Science andTechnology University, Dinajpur.
5Sikdar Mohammad Marnes Rasel, Senior Scientific Officer, Soil Resources DevelopmentInstitute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
The initial soil was silty loam having pH 4.90, Organic matter 1.92%, total N 0.12%,
available P 4.00 g g-1, K 0.040 meq 100 g-1, available Ca 1.50 meq 100 g-1, Mg 0.98 meq
100 g-1and S 12.00 g g-1. There were six lime treatments viz.T1: Control, T2 : 0.5 t lime
ha-1, T3 : 1.0 t lime ha -1, T4 : 1.5 t lime ha-1, T5 : 2.0 t lime ha -1, and T6 : 2.5 t lime ha -1.
Dolochun was used as the liming material. The design of the experiment was
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD )with three replications. Every plot received
140.0 kg N, 25.0 kg P, 106.0 kg K, 3.06 kg S, 3.6 kg Zn and 0.6 kg B ha -1from urea, TSP,
MoP, gypsum, zinc sulphate (monohydrate) and boric acid, respectively. The post
harvest soils were analyzed for pH, OM, available P, Ca, Mg and K. The application of
different rates of lime to soil progressively increased pH, OM and availability of P and
gradually decreased K, Ca and Mg in soils at 30 DAL. Liming significantly increased at
30 DAL pH, OM but K, P, Ca, Mg decreased from 60 DAL up to 120 DAL. Available K, P,
Ca and Mg were significantly increased due to application of lime which was mainly
associated with increased wheat yields.
Key Words: Soil, Barind Tract, Wheat, Lime, Plant Nutrients Availability, Grain Yield
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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INTRODUCTION
Nutrient availability in soil
depends on the pH value of soils. On the
basis of pH, soil are classified as alkaline,neutral and acidic having pH range 6.6 to
7.4. (Hausenbuiller, 1972). Most of the
plant nutrients are highly available in
neutral soil having pH 6.6 to 7.4. But soil
acidity is a major growth -limiting factor
for plants in many parts of the world
(Adams, 1980).
The soils of North-West part of
Bangladesh are light textured, low in OM
and strongly acidic to moderately acidic in
nature, pH ranges from 4.5 to 5.5 (FRG,
2005). The status of available P, Ca and Mg
of these soils are low. The sandy soil has
low cation exchange capacity. These soils
have high content of aluminum, iron and
manganese and deficiencies of nitrogen,
calcium, magnesium, potassium,
phosphors and boron are common.
Aluminum toxicity is responsible for the
poor yield of crops in acid soils.
Among the cereal crops, wheat is next to
rice in Bangladesh. Although, rice is the
staple food of Bangladesh but its total
production is not sufficient enough to feed
her population. Wheat can be a good
supplement of rice and it can play a vital
role to feed her population. From thenutritional point of view, wheat is
preferable to rice for its higher protein
content. In Bangladesh about 3.58 lac
hectare of land is covered by wheat
producing 9.95 lac metric ton with an
average yield of 2.78 t ha-1during the year
2011-2012 (BBS, 2012). The cultivation of
wheat needs only one or two
supplementary irrigation while a boro rice
crop needs about 15-20 irrigation during
the growth period. It is a future challenge
for Bangladesh to better exploit the
potential of the production of wheat crop
to meet the countrys grain food
requirement without endangering the
environment.
The wheat yield in this country is low.
There are several reasons that can explain
the yield variation, which cover both biotic
and abiotic factors. Among the biotic
factors, unavailability of high yielding
varieties, incidence of diseases and pests
(Hossain et al., 1995) and abiotic factors
such as high temperature, moisture stress
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and nutrient deficiency (Jahiruddin et al.,
1992; Islam et al., 1999) are responsible for
lower productivity of wheat in the tropics
and sub-tropics. Among these factors, themost dominating factor that is a vital
barrier for crop productivity is problem
soil like acidic soil, saline soil etc. There
are different types of problem soils in
Bangladesh. These soils restrict the growth
of plants and make crop production
difficult and sometimes impossible.
Special management practices need to be
applied in such soils for economic crop
production. Acid soil in Bangladesh is one
of the problematic soils. The potential of
acid soil for crop production is limited due
to less availability of phosphorus and
toxicity of aluminum. For example, the
soils of Northwest part of Bangladesh are
light textured, low in organic matter and
strongly acidic to moderately acidic (pH
ranges from 4.5 to 5.5) in nature (BARC,
2005). The status of available P, Ca and Mg
of these soils are low. The sandy soil has
low cation exchange capacity. These soils
have high content of aluminum, iron, and
manganese, and deficiencies of nitrogen,
calcium, magnesium, potassium,
phosphorus and boron are common.
Aluminum toxicity is responsible for poor
yields in acid soils. There are some
reclamation processes for acid soils, forinstance liming that increases the
availability of P, Ca, Mg and Mo and
renders iron, and manganese insoluble
and harmless, increases fertilizer
effectiveness and decreases plant diseases
(Sahai, 1990). Thus, the crop plants may
have a better nutrition and the crop may
produce a good yield. Farmers in the
Northern part of Bangladesh are applying
a large amount of fertilizers for wheat
production but they do not get good
yields. Unless the soil pH is raised to
around neutrality, the availability of
nutrient elements will limit the growth of
plants.
Liming also promotes the decomposition
of organic matter by making condition
more favorable for the growth of
microorganisms. The bacteria that fixed
nitrogen from the air both non-
symbiotically and in the nodules of
legumes are specially stimulated by the
application of lime. The successful growth
of most soil microorganisms depends
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upon lime that satisfactory biological
activities cannot be expected if calcium
and magnesium levels are low. Infertility
of acid soil is a major limitation to cropproduction on highly weathered and
leached soil throughout the world and
research project deal with soil
management practices to sustain high
yield through fertilization and liming to
improve soil quality at a high level to
meet plant requirements. The specific
objective is to investigate the changes of
chemical properties of soil under different
levels of lime in wheat field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The experimental field is located at25o09' 58.0" N latitude and 88o28' 32.6" E
longitude at a height of 28.0 m above the
mean sea level. The experiment was
conducted at Mouza Tiloni, Village
Boikanthapur under Sapahar Upazila in
Naogaon District during the period from
October 2011 to April 2012.
Soil
Within total land surfaces of Bangladesh,
terrace constitutes about 8% namely The
Barind tract and The Madhupur Tract. The
Barind tract has mainly level, poorly
drained highland though it has a small
area of dissected hilly lands at the westernfringe and a small well drained highland
area at the eastern fringe. The
experimental field belongs to the AEZ No.
26, Barind Tract Soil. Amnura (Soil series
of Bangladesh) soils are developed in
deeply weathered Madhupur clay. The
soils are mixed yellowish brown and grey
to light grey silt loams to silty clay loams
grading into grey, mottled yellowish
brown, weathered Madhupur clay below
about 2 feet, a member of hyperthermic
Aeric Haplaquept under the order
Inceptisol having only few horizons,
developed under aquic moisture regime
and variable temperature conditions, Agro
ecological Appraisal of Bangladesh,
(UNDP and FAO, 1988). According to
BARC Fertilizer Recommendation Guide
(2005) general characteristics of the soil
and chemical characteristics of initial
composite soil sample (0-15 cm depth)
which were collected on October 2011 for
initial status and tested, are presented in
Table 1 and Table 2.
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Table 1: Morphological and physicalcharacteristics of the soil
AEZ High Barind Tract(AEZ 26)
General Soil Type Deep Grey Terrace
soils and GreyValley soil
Parent material Madhupur clay
Drainage Imperfectly drained
Topography High land
Flood level Above flood level
Table 2: Physical characteristics of soil
Sand (%) 42
Silt (%) 32Clay (%) 26
Textural class Silt loam to Siltyclay loam
Crop
The test crop was wheat. Certified seeds
were collected from the Regional Wheat
Research Centre, BARI, Shampur,
Rajshahi. The variety used was Prodip.
Treatments
There were six different rates of lime
application in wheat as follows,
T1 : Control
T2 : 0.5 t lime ha-1
T3 : 1.0 t lime ha-1
T4 : 1.5 t lime ha-1
T5 : 2.0 t lime ha-1
T6 : 2.5 t lime ha-1
The liming material had 20% Ca and
10% Mg. The liming material was applied
to the soil on 07 November 2011.
Land preparation
Repeated ploughing with power tiller and
country plough was done on 07 November
2011 and the layout of the experiment was
done as per statistical design. Liming was
done and the liming material was
incorporated to soil by spading. Final landwas prepared on 27 November 2011.
Ploughing was followed by laddering in
order to break clods as well as level the
land. All weeds, stubbles and crop
residues were removed from the
experimental field.
Experimental design
The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design. All
the treatments were replicated three times.
There were altogether 18 (6x3) unit plots,
each plot measuring 2. 5m x 4 m. Inter-
block and Inter-plot spacing were 0 .7/m
and 0.5/m respectively.
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Figure 1. Layout of the experimental plot.
Treatment
T1: Control, T2: 0.5 t lime ha-1,
T3: 1.0 t lime ha-1, T4: 1.5 t lime ha-1,
T5: 2.0 t lime ha-1, T6: 2.5 t lime ha-1
Fertilizer application
The total amount of urea, TSP,
MOP, gypsum, zinc sulphate
(monohydrate) and boric acid were
applied on the basis of Soil Test value
during final land preparation. Nitrogen
was applied @ 140 kg ha-1from urea, P @ 5
kg ha- 1 from TSP, K @ 106 kg ha -1 from
MOP, S @ 3.06 kg ha -1from gypsum, Zn @
3.6 kg ha-1 from zinc sulphate
(monohydrate) and B @ 0.6 kg ha-1
fromboric acid . Urea was applied in two splits,
2/3 was applied during final land
preparation and rest 1/3 was applied 20
days after sowing. The fertilizers were
incorporated to soil by spading one day
before sowing.
Sowing of seeds
Seeds were sown in 28 November
2011, the seed rate being 125 kg/ha.
Sowing was done continuously in 20 cm
apart lines covered by soil manually.
Intercultural operations
Intercultural operations were done
to ensure normal growth of the crop. The
following intercultural operations were
followed:
Irrigation
Three irrigations were applied, the
first irrigation after 18 days of sowing ,
second irrigation after 29 days of sowing
at crown root initiation stage and the third
after 62 days of sowing at heading stage.
Block-1 Block- Block-3
T4 T1 T50.5m 0.7m 0.7m
T1T6 T
4
T6 T3 T1
T2 T2 T3
T1 T4 T2
T5 T5 T6
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Weeding
Weeding was done twice during
the whole growing period, the one after 19
days of sowing and the other after 38days.
Insect and pest control
During maturation, four plots were
slightly infested by field rat and the pest
was controlled instantly by using
mechanical control measures and
application of zinc phosfide.Harvesting
The crop was harvested at maturity
after about four months of sowing (March
25, 2012). For data collection, ten plants
from each plot were sampled randomly.
The crop was cut at the ground level.
Threshing, cleaning and drying of grain
were done separately for every plot. Then
plot- wise weights of grain and straw were
recorded.
Data collection
Data were collected on the following yield
and yield components.
Plant height
The plant height was measured
from the ground level to top of the spike.
From each plot, height of 10 plants were
measured and averaged.
Number of tillers plant-1
Ten plants were selected from each
plot randomly. The number of effective
and non-effective tillers plant-1
wascounted and averaged.
Spike length
Length of spike of ten plants per plot was
recorded and averaged.
Grains spike-1
Ten spikes were selected and the filled and
unfilled grains spike-1
were recorded andaveraged.
Thousand grain weight
Thousand grains were randomly
selected from each plot and the weight of
grains was recorded after sun drying by
an electrical balance.
Grain yield
Grains from each unit plot were
dried and then weighed carefully. The
results were expressed as kg ha-1 on 14%
moisture basis.
Shoot and Root weight
Like grain yield, biomass and dry
weight of shoot and root for individual
plot were recorded and expressed as kg
ha-1.
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Harvest Index
I. About 15 percent moisture in grain.
II. Grains in hard dough stage.
III. Yellowing of spikelets.
SOIL ANALYSIS
The initial soil sample was analyzed for
both physical and chemical properties
such as soil texture, pH, organic matter,
total N and available P, K, S, B, Zn, Ca, Mg
contents. The post harvest soils wereanalyzed for soil pH, available P, Ca and
Mg.
Collection and preparation of soil
samples
Before land preparation, soil samples were
collected randomly from 9 different spots
of the field from a depth of 0-15 cm. A
composite sample was prepared by
mixing the sub-samples and the weeds,
stubbles, stones, etc. were removed from
the soil. After harvest of wheat crop, the
soil samples were collected plot wise.
Then the soil samples were air-dried,
ground and sieved through a 2-mm (10-
mesh) sieve. The sieved soil was stored in
a clean plastic container for subsequent
mechanical and chemical analysis
Analysis of soil samples:
Mechanical analysis: Mechanical analysis
was done by hydrometer method
(Buoyoucos, 1927). The textural class wasdetermined following Marshalls
triangular coordinate using USDA system.
Soil pH: Soil pH was measured with the
help of a glass electrode pH meter, the
soil-water ratio being 1:2.5 as described by
(Jackson, 1962).
Organic matter content: Organic carbon
content of soil was determined following
wet oxidation method (Page et al., 1982).
The amount of organic matter was
calculated by multiplying the percent
organic carbon with the van Bemmelen
factor, 1.73 (Piper, 1950).
Total nitrogen: Total N content in soil was
determined by micro- Kjeldahl method.
The soil was digested with 30% H2O2,
conc. H2SO4 and catalyst mixture (K2O4:
CuSO4. 5H2O: Se = 10:1:0.1). Nitrogen in
the digest was determined by distillation
with 40% NaOH followed by titration of
the distillate trapped in H3BO3 with 0.01
N H2SO4.
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Available phosphorus: Available P
content was extracted from soil with 0.03
M NH4F 0.025 M HCl (Bray and Kurtz
method). The P in the extract was thendetermined by developing blue colour
with SnCl2 reduction of
phosphomolybdate complex and
measuring the colour by
spectrophotometer at 660 nm wavelength
(Page et al, 1982).
Available sulphur: Available S of soil
content was determined by extracting soil
sample with CaCl2 (0.15%) solution as
described by (Page et al, 1982). The S
content in the extract was determined
turbidimetrically and the turbid was
measured by spectrophotometer at 420 nm
wavelength.
Exchangeable potassium: Exchangeable K
content of soil was determined by
extraction with 1M NH4OAc, pH 7.0
solution followed by measurement of
extractable K by flame photometer
(Jackson, 1962).
Exchangeable calcium and magnesium:
Exchangeable Ca and Mg content of soil
was determined by extraction with 1M
NH4OAc, pH 7.0 solution followed by
measurement by atomic absorption
spectrometer (AAS).
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed statistically by F-
test to examine whether the treatment
effects were significant. The mean
comparisons of the treatments were
evaluated by DMRT (Ducan's Multiple
Range Test). The analysis of variance(ANOVA) for different parameters was
done by a computer package programme
"MSTATC.
Results and Discussion
Soil pH
A significant change was found on the
pH values of soil that were collected after
liming at different treatments and it was
increased steadily with the increased rates
of lime application (Figure 02). The pH
value of before liming were 5.3, 5.2, 5.3,
5.3, 5.4 and 5.3, which changed to 5.6, 5.5,
5.6, 5.5, 5.6 and 5.9 in treatment T1, T2, T3,
T4, T5 and T6, respectively, after 30 DAL.
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Chemical properties of post harvest soil
Table 1: Effects of liming on changes in soil properties of post harvest soils ofwheat field
These finding was also in agreement with the observation of (Rao et al., 1982). A
significant increase in pH was obtained with lime application and the better pH ranges
were observed with treatment T4 and T5. Similar observations were also reported by
(Basak, 2010; Halim, 2012) that pH of soil steeply increased during the first 30 days after
liming, then slightly increased and finally slightly decreased with time until the end of
120 days of experimentation.
Figure 2: Soil pH status before liming and at different days after liming
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Soil Organic Matter
The average soil organic matter content in initial soil and before liming was slightly
lower than soils collected after adding organic matter in the experimental field as per as
necessary on the basis of crop requirement (Table 1 and figure 2). After adding organicmatter to experiment field the status of OM was found to change significantly and
increased up to 60 days, but at 90th, day it was decreased due to application of liming.
The status of OM was increased with the advancement of the time, where the highest
value of OM 2.25 and 1.89 at 30 DAL in respectively T4 and T1 treatments, but at 120
DAL the status was found identical. This was possibly due to the liming affect which
increased pH of the initial acidic soil, as a result the microbial activities of the soil
increased. Possibly due to increased microbial activities soil organic matter wasdecreased. But the effect of liming may vary with time and environment condition such
as soil temperature and moisture as reported by Kreutzer (1995). Similar observations
were also reported by (Basak, 2010; Halim, 2012).
Figure 3: Soil OM status before liming and at different days after liming
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Available Phosphorus
The application of different rates of lime
increased the P availability of soils days
after liming up to harvest of wheat (Figure4). The initial value of available
phosphorus in the soil was 4.0 g g-1 soil
and days after lime up to the post harvest
soils had the values of 120th DAL 32.97,
37.40, 51.20, 44.33 and 43.97g g-1 soils in
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 respectively. A
significant effect was found to the changeof available P. The status of available P on
soils was positively correlated with the
rates of lime application. Lime application
increased the soil pH which helped the
release of fixed P from the oxides and
hydroxides of Fe and Al thus increased the
P availability in soil.
In general soil pH should be maintained
6.0 to 7.5 to maximize plant available
phosphorus. Possibly the higher
concentration of P was due to the
application of phosphate fertilizer in acidic
soil over time because P is not mobile. This
result agreed with the report of (Samia,
2007).
They found that phosphours is not mobile
in the soil and can result in high
concentrations over time. Samia (2007)observed that the status of available P on
soils was positively correlated with the
rates of lime application. This result
agreed with (Basak, 2010) to find out the
pH of initial soil and soil before liming
was below 6.0. But the pH of soils after
liming were higher than 6.01, Where Bray
and Kurtz method was used for P
determination, with ammonium fluoride
(NH4F) as extracting solution.
The pH of soils that were collected after
liming was greater than 6.0 where Olsens
method were used for P determination
with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
as extracting solution. Ammonium
fluoride extract more P even bound and
fixed phosphorus form soil compared with
sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. So,
in lower pH the availability of P was
slightly high than higher pH in the study
area.
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Figure 4: Soil P status before liming and at different days after liming.
Available Calcium
Available calcium in the sample that was
collected days after liming increased
steadily with increase rates of lime
application, but it decreased in treatment
T5 and T6. The available Ca of the soil
before liming was 2.22, 2.72, 2.6, 2.34 and
2.47 meq 100g soil-1 respectively. After
30th DAL that became 1.78, 2.05, 2.26, 2.46,
2.21 and 2.05 with T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and
T6 treatments respectively. The result was
found that the decreasing trend after 30th
DAL was found upto 120DAL (Table 1
and Figure 6). The liming material used as
Dolochun [Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2], which
on dissolution released a large amount of
Ca and thus the available Ca increased in
soil after liming. The status of available Ca
on soils was positively correlated with the
rate of lime application, because
application of lime increased the soil pH,
which increased available Ca in soil. The
co-efficient of variation was 6.37% and
that of LSD was 0.019 at 1% level of
significant. Which means a significant
increased of Ca (2.46 meq 100g soil -1) was
obtained with lime application and the
better concentration of Ca was observed
2.46 in respect of treatment T4. This result
agreed to report of (Garica, 1975) that the
pH of acid soils increases due to liming,
and adsorption is higher with higher rate
of lime application and calcium
deficiencies are ameliorated.
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Figure 5: Soil Ca status before liming and at different days after liming
Available Magnesium
Magnesium availability in soil samples
collected during experiment was increased
just after liming at 30th DAL, but it was
gradually decreased with different rate of
lime application up to 120th DAL. The
content of available Mg in soil of sample
collected before liming was 0.52, 0.56,
0.55, 0.69, 0.59 and 0.56 meq 100g soil-1
which changed after 30th DAL to 0.09,
1.24, 1.54, 1.56, 1.61 and 1.55 meq 100g
soil-1 in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6
treatment respectively (Table 1 and Figure
7). The liming material used as Dolochun
[Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2], which on
dissolution released a large amount of Mg
that increased the pH of soils. The co-
efficient of variation was 9.16 and LSD
was 0.327. Which means a significant
increase of Mg was obtained with lime
application and the highest lime rate was
more effective than lower rate. The highest
value was found 1.61 in respect of
treatment T5. This finding was also in
consonance with the finding of Garcia
(1975). Similar observations were also
reported by (Miller, 2000).
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Figure 6: Soil Mg status before liming and at different days after liming
Available Potassium
The application of different rate of lime
increased the K availability of soils at after
30th days after liming, but it decreased
gradually up to the 120th days after
liming. The result showed that numerical
different but level of lettering were
identical. The CV was 15.35 and that of
LSD was 0.0818 which was not significant
(Table 1 and Figure 8). But better
concentration of available K was obtained
with treatment T4 (1.5 t ha-1). Similar
observations were also reported by
(Jackson, 1962) and (Basak, 2010) that the
supply of exchangeable potassium in the
soil is often low in acid soils, due to the
formation of soluble K salt by soil acids
and their loss by leaching from the soil.
The availability of K begins to fall below a
pH of 6.0. This finding was also in
consonance with the finding of (Basak,
2010) found that liming acid soilspromotes and demotes potassium
availability to plant.
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Figure 7: Soil K status before liming and at different days after liming
Summary and conclusion
The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design with
three replications. The size of the unit plot
was 2.5m x 4m. Soil of the experimental
field was sandy loam having initial pH 4.9,
organic matter 1.92%, total N 0.12%,
available P 4.0 g g-1, K 0.04 meq 100 g-1,
available Ca 3.5 meq 100 g-1, Mg 0.98 meq
100 g-1and S 12.00 g g-1. Post harvest soil
samples (120th DAL) were analyzed for
pH, OM, available P, K, Ca and Mg.
Soil pH of the post harvest soils in
different treatments of wheat increased
steadily with increase in rates of lime
application. The pH of the initial soil was
4.9 which increased to more than 6.0 due
to the application of more than 1.5 t lime
ha-1. The application of different rates of
lime increased the P, Ca and Mg
availability of the soils of different lime
treatments after harvest of wheat. The
available Mg of the initial soil was 0.98
meq 100 g-1 soil which increased to 1.61
meq 100 g-1due to application of 2.0 t lime
ha-1at 30 DAL. Similarly, the available Ca
of the initial soil was 1.5 meq 100 g-1 soil
which rose to 2.46 meq 100 g-1 soil due to
application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 at 30 DAL.
The results from this experiment showed
that liming is necessary for wheat
cultivation in the Amnura soil series of
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Sapahar Upazila of Naogaon District. The
application of lime to soil increased soil
pH, available P, Ca and Mg in soils which
had positive impact on yield componentsresulted in higher yield of wheat. The
application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 appears to be
optimum for wheat cultivation in the
study area. However, further research
may be carried out on the effects of lime
on yield bearing characteristics of wheat
for a sustainable food production.
Conflict of Interest:
There is no Conflict of Interest.
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